First Person Shooter

In Perron's edited compendium of essays regarding horror video games subtitled Essays on the Fusion of Fear and Play (2009), much of the argumentation orbits debate regarding the definition and creation of the experience of horror compared between an ostensibly passive cinema reception (from whence the games take most of their conventions) and the ostensibly more active reception of ludological horror. As the argument goes, ludic activity creates greater identification with diegetic characters and therefore heightens the player's experience of horror. But is this true, or is it a specious contention that does not really account for the complex mechanics of identification with characters in the ostensibly "passive" experience of cinema viewing, nor for the fact that lacking realism and "active" gameplay may actually compromise the experience of "transportation"?

While virtual reality and 3D interaction open new prospects for musical performance, existing immersive virtual instruments are often limited to single process instruments or musical navigation tools. We believe that immersive virtual environments may be used to design expressive and efficient multi-process instruments. In this paper we present the 3D reactive widgets. These graphical elements enable efficient and simultaneous control and visualisation of musical processes. Then we describe Piivert, a novel input device that we have developed to manipulate these widgets, and several techniques for 3D musical interaction.

This paper presents an interactive genetic algorithm for generating a human-like autonomous player (bot) for the game Unreal Tournament 2004. It is based on a bot modelled from the knowledge of an expert human player. The algorithm provides two types of interaction: by an expert in the game and by an expert in the algorithm. Each one affects different aspects of the evolution, directing it towards better results regarding the agent's humanness (objective of this work). It has been conducted an analysis of the experts' influence on the performance, showing much better results after these interactions that the non-interactive version. The best bot were submitted to the BotPrize 2014 competition (which seeks for the best human-like bot), getting the second position.

This study investigated the effects of video game play on aggression. Using the General Aggression Model, as applied to video games by this study measured physiological arousal, state hostility, and how aggressively participants would respond to three hypothetical scenarios. In addition, this study measured each of these variables multiple times to gauge how aggression would change with increased video game play. Results showed a significant increase from baseline in hostility and aggression (based on two of the three story stems), which is consistent with the General Aggression Model. This study adds to the existing literature on video games and aggression by showing that increased play of a violent first person shooter video game can significantly increase aggression from baseline.

Artificial Intelligence (AI) has rapidly evolved with various approaches to handling complex and uncertain data. One promising approach is the combination of Extension Neural Networks (ENN) and fuzzy logic. ENN, developed by , integrates extension theory with the learning capability of neural networks for data classification. On the other hand, fuzzy logic enables the representation of uncertain knowledge through linguistic rules. The integration of these two approaches results in an intelligent system that is both adaptive and efficient in data processing. This study analyzes the fundamental concepts, methodology, applications, and challenges in implementing ENN and fuzzy logic in intelligent systems.

Intelligent systems are AI (Artificial Intelligence) programs that combine a knowledge base with an inference engine. This is a high-level specialized software or high-level programming language. Intelligent systems can adopt a small part of the human intelligence level, including the ability to be trained, remember conditions that have been experienced, process data to provide appropriate actions according to what has been taught, and the ability to absorb the expertise of an expert through commands written in a specific program, In this writing, library research is used.

First-person shooter (FPS) games are a genre in which players immerse themselves in a virtual world from a first-person perspective and compete against others. While both mouse and gamepad are commonly used as input devices in FPS games, the analog stick on gamepads provides velocity-based control, making precise adjustments more difficult compared to the position-based input of a mouse. To address this, gamepads often incorporate assist functions such as aim assist, but the degree of such assists is a subject of debate from the perspectives of user experience (UX) and difficulty balancing. This study compares three alternative input methods for gamepad viewpoint control-gamepad, touchpad, and trackball-with the aim of achieving intuitive operation without sacrificing portability. The three devices are evaluated in terms of usability scores and perceived ease of use. Based on the findings, we propose guidelines for improving the UX of gamepads. The results of this research are expected to provide a foundation for enhancing the UX of conventional gamepads and offering a more comfortable gaming experience to a wider range of players.

Background: Violent content in video games evokes many concerns but there is little research concerning its rewarding aspects. It was demonstrated that playing a video game leads to striatal dopamine release. It is unclear, however, which aspects of the game cause this reward system activation and if violent content contributes to it. We combined functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) with individual affect measures to address the neuronal correlates of violence in a video game. Results: Thirteen male German volunteers played a first-person shooter game (Tactical Ops: Assault on Terror) during fMRI measurement. We defined success as eliminating opponents, and failure as being eliminated themselves. Affect was measured directly before and after game play using the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS). Failure and success events evoked increased activity in visual cortex but only failure decreased activity in orbitofrontal cortex and caudate nucleus. A negative correlation between negative affect and responses to failure was evident in the right temporal pole (rTP). Conclusions: The deactivation of the caudate nucleus during failure is in accordance with its role in rewardprediction error: it occurred whenever subject missed an expected reward (being eliminated rather than eliminating the opponent). We found no indication that violence events were directly rewarding for the players. We addressed subjective evaluations of affect change due to gameplay to study the reward system. Subjects reporting greater negative affect after playing the game had less rTP activity associated with failure. The rTP may therefore be involved in evaluating the failure events in a social context, to regulate the players' mood.

Background: Violent content in video games evokes many concerns but there is little research concerning its rewarding aspects. It was demonstrated that playing a video game leads to striatal dopamine release. It is unclear, however, which aspects of the game cause this reward system activation and if violent content contributes to it. We combined functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) with individual affect measures to address the neuronal correlates of violence in a video game. Results: Thirteen male German volunteers played a first-person shooter game (Tactical Ops: Assault on Terror) during fMRI measurement. We defined success as eliminating opponents, and failure as being eliminated themselves. Affect was measured directly before and after game play using the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS). Failure and success events evoked increased activity in visual cortex but only failure decreased activity in orbitofrontal cortex and caudate nucleus. A negative correlation between negative affect and responses to failure was evident in the right temporal pole (rTP). Conclusions: The deactivation of the caudate nucleus during failure is in accordance with its role in rewardprediction error: it occurred whenever subject missed an expected reward (being eliminated rather than eliminating the opponent). We found no indication that violence events were directly rewarding for the players. We addressed subjective evaluations of affect change due to gameplay to study the reward system. Subjects reporting greater negative affect after playing the game had less rTP activity associated with failure. The rTP may therefore be involved in evaluating the failure events in a social context, to regulate the players' mood.

Français : ce papier, présenté à l'occasion du colloque « Jeu de Rôle 2017: Engagements et Résistances » organisé par l'Université Paris 13, se veut une forme de panorama rapide des courants et pratiques visant à faire du jeu de rôle une pratique productrice de récits structurés, en partant des premiers modules « Dragonlance » pour s'arrêter au mouvement « storygame » et à plusieurs écoles du jeu de rôle grandeur nature « Nordique ». English: this paper, introduced during the « Jeu de Rôle 2017: Engagements et Résistances » colloquy at Paris 13 University, constitutes a short panorama of the different schools and practices that aim specifically at turning roleplaying games into structure story-making exercises, starting with the first "Dragonlance" modules to finish with the "storygame" movement and a few "Nordic" Live Action Roleplaying Game movements.

Français : ce papier, présenté à l'occasion du colloque « Jeu de Rôle 2017: Engagements et Résistances » organisé par l'Université Paris 13, se veut une forme de panorama rapide des courants et pratiques visant à faire du jeu de rôle une pratique productrice de récits structurés, en partant des premiers modules « Dragonlance » pour s'arrêter au mouvement « storygame » et à plusieurs écoles du jeu de rôle grandeur nature « Nordique ». English: this paper, introduced during the « Jeu de Rôle 2017: Engagements et Résistances » colloquy at Paris 13 University, constitutes a short panorama of the different schools and practices that aim specifically at turning roleplaying games into structure story-making exercises, starting with the first "Dragonlance" modules to finish with the "storygame" movement and a few "Nordic" Live Action Roleplaying Game movements.

Background: Violent content in video games evokes many concerns but there is little research concerning its rewarding aspects. It was demonstrated that playing a video game leads to striatal dopamine release. It is unclear, however, which aspects of the game cause this reward system activation and if violent content contributes to it. We combined functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) with individual affect measures to address the neuronal correlates of violence in a video game. Results: Thirteen male German volunteers played a first-person shooter game (Tactical Ops: Assault on Terror) during fMRI measurement. We defined success as eliminating opponents, and failure as being eliminated themselves. Affect was measured directly before and after game play using the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS). Failure and success events evoked increased activity in visual cortex but only failure decreased activity in orbitofrontal cortex and caudate nucleus. A negative correlation between negative affect and responses to failure was evident in the right temporal pole (rTP). Conclusions: The deactivation of the caudate nucleus during failure is in accordance with its role in rewardprediction error: it occurred whenever subject missed an expected reward (being eliminated rather than eliminating the opponent). We found no indication that violence events were directly rewarding for the players. We addressed subjective evaluations of affect change due to gameplay to study the reward system. Subjects reporting greater negative affect after playing the game had less rTP activity associated with failure. The rTP may therefore be involved in evaluating the failure events in a social context, to regulate the players' mood.

In this paper, we describe a methodology for capturing player experience while interacting with a game and we present a data-driven approach for modeling this interaction. We believe the best way to adapt games to a specific player is to use quantitative models of player experience derived from the in-game interaction. Therefore, we rely on crowd-sourced data collected about game context, players behavior and players self-reports of different affective states. Based on this information, we construct estimators of player experience using neuroevolutionary preference learning. We present the experimental setup and the results obtained from a recent case study where accurate estimators were constructed based on information collected from players playing a firstperson shooter game. The framework presented is part of a bigger picture where the generated models are utilized to tailor content generation to particular player's needs and playing characteristics.

This master’s thesis proposes to establish a theoretical framework in order to understand the subjective experience arising in a violent videogame, namely the aesthetic of videoludic violence. To do so, we will adapt a definition of violence and study the implication of the concept as a whole in the Western mindset, its influence on myths, narratives, cultures, and societies, forming the cognitive lens which dictates its experience and guides its representation and its aestheticizing in the arts. After that, we will address the notion of videoludic aesthetic, or video game aesthetic, which has yet to be properly defined and used in video game studies. This will enable us, in the third chapter, to establish the aesthetic of videoludic violence properly speaking and to observe how it comes to be by exemplifying and analyzing it in different violent video games. Our framework will then serve to analyse the DOOM (1993-2021) franchise as a whole, with a specific attention to its two latest titles DOOM (id Software, 2016) and DOOM Eternal (id Software, 2020) as an apt embodiment of the aesthetic of videoludic violence.

A new view on action video games has been evolving in the sphere of experimental psychology. Providing hand–eye coordination challenges, training with such types of games might allow the enhancement of different cognitive skills. Defining the specific game features that may be beneficial to specific enhancements is yet another challenge. This article presents an analysis on an experiment of a cooperative training session with bots. A method for online learning with a genetic algorithm is used to produce different ways of playing with the bots depending on the players’ achievements. This work also links related studies that provide insights into the beneficial implementation of game features for the training process. It additionally analyzes artificial intelligence methods that might be useful for personal development via a serious game or an action video game.

This paper examines David Vilaseca’s Els homes i els dies from a Foucauldian perspective, applying Foucault’s concept of “technologies of the self” to queer diary writing and establishing a dialogue with Vilaseca’s own theoretical oeuvre. Firstly, the notion of universality of the queer experience that Vilaseca endeavoured to explore in his academic work is complicated by looking at the author’s diary writing in combination with theoretical approaches from authors such as Edelman, Laclau and Muñoz, as well as Vilaseca’s theory itself, amongst others. Secondly, the practice of writing one’s own life, including the reasons behind it and its purposes, is examined. This paper demonstrates the queer sensibility behind Vilaseca’s diary writing practice. It also complicates said queerness by showing the ethical, affective, and spatial implications of diary writing. Thus, a complex landscape of autobiographical self-reflection is laid out, where there is more than just resistance or subversion in Vilaseca’s Els homes i els dies. By closely analysing the tensions and connections between the notions of universality and particularity, resistance and integration, kinship and individualism, under the light of a range of theoretical approaches, such as psychoanalysis and queer narrative theory, this article provides a comprehensive picture of this example of queer, Catalan life-writing in the last decade of the twentieth century.

First Person Shooter Games (FPSG) such as Counter Strike are often the subject of public concern. Surprisingly, there is no published research available about playing these games. We conducted an exploratory Internet survey (n 5 751) in order to gather information about who the players of online first person shooters are, and why they spend time on playing this particular kind of video game. The results of our survey on the one hand confirmed the stereotype of the gamer as it is often presented in popular media: the players of online FPS were indeed almost exclusively young men (mean age about 18 years) who spend a lot of their leisure time on gaming (about 2.6 h per day). We also found that the most committed gamers, that is, the ones who were members of a (semi)professional clan, scored highest on motives with respect to competition, and challenge in comparison with members of amateur clans and online gamers who had not joined a clan. On the other hand, our results cast doubt on the accuracy of the stereotype. This study showed clearly that online FPSG are not played in isolation. More than 80% of our respondents were member of a clan. Also, the regression analysis showed that the social interaction motive was the strongest predictor of the time actually spend on gaming.

Ce texte se propose d’étudier la production de jeux vidéo du studio montréalais Red Barrels afin d’en saisir la richesse et l’exemplarité au sein du récent renouveau de l’horreur vidéoludique qui s’est opéré à travers une articulation du regard et de la spatialisation suscitant une dynamique de piège séduisant. Avec Outlast, en 2013, puis son extension Outlast: Whistleblower, sortie un an plus tard, le studio indépendant réactualisait certaines des grandes thématiques du genre horrifique : dans leur hôpital psychiatrique délabré, on retrouvait notamment le « drame de couloirs » de Noël Carroll, le chronotope du château de Mikhaïl Bakhtine et, telle que l’a théorisée Bernard Perron, la peur comme moteur émotionnel de l’avancée du joueur. Cependant, en retirant toute mécanique de combat et en équipant le personnage principal d’une caméra permettant de voir temporairement dans le noir, ces jeux se sont inscrits dans la mouvance du first-person avoider (jeu de fuite en vue subjective) qui se développait depuis 2010, où l’enjeu ludique tient principalement à l’idée de voir sans être vu. Dans des jeux vidéo qui renouent avec un principe de transgression du regard dont la Méduse antique constitue l’archétype, il ne s’agit pas tant de triompher des monstres que de ses peurs. En 2017, avec Outlast 2, Red Barrels s’est ensuite attaché à explorer les possibilités architecturales offertes par ce modèle en délaissant les intérieurs médicaux pour un village isolé propice à ce que Mario Gerosa a qualifié de « claustrophobie à ciel ouvert », mais aussi en usant de structures spatiales défiant la physique renvoient symboliquement à l’enjeu du regard comme pourvoyeur de connaissances et du trouble de sens devenant suspects. Il s’agira donc, au fil de l’analyse de ces trois œuvres, de proposer un aperçu des enjeux esthétiques qu’elles suscitent et qui témoignent du dynamisme des productions vidéoludiques indépendantes actuelles.

Meta-analytic studies have concluded that although training improves spatial cognition in both sexes, the male advantage generally persists. However, because some studies run counter to this pattern, a closer examination of the anomaly is warranted. The authors investigated the acquisition of a basic skill (spatial selective attention) using a matched-pair two-wave longitudinal design. Participants were screened with the use of an attentional visual field task, with the objective of selecting and matching 10 male-female pairs, over a wide range (30% to 57% correct). Subsequently, 20 participants 17-23 years of age (selected from 43 screened) were trained for 10 hr (distributed over several sessions) by playing a first-person shooter video game. This genre is known to be highly effective in enhancing spatial skills. All 20 participants improved, with matched members of the male-female pairs achieving very similar gains, independent of starting level. This is consistent with the hypothesis that the learning trajectory of women is not inferior to that of men when acquiring a basic spatial skill. Training methods that develop basic spatial skills may be essential to achieve gender parity in both basic and complex spatial tasks.

Games arguably have the most impressive success of any computer-based application and it would be useful to be able to extract some of the successful features of games for use in different application areas. Whilst games are clearly a multi-faceted phenomenon, when talking about games, gamers and reviewers often refer to the immersive experience of the game as being of particular importance. Moreover, the term immersion can be applied across many different genres of games from first person shooters, to strategy ...

Cet article est la version française d'un chapitre publié en espagnol (mis en ligne avec l'accord de l'éditeur), dont la référence est la suivante : Genvo S. (2021), « Teorías y práctica de los juegos expresivos » in : A.C. Moreno, A. Venegas (Eds.), La vida en juego. La realidad a través de lo lúdico. AnaitGames, Madrid, pp. 9-47. « Théories et pratique des jeux expressifs », disponible en ligne : https://hal.archivesouvertes.fr/-La formalisation du concept de jeu expressif, que j'ai commencé à élaborer en 2011, provient à l'origine d'un constat partagé par plusieurs chercheurs et game designers au cours des années 2000. Dans l'histoire des jeux vidéo, certaines thématiques ont été surreprésentées (sciencefiction, médiéval fantastique, sport, guerre, mythes nordiques ou asiatiques, etc.), ce qui a été de pair avec la présence majoritaire de certaines émotions : angoisse, peur, colère. C'est notamment ce que montrent Kline, Dyer Witheford et De Peuter lorsqu'ils mettent en évidence dans leur livre Digital Play que pour des raisons marketings, technologiques et culturelles des thématiques de « masculinités militarisées » se sont imposées de façon dominante dans le contenu des productions de cette industrie. Cette notion renvoie selon eux à une interrelation d'ingrédients qui constituent « un réseau sémiotique partagé tournant autour de sujets de guerre, de conquête et de combat » 1. Il s'agirait d'un modèle dominant éprouvé dans le cas du marché vidéoludique, bien que celui-ci fasse très souvent débat dans l'espace public et limite l'ouverture à d'autres types d'audience. Cette réflexion est également émise par Gonzalo Frasca dans le tout premier numéro de la revue Gamestudies.org dans un article portant sur The Sims 2. Il y formule le souhait d'ouverture des jeux vidéo à des réalités davantage en phase avec la vie

This study investigates the physiological responses to violent media by examining changes in heart rate, skin conductance, and facial electromyography (EMG). A sample of 25 participants (n=25) was exposed to two types of media: one violent and one non-violent (control), in a within-subjects experimental design. During exposure, physiological responses were continuously monitored using Pulse Oximeter  for heart rate, galvanic skin response (GSR) for skin conductance, and facial EMG to assess emotional expressions. Results indicated a significant increase in heart rate and skin conductance during violent media exposure, suggesting heightened arousal. Facial EMG analysis revealed increased activity in muscles associated with negative emotional states, such as anger and tension. These findings contribute to the growing body of research on media effects, demonstrating that violent content elicits measurable physiological arousal and emotional responses. This has implications for understanding the

To date, little has been written on digital game sound as Games Studies has almost exclusively treated and discussed digital games as a visual medium. This paper explores how sound possesses the ability to create perceptions of a variety of spaces within the game world, thus constituting a significant contributing factor to player immersion. Focusing on First-Person Shooters (FPS), we argue that player(s) and soundscape(s), and the relationships between them, may be usefully construed and conceptualized as an acoustic ecology. An argument is presented that, even though its sonic palette may be smaller, the FPS acoustic ecology emulates real world ecologies as players form a vital component in its construction and maintenance. The process of building a conceptual framework for understanding and testing the function of game sound as an acoustic ecology is broadly outlined, involving the application and extension of a disparate range of media sound theories in addition to the construct...

INDONESIA: Perkembangan dunia Game dari masa ke masa terus mengalami perkembangan, hingga kini bermunculan beberapa genre game dari yang sangat sederhana berbentuk text hingga yang memiliki bentuk animasi 3D. Game Tower defense merupakan subgenre dari game real-time strategy, tujuan utama dari game Tower defense adalah untuk melindungi suatu area agar tidak sampai dilewati oleh musuh yang berjalan pada jalur yang sudah ditentukan dengan cara membangun strategi penempatan tower. Konsep game Tower defense saat ini masih sangat jarang yang mengangkat unsur Pendidikan Agama Islam dan menggunakan karakter yang menggambarkan ciri khas seorang Muslim-Muslimah yang didalamnya menyisipkan pengetahuan mengenai keberadaan jin di alam semesta ini berdampingan dengan manusia. Dengan metode Fuzzy Tsukamoto dan Fuzzy Sugeno maka akan didapatkan manakah diantara metode tersebut yang paling efektif dalam memunculkan karakter lawan.berdasarkan hasil pengujian metode 12 data yang berbeda, durasi yang ...

Texts for translation are nowadays more and more numerous, while people making translations for professional purposes or otherwise do not always have training in the field of translation and traductology. Therefore, it is frequently that they resort to automatic translation. This paper will approach a new issue, that has little been studied so far, namely finding out the relationship between gender and text type, and automatic translation, respectively. Within a context where the text has a permanent dynamic, where we deal beside the « classical» texts that can be localized in time and space from the statement viewpoint, with texts close in terms of form, even if they are semantically so very open and up to hypertexts in which the form participates in the construction of the meaning, the criteria of textuality established by text linguistics should be revisited. Thus, there are two types of questions which appear : firstly, what approach should we have to the act of translation, how is it reported to the text and what types of translation operations are mobilized; secondly, how do the genre and type of text to be translated influence the translation. Based on the automatic translation of a text corpus belonging to various genres, this paper will study the conditions of appropriacy of the act of translation carried out by means of software in function of the text genericity. Similarly, we will analyze the relation of the translator resorting to automatic translation as a tool of support with the text being translated. The investigation will comprise scientific texts, as well as literary ones and texts specific to web patterns of communication.

Games arguably have the most impressive success of any computer-based application and it would be useful to be able to extract some of the successful features of games for use in different application areas. Whilst games are clearly a multi-faceted phenomenon, when talking about games, gamers and reviewers often refer to the immersive experience of the game as being of particular importance. Moreover, the term immersion can be applied across many different genres of games from first person shooters, to strategy ...

AI planning techniques are beginning to find use in a number of practical planning domains. However, the backward-chaining and partial-order-planning control strategies traditionally used in AI planning systems are not necessarily the best ones to use for practical planning problems. In this paper, we discuss some of the difficulties that can result from the use of backward chaining and partial-order planning, and we describe how these difficulties can be overcome by adapting Hierarchical Task-Network (HTN) planning to use a total-order control strategy that generates the steps of a plan in the same order that those steps will be executed. We also examine how introducing the total-order restriction into HTN planning affects its expressive power, and propose a way to relax the total-order restriction to increase its expressive power and range of applicability.

Ce mémoire, au croisement de la littérature comparée, des humanités numériques et des <em>game studies</em>, compare les caractéristiques narratives des romans d'aventures et de deux jeux vidéo, dit <em>rpg</em>, <em>Darkstone</em> (Delphine Software, 1999) et <em>Dragon Age : Origins</em> (Bioware, 2009). A partir des études des romans d'aventures effectuées par les chercheurs spécialistes de cette littérature, un modèle paradigmatique a été établi, auquel, grâce aux entités nommées, au <em>topic modeling</em> et à la représentation de la structure narrative avec Gephi, la structure narrative des <em>RPG</em> étudiés a été rapprochée. La comparaison entre les deux genres a nécessité tant une analyse textuelle - à partir des paradigmes du roman d'aventures et de l'intégralité des textes des deux jeux - qu'un analyse structurelle, mettant en parallèle les <em>topoï</em> du roman d&...

The increasing importance and employment of usability testing has heightened the need for a careful and extensive study of usability evaluation methods and tools available. Usability testing provides a means for understanding the real picture of the product being used in a context. The aim of this Master‟s thesis is to understand user interaction in a video game by using the two data collection methods, eye tracking and facial expressions analysis. Usability testing in video games is one of the important factors, if carried out consistently and timely it can significantly make the video game more enjoyable, playable and provide a quality user experience to the gamers. Overall, the usability testing efforts contribute to the enhanced effectiveness, efficiency and satisfaction in the gaming experience. The eye movements and facial expressions provide data which is useful for researchers to understand the user interaction of players‟ while playing a video game, as what objects capture ...

Keberadaan Non Player Character (NPC) dalam suatu game merupakan salah satu faktor penting dalam menentukan game itu menarik atau tidak. Jika tidak ada NPC yang cerdas dimana NPC tidak bersifat adaptif, reaktif dan otonom maka game dilihat dari sisi gameplay dapat dikatakan tidak menarik dan cenderung membosankan. Pada penelitian ini, penulis mengembangkan variasi perilaku NPC musuh yang otonom dan adaptif menggunakan kombinasi dari tiga metode yaitu logika Fuzzy, Finite State Machine dan Rule Based System. Perilaku otonom yaitu NPC dapat melakukan pergerakkan secara otomatis tanpa dikendalikan oleh player. Perilaku adaptif yaitu NPC dapat melakukan perubahan pergerakkan menyesuaikan dengan aksi player dan keadaan environment. 7 variasi perilaku cerdas NPC musuh yang dihasilkan dari penelitian ini antara lain perilaku otonom statis dan dinamis (FuSM), perilaku otonom dan adaptif menyerang statis (FSM+RBS), perilaku otonom dan adaptif menyerang dinamis (FSM+RBS), perilaku otonom dan adaptif terhadap penghalang bercelah bawah dan penghalang rendah (FSM+RBS), perilaku otonom dan adaptif terhadap penghalang tinggi (FSM+RBS), perilaku otonom dan adaptif terhadap serangan atau tembakan player dan jarak player (RBS), perilaku otonom dan adaptif terhadap tembakan player (FuSM+RBS). Dari hasil pengujian rata-rata pengujian frame per second, graphics, main thread didapatkan nilai performance yang paling baik yaitu pada perilaku yang menggunakan gabungan dari metode Fuzzy State Machine (FuSM) dan Rule Based System (RBS). Penggunaan metode dengan menggunakan kolaborasi tiga metode yaitu logika Fuzzy, Finite State Machine dan Rule Based System (FuSM+RBS) menghasilkan tingkat kehalusan pergerakkan NPC yang lebih tinggi, pemrosesan grafik yang lebih cepat, pemrosesan main thread atau kinerja performance yang lebih cepat dan proses renderer komponen game yang cukup cepat dibandingkan dengan yang hanya menggunakan 2 metode saja logika Fuzzy dan Finite State Machine (FuSM) atau yang hanya menggunakan 1 metode saja yaitu Rule Based System.

The first-person shooter (FPS), with its subjective view point and relentless action, gives its players an intense, often violent, virtual experience. There has been considerable debate about the effects of this mediated experience. Of particular concern is whether these games stage a propaganda campaign for the interests of governments and the military–industrial complex. Some fear that these games are leading us toward a perpetual state of war. However, such discussions have usually focussed on a very narrow selection from the FPS genre. This article examines a large sample, over 160 individual titles, of FPSs with a contemporary setting. The enemies presented by these games are analyzed and found to be far wider than a narrow examination of games based on topical conflicts would suggest, being instead inspired by a range of political, cultural, and literary sources. Any analysis of FPS games needs to take this diversity into account.

Game First Person Shooter (FPS) merupakan sebuah game yang banyak disukai oleh masyarakat luas. Game ini memiliki sudut pandang orang pertama sehingga para user dapat merasakan pengalaman bermain yang lebih baik lagi. Banyak sekali game FPS yang diminati oleh berbagai macam masyarakat luas seperti contohnya Call Of Duty yang bertipe Shooting Game ataupun game The Lasr Of Us yang bertipe Adventure. Pada pembuatan kecerdasan buatan atau AI ada banyak algoritma yang bisa digunakan, pada penelitian kali ini metode yang digunakan adalah metode Finite State Machine (FSM). FSM dipilih karena memiliki respon yang cukup baik dalam mengambil sebuah keputusan. Respon yang baik inilah yang nantinya dapat menarik minat masyarakat unutk memainkan game yang kita rancang. Untuk perancangan game, banyak game engine yang bisa kita pakai, namun pada penelitian kali ini kita menggunakan Unreal Engine karena dinilai lebih baik untuk melakukan pengembangan terhadap game 3D .

Problem-based learning is an instructional strategy that emphasizes the accumulation and development of knowledge via an active and experiential based approach to solving problems. This pedagogical framework can be instantiated using First Person Shooter gaming technology to provide users with the ability to control their learning experience within a dynamic, responsive, and visually rich three-dimensional virtual environment. In this manner, real world problem-solving scenarios can be represented within a computer simulated environment for training purposes, with a view towards developing knowledge and skills that are applicable to the real world problem-solving scenarios being modelled. This type of training environment can be utilized effectively when training within the corresponding real world space may not be safe, practical, or economically feasible. To this end, a conceptual framework has been developed in order to inform the design of 3D simulation environments based on FPS gaming technology within a problem-based learning pedagogy. This framework identifies a series of design factors relative to the user, the problem-solving task, and the 3D simulation environment that are proposed as being necessary in order to guide the learning process and facilitate the transfer of knowledge. This paper will present a simulation environment design according to this conceptual framework for a problem-solving scenario within the context of an underground mine emergency evacuation. This problem-solving scenario will be modelled with reference to Dominion Mining's Challenger mining operation located in South Australia.

Pathfinding in video games is crucial for creating immersive and challenging gameplay experiences, particularly in horror games where NPC behavior greatly contributes to atmosphere and tension. The Bellman-Ford algorithm, known for its versatility and suitability, is adapted to handle dynamic environments and address changing terrains and unpredictable player movements, even with negative edges present in a weighted graph. This study investigates the implementation of the Bellman-Ford algorithm in NPC pathfinding, considering dynamic factors. The methodology involves integrating the algorithm into Roblox Studio and simulating the NPC's behavior in response to obstacles, terrains, and the player's actions. Results indicate that the Bellman-Ford algorithm demonstrated effective pathfinding, enabling NPCs to dynamically navigate through the game world.

Interactive training is a technique that allows humans to guide a learning algorithm. This technique is well suited to training first person shooter bots as it allows game designers to iterate a range of behaviors in real-time. This paper investigates an initial attempt at allowing users to interact with the learning process of a reinforcement learning algorithm to create first person shooter bot behaviors. The results clearly show that it is possible to create different types of bot behaviors using the developed interactive training tool.

At Aalborg University's department of Medialogy, we are utilizing the Problem Based Learning method to encourage students to solve game design problems by pushing the boundaries and designing innovative games. This paper is concerned with describing this method, how students employ it in various projects and how they learn to analyse, design, and develop for innovation by using it. We will present various cases to exemplify the approach and focus on how the method engages students and aspires for innovation in digital entertainment and games.

This 18th issue of Sciences du jeu is the culmination of a scientific exploration throughout the theoretical territory of noise where several notions coexist such as chaos, interference, parasites, subversion, accident, errors, interruption, and uncertainty. The goal was to map various trajectories between this conceptual field and the world of video games. By orienting their analysis around aberrant, excessive, and tumultuous ludic phenomena, the contributions gathered in this issue have highlighted the fundamentally rough and irregular nature of video games understood as an artistic, semiotic, media, and socio-cultural system. This prospecting effort has retraced alternative and marginal approaches to video game creation, forms of appropriation that break down the limits of the media, and rhetorical strategies articulating radical social criticism. It also exposed various collective tactics used to saturate the communication channels of the participatory culture, whether to participate in the festive chaos of public performances on Twitch, or to intervene in the cacophonous debates surrounding important video game controversies. By delineating the area of inquiry where noise and video games intersect, this dossier has erected key landmarks to guide future research in game studies wishing to navigate through the turbulence that characterizes video game production and reception process.
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Ce 18e dossier de Sciences du jeu est l’aboutissement d’une exploration scientifique réalisée sur le territoire théorique du bruit où coexistent plusieurs notions telles que le chaos, l’interférence, le parasite, la subversion, l’accident, l’erreur, l’interruption, ou encore l’incertitude. L’objectif était de cartographier diverses trajectoires entre ce champ conceptuel et le monde du jeu vidéo. En orientant leurs analyses autour des phénomènes ludiques aberrants, excessifs et tumultueux, les contributions rassemblées dans ce numéro ont mis en relief la nature fondamentalement rugueuse et irrégulière du jeu vidéo compris comme système artistique, sémiotique, médiatique et socioculturel. Cet effort de prospection a permis de retracer des approches alternatives et marginales de la création vidéoludique, des formes d’appropriation faisant éclater les limites du média et des stratégies rhétoriques articulant des critiques sociales radicales. Il a également exposé diverses tactiques collectives déployées pour saturer les canaux de communication de la culture participative, soit pour participer au chaos festif des performances publiques sur Twitch, soit pour intervenir dans la cacophonie des débats entourant d’importantes controverses vidéoludiques. En jalonnant le terrain d’enquête où s’entrecroisent bruit et jeu vidéo, ce dossier a érigé différents points de repère pour guider de futures recherches en études vidéoludiques désireuses de naviguer à travers les turbulences qui caractérisent le processus de production et de réception des jeux vidéo.

Interactive computer game logs show the potential for use as replacement for time-consuming supervisory learning processes for embodied, situated agents. However, due to the inherent nature of the data in the logs themselves, for the time being this promise cannot be fulfilled. An unsuccessful attempt to use largely rule-based data mining processes to learn behaviours from game logs led to finding the inherently top-down nature of such processes was fundamentally at odds with the unsupervised bottom-up learning requirement of the problem. Innate issues with game logs toward the goal of unsupervised agent learning are discussed. Possible approaches to the problem subsuming successful applications of various methods in narrower fields are presented for both symbolic and sub-symbolic advocates.

This paper presents an evaluation of the suitability of reinforcement learning (RL) algorithms to perform the task of micro-managing combat units in the commercial real-time strategy (RTS) game StarCraft:Broodwar (SC:BW). The applied techniques are variations of the common Q-learning and Sarsa algorithms, both simple one-step versions as well as more sophisticated versions that use eligibility traces to offset the problem of delayed reward. The aim is the design of an agent that is able to learn in an unsupervised manner in a complex environment, eventually taking over tasks that had previously been performed by non-adaptive, deterministic game AI. The preliminary results presented in this paper show the viability of the RL algorithms at learning the selected task. Depending on whether the focus lies on maximizing the reward or on the speed of learning, among the evaluated algorithms one-step Q-learning and Sarsa(λ) prove best at learning to manage combat units.

Multiplayer online battle arena (MOBA), the most popular video game genre, has increased in terms of the number of users online. This increase in popularity depicts the in-game immersion in MOBA games, which determines Flow experience. Despite its popularity, there is a dearth of research on the cause of immersion of MOBA games. This study hypothesized that players acquired automatic thoughts, actions, and sensations about the game even when not playing, identified as Game Transfer Phenomena (GTP), causing Flow. Forty-five (45) college students were recruited to play MOBA games for 20 h in one week, referred to as immersive gaming in this study. Flow state scale and GTP scale were administered twice before and after immersive gaming. Pretest and posttest comparisons showed no difference in the Flow and GTP. On the other hand, the cross-lagged analysis shows that GTP causes Flow among MOBA gamers. Players with a high level of GTP experience more intensive levels of Flow. The implications of the development of Flow are discussed in the study.

We address the problem of automatically designing maps for first-person shooter (FPS) games. An efficient solution to this procedural content generation (PCG) problem could allow the design of FPS games of lower development cost with near-infinite replay value and capability to adapt to the skills and preferences of individual players. We propose a search-based solution, where maps are evolved to optimize a fitness function that is based on the players' average fighting time. For that purpose, four different map representations are tested and compared. Results obtained showcase the clear advantage of some representations in generating interesting FPS maps and demonstrate the promise of the approach followed for automatic level design in that game genre.