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First Person Shooter

First Person Shooter

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First Person Shooter (FPS) is a genre of video games characterized by a first-person perspective, where players experience gameplay through the eyes of the protagonist. The primary focus is on gun and projectile weapon-based combat, often involving strategic movement and teamwork in various environments.
lightbulbAbout this topic
First Person Shooter (FPS) is a genre of video games characterized by a first-person perspective, where players experience gameplay through the eyes of the protagonist. The primary focus is on gun and projectile weapon-based combat, often involving strategic movement and teamwork in various environments.

Key research themes

1. How can network and system latency reduction improve real-time first-person shooter (FPS) gameplay experience and performance, especially in mobile and competitive settings?

This theme explores the critical impact of network infrastructure and local system latencies on the playability, quality of experience, and competitive performance in FPS games. It is significant because FPS games have stringent real-time requirements and minimal latency is essential for responsiveness, fairness, and player satisfaction. Research in this area evaluates technological solutions like 802.11 access points extended via vehicular ad-hoc networks (VANETs) in mobile scenarios, as well as quantifies latency-performance relationships in esports contexts.

First Person Shooters on the Road: Leveraging on APs and Vanets for a Quality Gaming Experience
by Marco Roccetti

2015

Key finding: This study demonstrates that 802.11 wireless access points can provide acceptable quality of service (QoS) for real-time FPS gaming inside moving vehicles, and proposes extending coverage via vehicular-to-vehicular (V2V)... Read more
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Lower is Better? The Effects of Local Latencies on Competitive First-Person Shooter Game Players
by Jamie Sherman

2022, Proceedings of the 2021 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems

Key finding: A rigorous user study with 43 experienced Counter-Strike: Global Offensive (CS:GO) players quantified how small reductions (10ms) in local system latency improve player accuracy (+0.8%) and score (+1.2 points), significant in... Read more
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2. What are the implications of player-avatar relationships and identity constructions in team-based FPS games, and how do player roles influence attachment, enjoyment, and behavior?

Research in this theme examines the psychological and sociocultural dimensions of character attachment and identity within FPS games, focusing specifically on team-based multiplayer environments. This includes how players perceive and relate to their avatars depending on their roles (attacker, defender, supporter), how gender differences affect performance and enjoyment, and how military-themed contexts shape in-game military identities. These insights matter for game design, player retention, avatar customization, and understanding social dynamics in online FPS communities.

Character attachment in team-based first person shooter game with respect to the role in the combat among Korean young gamers
by International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE)

2021, International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE)

Key finding: The paper reveals differential patterns of player-avatar relationships in the team-based FPS genre tied to player roles. Attackers tend to perceive avatars as objects or tools, defenders more often see avatars as ‘others’... Read more
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Examination of the Relationship Between Gender, Performance, and Enjoyment of a First-Person Shooter Game
by Toby Hopp

2020

Key finding: This mixed-methods study finds that while men’s enjoyment of FPS gameplay was largely independent of game performance, women’s enjoyment was strongly contingent upon both objective and subjective performance metrics. Women... Read more
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Exploring in-game military identities within CS:GO
by Iain Donald

2022

Key finding: Through ethnographic data in vocational esports education contexts, this research highlights how players construct military identities in CS:GO, balancing educational/training frames and competitive gameplay. It identifies... Read more
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3. How do UI design paradigms and game content affect player immersion, experience modeling, and perceptions of realism in first-person shooters?

This research stream investigates the role of in-game information displays (heads-up displays versus diegetic/spatial representations), player experience modeling for personalization, and the selective framing of war and violence in FPS games. It includes studies on how FPS aesthetics influence player moral and ethical perceptions, the customization of difficulty through resource adjustments, and the adaptive generation of content based on affective states. Understanding these elements guides immersive design that balances gameplay effectiveness, narrative framing, and ethical considerations.

An empirical comparison of first-person shooter information displays: HUDs, diegetic displays, and spatial representations
by Robert Teather

2022, Entertainment Computing

Key finding: Through four targeted experiments, the authors demonstrate that no single information display type universally excels across FPS tasks. Diegetic/spatial displays yielded superior performance for ammunition monitoring,... Read more
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A Quantitative Approach for Modelling and Personalizing Player Experience in First-Person Shooter Games
by Mohammad Shaker

2025

Key finding: This work applies a data-driven methodology combining gameplay context parameters, player behavior metrics, and self-reported affective states to construct predictive models of player experience in a single-player FPS game... Read more
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Selective Realism: Filtering Experiences of War in the First- and Third-Person Shooter
by Holger Pötzsch

2015

Key finding: The article introduces ‘selective realism’ as a concept to characterize FPS war games’ deliberate inclusion and exclusion of war aspects, filtering out traumatic, psychological, and sociopolitical consequences to present a... Read more
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Related Topics

  • Game studies
  • Video Game History
  • Genre Theory
  • Call of Duty
  • History of Video Games
  • Video Game Theory
  • Interactive Narrative
  • Game Studies
  • Historical Re Enactment
  • Player Agency

    • All papers in First Person Shooter

    Appeal of playing online first person shooter games
    by Jeroen Jansz

    2007, CyberPsychology & Behavior

    TABLE 1. MEANS OF MOTIVATIONS FOR GAMING AMONG THREE GROUPS OF PLAYERS *p < 0.05, **p < 0.005. Means with different superscripts differ from each other at a significance level of p < 0.05.
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    Use of eye movements for video game control
    by Nicholas Graham

    2006, Proceedings of the 2006 ACM SIGCHI international conference on Advances in computer entertainment technology - ACE '06

    We present a study that explores the use of a commercially available eye tracker as a control device for video games. We examine its use across multiple gaming genres and present games that utilize the eye tracker in a variety of ways.... more
    The same task was used for both input modalities. Users Figure 7: In Neverwinter Nights, players communicated with their avatar through eye-based pointing.
    Interaction with the avatar was facilitated only through pointing. To move the avatar, the player simply clicked on a point in the environment and the character would walk there. To open a chest, the player clicked on the lid. In the mouse condition, players simply moved the mouse and clicked with the left mouse button. In the eye tracking condition, players looked at Figure 8: Players fired at missiles descending from the top of the screen by looking at them and pressing a button.
    Figure 1: In the Legend of Zelda: The Wind Waker, the player's avatar points to interesting objects in the environment by looking at them [1].
    Figure 2: In Madden NFL 06, the quarterback's vision is represented as a cone protruding from the avatar's eyes [5].
    The Eye Contact Sensor (ECS) is a system that is designed to be embedded in an object and reports when it is receiving visual attention [19]. This technology applies the same pupil detection technique used with BM's Pupil Cam, but does not relate the location of the user's gaze to a coordinate system, eliminating the need for calibration. In addition, the system can be produced for a fraction of the cost of a commercial eye tracker. The ECS signals eye contact when the corneal reflection Figure 4: Dark pupil tracking illuminates the eye with an off- axis IR light source and extracts the black pupil [11].
    Eye-R is a system that uses head orientation as estimation for gaze direction, but also detects when the user’s eye is fixated [18]. The system was designed to be used as an augmentation for any common pair of glasses that detects eye contact with other wearers in ubiquitous computing scenarios. The system contains an IR transmitter and receiver pointed into the user's environment. This transmitter is fitted with an IR LED with a narrow angle of transmission (17 - 20 degrees) that transmits a unique code. This allows the system to determine when the user's head is oriented towards another user. An IR LED and a phototransistor is pointed inward towards the user's eye. As the user's eye moves, the amount of IR reflected from the eye changes. A fixation is detected when the amount of IR reflected from the wearer's eye remains constant. Eye contact is determined when the user's head is oriented towards another user
    Cascaded (MAGIC) pointing is one such approach [26]. This technique uses the eyes to position the cursor roughly near the object the user is looking at. The hands can then be used to move the cursor to an object local to the user's visual attention. This allows the user to move the cursor long distances with his Figure 6: Users controlled the orientation of the view with their eyes. Here, the user is confronted by a monster and looks at it to orient herself towards it. Eye movements have also been proposed as a means of communication between people in_ collaborative virtual environments. Since eye movements have been shown to play an important role in group communication, it is thought that adding support for the same types of cues could improve computer mediated communication. With the GAZE groupware system,
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    Human Behavior Models for Agents in Simulators and Games: Part II: Gamebot Engineering with PMFserv
    by Gnana Bharathy

    2006, Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments

    Many producers and consumers of legacy training simulator and game environments are beginning to envision a new era where psych-socio-physiologic models could be interoperated to enhance their environments' simulation of human agents.... more
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    Networked games: a QoS-sensitive application for QoS-insensitive users?
    by Tristan Henderson

    2003

    Research into providing different levels of network Quality of Service (QoS) often assumes that there is a large market for QoSsensitive applications that will be fulfilled once QoS-enabled networks have been deployed. Multiplayer... more
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    Objective and subjective evaluation of the influence of small amounts of delay and jitter on a recent first person shooter game
    by Danny De Vleeschauwer

    2004, Proceedings of ACM SIGCOMM 2004 workshops on NetGames '04 Network and system support for games - SIGCOMM 2004 Workshops

    There have been several studies in the past years that investigate the impact of network delay on multi-user applications. Primary examples of these applications are real-time multiplayer games. These studies have shown that high network... more
    Figure 2: Mean rating for all unimpaired, all im- paired and all 12 players, respectively, as a function of scenario number.
    Table 1: Summary of impairment settings for sce- narios 1, 5, 11 and 15; the degree of optimism is also given.
    Table 2: Results of the hypothesis tests.
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    OneClick: A Framework for Measuring Network Quality of Experience
    by Wei-cheng Xiao

    2009, IEEE INFOCOM 2009 - The 28th Conference on Computer Communications

    ... Network Quality of Experience ... Abstract—As the service requirements of network applications shift from high throughput to high media quality, interactivity, and responsiveness, the definition of QoE (Quality of Experience) has... more
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    Using a genetic algorithm to tune first-person shooter bots
    by Nicholas Cole

    2004, Proceedings of the 2004 Congress on Evolutionary Computation (IEEE Cat. No.04TH8753)

    First-person shooter robot controllers (bots) are generally rule-based expert systems written in C/C++. As such, many of the rules are parameterized with values, which are set by the software designer and finalized at compile time. The... more
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    (2009) Video Game Genre, Evolution and Innovation (journal)
    by Dominic Arsenault

    2009, Eludamos. Journal for Computer Game Culture

    This paper provides a critical overview of the notion of genre in game studies and in the video game industry. Using the concept of genre requires one to acknowledge the recent developments of genre theory in other fields of research; one... more
    Fig. 4: The birth of the ‘First-Person Shooter’ label in Usenet discussion. Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doom_(video_game))
    Fig. 5: Seamless alternating between First- and Third-Person viewpoint in Rescue: The Embassy Mission
    Another website, AllGameGuide, breaks games down by genres, each containing a number of styles:
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    Longer you play, the more hostile you feel: examination of first person shooter video games and aggression during video game play
    by Richard Harris

    2007, Aggressive Behavior

    This study investigated the effects of video game play on aggression. Using the General Aggression Model, as applied to video games by Anderson and Bushman, [2002] this study measured physiological arousal, state hostility, and how... more
    Fig. 1. The interactive light gun used in the current study.
    *Overall significant differences, P<.05, assessed using repeated measures analyses. **Represents a marginally significant difference (P<.024). Mean with different subscripts indicates significant differences assessed by pairwise comparisons using «=.018 to control for family wise error rates. TABLE I. Mean Scores on Each Measure With the Corresponding Scale Administration
    TABLE III. Mean Scores on the Child and Sports Story Stem Before the Summation
    TABLE II. Mean Scores for the Interaction Between Each Dependent Variable and Controller Order
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    Hierarchical Plan Representations for Encoding Strategic Game AI
    by hai hoang

    2005

    In this paper we explore the use of Hierarchical-Task-Network (HTN) representations to model strategic game AI. We will present two case studies. The first one reports on an experiment using HTNs to model strategies for Unreal Tournament®... more
    Figure 4. Control Half Plus One vs. standard We encoded two different strategies in the HTNs. The first strategy is called Control Half Plus One Points. This strategy selects half plus one of the domination points and sets bots to capture these points. After capturing these points the bots will patrol between these places to defend them. The second one is the Control All Points strategy.
    the primitive tasks assigned by the HTN, such as going to a certain waypoint. As a result, a grand strategy is laid out by the HTNs and event-driven programming allows the bots to react in this highly dynamic environment while contributing to the grand task. The event-driven program encoded in the Javabot FSMs allows the bot to react if, for example, an enemy bot is shooting at it. Figure 3. Dataflow of the HTN Planning
    Figure 5. Control Half Plus One vs. Improved We ran the experiments on the domination map Dom- Stalwart, that came with Gamebot. We counted results only when a match terminated where no bot from either team got disconnected from the server. Since the positions of the bots are determined by the UT server randomly and these positions improve the chances that either team will win, we ran the experiments 5 times and averaged their results. These results are shown in Figures 4 and 5 for the Control Half Plus One Points strategy versus the standard and the improved teams respectively. Figures 6 and 7 show the results for the Control All Points strategy versus the standard and the improved teams respectively. The number of points to win a match was set to 50. the second team we did several improvements to the code of the standard UT bots. In particular, we improved navigation issues and domination tactics. We refer to this team as the improved team. The team that uses the HTNs uses the same improved code. The only difference is that the domination strategies are dictated by the HTNs. We refer to this team as the HTN team.
    evaluates these sequences by checking the preconditions of the first pair; if these are true, then the SHOP continues with the subtasks of the first pair (Figure 9). If the preconditions of the first pair are not fulfilled, then SHOP checks the preconditions of the second pair. If these are satisfied, SHOP continues with the subtasks of the second pair, and so forth. It is well known from basic programming principles that “while” loops can be represented using recursion. We once again take advantage of the sequences of preconditions-subtasks pairs for this purpose (Figure 10). The precondition of the first pair is the condition, ownAlIDOMPoints(), used to continue iterating in the oop. The first subtask, patrol(), is executed in the loop body. The second subtask, patrolling(), is a recursive call. When the condition ownAlIDOMPoints() no longer holds, hen the precondition of the second preconditions-subtasks pair is evaluated and found to be true, which always holds. As before, the subtask dummySubtask() is always fulfilled. Acknowledgements
    Table 1 shows a synopsis of 3 TMK constructs and how they can be mapped into HTNs. We omit a complete and formal proof due to the lack of space.
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    Teaching bayesian behaviours to video game characters
    by Pierre Bessiere

    2004, Robotics and Autonomous Systems

    This article explores an application of Bayesian programming to behaviours for synthetic video games characters. We address the problem of real-time reactive selection of elementary behaviours for an agent playing a first person shooter... more
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    Using Biofeedback while Immersed in a Stressful Videogame Increases the Effectiveness of Stress Management Skills in Soldiers
    by Eric Boivin

    2012, PLoS ONE

    This study assessed the efficacy of using visual and auditory biofeedback while immersed in a tridimensional videogame to practice a stress management skill (tactical breathing). All 41 participants were soldiers who had previously... more
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    The Impact of Controller Naturalness on Spatial Presence, Gamer Enjoyment, and Perceived Realism in a Tennis Simulation Video Game
    by Kirstie Farrar

    2010

    The introduction and popularity of the Nintendo Wii home console has brought attention to the natural mapping motion capturing controller. Using a sample that identified sports as their most frequently played video games, a mental models... more
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    What Do We Really Know About First-Person-Shooter Games? An Event-Related, High-Resolution Content Analysis
    by Ron Tamborini

    2009, Journal of Computer-mediated Communication

    Multiple studies have been addressing effects of playing violent video games. However, most such studies neglect users' individual experiences. In fact, each player's gameplaying choices creates his or her own specific game content.... more
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    Typology and socio-demographic characteristics of Massively Multiplayer Online Game players
    by Barbara Mervó

    2012, International Journal of Human-computer Interaction

    To date, there has been relatively little research comparing different types of online gamers. The main aim of this study was to provide robust benchmark data on different types of Massively Multiplayer Online Game (MMOG) players using a... more
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    Measuring the Impact of Game Controllers on Player Experience in FPS Games
    by Kathrin Gerling
    An increasing amount of games is released on multiple platforms, and game designers face the challenge of integrating different interaction paradigms for console and PC users while keeping the core mechanics of a game. However, little... more
    4.5 Discussion Table 1. Mean ratings for significant questionnaire results.
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    Evolving Interesting Maps for a First Person Shooter
    by Julian Togelius

    2011

    We address the problem of automatically designing maps for first-person shooter (FPS) games. An efficient solution to this procedural content generation (PCG) problem could allow the design of FPS games of lower development cost with... more
    Fig. 1. Screenshots from Cube 2: Sauerbraten
    Fig. 2. Best Maps Evolved using Representation All-White
    Fig. 4. Best Maps Evolved using Representation Grid Fig. 5. Best Maps Evolved using Representation Random-Digger
    Fig. 3. Best Maps Evolved using Representation All-Black
    Fig. 6. One of the best evolved map (f = 21931) loaded in the game Cube 2.
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    Hierarchical controller learning in a First-Person Shooter
    by Julian Togelius

    2009

    We describe the architecture of a hierarchical learning-based controller for bots in the First-Person Shooter (FPS) game Unreal Tournament 2004. The controller is inspired by the subsumption architecture commonly used in behaviourbased... more
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    An empirical pipeline to derive gaze prediction heuristics for 3D action games
    by Efstathios Stavrakis

    2010, ACM Transactions on Applied Perception

    Gaze analysis and prediction in interactive virtual environments, such as games, is a challenging topic, since the 3D perspective and variations of the view point, as well as the current task, introduce many variables that affect the... more
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    The Cinema of Me: Self and Subjectivity in First Person Documentary
    by Alisa Lebow
    When a filmmaker makes a film with herself as a subject, she is already divided as both the subject matter of the film and the subject making the film. The two senses of the word are immediately in play - the matter and the maker - thus... more
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    Creating Humanlike Autonomous Players in Real-time First Person Shooter Computer Games
    by Di Wang
    This paper illustrates how we create a software agent by employing FALCON, a self-organizing neural network that performs reinforcement learning, to play a well-known first person shooter computer game known as Unreal Tournament 2004.... more
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    Shoot at first sight! First person shooter players display reduced reaction time and compromised inhibitory control in comparison to other video game players
    by Jory Deleuze and 
    1 more
    Maxime Christiaens
    Studies have shown that regular video game use might improve cognitive and social skills. In contrast, other studies have documented the negative outcomes of excessive gaming visa -vis health and socio-professional spheres. Both positive... more
    Fig. 1. Mean reaction times, SSRTs, and errors in the Hybrid-Stop Task. “p < 0.05; ““p < 0.005; °p = 0.068. Error bars represent standard errors of the mean. GO RTs = mean reacti times for go trials; SSRTs = mean stop-signal reaction times; GNG errors = go/no-go errors; SST errors = stop-signal task errors; MMORPG = massively multiplayer online ro! playing game; MOBA = multiplayer online battle arena; online FPS = online first person shooter.
    Note: PvP = player versus player. Comparison of structural characteristics of the three main online video game genres. Table 1
    Study variables. Table 2
    Note. Hours/week = mean hours of online game per week; MMORPG = massively multiplayer online role-playing game; MOBA = multiplayer online battle arena; online FPS = online first person shooter; POGQ = Problematic Online Gaming Questionnaire; UPPS = UPPS-P Impulsive Behavior Scale; BDI-II = Beck Depression Inventory - II. “pd < 0.005. * Statistically significant in comparison to MMORPG and MOBA players at p < .05 using Bonferroni post hoc tests. Comparison of demographics and questionnaires between genres of favorite online game. Table 3
    Note. ANOVAs = one-way analyses of variance; MMORPG = massively multiplayer online role-playing game; MOBA = multiplayer online battle arena; online FPS = online fir: person shooter; GO RTs = mean reaction time for go trials; SSRTs = mean stop-signal reaction times; SST errors = percentage of errors for stop-signal trials; GN errors = percentage of errors for go/no go trials. “p < .05; ““p < .005. * Statistically significant in comparison to MOBA players at p < .05 using Bonferroni post hoc tests. > Statistically significant in comparison to MOBA and MMORPG players at p < .05 using Bonferroni post hoc tests. ANOVAs on Hybrid-Stop Task scores of online video game genres. Table 4
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    The problem of delayed causation in a video game: Constant, varied, and filled delays
    by Nam Nguyen

    2009, Learning and Motivation

    A first-person shooter video game was adapted for the study of causal decision making within dynamic environments. The video game included groups of three potential targets. Participants chose which of the three targets in each group was... more
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    Games are up for DVFS
    by Wei Tsang Ooi

    2006, Proceedings of the 43rd annual …

    Graphics-intensive computer games are no longer restricted to highperformance desktops, but are also available on a variety of portable devices ranging from notebooks to PDAs and mobile phones. Battery life has been a major concern in the... more
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    A Bradley–Terry artificial neural network model for individual ratings in group competitions
    by Tony Martinez

    2008, Neural Computing and Applications

    A common statistical model for paired comparisons is the Bradley-Terry model. This research re-parameterizes the Bradley-Terry model as a single-layer artificial neural network (ANN) and shows how it can be fitted using the delta rule.... more
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    Towards conscious-like behavior in computer game characters
    by Raul Arrabales and 
    2 more
    Araceli Sanchis de Miguel
    Agapito Ledezma Espino

    2009, 2009 IEEE Symposium on Computational Intelligence and Games

    The main sources of inspiration for the design of more engaging synthetic characters are existing psychological models of human cognition. Usually, these models, and the associated Artificial Intelligence (AI) techniques, are based on... more
    Fig. 5. Workspace modulation mechanism. The level of activation of specialized processors and the generated percepts is updated based on modulation commands sent from the core layer. Activation values determine which percepts are generated, which in turn affects the modulation commands triggered by the core layer.
    Fig. 6. Experimentation environment. The architecture sketched out corresponds to one CERA-CRANIUM controlled bot, one human spectator, and one human player. All depicted components can be distributed and interconnected through a computer network. The UT2004 server hosts the game and a number of clients can join the game. The clients used for participating or watching the game are copies of the UT2003 commercial game. Additionally, a small user interface (CERA UT2004 viewer) can be used to inspect some variables of the running cognitive architecture. Note that CERA- CRANIUM plays the role of the Behavior Controller described in Fig. 1
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    On the Objective Evaluation of Real-Time Networked Games
    by Nadjib Achir

    2009

    With the recent evolution of network-based multiplayer games and the increasing popularity of online games demanding strict real-time interaction among players - like First Person Shooter (FPS) -, game providers face the problem to... more
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    A believable agent for first-person shooter games
    by Tolga Konik

    2007, Proceedings of the third …

    In this paper, we present a principled approach to constructing believable game players that relies on a cognitive architecture. The resulting agent is capable of playing the game Urban Combat in a plausible manner when faced with similar... more
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    Performance of input devices in FPS target acquisition
    by Poika Isokoski

    2007, Proceedings of the international conference on Advances in computer entertainment technology - ACE '07

    We evaluated the performance of a wheel mouse, an XBox360 controller, the combination of a mouse and a keyboard, and a Trackmouse in FPS target acquisition. The device combinations where mouse was used for aiming performed better than the... more
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    Verbal coordination in first person shooter games
    by Derek Reilly

    2012

    We explore how expert First Person Shooter (FPS) players coordinate actions using a shared voice channel. Our findings emphasize the importance of the temporality and spatiality of these tactical verbal communications ("callouts"). From... more
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    Creating a multi-purpose first person shooter bot with reinforcement learning
    by Marcus Gallagher

    2008

    Reinforcement learning is well suited to first person shooter bot artificial intelligence as it has the potential to create diverse behaviors without the need to implicitly code them. This paper compares three different reinforcement... more
    The test environment used for the experiments was a simple, purpose-built FPS game. The game test-bed has the basic features of commercial FPS games such as walls, power up items and bots. Bots are equipped with the ability o turn left, turn right, move forwards, move backwards, strafe left, strafe right, pick up items and shoot. All bots in he game have exactly the same capabilities and parameters, e.g., turn speed (0.1), speed (0.2 meters/update cycle), ammo clip (unlimited), weapon type (laser ray gun with five hit points per shot damage rating), and hit points (50). The laser guns have a cool down timer of one second, to avoid a constant stream of fire. Bots respawn ten update cycles after being killed, and they spawn in the same location each time with full health. Items respawn ten update cycles after being collected. Two different level maps were designed for the experiments to test the AI in varying environments. The first map is the arena (Fig. la), which consists of four enclosing walls and no items to collect. The arena map is 100m x 100m. The second map is a maze environment (Fig. 1b), and was used to investigate how well the bots performed in a more complex environment where combat occurs in tight spaces, and navigating the environment is more integral to the bots success. The maze map is also 100m x 100m.
    Fig. 2. HierarchicalRL bot paths from replay of the arena map experiment with random seed 102. This section examines the paths travelled by the bots during the experiments. The paths are displayed from the best scoring bots from the maximum row in Table IV and V. The number of runs displayed in the path figures varies depending how many times the bot died during the 5000 replay iterations.
    Fig. 3. RuleBasedRL bot paths from the replay of the arena map experiment with random seed 120. RuleBasedRL bot be an aggressive fighter due to the controlling rules, it is interesting to note that the same underlying controllers can be used to produce varying behaviors by using different high level controllers. The RuleBasedRL bot had three runs in total, the first being the
    Fig. 4. RL bot paths from the replay of the arena map experiment with random seed 101.
    Fig. 6. RuleBasedRL bot paths from the replay of the maze mar experiment with random seed 120.
    Fig 5. HierarchicalRL bot paths from replay of the maze map experiment with random seed 112. encountering the corner where it turned and started moving forward along the eastern wall. An enemy came in sight a quarter of the way down the eastern wall, and the RL bot reacted by following and shooting. The RL bot was then killed by the enemy. In the third run the RL bot killed the StateMachine bot and a non-reacting bot, and took down a
    Fig. 7. RL bot paths from the replay of the maze map experiment with random seed 101.
    pairs. e(s,a) is the eligibility trace variable for a given paits. Clo, U) AS Uli Vitis tUiity UaAveY ValIiadUiIn iVUi aA oiyelt state-action pair. Line 7 calculates the temporal difference (TD) error using the current reward, decay parameter (7) and current and next state-action pair values. Line 8 sets the eligibility trace (1) to one, to flag that state-action pair as just being visited. The update function is listed in line 10. The previously calculated TD error is used with the learning rate (q@ ) and eligibility trace (1) to update each state-action pair in the policy. Line 11 reduces the eligibility trace of previously visited state-action pairs. This reduction affects state-action pairs that have just been visited by allowing them to receive more of the current reward than states further in the past. The reduction is determined by the decay (y) and trace (1) parameters. setup. The Sarsa algorithm with eligibility traces [8], termed Sarsa(/), is used for updating the policy values. Eligibility traces are a method to speed up learning by allowing pas actions to benefit from the current reward, and also allows sequences of actions to be learnt. Sequences of actions are particularly important in combat behavior where the bot A should be able to perform a combination of actions in order to defeat an enemy. Table I lists the steps of the Sarsa( A algorithm. O(s,a) is the policy consisting of all state-action
    pursue the enemy to the end. The two non-reacting navigation bots were included to give the RL bots practice targets to learn combat. These bots navigated the environment at all times. Two different enemy types were also included to compel the RL bot to learn a generalized Three different RL setups were used in the experiments: HierarchicalRL, RuleBasedRL and RL. The HierarchicalRL setup uses hierarchical RL to combine a combat and navigation controller that were trained in previous work using RL [1]. The HierarchicalRL controller learns when to use the combat or navigation controller by receiving the rewards from Table II. Collision and death penalties were not included as preliminary runs showed better performance without these penalties. The better performance was due to the conflicting nature of the problem to maximize kills and exploration, while minimizing deaths and collisions. For this problem, maximizing kills and exploration inadvertently minimized deaths and collisions, therefore the penalties were not needed. A range of parameters were experimented with, and results were varying. In general, medium discount factors and eligibility traces were the best performing.
    The number of state-action pairs for the RL task is 137781, more than three times larger than the HierarchicalRL table. TABLE III Table III lists the rewards and corresponding values for the RL bot. A reward was given to the RL bot when it picked up an item, killed an enemy bot, and when it accurately shot an enemy. A small penalty was given when the RL bot collided with an obstacle. The death penalty and distance reward were removed to attempt to simplify the problem.
    sought. The StateMachine bot had a much lower accuracy than the HierarchicalRL and RuleBasedRL bots. Although he StateMachine’s accuracy was quite low, the bot shot many times more than the higher accuracy bots, therefore having the advantage in combat kills. Due to the large differences in shooting accuracies, it is expected that the HierarchicalRL and RuleBasedRL bots would perform better than the StateMachine bot in scenarios where ammo was limited which is common in most commercial FPS games. The RL bot had a very low accuracy rating. The RL bot learnt to shoot often, sometimes even shooting when no enemy was in sight. However, the RL bot’s accuracy is still higher than the Random bot. This difference shows that the RL bot was able to learn a combat strategy which consisted of shooting as often as possible, generally when enemies were in sight, in the hope of taking down the enemy. This type of combat behavior is similar to beginner FPS players as they tend to constantly shoot haphazardly in times of danger. with a very high score for kills in the arena map. Lhe RuleBasedRL bot followed with half as many average kills, but with a high score of 12 kills in one run. The HierarchicalRL bot was close behind the RuleBasedRL bot, with an average of 5 kills and high score of 9 kills. While he StateMachine bot recorded a high number of kills, we see that the kills were mainly from the two non-reacting bots. Since the number of deaths for the StateMachine bot was similar to the RuleBasedRL bot, we know that the RuleBasedRL bot killed the StateMachine bot as many times as it was killed. Similar results were seen against the HierarchicalRL bot. The similar death count therefore implies that the RuleBasedRL and HierarchicalRL bot were formidable opponents to the StateMachine bot when head- to-head, but the underlying combat controller was less effective against the non-reactive navigation bots. The RL bot managed a maximum of 6 kills, indicating that some form of combat behavior was learnt. This result was surprising considering the high number of deaths similar to he Random bot.
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    Camera-Based Virtual Environment Interaction on Mobile Devices
    by Steve Wilkinson

    2006, Lecture Notes in Computer Science

    Mobile virtual environments, with real-time 3D and 2D graphics, are now possible on smart phone and other camera-enabled devices. Using computer vision, the camera sensor can be treated as an input modality in applications by analyzing... more
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    Selective Realism: Filtering Experiences of War in the First- and Third-Person Shooter
    by Holger Pötzsch
    The present article develops the concept of selective realism to understand how design features and narrative frames of first- and third-person shooters (F/TPS) exclude attention to salient, yet unpleasant, features of warfare such as... more
    Implying player responsibility: Walker's reflection on the drone footage. [please remove old text]
    Killing from the air: Combatants or civilians? [please remove old text] Figure 2. Eradicating enemies from the air.
    Figure 5. Traumatic flashback? Konrad’s painting.
    Figure 7. Atrocious acts and experiences without long-term consequences. Killing the enemy in close combat in The Last of Us
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    First Person Jewish
    by Alisa Lebow
    Documentaries have increasingly used the first person, with a number of prominent filmmakers finding critical and commercial success with this intimate approach. Jewish filmmakers have particularly thrived in this genre, using it to... more
    D’Est (1996). Still courtesy of Walker Art Center. striking way, attempting to reach across this divide while simultaneously conceding the futility of the gesture. In D’Est, Akerman goes “back” to Eastern Europe, the region in which her parents lived until World War II. This quasi-voyage of return could easily be mistaken for what Akerman herself derisively calls a “‘back to my roots’ kind of film,” except that in the film she never specifies any personal markers or indicates her invest- ment in the terrain.2 She eschews iconographic Jewish or Holocaust im- ages (there are no synagogues, no cemeteries, no crematoria) and avoids interviews and narration that might concretize her position. She even bypasses the specific town from which her family came. Akerman seems convinced of the impossibility of finding any meaningful remnants of the past. Her camera glides on the surface of present-day Eastern Europ: with an implacable resolve, surveying the prosaic details of life lived in the interstices of bus stops, bread queues, and train station waiting rooms Yet even in her resolute refusal to penetrate this facade, the very history she seems assiduously to ignore nonetheless protrudes. For her there seems no eluding the imprint of the past: it is written on the impassive faces and spaces she records. meme @ — . mr a . . a . oS ew e ya) a;
    Bordering on fiction: Chantal Akerman’s D’Est installation, chamber 2. Still courtesy of Walker Art Center.
    Potato pickers in D’Est. Still courtesy of Walker Art Center.
    Faces captured by Chantal Akerman’s camera in D’Est. Still courtesy of Walker Art Center. random people, often in transit, some in crowds, as in the scenes of train station waiting rooms or bus stops, some in their homes or at social gatherings such as a concert or a dinner dance. We learn the identity of no one; names, occupations, beliefs, religions, strategies for survival are all beyond the scope of this film. We learn nothing of the political system, the economic hardship, the way of life of the people, except as all this can be inferred by the expressions on their faces or the clothes on their backs. In general, Akerman asks nothing of the people she is filming except permission to capture their image on celluloid—and per- haps she does not even ask that of most of the people in the film, caught (unawares) as they seem in the act of performing the rituals of their daily existence, much like those caught by Vertov some sixty-five years earlier. Akerman is up at the crack of dawn, scanning the bus stops for early commuters. She shoots at dusk as people leave work, catching them wait ing for the bus home. Indeed, there are endless lines of people waiting indefinitely for the bus or train that never seems to come. Some take not
    The oedipal gaze in Nobody’s Business (1996).
    the “star” of the film. In her inability to accept the scientific evidence,
    Everything’s for You (1989). Stills courtesy of Abraham Ravett.
    Emily Hubley’s cell animation in Everything’s for You. Still courtesy of Abraham Ravett. inaledielerernriea ites eateries iieetineeias: ucteemeniniationds: i” jMenininianil Without a doubt, repetition is a mode of communication in the Ravett family. The filmmaker’s narrative syntax reproduces the sentence structures of both father and mother, a broken English syntax, a working class immigrant syntax, a brokenhearted syntax. Everything’s for You, like many of Ravett’s films, has a complex structure akin to the exchange he has with his mother about Toncia’s age. He revisits themes over and over again, always using repetition with a difference, each time interjecting a slightly new element, like the mother’s belated and inexplicable insertion of the detail about “the school year.”54 Like this interaction, Everything’s for You is obsessively concerned with the details of the dead, as if the details of the children (name, age, diet, state of mind, circumstances of death) could somehow explain something about Ravett’s own traumatic childhood to himself.
    Abraham Ravett’s prewar siblings. Still courtesy of Abraham Ravett.
    One scene in particular comes to mind as an instance where the at- tempt to create a multilayered dialogic is realized. This is the final scene in the film, with Cynthia and Alisa filmed walking the streets of New York’s Lower East Side, in an inelegant late-twentieth-century version of flaneurie. Amidst the Jewish shops and bakeries that we walk in and out of are the signs of cultural syncretism: the synagogue turned Seventh Day Adventist church; the leftover sign from the long-closed kosher Chinese restaurant (Shmulke Bernstein’s on Essex) in what has since become an
    nian aiiineianiieialins --imieiaamenaaieaal SNE EEE eee Novaczek’s films force the issue of visibility, though, as already sug- gested, this does not necessarily lead to any kind of thorough (or even partial) integration of identities. Cheap Philosophy, like Tarnation, is an unstable text, and, with the filmmaker playing at least twelve different but interrelated characters, it is a film driven by the illogic of a multiply split personality. Each of the personae (all named Esther Kahn) is a familiar if idiosyncratic type that fills the viewer with a mixture of amusement and trepidation, as Novaczek treads deliriously close to the bygone dreaded figures of the imaginary queer and the Jewish sociopath. The characters, figures of the imaginary queer and the Jewish sociopath. The characters,
    For Jews, visibility, like continuity, is a concern that throughout the nineteenth and twentieth centuries and into the twenty-first has required, and may continue to require, vigilant monitoring and highly adaptable strategies. In Treyf, there is a scene where Cynthia Madansky and I are shown sitting on the floor, clipping a variety of newspaper articles having to do with Jews and Jewish culture. The voice-over is a kind of call-and- response between Madansky and myself, in which we articulate our inherited obsession with tracking and monitoring the treatment of the Jews in the mainstream press. We declare this an obsession, itself am- bivalent, for we are never certain whether we approve of public acknowl- edgment of Jewish achievements and failures or whether the exposure is ultimately too menacing for comfort. Foucault’s famous warning from Discipline and Punish comes to mind here, “Visibility is a trap.”2” The scene attempts to delineate the double bind of Jewish visibility with which most Jews in the Diaspora are all too familiar. I am not certain that, at
    Unpacking Jewishness in Complaints of a Dutiful Daughter.
    Lily as tabula rasa in Rootless Cosmopolitans. Photograph copyright © 1989 by Chris Jordan.
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    Controlling bots in a First Person Shooter game using genetic algorithms
    by Pablo García Sánchez

    2010

    In this paper we employ a steady state genetic algorithm to evolve different types of behaviour for bots in the Unreal Tournament 2004™ computer game. For this purpose we define three fitness functions which are based on the number of... more
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    Establishing a roadmap and metrics for conscious machines development
    by A. Sanchis and 
    2 more
    Raul Arrabales
    Araceli Sanchis de Miguel

    2009, 2009 8th IEEE International Conference on Cognitive Informatics

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    Multi-sensory game interface improves player satisfaction but not performance
    by Keith Nesbitt

    2008

    Players of computer games tend to be discerning about game quality. So, to be successful, game designers need to ensure that players receive the best possible experience. A growing trend in the design of game interfaces is the use of... more
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    Influence points for tactical information in navigation meshes
    by Frederick Heckel and 
    1 more
    Hunter Hale

    2009, Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Foundations of Digital Games - FDG '09

    Good artificial intelligence for strategy and first person shooter games requires tactical information. Tactical information assists agents in choosing appropriate places to place vulnerable resources, safe paths for moving through the... more
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    An Exploratory Study of Player and Team Performance in Multiplayer First-Person-Shooter Games
    by Colin Delong

    2011, 2011 IEEE Third Int'l Conference on Privacy, Security, Risk and Trust and 2011 IEEE Third Int'l Conference on Social Computing

    In this paper, we report findings from an exploratory study of player and team performance in Halo 3, a popular First-Person-Shooter game developed by Bungie. In the study, we first analyze player and team statistics obtained from the... more
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    First person shooters: can a smarter network save bandwidth without annoying the players
    by JOSE SALDAÑA

    2011, IEEE Communications Magazine

    Real-time services are very challenging for current network infrastructures. One of these services is online gaming, which has acquired more importance in the last years. The quality experienced by users could be improved by the use of a... more
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    Fairness in Multi-Player Online Games on Deadline-Based Networks
    by Le Hoang Anh

    2007, 2007 4th IEEE Consumer Communications and Networking Conference

    The fairness issue in multi-player online games (MOGs) on deadline-based networks is investigated. A particular type of MOGs, namely the first-person-shooter (FPS) game, is examined. Potential unfair scenarios in FPS games due to... more
    Fig. 3. Effect of Network Load on Fy “network-based” strategy. These demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed strategies. Secondly, across three different load levels, the improvement given from “network-based” strategy is slightly larger as the load level increases. The value of Fy is reduced by 7.24%, 5.68%, and 5.27% at 95%, 90%, and 85% utilizations respectively. The “delay-compensation” strategy is able to reduce the value of F, to zero in all load levels. We conclude that the “delay-compensation” strategy works better than the “network-based” strategy; regardless of the load, both strategies lead to significant fairness improvement.
    Fig. 5. Effect of Network Load on F2 To show the improvement on F2, we only show the experiment when network load level varies. Three different utilization levels on the bottleneck channel through which the foreground server-to-client game traffic goes, namely. 95%, 90% and 85% are examined. Fig. 5 plots the values of Fz when no strategies are used and when both “delay compensation” and “network-based” strategies are used, in three different network load levels. It can be observed that the combination of “delay com- pensation” strategy and “network-based” strategy can reduce the value of F2 to zero regardless of the network load. In conclusion, the effect of “delay compensation” strategy and “network-based” strategy together on the value of F2 is
    Fig. 4. Effect of Deadline Assignment Scheme on Fy
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    Des typologies mécaniques à l'expérience esthétique: fonctions et mutations du genre dans le jeu vidéo
    by Dominic Arsenault
    ii genre vidéoludique : le survival horror. Cette étude de cas témoigne de l'applicabilité plus large de la pragmatique des effets génériques, et de la récursivité des questions de genre entre le jeu vidéo, la littérature et le cinéma.
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    Performance evaluation of peer-to-peer gaming overlays
    by Christof Leng

    2010, Peer-to-Peer …

    In this demo we present a performance evaluation testbed for peer-to-peer gaming overlays. It consists of a 3D first person shooter game that is designed to run in a simulated network environment as well as on a real network. Simulation... more
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    A Hybrid Fuzzy ANN System for Agent Adaptation in a First Person Shooter
    by Abdennour El Rhalibi

    2008, International Journal of Computer Games Technology

    The aim of developing an agent, that is able to adapt its actions in response to their effectiveness within the game, provides the basis for the research presented in this paper. It investigates how adaptation can be applied through the... more
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    Comparative of Multiplexing Policies for Online Gaming in Terms of QoS Parameters
    by JOSE SALDAÑA

    2011, IEEE Communications Letters

    This letter compares different policies for multiplexing the traffic of online games. In order to achieve bandwidth savings and to alleviate the high packet rate, headers are compressed and a number of native packets are included into a... more
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    Analysis of multi-player online game traffic based on self-similarity
    by ibrahim cevizci

    2006

    When provisioning network resources, ISPs have to tackle with the difficulties imposed by the traffic characteristics and demands of the users. Multi-player online games (MPOG) are constituting a large portion of the Internet traffic.... more
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    Capability of IEEE 802.11g networks in supporting multi-player online games
    by Jeff Diamond

    2006

    Multi-player online games have become very popular in the last few years. Meanwhile, the IEEE 802.11 wireless networks have been in wide use. In this paper, we present an experimental study on the capability of an IEEE 802.11g network in... more
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    Real-time Hardware Accelerated Rendering of Forests at Human Scale
    by József Koloszár

    2004, Proc. of WSCG, Pilsen, Czech Republic

    One of the major challenges in developing techniques for realistic and high performance visualization of outdoor environments is rendering of vegetation. The issue of rendering dense foliage or forests is especially pressing in simulators... more
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    Learning a context-aware weapon selection policy for Unreal Tournament III
    by Daniele Loiacono and 
    1 more
    Luca Galli

    2009, 2009 IEEE Symposium on Computational Intelligence and Games

    Modern computer games are becoming increasingly complex and only experienced players can fully master the game controls. Accordingly, many commercial games now provide aids to simplify the player interaction. These aids are based on... more
    Fig. 1. A screenshot of Unreal Tournament 3.
    Fig. 3. Distribution of the health points of the player and of the opponent in the dataset. Fig. 2. Distribution of the weapon selected in the dataset. only once since it has only one ammunition. Furthermore, the Enforcerer is never used during the game. In our opinion, the distribution in Figure 2 suggests that the weapons of UT3 have not been carefully designed as some of them are too powerful and convenient to use with respect to others. This is also confirmed by many comments of several expert players of the UT3 community. Figure 3 reports the distribution of health points of the player and of the opponent. The dataset covers almost all the range between 0 and 200 points (the highest number of health points that can be achieved through a power-up). In particular, it can be noticed that the most frequent situation is when at least one of the characters has 00 health points, as it is the initial value. However, there are also many situations where at least one of the characters has more than 100 health points. This is probably due to the experimental setup which involves only two characters allowing enough time between fights for the players to collect several power-ups.
    COMPARISON OF THE FOUR CLASSIFIERS ON THE RESAMPLED DATASET: ACCURACY AND & COEFFICIENT. We added resampling to improve the performance of supervised methods and, as shown by the results in Ta ble III, it was effective in improving the performance of decision trees and random forests. However, resampling introd uces a bias in the evaluation of the results in that it assumes that misclassification errors have all the same costs, alt during a match some errors in the weapon switching be worse than others. Accordingly, the proposed ap hough, might proach might be improved by introducing a cost matrix to weight each misclassification error according to the its importance, e.g., choosing a sniper rifle instead of a rocket launcher is generally worse than choosing a flak cannon instead of the rocket launcher. The definition and the analysis of a cost matrix, based on player preferences and specific domain knowledge, is beyond the aim of this work but it is the subject of our current investigations.
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