History of Video Games

In the area of Game Studies, the study of Japanese videogames is a main object of research due to their historical role in the modern shaping of the medium. Yet despite that, the number of studies dedicated to discern its relationship with the construction of images of modern Japan is still reduced. Thus, this paper aims to realize an approach to this subject throughout the methodological tools provided by Ian Bogost and Gonzalo Frasca, which are grouped together under the general term of "procedural rhetoric". In doing so, we hope to check its usefulness for elucidating the key elements that establish the relationship between Japanese video games and modern cultural dynamics.

Anyone interested in games, gaming and the games industry, whether in the UK or internationally, will be aware of the recent and continuing changes sweeping the market. These changes are turning last generation's market losers into clear winners, and opening new horizons for alternative development and distribution models. New demographics are turning to gaming and old ones are gaming differently and, the economic downturn aside, there is evidence of hugely shifting markets and equally shifting priorities everywhere as the casual game phenomenon spreads like wildfire across the globe.

Some collective efforts to preserve and disseminate Portuguese digital games are led by retro gaming communities and have contributed to the emergence of other narratives about the history of video games in the last decade in Portugal. In this paper, we present two of these communities, namely Planeta Sinclair and RetroArquivo, and examine how their preservation activity can be a way to promote the recognition of the cultural, historical, and material values of old games. We conclude that digital game preservation is mostly contained in an informal and networked infrastructure, within which archival libraries of these same artifacts are developed.

In this paper, we discuss the arts-based, collaborative research we have been carrying out as part of a research project that aims to map the evolution of female participation in the digital games sector in Portugal. Artists, designers, programmers and a psychologist have contributed to this project. This paper argues, in particular, for the potential of multidisciplinary collaboration in arts-based research and shows how this potential is manifested in two audiovisual projects made by the Game Arts and Gender Equity (GAGE) team. We discuss the process of creating a completed animation called “The Women of Timex-Portugal” and a short film in progress called “Mnema”. Through the audiovisual works presented here, we want to disseminate the results of the study on the evolution of female participation in the digital games sector in Portugal and to raise awareness among a wider audience about the micro-processes of female exclusion in this sector. Also, we pay tribute to the women hidden in the history of video games in Portugal and encourage more women to enter this industry. Finally, we conclude with a critical reflection on these collaborative arts-based research processes and discuss our ongoing and future work.

In the 2016 referendum, a narrow majority of the British people voted in favour of the UK leaving the European Union. The Sport Interactive game studio, which makes the Football Manager game series, also reacted to the voting result, and added the possibility of Brexit event to happen in the 2017 version of the game. Three alternatives for Brexit were added to the game version. The options were ‘hard Brexit’ and ‘soft Brexit’ and the possibility that Brexit would not occur. The most significant difference between hard and soft Brexit was related to how difficult it would be for players with EU citizenship to transfer to football leagues in the UK. Adding Brexit to a game focused on football management sparked many reactions and opinions. The hard Brexit option was perceived as making it more difficult for the UK football leagues to operate and the overall addition of Brexit options in the video game series was mainly perceived as fascinating.

Tout ce qui ne tue pas me rend plus fort » écrivait en 1888 le philosophe allemand Friedrich Nietzsche dans son Crépuscule des Idoles 1 . Cette maxime, ou apophtegme, est depuis devenue celle de nombreux jeux vidéo, dont les héros gagnent en expérience, en points de vie, en magie ou en endurance à chaque combat auquel ils survivent. Hadès, jeu vidéo sorti en 2020 et salué alors par de nombreux prix, aurait pu faire partie de cette lignée 2 . Mais il a fait le pari paradoxal de retourner cette perspective en condamnant son héros à mourir pour gagner en puissance. Une situation d'autant plus étonnante que le héros en question est un dieu immortel, mais se trouve contraint de mourir, encore et encore, pour mieux s'échapper… des Enfers. Hadès propose au joueur une plongée dans les Enfers grecs. Ceux du Styx, de Cerbère et du dieu Hadès, qui donne son nom au jeu. Pourtant, Hadès met en scène ce qui pourrait être une banale histoire de famille : le héros Zagreus, abandonné par sa mère, jeune fils turbulent d'un dieu des morts trop peu aimant, décide de ne plus obéir à ce père qui le consigne dans sa chambre. Il part alors en quête de sa mère, résolu à en apprendre plus sur son passé familial.

A famiclone denotes a counterfeit game console designed to replicate the workings, aesthetics and play experience of the Japanese Nintendo Famicom.  This presentation documents the history of famiclone’s in China, but also explores their enduring impact upon contemporary tech devices and peripherals. Explored here is the contemporary nostalgia in Chinese game consumption and the industries that tap into longstanding aspirations for game accessories and consoles of the past. Revealed in this discussion are unsung areas of videogame industries and production

This article concerns the changing reception of the Japanese gaming media ecosystemm from the 2010's until today. It draws on previous fieldwork done by researchers like Mikhail Fiadotau, Michael William Vogel and Christopher Helland, historical accounts of the Japanese industry from Martin Picard and Yusuke Koyama, and conceptual frameworks of legitimacy and deviance in gaming by authors like Mia Consalvo and Christopher A. Paul. I suggest that the term "Japanese indie," as it's being used in English and Spanish gaming media today, repackages a sector of the Japanese independent development scene, commonly referred to as doujingeemu within Japan, for a globalized audience. Although independent Japanese games are usually understood as any work that self-publishes in Japan, the marketing developed by companies like Playism and BitSummit foster a distinction between works that are made following a hobbyist ethos and those that want to reach international audiences. The values and ideas associated with the English term indie have been imported to the Japanese development scene and effectively split it in two, with some studios embracing the new paradigm and others clinging to the old one. For some creators, this division is murky at best and is mostly used to dissociate their work from the ideological implications that the indie label imposes. For agencies and audiences, this distinction exists to distinguish between commercially viable titles, which are usually those that fit standardized forms of gameplay, and non-viable titles, which are considered niche or unpalatable to a global audience.

This research examines the portrayal of the Ottoman Empire in popular video games, including Assassin's Creed Revelations, Empire Total War, and Civilization V. The objective of this study is to explore the extent to which video games can serve as platforms for learning history and to understand the motives behind the game developers' specific design choices. Portraying historical events in video games often requiring a balance between historical accuracy and engaging gameplay. As exemplified by Assassin's Creed Revelations, these games employ historical events to support their main storylines, which may deviate from factual events. This study aims to analyze how players can acquire historical knowledge from such games, recognizing that their primary focus lies in entertainment rather than historical accuracy. Additionally, this research will discuss turn-based strategy games like Empire Total War and Civilization V, known for their emphasis on historical authenticity. These games offer players more accurate historical challenges and strive to remain loyal to actual events. This study will explore the reasons behind specific portrayals in these video games. Why are certain aspects of the Ottoman Empire depicted in specific ways while others are not? By evaluating the historical accuracy and educational potential of video games, we can assess their role as both entertainment mediums and educational tools. Moreover, understanding the factors influencing game developers' decisions enables us to critically engage with video game portrayals and explore their impact on players' perception and understanding of history. Ultimately, this study aims to contribute to the growing discourse on video games as historical sources and highlight the multifaceted nature of historical representation in gaming. Through a comprehensive analysis, we can illuminate the strengths and limitations of using video games as vehicles for historical knowledge while appreciating the nuanced decisions made by game developers in presenting the Ottoman Empire in the virtual realm.

Der Beitrag ordnet Computerspiele mit historischem Inhalt in das Feld der populären Erinnerungskultur ein. Vor diesem Hintergrund wird ein methodologischer Ansatz für eine machtkritische Analyse von Historienspielen entwickelt. Die Anwendbarkeit dieses Ansatzes wird anschließend anhand des US-amerikanischen Action-Shooters Call of Duty: Black Ops Cold War (2020) illustriert, der im Setting des Kalten Krieges verortet ist und mit dem Slogan »Know your history« beworben wurde. Das Spiel wird einer mehrstufigen Analyse unterzogen: Neben den Spielinhalten und-mechaniken (Narration und Handlungsoptionen, Figuren und Immersionspotenziale, audio-visuelle Inszenierung, Wert-und Normvorstellungen sowie Authentizitätskonstruktion) werden der Produktions-und Vertriebshintergrund (darunter Entwicklung, Publishing, Finanzierung und Bewerbung) sowie die Rezeption (Verkaufszahlen, Rezensionen und öffentliche Diskussion) untersucht. Anschließend wird das Spiel in den erinnerungskulturellen bzw. geschichtspolitischen Kontext eingebettet und vor dem Hintergrund der ökonomischen und politischen Logiken der Gaming-Industrie kritisch reflektiert.

Normandian maihinnousu alkoi 6. kesäkuuta ja Karjalan kannaksen suurhyökkäys 10. kesäkuuta 1944. Suomessa niitä muistetaan toisistaan irrallisina, vaikka kyse oli samasta liittoutuneiden voittoon johtaneen strategian kokonaisuudesta. Sen suuri kuvio oli Yhdysvaltojen presidentti F.D. Rooseveltin ja Neuvostoliiton johtajan Josif Stalinin marras-joulukuun vaiheessa 1943 Teheranissa saavuttama yhteisymmärrys sodan loppuvaiheen sotatoimista. Siinä yhteydessä sovittiin myös Suomelle määrättävistä rauhanehdoista. Noiden asioiden laaja julkinen käsittely ei sopinut kylmän sodan aikana suurvaltojen eikä myöskään Suomen politiikkaan, vaikka niiden johtajat toimivat hyvin tietämissään Teheranin ja Jaltan konferenssien rautaisissa raameissa.


Arkistojen avautuminen, uusi tutkijapolvi ja kylmän sodan jälkeinen aika alkoivat kuitenkin uuden vaiheen maailmansodan poliittisen historian tutkimuksessa.

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The Normandy landings began on June 6, and the great invasion of the Karelian Isthmus on June 10, 1944. In Finland, they are remembered separately from each other, even though they were parts of the same overall strategy that led to the Allied victory. Its core was the agreement reached by U.S. president Franklin Roosevelt and Soviet leader Joseph Stalin in November-December 1943 in Teheran regarding military operations in the final phase of the war. In that context, the peace conditions to be imposed on Finland were also agreed upon. Extensive public discussion of those issues during the Cold War did not suit the politics of the great powers and neither did Finland, even though their leaders acted well within the iron framework of the Tehran and Yalta conferences.

However, the opening of the archives, a new generation of researchers and the post-Cold War era began a new phase in the study of the political history of the World War.

Käsittelemme tässä artikkelissa digitaalisen kilpapelaamisen ja elektronisen urheilun "esihistoriaa" Suomessa. Lähestymme aihepiiriä erityisesti varhaisten, 1980-luvun ja 1990-luvun alun tietokone-ja videopelikilpailujen sekä tietokoneharrastuslehdissä julkaistujen parhaiden pelitulosten kautta. Artikkeli käsittelee siten digitaalisen pelaamisen kilpailullisen ulottuvuuden suhdetta erilaisiin julkisuuksiin. Kotoisien ja kaupallisten tapausesimerkkien käsittelyn myötä hahmottuu perusta, jolle myöhempi elektroninen urheilu muotoutui.

Käsittelemme tässä artikkelissa digitaalisen kilpapelaamisen ja elektronisen urheilun “esihistoriaa” Suomessa. Lähestymme aihepiiriä erityisesti varhaisten, 1980-luvun ja 1990-luvun alun tietokone- ja videopelikilpailujen sekä tietokoneharrastuslehdissä julkaistujen parhaiden pelitulosten kautta. Artikkeli käsittelee siten digitaalisen pelaamisen kilpailullisen ulottuvuuden suhdetta erilaisiin julkisuuksiin. Kotoisien ja kaupallisten tapausesimerkkien käsittelyn myötä hahmottuu perusta, jolle myöhempi elektroninen urheilu muotoutui.In this article we discuss the early history of competitive gaming and esports in Finland. Our findings are based on the earliest video and computer game competitions of the 1980s and early 1990s, and the high score lists published by hobbyist magazines. Therefore the article largely deals with the relationship between competitive play and different kinds of publicity. By analyzing various grassroots and commercial cases, we shed light on the foundation t...

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Bond—James Bond. In the 80s and 90s, the debonair superspy’s games failed to live up to the giddy thrills of his films. That all changed when British studio Rare unleashed GoldenEye 007 in 1997. In basements and college dorms across the world, friends bumped shoulders while shooting, knifing, exploding, and slapping each other’s digital faces in the Nintendo 64 game that would redefine the modern first-person shooter genre and become the most badass party game of its generation.

But GoldenEye’s success was far from a sure thing. For years of development, GoldenEye’s team of rookie developers were shooting in the dark with no sense of what the N64 or its controller would be like, and the game’s relentless violence horrified higher-ups at squeaky clean Nintendo. As development lagged far behind the debut of the tie-in film GoldenEye, the game nearly came out an entire Bond movie too late.

Through extensive interviews with GoldenEye’s creators, writer and scholar Alyse Knorr traces the story of how this unlikely licensed game reinvigorated a franchise and a genre. Learn all the stories behind how this iconic title was developed, and why GoldenEye 007 has continued to kick the living daylights out of every other Bond game since.

In unserer Einleitung zum Thema bieten wir zunächst eine Übersicht über den Kritikbegriff und verengen das Feld dann auf für uns relevante Ansätze. Danach geben wir einen kurzen Abriss über bisherige kritische Annäherungen an das Phänomen Videospiel und führen zuletzt die in diesem Band gesammelten Beiträge ein.

Representation in video games encompasses the portrayal of characters, narratives, cultures, and gameplay mechanics. This abstract highlights the importance of diverse and authentic representation in fostering inclusivity, reflecting human experiences, and challenging societal norms within the gaming medium.

Para estudar o imaginario do fim do mundo, o Instituto de Literatura Comparada Margarida Losa organiza, desde 2013, uma serie de seminarios abertos, coincidindo com os equinocios e os solsticios. Os libretos Materiais para o Fim do Mundo recolhem alguns ensaios apresentados nesses seminarios, ou textos afins. Neste decimo libreto, Jorge Palinhos explora similitudes e divergencias entre as representacoes do apocalipse num videojogo e numa peca teatral, The Binding of Isaac de Edmund McMillen e Padam Padam de Jose Maria Vieira Mendes, detectando nos dois media a mesma necessidade de implodir mundos, em busca de uma purificacao salvifica; Manuela Moreira parte das nove Musas na Grecia Antiga para uma viagem pela literatura portuguesa, entre Luis Vaz de Camoes, Alvaro de Campos e Ana Luisa Amaral, realcando ora as diferentes funcoes destas figuras mitologicas na poesia, ora o seu desaparecimento; e Tina Horta mostra por que motivos os mitos pos-apocalipticos sao tao caros a industria do...

The author asks what has occurred in game history scholarship to warrant the use of the adjective "new" in "New Video Game History" and suggests an awareness of process may now be influencing the study of games. In support of this observation, he organizes the article along two interrelated fronts. The first speaks to the ongoing process of collection development at cultural institutions while the second addresses a shift in how game history is currently being written. The latter, he argues, demonstrates why we ought to consider carefully what "new" might signal for the critical historical study of games. At length, the article concludes by making a case for turning to design history to write a historical study of Atari's coin-operated machines.

O futebol é um fenômeno sociocultural que está diretamente relacionado com a formação da identidade brasileira. Agindo nas mais diversas esferas da cultura do país, sendo uma delas a do lazer. Para o brasileiro, o futebol é um referencial de lazer, seja na condição de jogador ou torcedor. O presente estudo tem como objetivo descrever a relação de uma equipe de jogadores amadores com o lazer na perspectiva do tempo livre e a atitude na prática do Futebol Amador no interior sul cearense brasileiro. O estudo delineia-se de cunho etnográfico e observacional com abordagem qualitativa. Os dados elementares de observação foram registrados em diário de campo e a análise dos registros foram feitas com base em outros estudos referentes ao tema do futebol e lazer. Para isso, foram realizadas observações sistemáticas de quatro jogos de Futebol Amador da equipe do Sítio São Paulo Futebol Clube, em um Campeonato Municipal de Futebol Amador da cidade de Caririaçu, Ceará, Brasil. No tocante às obse...

Politik lässt sich, neben vielen weiteren Definitionen, allgemein als "die Gesamtheit der Aktivitäten zur Vorbereitung und zur Herstellung gesamtgesellschaftlich verbindlicher und/oder am Gemeinwohl orientierter und der ganzen Gesellschaft zugute kommender Entscheidungen" (Meyer 2010, 37) bestimmen. Sie gehört, gemeinsam mit Wirtschaft, Kultur und Gesellschaft, zu den Grundfunktionen des menschlichen Zusammenlebens, indem für alle gültige Regeln durchgesetzt werden. Während alles Soziale politisch ist oder sein kann-"Politik im weiteren Sinn" (Sutor 1995, 8)-, stellen Institutionen, Organe und Behörden politisches Handeln ins Zentrum ihrer Tätigkeiten-"Politik im engeren Sinn"-(Sutor 1995, 9). Felder der Politikwissenschaft sind politische Theorien, politische Institutionen und Systeme, die politische Soziologie und internationale Politik (vgl. Pelinka/Varwick 2010). Ebenfalls grundlegend ist die Einteilung des Politischen in Polity (Form), Policy (Inhalt) und Politics (Prozess).

Nessuna parte di questo libro può essere riprodotta o trasmessa in qualsiasi forma o con qualsiasi mezzo elettronico, meccanico o altro senza l'autorizzazione scritta dei proprietari dei diritti e dell'editore. Tutti i diritti riservati. L'editore è a disposizione per eventuali diritti non riconosciuti

Tämä Pelitutkimuksen vuosikirja on jo kymmenes laatuaan. Kun ensimmäisen Pelitutkimuksen vuosikirjan johdanto vuonna 2009 lähti liikkeelle pelien ja pelitutkimuksen määrittelyistä, ei nyt ole enää tarvetta aivan samanlaiseen oman toimialan paaluttamiseen. Edelleen vuoden 2009 Johdannossa todettiin:

Se presentan tres experiencias realizadas a través de aprendizaje de creación de videojuegos utilizando el software SCRATCH en diferentes contextos y poblaciones. Las poblaciones que participaron de la experiencia provenían de distintos contextos socio-económico culturales: jóvenes universitarios del conurbano bonaerense, adolescentes con altos indicadores de vulnerabilidad socioeconómica de la Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires (CABA) y adolescentes de una institución privada confesional de CABA.

INTRODUCTION For more than forty years, voice interaction in gaming has been a mirage: a vision for how games of the future will play that has never quite arrived. Voice has been heralded as a “natural” mode of interaction (Aylett et al. 2014, 749), unbounded by the limitations of screen space and controller ergonomics. Yet in practice, it is more often described as “unnatural” and “uncomfortable” (Carter et al. 2015). Although the majority of contemporary game platforms have the technological capability to handle speech recognition, voice interaction remains a marginal and under-studied modality in games.

O que proponho neste artigo é uma contribuição ao Archaeogaming, entendendo que jogos digitais podem, sim, ser analisados sob o viés arqueológico, não devendo nada às demais categorias de artefatos que nós, enquanto cientistas, criamos e elencamos durante o desenvolvimento de nossa disciplina. Iniciarei argumentando que o tempo é relativo, uma construção humana que, de fato, interfere na ciência arqueológica. Depois, farei a conceituação de "artefato" para defender que os jogos digitais também podem ser analisados arqueologicamente. Por fim, apresentarei um estudo de caso baseado em uma proposta metodológica utilizando um cartucho de videogame: artefato que escolhi para este meu texto.

1988 que tuvo como principales contendientes a Carlos Salinas de Gortari (Partido Revolucionario Institucional), Cuauhtémoc Cárdenas Solórzano, (Frente Democrático Nacional) y Manuel J. Clouthier (Partido Acción Nacional)). Desde entonces la alternancia política ha sido constante en los tres órdenes de gobierno, las cámaras legislativas (federales, estatales del Distrito Federal) y los cabildos de todo el país, producto de la capacidad movilizadora de las tres fuerzas políticas mayoritarias, la certidumbre institucional y una mayor equidad en los recursos y procesos (Lujambio, 1994). Parte importante de esa recomposición de la práctica política lo constituye la incorporación de estrategias de comunicación electoral que, a las tradicionales coberturas periodísticas especiales, adicionó los discursos asertivos, los spots audiovisuales, los debates televisivos y los programas de opinión que ponderan mayormente la imagen y los atributos de los candidatos y sus propuestas políticas como componentes esenciales de significación (García, 2004). El impacto de las acciones realizadas es validado por las encuestas de intensión de voto que, sin ser abiertamente predictivas, siempre otorgan una cuota de sentido importante al proceso mismo y el resultado final de la elección.

In the twenty-first century, video games are a growing medium as technological advances have made them more accessible in this era. The history of video games will be addressed in relation to the major emphasis of the paper, which is Filipino video game development. By examining the evolution of video games, we can better understand the difficulty of producing a Filipino video game. This study identifies several challenges faced in Filipino video game development, including the inability to integrate Filipino culture into games, the question of accuracy in the application of Philippine mythology and history, and certain Filipino video games' ambiguous and paradoxical political positions. Accordingly, suggested solutions conclude that academic institutions should play a pivotal role in the development of Filipino video games, as well as embracing "Filipinoness" when creating video games can enable creators or future developers to rediscover their own heritage. Various definitions of video games may be found in numerous publications, papers, and websites. In a study by , video games can be defined as a game played with an audiovisual apparatus and based on narratives. The author closely defined the terms "game," "audiovisual apparatus," and "narratives," to clarify its correlation with the definition of video games. Inspired by Huizinga (1955), Caillois (1967) described game as a fiction, unpredictable, and unproductive activity with rules, time, and space limits, and without any obligation. An audiovisual apparatus is a system that includes computer capabilities, input devices (like a mouse, keyboard, and keyboard), and output devices (like a screen or loudspeakers). These include arcade videogames, a console whether handheld or videogame, a computer, a phone, etc. Lastly, videogames can be based on narratives in most cases, but sometimes not in the abstract challenges that does not need a story. Pearce (2004) said: "The primary characteristic of games is their focus on PLAY. In contrast to literature and film, where the focus is on STORY, in gaming everything revolves around play and the player experience." The brief and uncomplicated definition of videogame has been deduced to recognize each element and better comprehend its meaning.

Based on a consideration of the outlooks of the Social Construction of Technology (SCOT), Actor-Network Theory (ANT), as well as theories in the philosophy of technology, this critical essay is an argument for a greater recognition of the need to preserve significant early computer games written in BASIC and to provide improved public access to these programs. Although many of these programs have been preserved and presented to the public by hobbyists, there are significant gaps that have the potential to prevent recognition by future researchers of the pivotal role played by non-corporate actors in the early development of the video-game industry. Such informal efforts at curating these items so that they can be easily accessed are also limited by copyright laws.  Effectively addressing these issues requires increased support from museums and scholarly institutions.

Se presentan tres experiencias realizadas a través de aprendizaje de creación de videojuegos utilizando el software SCRATCH en diferentes contextos y poblaciones. Las poblaciones que participaron de la experiencia provenían de distintos contextos socio-económico culturales: jóvenes universitarios del conurbano bonaerense, adolescentes con altos indicadores de vulnerabilidad socioeconómica de la Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires (CABA) y adolescentes de una institución privada confesional de CABA. Palabras Clave –programación, diseño de videojuegos, didáctica. IINTRODUCCIÓN En modalidad taller y de distinta duración, se llevó a cabo una actividad que se realizó durante el 2016 en diferentes contextos y con poblaciones diferentes adaptando la propuesta al formato del curso teniendo en cuenta su duración. Figura 1: Cuadro de contexto socio-educativo

The notion of a “game port” appears in both: the popular discourse surrounding video games as well as the academic discourse. As pointed out in the literature, it is notoriously vague and often overlaps with other similar concepts, such as “conversion”. We show that the main reason for the murkiness of the notion of a “game port” is its close connection to the marketing narrative which changed during history. We argue, that despite the problematic nature of the concept of a “game port” it is indispensable in context such as game analysis and game preservation. For this reason, we propose a formal classification of different game versions suitable for future use in these selected contexts.

This work aims to trace the evolution of Finnish-Russian relations, starting with Finland's independence (1917) and ending with the present day. Particular attention is paid to the second post-war period, during which the Finnish country, following a reversal of its traditional policy towards the East, experienced so-called Finlandisation. Outlining the singular characteristics of the relationship between the two countries during the twentieth century allows us to better appreciate the new change of course that the Finnish leadership has recently made towards Moscow: In fact, in the face of an improvement in its relative position vis-à-vis its cumbersome neighbour, and following its entry into the European Union, Helsinki now seems to have abandoned the policy of conciliation that - shared by representatives of the entire parliamentary arc, and remaining a fundamental assumption of Finnish foreign policy strategies for over forty years - was now becoming part of the Finnish national identity itself.

The purpose of this article is to analyze the relationship between digital games and temporality based on the relationship between the technological elements that establish the relationship between player and game. From an arbitrarily established chronology, it is proposed to associate three generations of digital games, each with its respective way of dealing with the value produced by the player, namely: expenditure (arcade), investment (console and PC) and capturemobile games). For this, the analysis of the mobile version of the SimCity franchise is made, comparing some of its features with its PC version.

Il tema Nel racconto La vita privata (The Private Life, 1893), Henry James raffigura uno scrittore sdoppiato fra un io diurno brillante e mondano, e un io notturno che lavora nel silenzio e nel buio assoluti, concentrato fino a raggiungere quello spossessamento di sé che già Platone nello Ione attribuiva agli aedi. L'autore sarebbe dunque un altro spettrale, un fantasma che corrisponde all'io profondo, contrapposto da Proust all'io di superficie, e considerato la vera origine della scrittura. L'autorialità è una nozione cruciale dell'estetica non solo letteraria, che ha conosciuto innumerevoli metamorfosi: morti e resurrezioni, negazioni ed espansioni. Nella cultura contemporanea si percepisce a riguardo una tensione marcata fra spinte contrastanti. Da un lato si afferma sempre più una visione forte e quasi sacralizzata dell'autorialità: basta pensare ai festival letterari, alle case degli artisti allestite e visitate con feticismo maniacale, ai film biografici, e a tante strategie di marketing editoriale; fenomeni che sembrano andare in direzione contraria rispetto alla teoria critica, che da tempo nega ogni corrispondenza diretta tra biografia e scrittura e ogni idea forte di soggettività. L'autore sembra aver preso il posto del genere letterario, in quanto istanza che legittima e inquadra il testo: la scelta dell'anonimato o dello pseudonimo (il caso Elena Ferrante) è una chiara reazione a questa tirannia. Dall'altro lato la rivoluzione digitale ha da tempo trasformato le nozioni di testo e di autorialità, rendendole più fluide e frammentarie. Si diffondono sempre di più pratiche che scompaginano l'idea romantica di originalità, su cui si è imbastita a suo tempo l'estetica dell'autorialismo: il remix, il cut and paste, la fan fiction; pratiche che sono state affrontate da saggi importanti come Uncreative Writing di Kenneth Goldsmith e Unoriginal Genius di Marjorie Perloff. In questo panorama intermediale, la creatività consiste sempre più nell'attingere da uno smisurato archivio culturale, per poi rimontarlo liberamente in combinazioni sempre più ardite. Fra questi due estremi, il ritorno della nozione forte di soggettività autoriale e la sua decostruzione nelle nuove tecnologie, c'è uno spazio intermedio e ibrido sicuramente ancora tutto da esplorare, che include, per fare solo qualche esempio: la sfida all'autorialità di stampo occidentale da parte delle culture meticce nate della decolonizzazione; il recupero dell'autorialità forte nelle culture subalterne a fine di rivendicazione e autoaffermazione; la decostruzione dell'autorialità da parte del pensiero queer con la nozione di performativo; la metamorfosi dell'autorialità nella pratiche intermediali; la messa in discussione del canone attraverso il recupero di figure sotterranee e subalterne; le pratiche sempre più diffuse di autorialità doppia o multipla. Il Convegno Compalit 2022 mira a indagare il polimorfismo dell'autorialità, innanzitutto sul piano storico: dall'oralità dell'epica antica, così lontana dalla visione moderna, alle prime affermazioni della funzione-autore nell'ellenismo; dalla prassi medievale, più variegata e articolata di quanto si creda, alle varie strategie di stilizzazione dell'io autoriale (il self-fashioning) nell'età moderna che conosce svariate fasi cruciali, dal Rinascimento all'epoca vittoriana e al Modernismo. Altrettanto articolata è anche la riflessione teorica sull'autore, che include concezioni estetiche (dal sublime al camp), codificazioni narratologiche, e ribaltamenti in chiave femminista e postcoloniale. L'autorialità polimorfica trova un'espressione particolarmente significativa nel fenomeno dei talenti doppi e plurimi (quanto cambia l'immagine di un autore attraverso i diversi linguaggi in cui si esprime, visivo, verbale, musicale?), e nelle dinamiche intermediali, soprattutto in arti composite e collettive come il cinema, la serialità televisiva, l'opera lirica. In questa chiave ci occuperemo anche di pratiche in cui l'autorialità non è ancora ben riconosciuta e legittimata: la recitazione, la performance, la traduzione, la sceneggiatura, l'editing. Infine, assieme a Compalit Scuola il convegno affronterà come la riflessione sull'autorialità possa incidere sull'insegnamento e sulle nuove configurazioni della didattica, attraverso una ridefinizione delle nozioni di classico e dei metodi di lettura.

Real-Time Strategy (RTS) games typically take place in a warlike setting and are accompanied with complicated game play. They are not only difficult for human players to master, but also provide a challenging platform for AI research. In a typical RTS game, such as StarCraft, WarCraft, or Age of Empires, knowing what the opponent is doing is a great advantage and sometimes an important key to win the game. For that, good scouting is required. As subsequent work for improving the scouting agent in our StarCraft AI bot-IceBot-the winner of the mixed division in Student StarCraft AI Tournament 2012, this paper proposes a method that applies potential flows to controlling scout units in StarCraft. The proposed method outperforms an existing scouting method as well as a modified version of this existing method and is comparable to scouting by human players.

This paper suggests a speculative scenario for the Israeli games industry. In this scenario we live in a cosmopolitan age whereby digital games produced in the peripheral countries will attain global acknowledgement by incorporating local attributes first. We propose cosmopolitanism as a strategy for imagining alternative futures for emergent game endeavors around the globe. Cosmopolitanism can be considered as a global identity that transcends cultures and countries and brings together cultural elements from different parts of the world. It is a perspective that emphasizes the search for more inclusive forms of social relations between łglobal citizensž and a global outlook and openness to difference. By way of example, we chose several nationally acclaimed Israeli games as a case study. This paper will explore an alternative future for these games. By doing so, we hope to open such dialogue and call developers around the globe to adopt a cosmopolitan way of making games.

Games which involve historical topics have always been a staple of digital games, but at the same time they have often caused controversy and debate. This paper traces some of the pitfalls inherent to the creation of historical games, as well as trying to reach ...

This paper presents an interdisciplinary project developed with students of the courses of science of the computation and pedagogy, with the objective of producing educational software. Three stages were accomplished, in the first they were organized the equips in each group that, by the change of information, they defined the requirements and the characteristics of the software. In the following stage the software was produced, executing all of the necessary phases in a project. In the last stage, they were tested and showed the softwares produced in the form of games, in the primary schools. This project besides approximating the students in the practical reality of the disciplines that were studying, showed that for the production of educational software of quality is important the integration among the technological and human areas. Resumo. Este artigo apresenta um projeto interdisciplinar desenvolvido com alunos dos cursos de ciência da computação e pedagogia, com o objetivo de produzir software educativo. Foram realizadas três etapas, na primeira foram organizadas as equipes em cada turma que, através da troca de informações, definiram os requisitos e as características do software. Na etapa seguinte foi produzido o software, executando todas as fases necessárias em um projeto. Na última etapa, foram testados e avaliados os softwares produzidos na forma de jogos, em escolas do ensino fundamental. Este projeto além de aproximar os alunos da realidade prática das disciplinas que estavam estudando, mostrou que para a produção de software educativo de qualidade é importante a integração entre as áreas tecnológicas e humanas. CORE Metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk Provided by Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense: Periódicos UNESC

Resumen: El artículo abarca el universo ideológico de José Saramago en la novela "Ensayo Sobre la Ceguera" (1998), el objetivo es identificar las posturas ideológicas del autor, convirtiendo la propuesta en un análisis que enfatiza la relación de la novela con los contextos, el ideológico y político. Metodológicamente, éste ejercicio permitió revisar la visión de Saramago que permea su obra con un contenido ideológico; la hipótesis planteada, es "cómo Saramago en su propia lectura de la sociedad moderna, consigue reconstruir en la totalidad de su obra una historia en donde la sociedad hace uso de las prácticas culturales, como representación de un mundo en crisis". En ese contexto, el presente artículo busca comprender esa relación entre literatura y política en Saramago, profundizando en los contextos socioculturales en los que se desenvuelve el escritor, permitiendo comprender tanto a Saramago como un sujeto axiológico inmerso en un momento histórico, como a una obra literaria que representa los conflictos de una época signada por el fin y el comienzo de un siglo. El fundamento básico para el análisis son las categorías de Pierre Bourdieu de campo y habitus, trabajados, fundamentalmente, por el sociólogo francés en Las reglas del arte (2005).

bereiche/institutinterpretation. 13 www.hkb.bfh.ch/de/ forschung/forschungs bereiche/institute-ofdesign-research. 14 www.hkb.bfh.ch/de/ forschung/forschungs bereiche/institutmaterialitaet-in-kunstund-kultur. 15 www.sinta.unibe.ch. 16 www.sinta.unibe.ch/ forschung/ abgeschlossene_ dissertationen/ index_ger.html. 17 www.sinta.unibe.ch/ unibe/portal/center_ gradschools/micro_ gsa/content/e408208/ e701375/AlumniGSA_ ger.pdf. 18 www.transcript-verlag. de/978-3-8376-4611-5/ ueber-projektionenweltkarten-undweltanschauungen. 19 www.transcript-verlag. de/978-3-8376-3891-2/ kultsounds. 20 www.hkb-interpreta tion.ch/publikationen/ beitraege-der-gsa. 21 Neue Open-Access-Strategie für mehr Transparenz und Offenheit in der Forschung, in : News Analytik, 2. 11. 2017. www.analytik-news. de/Presse/2017/ 652.html.

The doctoral thesis of Jouko Marttila, Master of Social Sciences, in the field of political history puts in the historical context the convergence of economic policies of the National Coalition Party and the Social Democratic Party. The study focuses on party programmes with their ideological objectives and on two chronological phases in the post war economic policy of these two parties. The first phase deals with the economic policy after Korpilampi conference in the late 1970 s. The second phase concentrates on co-operation between conservatives and social democrats in prime minister Harri Holkeri´s government in 1987-1990. The study describes how the National Coalition Party and the Social Democratic Party converged their economic policies despite of opposite starting points and ended in favour of common economic policy limited market economy. The Coalition Party transformed its policy from people's capitalism and the market economy towards welfare state ideology. SDP aspired...