Computers and Networks Engineering

This project presents the design and simulation of a secure and scalable Virtual Local Area Network (VLAN) tailored for small enterprise environments, with a specific focus on I CAN South Sudan as a case study. The primary objective is to enhance network performance, manageability, and security by segmenting the network into logical broadcast domains using VLAN technology. The entire design and implementation were carried out using Cisco Packet Tracer, a widely validated real-time network simulation tool. Through a series of simulations, key performance metrics including throughput, latency, and device connectivity were analyzed. The results clearly demonstrate that VLAN implementation significantly reduces broadcast traffic and improves overall network efficiency. Additionally, the network design incorporates fundamental security features and demonstrates high flexibility, allowing the infrastructure to scale doubling or tripling in size without requiring major architectural changes. This project provides a practical and cost-effective networking solution that can be adopted by small to medium-sized organizations in developing regions.

This paper presents the techniques for the development of a web-based interactive virtual laboratory simulation software with a case study of basic Physics experiments to determine the acceleration due to gravity. The virtual learning environment has been developed in the following manner, namely: 1) . Determine the computer programs and applications to be used in the software using the hyper text mark-up language (html); 2) . Design software content Based on java applets; 3) . Model the laboratory interface, experimental materials, equipment and characters necessary for the virtual Physics laboratory; 4) . Develop the virtual   laboratory; 5) . Collect expert opinions about the virtual laboratory; 6). Finalize and test the virtual laboratory for simulation; and 7). Deployment of the virtual laboratory software for use by clients. The paper also presents the attributes related to the interface of the software and attributes related to the use of the virtual laboratory software as a ...

Service Recommender systems are nothing but the guide for a user or tools that provide appropriate recommendations to users in a personalized way. Now-a-days the amount of customers, services and online information is increasing rapidly causing a big data analysis problem for service recommender system. Also , the traditional recommender system has arise inefficiency and scalability problems while processing such large amount of data. The another issue with this systems are they do not consider different users choices and provide same ratings and recommendations to different users. So to overcome the all issues a new approach is used that uses keyword query to denote user interest and gives recommendations to users according to their interest. It uses user based collaborative filtering algorithm for that purpose.

In today's digital era, local government units (LGUs) depend on reliable networks to manage data and deliver public services efficiently. The Municipality of Barobo in Surigao del Sur faces communication delays, data management inefficiencies, and slow network performance due to a lack of structured network design. This study proposes the development and implementation of a subnetted network system tailored to the LGU's needs. Subnetting divides the network into smaller, more manageable segments, improving performance, security, and fault isolation. The proposed design utilizes a Cisco 2911 router and two switches, connecting five offices and 25 computers across two floors. Each floor is assigned a /27 subnet, allowing efficient IP address allocation and future scalability. The system enhances data flow, simplifies administration, and reduces network congestion without requiring complex configurations like VLANs. With projected uptime of 99.9%, the solution supports essential operations and ensures reliable communication across departments. The study emphasizes practical implementation, cost-effectiveness, and ease of maintenance, making it ideal for public sector environments. By adopting this subnetting strategy, the Barobo LGU can achieve streamlined operations, better service delivery, and readiness for future digital expansion.

The Information Centric Networking (ICN) approach proposes to rebuild the Internet communication model and to focus entirely on the data content. Although the Named Data Networking (NDN) architecture is considered as one of the most credible ICN architectures, it does not have an effective cache replacement system. Software Defined Networking (SDN) is an architecture where the control plan is completely decoupled from the data plane. In fact, with the steady growth of existing network infrastructures, we take advantage of the SDN to enhance the caching in the NDN architecture. In this paper, we introduce a Named Data Networking Cache replacement approach based on SDN, that we called NC-SDN. Thus, our proposal relies on data popularity calculation performed by the switches to define a cache replacement strategy. Through experimental tests, we evaluated the performance of our solution, and we compared it to the NDN equipped with different cache replacement policy.

In this document, we present a conceptual model of network slicing, we then formulate analytically some aspects of the model and the optimization problem to address. Next, we propose to use a reinforcement learning SARSA agent to solve the optimization problem and implement a proof of concept prototype highlighting its results.

The popularity of cloud computing has been growing where the cloud became an attractive alternative rather than classic information processing system. The distributed denial of service (DDoS) attack is one of the famous attacks to cloud computing. This paper proposes a Multiple Layer Defense (MLD) scheme to detect and mitigate DDoS attacks which due to resource depletion. The MLD consists of two layers. The first layer has an alarm system send alarms to cloud management when DDoS attacks start. The second layer includes an anomaly detection system detects VM is infected by DDoS attacks. Also,MLD tested with a different DDoS attack ratio to show scheme stability. MLD evaluated by The energy consumption and the overall SLA violations. The results show the great effect of the MLD to reduce the energy consumption and the overall SLA violation for all datasets. Also, the MLD shows acceptable stability and reactivity with different DDoS attack ratio.

Wireless networks have emerged as a fundamental component of modern communication systems, facilitating ubiquitous connectivity and data exchange. However, this convenience comes with an inherent vulnerability to security threats, ranging from unauthorized access to eavesdropping and data breaches. This MSc final year project seeks to address this critical issue by comprehensively enhancing the security of wireless networks. The project's primary objective is to identify and mitigate security threats, develop advanced security measures, and foster a security-conscious culture within the wireless network environment. The methodology integrates threat analysis, policy development, access control, encryption, intrusion detection, user behaviour analysis, regulatory compliance, and awareness training. The expected outcomes include improved security measures, enhanced user awareness, and recommendations for securing emerging wireless technologies, ultimately fortifying the trust and reliability of wireless communication.

Nowadays, delivery is mainly done by humans which includes a lot of manual work. The existing way is good but lacks faster deliveries. In the present context the deliveries are not possible 24*7 by humans, especially in the case of medicines, customers often require immediate deliveries for maintaining their course of medication. Since, in many other fields AI has contributed to decreasing a lot of manual work and time. In this research paper, we have proposed the idea of a delivery bot which uses deep learning algorithms to detect traffic lights and classify the color of the traffic light. On the basis of which the lapse time will be calculated in between the two traffic lights and hence maps the route for delivery with the help of geocoding accordingly which helps in more secure and faster deliveries.

In response to challenges identified in the existing network infrastructure at ISAT Annex Senior High School, this study employed the Prepare, Plan, Design, Implement, Operate and Optimize (PPDIOO) model to propose a strategic network design. Utilizing Cisco Packet Tracer and Unifi Design Center, the research focused on a collapsed-core topology, emphasizing scalability, security, and efficient connectivity. Simulation testing and expert evaluations validated the proposed design, demonstrating successful Virtual Local Area (VLAN) Network implementation, extensive Wi-Fi coverage, and secure communication. The Network Infrastructure Design Questionnaire (NIDQ) assessment affirmed strong agreement on usability and feasibility. The study concluded with recommendations, urging the implementation of the proposed design, emphasizing security measures, reliable internet access, and network optimization. Future research was encouraged to explore 5G technology impact and emerging trends in network infrastructure.

In recent years, the rapid growth of information technology and digital communication has become very important to secure information transmission between the sender and receiver. Therefore, steganography introduces strongly to hide information and to communicate a secret data in an appropriate multimedia carrier, e.g., image, audio and video files. In this paper, a new algorithm for image steganography has been proposed to hide a large amount of secret data presented by secret color image. This algorithm is based on different size image segmentations (DSIS) and modified least significant bits (MLSB), where the DSIS algorithm has been applied to embed a secret image randomly instead of sequentially; this approach has been applied before embedding process. The number of bit to be replaced at each byte is non uniform, it bases on byte characteristics by constructing an effective hypothesis. The simulation results justify that the proposed approach is employed efficiently and satisfied high imperceptible with high payload capacity reached to four bits per byte.

Ce document, Les Réseaux et IA, explore la relation complexe entre les réseaux informatiques et l'intelligence artificielle (IA). L'objectif principal est d'analyser comment les technologies de réseau servent de fondation au déploiement, à l'entraînement et à la maintenance des systèmes d'IA, tout en montrant comment les innovations en IA améliorent la performance, la sécurité et la gestion des réseaux.

L'analyse commence par un aperçu des concepts essentiels des réseaux informatiques, notamment les protocoles, les architectures et le flux de données. Ensuite, elle examine l'intégration des algorithmes d'IA dans les opérations des réseaux, illustrant comment l'apprentissage automatique et la prise de décision intelligente optimisent le routage des données, la gestion du trafic et la cybersécurité.

Des études de cas et des applications concrètes sont mises en avant pour démontrer la synergie entre l'IA et les réseaux, telles que la maintenance prédictive du matériel réseau, la détection automatique des menaces et l'allocation adaptative de la bande passante.

Ce document vise à fournir aux lecteurs une compréhension complète de la convergence entre les réseaux et l'IA, tout en éclairant les tendances émergentes et les perspectives futures dans ce domaine en pleine évolution.

This study explores cybersecurity awareness and resilience among women at Women Online University in Afghanistan, focusing on social engineering threats. The introduction highlights the dynamic cybersecurity landscape, emphasizing the potent threat of social engineering attacks exploiting human vulnerabilities. Addressing a gap in understanding nuanced factors influencing women's vulnerability in academia, the research provides valuable insights for targeted interventions and policies. Using a robust quantitative methodology, the study involves 170 women from various faculties, employing a stratified sampling technique. Self-administered questionnaires with closed and open-ended inquiries capture participants' perspectives. The investigation meticulously identifies variables, categorizing them into independent, dependent, and control variables, using precise instruments like questionnaires for accuracy. Results depict diverse cybersecurity awareness, revealing variations in awareness levels and program effectiveness. ANOVA tests highlight significant differences, emphasizing the need for tailored program design. Regression analyses explore factors influencing vulnerability perception, emphasizing limited impact from personal information sharing on social media. The study uncovers notable differences in risk perception across categories, necessitating further exploration. In conclusion, this research provides nuanced insights into social engineering vulnerabilities among women in online education, emphasizing tailored interventions and considering sociocultural nuances. Implications extend to informing policies, practices, and future research, aiming to enhance defense against social engineering threats for Women Online University in Afghanistan.

The aim of recommender system is to provide services and product to the user to improve the customer-relationship management. Researchers recognize that recommendation is a great challenge in the field of Business, education, government and other domains. So it is essential that high quality, review of current trends, not only in the theoretical research result but also in practical developments should be conducted in recommender systems. This paper summarizes the related recommendation

О. А. Akulova, V. D. Kharchenko. INFORMATION MODELING TECHNOLOGY IN THE DESIGN OF VENTILATION SYSTEMSЦифровая трансформация строительной отрасли является важным и актуальным направлением исследований. Она предполагает широкое внедрение и развитие технологий информационного моделирования зданий и сооружений. В представленной статье проанализированы особенности применения технологий информационного моделирования в проектировании инженерных систем. Рассмотрена технология энергомоделирования для проектирования энергоэффективных зданий

The Land use/ Land cover changes in urban areas, forest cover, coastal line and the surface of the earth is changing everyday due to natural and manmade causes. Change detection involves quantifying remarkable effect on multi temporal data set. Accurate change detection of different area is extremely important to promote better decision making. It can be detected from remote sensing images which is obtained at regular interval of satellite imaging by performing image fusion and change detection techniques. This paper reviews algorithms of various applications of image fusion and change detection techniques and their drawbacks. Although many algorithms were proposed, the results are inconsistent. Therefore, it is necessary to develop new algorithm for various image fusion and change detection and to remove the noises. Index Terms Image fusion, change detection, multitemporal images, Applications.

This study aimed to evaluate the cybersecurity management challenges encountered by state universities and colleges in the Zamboanga Peninsula region during the 2021-2022 academic year. The findings revealed that the key challenges included inadequate management support, budget limitations, infrastructure deficiencies, and skills gaps. The conclusions drawn from the study indicated the need for enhancing IT security management practices among state universities and colleges, underscoring the significance of addressing the identified challenges. Recommendations were provided for various stakeholders, including university officials, deans, heads of management offices, program chairs, faculty members, employees, students, and future researchers, with the aim of improving IT security practices and promoting awareness and education in this field.

Security surveillance is an integral part of any community and must be implemented by governing bodies. The designers, after thorough assessment and consultation, have identified gaps and weaknesses within Barangay Camias of Magalang, Pampanga, wherein the locale requires an upgrade in terms of security surveillance. Hence, the overall objective of this study is to design a Wireless Mesh Network that uses IP Cameras for surveillance, with scalability and reliability as its key traits to meet their needs.

Mixed methodologies were used to gather data for the project; various questionnaires, surveys, and select consultations were conducted in gathering initial data regarding the locale, network tools, and simulation scenarios. Cisco Packet Tracer was used as the simulation tool to design the surveillance system. Vendors such as Ubiquiti, Hikvision, and Linksys were chosen in consideration of product reputability, compatibility, and effectiveness based on assessment and consultation.

In terms of the design, various inputs from the chosen IT experts were taken into consideration, and the overall evaluation deemed satisfactory as it met the objectives stated in the proposal. Consequently, industry-standard practices have been incorporated throughout the technicalities (communications & security protocols, certifications, and assessment) of the paper. Recommendations were included in the paper from the experts to further bolster the system in terms of scalability and reliability.

In conclusion, the project produced an implementation plan as its expected output, with improvements over the previous infrastructure of Barangay Camias.

This study explores cybersecurity awareness and resilience among women at Women Online University in Afghanistan, focusing on social engineering threats. The introduction highlights the dynamic cybersecurity landscape, emphasizing the potent threat of social engineering attacks exploiting human vulnerabilities. Addressing a gap in understanding nuanced factors influencing women's vulnerability in academia, the research provides valuable insights for targeted interventions and policies. Using a robust quantitative methodology, the study involves 170 women from various faculties, employing a stratified sampling technique. Self-administered questionnaires with closed and open-ended inquiries capture participants' perspectives. The investigation meticulously identifies variables, categorizing them into independent, dependent, and control variables, using precise instruments like questionnaires for accuracy. Results depict diverse cybersecurity awareness, revealing variations in awareness levels and program effectiveness. ANOVA tests highlight significant differences, emphasizing the need for tailored program design. Regression analyses explore factors influencing vulnerability perception, emphasizing limited impact from personal information sharing on social media. The study uncovers notable differences in risk perception across categories, necessitating further exploration. In conclusion, this research provides nuanced insights into social engineering vulnerabilities among women in online education, emphasizing tailored interventions and considering sociocultural nuances. Implications extend to informing policies, practices, and future research, aiming to enhance defense against social engineering threats for Women Online University in Afghanistan.

The LOFAR radio telescope, which is currently being developed, can be considered as a massive digital data processing instrument for astronomy. The telescope requires an aggregated data transport bandwidth of order twenty Terabits per second. A logical transport network is proposed that can be mapped onto emerging technology in a flexible way. For interfacing the equipment to the network we analyze ten Gigabit Ethernet technology being developed for the PC market and becoming commercially available in the coming years. Network management and throughput aspects will be discussed in relation to the required flexibility in operational conditions.

Artificial Intelligence (AI) has transformed education, raised significant ethical concerns and influenced student perceptions. This study examined the perceptions, awareness, and ethical concerns of AI among students in Zamboanga City. Using a mixed-methods approach, quantitative data were collected from 500 university students through stratified random sampling and validated surveys, while qualitative insights were gathered from focus groups. Pilot testing ensured survey clarity and reliability. Findings revealed high AI awareness (75%) but significant ethical concerns (55%), particularly regarding data privacy and job displacement. Despite recognizing AI's educational benefits, students stressed the need for clearer ethical guidelines and transparency. The study recommended integrating AI ethics into curricula, fostering interdisciplinary discussions, and establishing partnerships with AI organizations. Ethical considerations were paramount, ensuring informed consent, confidentiality, and data protection. The conceptual framework was based on the Theory of Planned Behavior, examining how attitudes, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control influenced AI acceptance. Grounded in Ethical Theories, the study underscored the importance of addressing ethical considerations in AI education. Further research was suggested to explore longitudinal impacts and targeted interventions to enhance AI literacy and mitigate ethical concerns.

The popularity of cloud computing has been growing where the cloud became an attractive alternative rather than classic information processing system. The distributed denial of service (DDoS) attack is one of the famous attacks to cloud computing. This paper proposes a Multiple Layer Defense (MLD) scheme to detect and mitigate DDoS attacks which due to resource depletion. The MLD consists of two layers. The first layer has an alarm system send alarms to cloud management when DDoS attacks start. The second layer includes an anomaly detection system detects VM is infected by DDoS attacks. Also,MLD tested with a different DDoS attack ratio to show scheme stability. MLD evaluated by The energy consumption and the overall SLA violations. The results show the great effect of the MLD to reduce the energy consumption and the overall SLA violation for all datasets. Also, the MLD shows acceptable stability and reactivity with different DDoS attack ratio.

Electronic Commerce, Multimedia Entertainment, Online Education, and similar applications have virtually pushed the need for adapting high speed Giga Bit Ethernet, even at homes and small businesses. There is considerable confusion and concern about updating the conventional 10 or 100 Mega bit Ethernet to the Giga bit Ethernet, especially in terms of cost, performance, and compatibility with the existing networking modules. There is abundance of literature on the Giga bit Ethernet products and services, which often leads to more confusion in the minds of the home and small business owners, rather than helping them. Also, there are no clear guidelines as how to assess the improvement in terms of reliability, security, performance and cost effectiveness, when the Giga bit Ethernet is adapted, in place of the conventional Ethernet [1][2][3][4]. In this article, the authors will present the important issues of migration into the Giga bit Ethernet environment, and discuss the cost-performance issues. Also, the authors will provide some practical implementation methodologies based upon the simulation results of the Giga bit Ethernet. Some invisible factors which affect the performance of the Giga bit Ethernet are the latency or delay, point to point and multi point traffic flow. These issues are being currently studied and investigated at the VLSI and Networking Laboratories at Florida International University. The authors will also provide the results of these investigations.

In this paper, we devise and evaluate a new Grid-Based Priority Routing (GBPR) protocol for Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks (UWSNs). GBPR utilizes a 3D logical grid view of the monitored area to deliver data packets to sink nodes. Particularly, data packets are forwarded on a cell-by-cell-basis using elected sensor nodes called cell-heads. The unique feature in GBPR is the classification of the neighboring cells in different priority levels according to their distances to the sink node. Cells closer to the sink are given higher priority to be selected as the next hop. This mechanism helps in reducing the number of hops; thus, reducing the energy consumption and end-to-end delay, and increasing the reliability. The protocol is evaluated and compared against EMGGR and EEF protocols available in the literature. Simulation results show that GBPR outperforms the other two protocols in terms of energy efficiency, average delay and packet delivery ratio.

Suguru YOSHIMIZU †a) , Student Member, Hiroyuki KOGA †b) , Member, Katsushi KOUYAMA † †c) , Nonmember, Masayoshi SHIMAMURA † † †d) , Kazumi KUMAZOE † † †e) , and Masato TSURU † † †f) , Members SUMMARY With the emergence of bandwidth-greedy application services, high-speed transport protocols are expected to effectively and aggressively use large amounts of bandwidth in current broadband and multimedia networks. However, when high-speed transport protocols compete with other standard TCP flows, they can occupy most of the available bandwidth leading to disruption of service. To deploy high-speed transport protocols on the Internet, such unfair situations must be improved. In this paper, therefore, we propose a method to improve fairness, called Kyushu-TCP (KTCP), which introduces a non-aggressive period in the congestion avoidance phase to give other standard TCP flows more chances of increasing their transmission rates. This method improves fairness in terms of the throughput by estimating the stably available bandwidth-delay product and adjusting its transmission rate based on this estimation. We show the effectiveness of the proposed method through simulations.

Heat Equation Driven Area Coverage (HEDAC) is a state-of-the-art multi-agent ergodic motion control guided by a gradient of a potential field. A finite element method is hereby implemented to obtain a solution of the Helmholtz partial differential equation, which models the potential field for surveying motion control. This allows us to survey arbitrarily shaped domains and to include obstacles in an elegant and robust manner intrinsic to HEDAC's fundamental idea. For a simple kinematic motion, the obstacles and boundary avoidance constraints are successfully handled by directing the agent motion with the gradient of the potential. However, including additional constraints, such as the minimal clearance distance from stationary and moving obstacles and the minimal path curvature radius, requires further alternations of the control algorithm. We introduce a relatively simple yet robust approach for handling these constraints by formulating a straightforward optimization problem based on collision-free escape route maneuvers. This approach provides a guaranteed collision avoidance mechanism while being computationally inexpensive as a result of the optimization problem partitioning. The proposed motion control is evaluated in three realistic surveying scenarios simulations, showing the effectiveness of the surveying and the robustness of the control algorithm. Furthermore, potential maneuvering difficulties due to improperly defined surveying scenarios are highlighted and we provide guidelines on how to overpass them. The results are promising and indicate real-world applicability of the proposed constrained multi-agent motion control for autonomous surveying and potentially other HEDAC utilizations.

Analog audio needs a separate physical circuit for each channel. Each microphone in a studio or on a stage, for example, must have its own circuit back to the mixer. Routing of the signals is inflexible. Digital audio is frequently wired in a similar way to analog. Although several channels can share a single physical circuit (e.g., up to 64 with AES10), thus reducing the number of cores needed in a cable. Routing of signals is still inflexible and any change to the equipment in a location is liable to require new cabling. Networks allow much more flexibility. Any piece of equipment plugged into the network is able to communicate with any other. However, installers of audio networks need to be aware of a number of issues that affect audio signals but are not important for data networks and are not addressed by current IT networking technologies such as IP. This white paper examines these issues and provides guidance to installers and users that can help them build successful networked systems. ¯ 1 Note that this figure ignores packet headers and tails, control signals, and possible retransmissions.

The current work proposes a novel information theoretic based sensor network design (SND) approach for data reconciliation in a steady state linear process. The proposed approach is based on Kullback-Leibler divergence (KLD), which measures the difference of a density function from a reference density function. In particular, the optimal design is the one that leads to the smallest KLD value of the designed density function of the estimates from a reference density function. This reference density function can be provided by the end-user, and the approach thus enables explicit incorporation of the end-user's preference in the SND procedure. Additionally, the approach does not assume specific forms for the density functions of the estimates and is thus also applicable for cases when the estimates have non-Gaussian density. The significance of the approach is illustrated on a small example. To demonstrate its utility in obtaining optimal sensor networks, it is also applied to a popular case study from SND literature and results are compared with existing approaches.

The current work proposes a novel information theoretic based sensor network design (SND) approach for data reconciliation in a steady state linear process. The proposed approach is based on Kullback-Leibler divergence (KLD), which measures the difference of a density function from a reference density function. In particular, the optimal design is the one that leads to the smallest KLD value of the designed density function of the estimates from a reference density function. This reference density function can be provided by the end-user, and the approach thus enables explicit incorporation of the end-user's preference in the SND procedure. Additionally, the approach does not assume specific forms for the density functions of the estimates and is thus also applicable for cases when the estimates have non-Gaussian density. The significance of the approach is illustrated on a small example. To demonstrate its utility in obtaining optimal sensor networks, it is also applied to a popular case study from SND literature and results are compared with existing approaches.

The objective of this research work focus towards the identification of best variant between decision tree algorithm such as Weighted Decision Trees (WDT), C4.5 Decision Trees and C5.0. Methods: Decision tree has a number of variants such as ID3, Weight based decision tree, C4.5 and C5.0 algorithms. This research work focus towards the predictive performance analysis of weight based decision tree with information gain as the splitting criterion. The algorithm proceeds iteratively with the assignment of weights over the training instances to determine the best among the data attributes. Thereby, the attribute with best weight values can be significantly determined by an improvement over its accuracy. Results: The experimental results proves that among the variants of decision trees the algorithm corresponding to C4.5 provides the highest accuracy of about 71.42% and R 2 value of about 0.265 respectively and for real world data the accuracy is about 48.69%. The effectiveness of the decision tree algorithm can be still improved by adopting certain feature selection techniques with the combination of decision tree algorithm. Conclusion: The determined results show that Decision tree algorithm suits well for medical data problems. The efficiency of the algorithm can still be improved by applying Decision Trees for various real world data problems such as Diabetes, Cancer classification with feature selection paradigms. But still a larger set of real world data has to be investigated.

This research investigates students' knowledge in the use of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in education through the administration of a formulated questionnaire. Drawing upon insights from thematic analysis of qualitative responses and computation of Cronbach's alpha coefficients, the study aims to produce a tool to assess tertiary level students' understanding regarding AI integration in academic settings. Results reveal varying degrees of awareness, knowledge, and confidence among students, highlighting thematic areas such as perceived benefits, ethical considerations, and disciplinary perspectives. While the questionnaire demonstrates validity, reliability, and scalability as a measurement tool, limitations including response bias and generalizability are acknowledged. Implications for educational practice and research are discussed, emphasizing the utility of the questionnaire in informing curriculum development, professional development initiatives, policy decisions, and future research directions. Overall, this research provides valuable insights into students' perspectives on AI in education, offering a foundation for enhancing AI literacy, fostering ethical awareness, and shaping the future of AI integration in educational settings.

Pendahuluan
Pada era digital saat ini, komunikasi melalui email telah menjadi bagian integral dari
kehidupan kita. Email memungkinkan kita untuk berkomunikasi dengan cepat, mengirim
pesan, berbagi informasi, dan berkolaborasi dengan orang di seluruh dunia. Mail server
adalah infrastruktur yang memungkinkan pengiriman dan penerimaan email ini.
Dalam makalah ini, kita akan menjelajahi konsep mail server, cara kerjanya, serta pentingnya
keamanan dan konfigurasi yang tepat. Mari kita mulai dengan memahami apa itu mail server
dan mengapa peranannya sangat penting dalam dunia komunikasi digital.
Di era digita ini salah satu yang tidak boleh dilupakan didalam semua bidang pekerjaan adalah
penggunaan email. Email atau elektronik mail merupakan sebuah kebutuhan yang tidak
terpisahkan dari manusia dalam sektor pekerjaan, bisnis, individu, maupun perusahaan-
perusahaan besar. Khususnya bagi perusahaan besar, email menjadi kebutuhan yang sangat
krusial dan utama dari sebuah komunikasi bisnis. Untuk berkomunikasi secara profesional
antar para pelaku bisnis, tentu menggunakan email. Karena komunikasi dengan aplikasi
chatting akan dirasa kurang pas jika diterapkan untuk perjanjian kerja, mengirimkan surat
penawaran, surat lamaran, appointment untuk meeting, dan lain sebagainya. Begitulah email
menjadi kebutuhan yang cukup penting bagi industri bisnis dan pekerjaan.
Mengapa keamanan email itu penting?
Email telah menjadi alat komunikasi utama di tempat kerja selama lebih dari dua dekade.
Lebih dari 333 miliar email dikirim dan diterima setiap hari di seluruh dunia, dan karyawan
menerima rata-rata 120 email sehari. Hal ini menciptakan peluang bagi penjahat cyber untuk
mencuri informasi berharga dari bisnis dengan menggunakan serangan penyusupan email
bisnis, program jahat, pengelabuan, dan sejumlah metode lain. 94 persen serangan cyber
dimulai dengan email berbahaya. Kejahatan cyber menelan biaya lebih dari USD$4,1 miliar
pada tahun 2020, dengan penyusupan email bisnis yang menyebabkan kerusakan paling
besar, menurut Pusat Keluhan Kejahatan Internet FBI (IC3). Konsekuensinya serius dan
dapat menyebabkan kerugian finansial, kehilangan data, dan kerusakan reputasi yang
signifikan.
Mail server adalah server yang bertugas mengirim dan menerima email. Meskipun terlihat
simpel, sebenarnya prosesnya pengiriman email cukup kompleks. Email yang Anda kirim
akan melewati serangkaian proses rumit di server email untuk dapat sampai ke penerima.
Secara sederhana, fungsi mail server seperti kantor pos. Ia menyimpan surat masuk, lalu
mengirimkannya ke penerima. Itu tadi penjelasan apa itu mail server. Sekarang, mari ketahui
apa saja komponen yang digunakan server email.
MUA (Mail User Agent):
MUA adalah aplikasi yang digunakan untuk menyusun, mengirim, dan menerima email.
Contoh MUA meliputi Yahoo, Gmail, Outlook, dan layanan email lainnya.
MTA (Mail Transport Agent):
MTA bertugas menerima dan mengirim email dari satu komputer ke komputer lain.
Protokol SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol) digunakan oleh MTA untuk mengirim email.
5
MDA (Mail Delivery Agent):
MDA mengirim email ke kotak surat penerima setelah melewati MTA

The popularity of cloud computing has been growing where the cloud became an attractive alternative rather than classic information processing system. The distributed denial of service (DDoS) attack is one of the famous attacks to cloud computing. This paper proposes a Multiple Layer Defense (MLD) scheme to detect and mitigate DDoS attacks which due to resource depletion. The MLD consists of two layers. The first layer has an alarm system send alarms to cloud management when DDoS attacks start. The second layer includes an anomaly detection system detects VM is infected by DDoS attacks. Also,MLD tested with a different DDoS attack ratio to show scheme stability. MLD evaluated by The energy consumption and the overall SLA violations. The results show the great effect of the MLD to reduce the energy consumption and the overall SLA violation for all datasets. Also, the MLD shows acceptable stability and reactivity with different DDoS attack ratio.

In recent years, Micro-Electro-Mechanical System (MEMS) has successfully enabled the development of IPv6 over Low power Wireless Personal Area Network (6LoWPAN). This network is equipped with lowcost, low-power, lightweight and varied functions devices. These devices are capable of amassing, storing, processing environmental information and conversing with neighbouring sensors. These requisites pose a new and interesting challenge for the development of IEEE 802.15.4 together with routing protocol. In this work, 6LoWPAN Routing Protocol with Local Repair Using Bio Inspired Artificial Bee Colony (6RLR-ABC) has been introduced. This protocol supports connection establishment between nodes in an energyefficient manner while maintaining high packet delivery ratio and throughput and minimizing average endto-end delay. This protocol has been evaluated based on increasing generated traffic. The performance of the designed 6RLR-ABC routing protocol has been evaluated compared to 6LoWPAN Ad-hoc On-Demand Distance Vector (LOAD) routing protocol. LOAD protocol has been chosen since it is the most relevant existed 6LoWPANrouting protocol. The simulation results show that the introduced 6RLR-ABC protocol achieves lower packet average end-to-end delay and lower energy consumption compared to LOAD protocol.Additionally,the packet delivery ratio of the designed protocol is much higher than LOAD protocol. The proposed 6RLR-ABC achieved about 39% higher packet delivery ratio and about 54.8% higher throughput while simultaneously offering lower average end-to-end delay and lower average energy consumption than LOAD protocol.

This comprehensive research article explores the transformative potential and multifaceted challenges of integrating Artificial Intelligence (AI) consciousness and technological advancements into the higher education system in Bangladesh. The study delves into various dimensions of this integration, including its implications for pedagogy, curriculum, institutional policy, and technological innovation. A particular emphasis is placed on addressing disparities in AI awareness among future students in Bangladesh's higher education system. The research adopts a balanced approach, juxtaposing the promise of technological advancements with critical concerns related to data privacy, educational equity, and cultural preservation. Through interdisciplinary analysis and a robust set of policy recommendations, the study posits that Bangladesh stands at a pivotal moment. It can either seize this technological epoch to elevate its higher education system to global standards while mitigating AI awareness disparities or risk exacerbating existing educational inequities.

Aircraft networks are used to service mission-critical avionics systems as well as cabin systems such as in-flight entertainment. These networks require that the switches used offer line-rate switching as well as bounded latency and jitter. Gigabit Ethernet offers an interesting replacement to traditional proprietary networks because of its high performance and low cost. In this paper we develop a framework for analyzing the abilities of Gigabit Ethernet switches to provide probabilistic guarantees for reliably low latency using Quality of Service (QoS) controls. From the perspective of control capabilities, management complexity, and implementation success we compare the strengths and weaknesses of three modern Ethernet switches. These switches exhibit a broad range of configuration options and are representative of the different levels of QoS implementation available today. We use the performance metrics of latency, jitter, and packet loss to characterize the success of a service policy. The results from a variety of network, load, and traffic scenarios are presented in terms of these metrics. Through the results, we are able to gain insight into the individual switch implementations of QoS.

One of the major problems of delay tolerant network is the absence of complete path in between the source and destination. In the open literature, these networks are known as challenged network/Intermittently Connected Networks (ICNs). The existing protocols fail to operate properly in the context of intermittently connected network, which raises a variety of new challenging problems. This paper sheds the light over the architectural aspects of these networks. Here architectural aspects includes specification, working concept, required modification in traditional protocol, necessary included services etc. We have concentrated on basic mechanism of each of the above-mentioned topics and try to highlight some pending open issues.

This paper studies the effect of out-of-order packets on the MPTCP performance when using different access technologies, modelled to represent path diversity in terms of delay and reliability. The study identifies trade-offs between different CC algorithms in terms of aggregate throughput gain when different packet reordering recovery solutions being implemented. Our analysis shows that TCP-DOOR performs best with both coupling and uncoupling controllers, while DSACK outperforms others under fully coupled. However F-RTO provides better application throughput particular with uncoupled controller and has lower memory requirements compared to others. Adding to that, our observations show that MPTCP suffers from reordering problem and needs a suitable recovery method to achieve optimal aggregate throughput.

IPv6 is an ultimate solution to the Internet address exhaustion. It is believed, the protocol will be requested by not only human but also everything on the earth surface. Furthermore, the improvement on the protocol is important to achieve IP packets transmission efficiently. Processing technology has been improved to become very fast packet processing both in host as well as intermediate systems. The lower layer technologies have supported to transmit Gigabits data per second. However, there is a limitation on transferring large data due to the current MTU on the widely used link layer technology which is Ethernet is still 1500 bytes. This research aims to evaluate performance of IPv6 packets transmission using jumbo frames. The evaluation was done by transmitting IPv6 packets larger than 1500 bytes in Windows operating systems. The results show, transmitting larger packets size using jumbo frame can increase the network throughput by up to 117%.

In-network caching is a key feature of contentcentric networking. It is however a relatively costly mechanism with hardware requirements besides placement/replication strategies elaboration. As content-centric networking is proposed in the literature to manage smart grid (SG) communications, we aim, in this research work, to investigate the cost effectiveness of in-network caching in this context. We consider, in particular, the Advanced Metering Infrastructure (AMI) service that comes into prominence since its outputs are imperative inputs of most smart grid applications. In this research work, AMI communication topology and data traffic are characterized. Corresponding simulation environment is then built. Thereafter, various placement and replacement strategies are compared in a simulation study to be further able to propose a suitable cache placement and replacement combination for AMI in Smart Grid.

Esta tese é sobre um método de fatiamento de rede entre múltiplos Sistemas Autônomos. Eu acredito que ela é também sobre transformação. Perseguir o título Ph. D. é se transformar. A transformação profissional e pessoal são as conquistas mais significativas de todo o processo; e elas não se estabelecem somente na busca e realização dos meios de responder a um hipótese científica, elas requerem circunstâncias e pessoas que merecem apreciação e gratidão. Primeiramente, agradeço a Deus, Autor da Vida, por ter me criado a sua imagem e semelhança com a capacidade de pensar, criar e avaliar. Agradeço aos meus pais Donizete e Cláudia; e aos meus irmãos Thiago e Donizete-Jr pelo incentivo e amor incondicional. Agradeço a Larissa pelo incentivo, apoio e pela compreensão nos diversos momentos dessa etapa. Agradeço o professor e amigo Flávio de Oliveira Silva da Universidade Federal de Uberlândia por ter sido, durante toda a Pós-graduação, um agente de transformação profissional e pessoal. Gratidão pela oportunidade, orientação, suporte, conversas e ensinamentos. Agradeço o professor Rui Aguiar do Instituto de Telecomunicações da Universidade de Aveiro pela valiosa coorientação nesta pesquisa. Agradecimentos ao professor e amigo Pedro Frosi da Universidade Federal de Uberlândia pela ajuda, humanidade, conversas e direcionamentos ao longo da Pósgraduação. Gratidão aos professores do Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência da Computação da Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, em especial àqueles que me honraram com seus ensinamentos, professores:

Today, most of the IT companies are moving towards Cloud infrastructure and technology due to its flexibility, scalability, and cost-effective features. But security is still the main hinderance to accept cloud computing on large scale. There are many security issues related to cloud implementation and one of the major threats is Distributed Denial of Services (DDoS) attack on cloud servers and applications. DDoS attack is a most prevailing security issue where attacker’s intention is to make all victim’s resources like cloud servers, storage, bandwidth etc. unavailable to general user which results to dissatisfactory outcomes in related business. This paper emphasis on understanding of DDoS attacks, their detection and analysis. The paper also explores the possible mitigation strategies to reduce the impact of DDoS.

We consider the definition of the Expedited Forwarding Per-Hop Behaviour (EF PHB) as given in RFC 2598 [1], and its impact on worst case end-to-end delay jitter. On one hand, the definition in RFC 2598 can be used to predict extremely low end-to-end delay jitter, independent of the network scale. On the other hand, we find that the worst case delay jitter can be made arbitrarily large, if we allow networks to become arbitrarily large; this is in contradiction with the previous statement. We analyze where the contradiction originates, and find the explanation. It resides in the fact that the definition in RFC 2598 is not easily implementable in schedulers we know of, mainly because it is not formal enough, and also because it does not contain an error term. We propose a new definition for the EF PHB, called "Packet Scale Rate Guarantee", which preserves the spirit of RFC 2598, while allowing a number of reasonable implementations, and has very useful properties for per-node and end-to-end network engineering. We show that this definition is stronger than the rate-latency service curve guarantee. Then we propose some proven bounds on delay jitter for networks implementing this new definition, both in cases without loss and with loss.

This is a work-in-progress report on our work on designing realistic evaluation suites for testing high-speed TCP variants. In this work, we have created an experimental network model that captures some of the complex characteristics of propagation delays and background traffic [14, 15, 20]. We use our network model to evaluate a large collection of recently proposed TCPs for high-speed networks: BIC TCP, CUBIC, FAST, HSTCP, H-TCP, and STCP. While we do not claim that we have the most realistic experimental network model, we believe that our work is a right step towards improving experimental methodologies for evaluating network protocols. In this report, we show how protocols could behave differently under the presence or absence of background traffic, and point out the danger of drawing conclusions based on testing under an isolated case of no background traffic.

The development of modern computer networks for internet access makes routing protocols needed, and it has an essential role in a real-time system. Therefore, the best and most effective routes can be reached. In this short article, we discuss the comparison of two popular routing protocols, i.e., Routing Information Protocol (RIP) and Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) using two network simulators, i.e., Graphical Network Simulator-3 (GNS3) and Enterprise Network Simulation Platform (ENSP). Both of OSPF and RIP routing protocols can be used in the same topology and have differences in the connection time required to connect communication between routers. Thru GNS3 and ENSP, we obtained the comparison result at ideal condition; we found that the OSPF routing protocol (83 ms) has a faster time or efficient in connection than RIP (177 ms). Besides, we found that compared to GNS3 network simulators (329 ms), the ENSP has a relatively more rapid average time (94 ms). This work suggests tha...