Wireless Communications and Networking

This book provides an analysis of the problem of high energy consumption of mobile networks and describes methods for improving the energy efficiency of mobile networks. It explores new technologies and strategies that will enable mobile networks to operate with less energy and become more sustainable while not compromising service quality.

Improving the Energy Efficiency of Mobile Networks: Strategies for 5G and 6G Technologies is designed to help readers understand how to optimize energy consumption in mobile networks. It explores technical solutions for reducing the energy consumption with a focus on innovative solutions such as network energy consumption optimization using artificial intelligence (AI) in the management of network resources, energy harvesting (EH), software-defined networking, renewable energy sources, and implementation of advanced techniques and protocols for improving the energy efficiency of mobile networks. The book analyzes how the integration of different advanced technologies, network function virtualization, and non-orthogonal multiple access techniques, along with the implementation of AI, renewable energy sources, and EH, can contribute to the optimizing energy use of mobile networks, without compromising network performance. It offers an overview of concrete solutions, with an insight into future directions of development, which makes it particularly relevant at a time when industry is increasingly moving toward sustainability and the implementation of green technologies.

This book is ideal for researchers, industry professionals, and scholars who want to gain a deeper understanding of the excessive mobile network energy consumption and contribute to the development of energy-efficient and sustainable mobile networks.

Abstract-Engineering education quality embraces the activities through which a technical institution satisfies itself that the quality of education it provides and standards it has set are appropriate and are being maintained. There is a need to develop a standardised ...

This paper analyses preemptive and non preemptive opportunistic spectrum access of secondary user in cognitive radio network (CRN) using M/D/1 analytical queuing model. Secondary users opportunistically access the spectrum of primary user if the channel is free. For preemptive priority high priority packet preempt a low priority packet and for non preemptive a high priority packet does not preempt a low priority packet instead it waits at head of line (HOL) until channel becomes free. Preempting a Secondary packet and not preempting a secondary packet has effect on packet waiting time and revenue collected from SUs for spectrum sharing. Through spectrum sharing spectrum owner tries to generate more revenue whereas SUs tries to maximize their satisfaction. Numerical illustration is presented using utility function to determine upper and lower boundary of primary arrivals for both preemptive and non preemptive. By using boundaries Optimal secondary packet arrival rates are derived .Analytical results demonstrate that the preemptive priority allow many Secondary packets to be transmitted in short time and in case of non preemptive priority the transmitting secondary packet uses short time but transmitting probability of secondary packet waiting in queue to get a channel becomes very low.

This paper analyses preemptive and non preemptive opportunistic spectrum access of secondary user in cognitive radio network (CRN) using M/D/1 analytical queuing model. Secondary users opportunistically access the spectrum of primary user if the channel is free. For preemptive priority high priority packet preempt a low priority packet and for non preemptive a high priority packet does not preempt a low priority packet instead it waits at head of line (HOL) until channel becomes free. Preempting a Secondary packet and not preempting a secondary packet has effect on packet waiting time and revenue collected from SUs for spectrum sharing. Through spectrum sharing spectrum owner tries to generate more revenue whereas SUs tries to maximize their satisfaction. Numerical illustration is presented using utility function to determine upper and lower boundary of primary arrivals for both preemptive and non preemptive. By using boundaries Optimal secondary packet arrival rates are derived .An...

This paper focuses on the development of a quality assured software, it shows the importance of software reviews in the software development process and also how indispensable security is to software development; any software with no security is vulnerable. Therefore, this paper recommends that software should be developed in a very well defined way; using strict sequence of methodological steps, in a formal and systematic way. It should be noted that quality is the responsibility of a product and security is a part of the totality of quality of a system.

The project titled "Android Phone Controlled Prototype Model of Solar Powered Sanitization Machine" presents a methodology for analyzing, fabricating, developing, controlling, and enhancing a Mechatronic Machine controlled by a Mobile Application. This machine finds applications in various public settings such as hospitals, schools, and colleges, particularly in rooms and corridors. Given the challenges posed by the Covid-19 pandemic, maintaining social distancing is imperative due to the virus's propensity for deeper penetration into the respiratory system, potentially causing inflammation and respiratory distress. The primary objective of this project is to develop a prototype model of a four-wheeled Mobile Application-controlled Mechatronic Machine, designed using Atmel Studios (Version 7.0). This Mechatronic Machine is operated via Arduino or NodeMCU ESP32 pins directly from Android smartphones, eliminating the need for manual code writing. The control system includes a Motor Control Shield and a dedicated mobile application interface. Additionally, the machine incorporates a solar panel for recharging its battery, enhancing its sustainability.

Word error rate (WER) performance with soft decision decoding of linear block codes using a trellis is investigated for noncoherent FSK in a Rayleigh fading channel. The received signal envelopes corresponding to each bit of the code are sampled and used for estimating reliability of the bits. Hamming (7,4) CO& is used for WER performance evaluation via computer simulation and laboratory experiments. The simulation results show that required S N R to obtain a WER of 1 O3 for trellis decoding is about 5dB lower than that for minimum distance decoding with 1 -bit error correction when (maximum Doppler frequency) x(bit interleaving degree) I (bit rate) 2 0 . 2 . The effect of n-bit AIDconversion i n signal envelope sampling is also investigated. A simplified trellis decoding algorithm, in which the hard decision output of a bit with the envelope sample greater than the threshold value is accepted as correct, is presented for complexity reduction.

At the transport layer of the Open System Interconnection (OSI) model, the transmission control protocol (TCP) is a major protocol used in today's communication over the Internet. The TCP is designed to provide a reliable end-to-end connection over unreliable links. Besides affecting the physical and media access control (MAC) layers of the OSI model, ensuring the high data rates in environments characterised with fluctuations in the quality of the wired links or wireless channels deteriorate the performance of the transport layer of the network . Ensuring reliable end-to-end connections over versatile wired and wireless networks which become complex and heterogeneous, presents a demanding challenge in terms of its practical implementation. This challenge arose during the last decades as the subject of the researchers' interest . One of the mechanisms that plays a critical role in TCP performance is the congestion control (CC) mechanism. One of the main purposes of the CC mechanism is to probe the network for available capacity by dynamically increasing or decreasing the amount of data (also known as window size) that can be sent over a communication link. This approach enables avoiding the congestion of the network that can be caused by a large burst of data during transmission . Node or link congestion in wired networks and blockage and beam misalignment in wireless networks can seriously affect the TCP CC mechanism. This further results in poor end-to-end transmission performance. Conventional TCP CC algorithms are not able to differentiate between the potential causes of packet loss. They can occur due to a lack of wired link capacity or poor wireless channel quality . In today's data networks, the main protocol used to ensure reliable communications is the transmission control protocol (TCP). The TCP performance is largely determined by the used congestion control (CC) algorithm, which main purpose is to avoid the congestion of the network that can be caused by a large burst of data traffic. TCP CC algorithms have evolved over the past three decades and a large number of CC algorithm variations have been developed to accommodate various communication network environments. Considering the importance of CC in communication networks, the fundamentals of the TCP as the main transport layer protocol and CC process have been explained in detail. Also, an encyclopedic overview of the most popular single-flow and multi-flow TCP CC algorithms with corresponding alternatives has been present. Future directions in the possible improvement of CC algorithms for implementation in complex heterogeneous networks composed of wired and wireless elements are lastly discussed in this encyclopedic work.

Spatial Modulation (SM) is a promising technique for future wireless communication systems, as it reduces hardware cost and complexity while maintaining good bit error rate (BER) performance in MIMO systems. However, in real-world scenarios, systems often face challenges like antenna correlation and partial knowledge of the channel at the receiver (CSIR). This paper examines the performance of a new communication method called Generalized Quadrature Spatial Modulation (GQSM), combined with Quasi-Orthogonal Space-Time Block Codes (QOSTBC), under realistic fading conditions using Nakagami-m channels. To address the impact of imperfect CSIR, the paper introduces three new QR decomposition-based detection techniques. These methods are specifically designed to reduce errors and enhance reliability in conditions where traditional maximum likelihood (ML) detection performs poorly. A detailed theoretical analysis of all three detection schemes is provided to explain their performance and advantages. Among them, Technique III yields the best results in extensive Monte Carlo simulations, demonstrating improved error performance with significantly lower computational complexity than ML detection. Overall, the proposed detection methods not only overcome the limitations of ML detection but also provide a practical and scalable solution for challenging wireless environments by effectively leveraging the numerical stability of QR decomposition.

This paper provides an analysis of how the benefits of information segmentation can assist an organization to derive the appropriate amount to invest in cybersecurity from a cost-benefit perspective. An analytical model based on the framework of the Gordon-Loeb Model ([1]) is presented that provides a set of sufficient conditions for information segmentation to lower the total investments in cybersecurity and the expected loss from cybersecurity breaches. A numerical example illustrating the insights gained from the model is also presented.

In the fifth generation of wireless communication systems (5G), the millimeter wave (mmWave) signal can be affected by many challenges in irregular environments such as dust and sand storms. In this paper, we investigate the attenuation that faces a mmWave link signal in a dusty environment for different sizes of dust particles. Further, we derive a model to calculate the total attenuation in mobile communication systems and/or internet of things (IoT) in different base stations highnesses. The obtained results show that in a dusty environment it is better to have high base station transmitters as the signal may escape the dense dust area. The paper also studies the case of the city of Mosul to find that not only the dry weather is increasing the attenuation, but wet weather also may impact more on the attenuation in the mmWave systems.

Communication at mmWave frequencies has been the focus in the recent years. In this paper, we discuss standardization efforts in 60 GHz short range communication and the progress therein. We compare the available standards in terms of network architecture, medium access control mechanisms, physical layer techniques and several other features. Comparative analysis indicates that IEEE 802.11ad is likely to lead the shortrange indoor communication at 60 GHz. We bring to the fore resolved and unresolved issues pertaining to robust WLAN connectivity at 60 GHz. Further, we discuss the role of mmWave bands in 5G communication scenarios and highlight the further efforts required in terms of research and standardization.

The demands for higher throughput, data rate, low latency, and capacity in 5G communication systems prompt the use of millimeter-wave frequencies that range from 3–300 GHz with spatial multiplexing and beamforming. To get the maximum benefit from this technology, it’s important to study all the challenges of using mm-wave for 5G and beyond. One of the most important impacts is weather conditions such as humidity, temperature, dust, and sand storms. This study investigates the parameters of the channel model and its statistical behavior with the effect of dust and sand storms. The latter effects can be considered the main challenges these days, especially in middle-eastern countries. A 128 x 128 massive MIMO with URA (uniformly spaced rectangular antenna arrays) uniformly spaced has been considered in the simulation assessment with mm-wave channels operating at 28 GHz and 73GHz are examined by using NYUSIM (New York University Wireless Simulator) software. The simulation results show...

Now a days manufacturing companies are working on the sustainable and smart manufacturing systems. In this paper sustainable manufacturing initiatives is the creation of energy-efficient and manufacturing resources-saving systems. Distributed Decentralized networks of adaptable and flexible mini-factories are not only helpful to reduce emissions through reduction of transports, but also serve for the growth and development of regional economic cycles. This work also makes an attempt at exploring the role of robotics in achieving sustainability in manufacturing. Its describes the advancement made so far in applying robots to manufacturingwelding shot blasting, painting, and so forth, within the sustainability framework. The adoption of new technologies like Robotic Operating Systems (ROS), in the approaches to the design of industrial robots, could enhance sustainability in the use of robots in manufacturing at a reduced cost. This paper gives an overview of trends towards DMS as wel...

Transmission in the 60 GHz frequency band performs poorly in long-distance direct links due to the large path loss. The received signal strength can be relatively weak if the line-of-sight path is blocked by obstacles. A device cooperation approach, which effectively combats the severe path loss thereby improving the overall throughput for wireless personal area networks (WPANs), is proposed in this paper. Throughput maximization is formulated as a linear programming problem and the optimal solutions are provided in each case. Comprehensive simulations are performed to quantify the performance of the cooperative approach with different antenna models and spatial reuse strategies. The effect of minor-lobe, imperfect information and other factors are investigated under different network settings. The performance analysis presented here can provide guidelines for the design of cooperative 60 GHz WPANs.

Cellular networks are optimized by targeting multiple objectives. Usually, the different objectives are not coherent: minimizing the transmit power; the number of base station (BS) sleep-mode switchings, ie, ACTIVE/SLEEP state transitions; and the activity of the BSs and guaranteeing the quality-of-service (QoS) of users. Hence, suitable trade-offs have to be managed by network planners to provide an efficient solution to the challenge of booming mobile data. In this paper, we propose a multiobjective optimization framework aimed at minimizing the power consumption and the number of BS sleep-mode switchings in cellular networks, by jointly considering QoS requirements. These requirements are expressed in terms of a required bit rate for each mobile terminal. The framework deals with network management, such as the number of BSs that should be switched on, considering common diurnal patterns of the traffic demand. The optimization technique proposed in this paper is mixed-integer quadratic programming, which solves the joint power allocation and user association problem while also considering optimized bandwidth allocation schemes. The trade-off between the conflicting objectives, as well as the performance analysis in terms of the throughput and energy consumption of the network, is shown for different traffic load cases. The proposed optimization can obtain up to 60% energy savings during off-peak hours, guaranteeing QoS target requirements. By optimizing the network configuration, a 70% reduction in BS switch on/off operations can be reached in a day with 3% more energy expense.

The large development of multimedia clinical applications and the use of inter and intra-hospital communication networks imply particular analysis for each one. The study and evaluation of new health services based on telemedicine requires a technical methodology. In this paper we propose a complete methodology implemented by an automated process that includes the system and network modelling and a test prototype for real and simulated measurements. The proposed method can be used to adjust traffic parameters (e.g. transferred clinical file sizes or signal transmission rates), to guarantee desirable Quality of Service (QoS) requirements, under different network resources.

IoT-based healthcare systems are changing the way is healthcare delivered, improving the availability, quality, accessibility, and cost-effec-tiveness of healthcare. The vast amount of data generated by these systems, have to be collected, analyzed, stored, and appropriately shared. IoT devices cannot process this huge data volume. Moreover, sending data to cloud is not generally applicable. Therefore, to overcome the limitations of IoT devices and cloud, fog computing was introduced. The advantage of fog computing is bringing the required resources such as storage and computing to the network edge near the source of data to reduce loading on the cloud data center and decrease latency response to the end-user. In this article, a novel healthcare framework based on fog to accelerate response time and reduce resource waste is proposed. Firstly, a detailed survey on emerging healthcare technologies focusing on IoT, cloud computing, and fog-based applications is conducted. Secondly, the...

Wireless networks have transformed communication, providing seamless connectivity that has influenced various sectors, including community surveillance. Their role in security systems enhances monitoring capabilities, but also introduces concerns related to privacy, cybersecurity, and regulatory governance. This article examines how wireless networks integrate with surveillance technologies, the advantages they offer, and the ethical challenges surrounding their implementation.

This study explores the role of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) in enhancing accessibility for special needs students at Kebbi State School for Special Needs. It investigates the current integration of educational technologies, their effectiveness in addressing diverse learning challenges, and the barriers impeding their adoption. Using a mixed-methods approach, data were collected through surveys, interviews, and observations involving students, teachers, and administrators. Quantitative data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, while qualitative data were subjected to thematic analysis.
Findings reveal that tools such as screen readers, text-to-speech software, and interactive boards significantly improve learning outcomes for visually and hearing-impaired students. However, challenges such as inadequate funding, lack of teacher training, and device maintenance hinder widespread ICT adoption. The study also highlights the need for government and non-governmental organizations to prioritize resource allocation and teacher development programs. Diagrams and tables illustrate key insights, including the comparative analysis of student performance before and after ICT integration.
The research underscores the transformative potential of ICT in fostering inclusive education. It recommends targeted interventions to bridge the gap between policy and practice, ensuring all students, regardless of ability, can access quality education. By addressing the unique needs of special education in Kebbi State, this study contributes to the broader discourse on equity and accessibility in education.

In this article titled "The Legal Framework for Cybersecurity in Nigeria: Adapting the Fourth Industrial Revolution," the author explores the legal landscape governing cybersecurity in Nigeria in the context of the Fourth Industrial Revolution (Industry 4.0). The Fourth Industrial Revolution is characterized by the integration of digital technologies such as the Internet of Things, cyber-physical systems, and cloud computing, which has created a hyper-connected system. As this revolution progresses, cybersecurity becomes critical to ensuring the security of the digital space. The article emphasizes the need for the legal framework to evolve in line with societal changes brought about by the Fourth Industrial Revolution. Nigeria's legal framework for cybersecurity must adapt to the challenges posed by the rapid integration of digital technologies and cyber-physical systems in our daily lives. A robust and adaptive legal framework is essential to safeguard national security, protect personal data, and foster a secure digital ecosystem conducive to economic growth and technological advancements. This Article also calls out to the stakeholders, policymakers and the Government of Nigeria to take the necessary steps required for signing the Malabo Convention, as Nigeria is yet to sign the African Union Malabo Convention. This is vital in our steps to adapt to the Fourth Industrial Revolution.

Abstract—The new WiMAX technology offers several advantages over the currently available (GSM or UMTS-based) solutions. It is a cost effective, evolving, and robust technology providing quality of service guarantees, high reliability, wide coverage and ...

In this research, a user-friendly software tool for predicting the students' performance in course which is based on genetic algorithm technique was developed. The feature selection technique was combined with classification method in order to predict student academic performance for students in tertiary institution. It was discovered that almost all previous feature selection techniques apply local search technique throughout the process, so the best and optimal solution seems difficult and nearly impossible to achieve. Software for predicting the likely performance of a student was developed and tested using genetic algorithm technique. The methodology adopted in this thesis is structured system analysis design methodology (SSADM), the model was implemented using python programming language and MySQL database respectively. The result obtained from the study shows that genetic algorithm can be used by an educator for classifying students and distinguishing students with low achievements or weak students who are likely to have low achievements. Keyword: Academic Performance, Genetic Algorithm, Prediction, Student and Model INTRODUCTION This research aims to develop a student academic performance prediction model using a method called Genetic Algorithm (GA). Therefore, GA is applied as a technique of features selection using classification method in order to improve classification accuracy and get the most optimal value of student academic performance prediction. This method was also applied to enable the use of datasets with high dimensional and imbalanced class. Parameters like class attendance, previous grades/academic record, study hours, assignment scores, extracurricular and final grade were applied in this research. The student class attendance will be evaluated in percentage per semester, their total academic performance from the previous semester will be evaluated by over 100, the study hour entails their total study hours per week, total assignment score out of 100, the extracurricular will be a binary 0 and 1 representing yes or no and finally their final grade will be the targeted result after evaluating all the parameters. . The main objective of the admission system is to determine the students who would likely perform well in the next semester and the students who wouldn't. Accurate predictions help students to be aware of how bad or how good their performance in the last academic session was, it will also enable the lecturers and instructors to distinguish between suitable and unsuitable candidates for the next academic program, and identify candidates who would likely do well . The results obtained from the prediction of academic performance may be used for classifying students, which enables educational managers to offer them additional support, such as customized assistance and tutoring resources. The results of this prediction can also be used by instructors to specify the most suitable teaching actions for each group of students, and provide them with further assistance tailored to their needs. In addition, the prediction results may help students develop a good understanding of how well or how poorly they would perform, and then develop a suitable learning strategy. Accurate prediction of student achievement is one way to enhance the quality of education and provide better educational services (Kanakana and Olanrewaju, 2011). Different approaches have been applied to predicting student academic performance, including traditional mathematical models and modern data mining techniques. In these approaches, a set of mathematical formulas was used to describe the quantitative relationships between outputs and inputs (i.e., predictor variables). The prediction is accurate if the error between the predicted and actual values is within a small range.

In this research, a user-friendly software tool for predicting the students' performance in course which is based on genetic algorithm technique was developed. The feature selection technique was combined with classification method in order to predict student academic performance for students in tertiary institution. It was discovered that almost all previous feature selection techniques apply local search technique throughout the process, so the best and optimal solution seems difficult and nearly impossible to achieve. Software for predicting the likely performance of a student was developed and tested using genetic algorithm technique. The methodology adopted in this thesis is structured system analysis design methodology (SSADM), the model was implemented using python programming language and MySQL database respectively. The result obtained from the study shows that genetic algorithm can be used by an educator for classifying students and distinguishing students with low achievements or weak students who are likely to have low achievements.

In this research, a user-friendly software tool for predicting the students' performance in course which is based on genetic algorithm technique was developed. The feature selection technique was combined with classification method in order to predict student academic performance for students in tertiary institution. It was discovered that almost all previous feature selection techniques apply local search technique throughout the process, so the best and optimal solution seems difficult and nearly impossible to achieve. Software for predicting the likely performance of a student was developed and tested using genetic algorithm technique. The methodology adopted in this thesis is structured system analysis design methodology (SSADM), the model was implemented using python programming language and MySQL database respectively. The result obtained from the study shows that genetic algorithm can be used by an educator for classifying students and distinguishing students with low achievements or weak students who are likely to have low achievements.

This paper studies low-power ultra wideband (UWB) transceiver architectures. First, three different architectures for the impulse-radio UWB transceiver are studied, while investigating the power-performance tradeoffs. The paper illustrates that a more power-efficient architecture should perform part of the signal processing in the analog-domain. Next, the multiband UWB transceiver is studied and power-efficient circuits for the front-end of the UWB transceiver are presented. Finally, the performance and power consumption of these transceivers are compared and a number of design indications are provided.

In our increasingly interconnected society, wireless communication networks are essential for facilitating smooth data transfer and communication across long distances. Radio frequency signals are used in communication networks for flawless message delivery, whether you're calling, texting, or streaming video. The quality of these signals, however, can be impacted by variables like temperature, precipitation, relative humidity, and others, which can result in attenuation, deterioration, and subpar network performance. The impact of temperature and humidity on RF signal attenuation is the main emphasis of this research, even if other atmospheric conditions also contribute to signal attenuation. In this paper Radio resource control, call drop, temperature and relative humidity data were sourced from Globacom communication and Nimet, north central office in Nigeria. The results indicated clearly that relative humidity contributed largely to signal attenuation while temperature, RRC and call drop parameters closely follows for the period evaluated.

Electronic appliance control affords one of the simplest means of conserving energy, with intelligent appliance control the amount of energy wasted can be further reduced. The project titled “design and construction of a multi access digital code lock with energy saving control system.” is an application of energy conservation with person count that takes over the control of appliance and number of persons available in a place. The system consist of two parts the hardware and software. The hardware consist of PIC18F452 microcontroller, relay, LCD display, and keypad and power supply unit. The software system was designed using C high level language. It’s also implemented with a security system containing door locking system using keypad. The advantage of this system is that multiple users can have access to the system. At the end of this work the program ran without error before it was burnt into the microcontroller. The aim and objective of the project were achieved successfully.

Nowadays, all the images are generated in digital form. There is growing interest in finding images from the databases. The images should be represented or described in some features, so that they can be find out. The important visual feature of an image is shape. Using shape as a feature to search the images is grabbing much attention. There are many shape description and representation techniques used all over the world. In this paper, we review such techniques. The procedure of each technique is examined and discussed.

We consider the problem of security in the CDMA. CDMA system has wireless channels to transmit voice or data. By this reason, CDMA communication has a possibility of being eavesdropped by someone. It is known that eavesdropping in CDMA system is impossible because the voice data spreads with the PN. However, we can eavesdrop the CDMA data using FCM protocol in case that we know the ESN and the MIN. In CDMA system, ESN and MIN are exposed to the wireless channel. In this paper, we analyze the flow of the voice and signal in the CDMA system and monitor the forward traffic channel by the FCM protocol. The FCM protocol is proposed to monitor the forward channel in CDMA system. We can show the possibility of monitoring in one-way channel of CDMA system by the FCM protocol. The test instrument based on the FCM protocol is proposed to monitor the CDMA forward channel. We will show the system architecture of the test instrument to monitor the forward channel in CDMA.

Electricity is the basic need of our world now a day. We are using wires for the transmission of the electrical power. And we are also facing a lot of problem due to the wires. Today we are bound to compromise with those problems because we are not having any other technology to transmission of power. Scientists and engineers are working to eliminate this problem by isolating the wires from the transmission lines. This technology is named as wireless power transfer system. According to near and far field there are some classifications of the wireless power transfer. Induction is the one of the near field or non radiative technique of the wireless power transfer system. In this paper we have explained the brief idea about this technique. In this technique there will be the conversion of energy from electrical to magnetic energy in the transmitter and then transmitted. Again in the receiver the magnetic energy is converted in the electrical energy and supplied to the load. In this pap...

Poor repeatability and low accuracy often affect power measurements in digital wireless communication systems. A new digital signal processing-based method is proposed, which exploits Marple's solution to parametric spectral estimation in order to achieve the power spectral density (PSD) of the analyzed signal, and then evaluates the quantities of interest by applying straightforward measurement algorithms to the estimated PSD. The performance of the method is assessed through a number of experiments on laboratory signals, and compared to that offered both by an alternative measurement solution, based on a different parametric estimator, and high-performance instruments already available on the market.

Turbo codes have a performance that approaches the Shannon limit on the capacity of a band limited communication channel. The transmission performance of NONGEO senices is mainly impaired by rapid amplitude and pliase fluctuations of the received signal (fading). In this paper, the performance of turbo codes with different code parameteres in slow and fast fading is presented for this channel. Because of the interleaven these codes offer some immunity to the correlated signal disruptions effects. So, as will be shown the effect of code length inaement is greater than other paraimeten. . . .

In this paper, we have made comprehensive study for the performance evaluation of mmWave massive MIMO FBMC wireless communication system. The 16×256 large MIMO antenna configured simulated system under investigation incorporates three modern channel coding (Turbo, LDPC and (3, 2) SPC, higher order digital modulation (256-QAM)) and various signal detection (Q-Less QR, Lattice Reduction(LR) based Zero-forcing(ZF), Lattice Reduction (LR) based ZF-SIC and Complex-valued LLL(CLLL) algorithm implemented ZF-SIC) schemes. An audio to image conversion aided chaos-based physical layer security scheme has also been implemented in such study. On considering transmission of encrypted audio signal in a hostile fading channel, it is noticeable from MATLAB based simulation study that the LDPC Channel encoded system is very much robust and effective in retrieving color image under utilization of Lattice Reduction(LR) based ZF-SIC signal detection and 16QAM digital modulation techniques.

In this paper, we study the capacity planning in wireless access network for interactive data services such as web browsing. A closed queuing model has been developed which can capture the bottleneck effects in both the forward and the reverse channels. The model can be used to calculate the average throughput, the average response time and the number of users the system can support. We evaluate the performance of several MAC protocols such as slotted Aloha, static TDMA, Aloha/periodic stream and combined free demand assignment multiple access (CFDAMA) using realistic web traffic models. Based on the performance evaluation, we propose a new MAC protocol and a new transport layer protocol. Our new MAC protocol called combined polling free demand assignment multiple access (CPFDAMA) explores the correlation between forward channel data packets and reverse channel acknowledgement packets. Our new transport layer protocol called RWBP uses per-flow queuing, round robin scheduling and receiver window backpressure for congestion management. RWBP can eliminate congestion losses inside the wireless networks. Our protocol suite outperforms the proposed protocols in term of both channel utilization and response time. Our results can be used for service providers to dimension their networks and provide quality of service to a certain number of users.

A simple mechanical beam steering antenna con-6 cept is proposed for ground mobile terminals of Ka-band satellite 7 and high altitude platform (HAP) providing broadband access 8 services. The wide-angle elevation beam steering is achieved by 9 in-plane translation of a thin offset flat lens in front of a station-10 ary primary feed while full azimuth coverage is obtained by simple 11 360 • rotation of the lens. A new strategy is also proposed to reduce 12 the effective F/D of the focusing system and consequently the total 13 antenna height without increasing beam distortion: a second small 14 flat lens is added on top of the primary feed to create a virtual focus 15 located well below the feed phase center. The challenge is to concil-16 iate high gain both with wide beam scanning and reduced antenna 17 height. Design rules are presented for this antenna concept along 18 with a 27.3-dBi gain fabricated example for the up-link Ka-band 19 (29.5-30 GHz), with circular polarization, 0 • to 50 • elevation scan, 20 better than 2.8-dB scan loss and an effective F/D of only 0.55. Both 21 lenses are 3.35-mm thick, formed by a suitable assembly of phase 22 shifting unit cells with less than 0.4 dB of transmission loss in 23 simulation. The main lens dimensions are 195 mm × 145 mm 24 and its weight is 215 g. Total antenna height, including the feed is 25 84 mm.

In wireless communication throughput is a key factor to measure the quality of wireless data link. Throughput is defined as the number of information bits received without error per second and we would naturally like this quantity as to be high as possible. This research work looks at the problem of optimizing throughput for a packet based wireless data transmission scheme from a general point of view. The purpose of this work is to show the very nature of throughput and how it can be maximized that means how we can optimize the throughput by observing its certain changing parameter such as transmission rate, packet length, signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) etc. Our main result is a mathematical technique for determining the optimum transmission rate and packet size as a function of the other variables. The key to maximizing the throughput rate is maintaining the signal-to-noise ratio at an optimum level determined by the nature of the channel. Have We tried to take a more a more general look at throughput by considering its definition for a packet-based scheme and how it can be maximized based on the channel model being used. In this research work we have used Rayleigh Fading Channel.

. The design is synthesized using Xilinx Virtex4 XC4VLX200 device. The functional behavior is verified using Modelsim XE III 6.2 C. The delay and throughput values are obtained for variable payload sizes. Throughput-Power and Delay-Power characteristics are also verified for NoC.

One of the most creative and practical inventions of humankind is the development of the internet, computers, and mobile phones. The benefits of these technological advancements are immeasurable. For example, transactions between parties in different jurisdictions can be completed over the internet, and personal correspondence has become easier than it was in the 18th and 17th centuries when letters were used slowly. However, with the convenience of the internet and technology also comes the risk of cyberattacks and data breaches. As more and more sensitive information is shared online, individuals and companies are increasingly vulnerable to
hackers and cybercriminals. In a similar spirit, technological advancements have brought about immeasurable harm, raised the frequency of crimes, broadened the scope of illegal activity, and produced a brand-new class of crimes known as cybercrimes. Nigeria, as a country experiencing rapid technological growth, has not been immune to the rise of cybercrime. In response to this growing threat, the Nigerian government enacted the Cybercrime (Prohibition, Prevention, etc.) Act in 2015. This legislation aims to provide a legal framework for combating cybercrime in Nigeria by defining offences, outlining penalties, and establishing procedures for investigation and prosecution. However, the effectiveness of this law in addressing the dynamic nature of cybercrime remains a subject of debate among legal scholars and practitioners. To allow for a detailed examination of the legal framework itself, focusing on the text of the Act and how it
compares to international best practices, this research adopted the doctrinal methodology to analyze the key provisions of the Cybercrimes (Prohibition, Prevention, etc.) Act, 2015, and evaluate its effectiveness in combating cybercrime in Nigeria. The study found that while the Act
introduces important provisions such as criminalizing cybercrimes, providing for international cooperation, and establishing the National Cybersecurity Fund, there are still challenges in its implementation and enforcement. These challenges include a lack of adequate resources and
expertise within law enforcement agencies, as well as a lack of awareness and understanding among the general public about cybercrime and how to report it. It is concluded, therefore, that the Act does not address emerging cyber threats which are becoming increasingly prevalent. It is recommended that there should be a continuous review and amendment of the Act to keep up with the rapidly evolving nature of cybercrimes and technology

In present time almost everything used basically is operated by remotes. The biggest limitation of remote controlling is its limited frequency level. This paper suggests a method for robotic control using the DTMF tone generated when the user gives commands using mobile phone keypad buttons connected with a remote mobile robot. This spy robot holds three technologies together, they are- Obstacle Sensing & Detection, DayNight Vision and DTMF. Robot motion is done by DTMF Technology. The system uses two mobile phones, one to control the robot that sends DTMF commands via call to another mobile phone mounted on the robot vehicle.

A wireless ad hoc network is a collection of wireless nodes that can dynamically self-organize into an arbitrary and temporary topology to form a network without necessarily using any pre-existing infrastructure. These characteristics make ad hoc networks well suited for military activities, emergency operations, and disaster recoveries. Nevertheless, as electronic devices are getting smaller, cheaper, and more powerful, the mobile market is rapidly growing and, therefore, the need of seamlessly internetworking people and devices becomes mandatory. New wireless technologies enable easy deployment of commercial applications for ad hoc networks. This paper presents an overview of medium access control (MAC), routing, and transport in wireless ad hoc networks.

Wireless rechargeable sensor networks (WRSNs) have emerged as a critical infrastructure for monitoring and collecting data in large-scale and dynamic environments. The energy autonomy of sensor nodes is crucial for the sustained operation of WRSNs. This paper presents a comprehensive survey on the state-of-the-art approaches and technologies in on-demand energy provisioning in large-scale WRSNs. We explore various energy harvesting techniques, storage solutions, and energy management strategies tailored to the unique challenges posed by the dynamic and resource-constrained nature of WRSNs. This survey categorizes existing literature based on energy harvesting sources, including solar, kinetic, and ambient energy, and discusses advancements in energy storage technologies such as supercapacitors and rechargeable batteries. Furthermore, we investigate energy management techniques that adaptively balance energy consumption and harvesting, optimizing the overall network performance. In addition to providing a thorough overview of existing solutions, this paper identifies opportunities and challenges in the field of on-demand energy provisioning for large-scale WRSNs. By synthesizing current research efforts, this survey aims to provide insight to researchers and policymakers in understanding the landscape of on-demand energy provisioning in large-scale WRSNs. The insights gained from this study pave the way for future innovations and contribute to the development of sustainable and self-sufficient wireless sensor networks, critical for the advancement of applications such as environmental monitoring, precision agriculture, and smart cities.

Abstract—This paper presents a novel precoding based hybrid multi-carrier/single-carrier (MC/SC) uplink radio access system for layered orthogonal frequency division multiple access (Layered-OFDMA) of long-term-evolution advanced (LTE-Advanced). Generalized ...

A circuit breaker is an electrical switch use to protect an electrical circuit from damage caused by faults. Its basic function is to detect a fault condition and protect from it. Fuse operates once after that it must be replaced but a circuit breaker can be reset to resume normal condition. During the manual operation, we see inoperable electrical accidents to the line man are rises during maintenance due to improper communication between the maintenance staff and the substation staff. In order to prevent such accidents, password based circuit breaker is design so that only authentic person can operate it with a password. There is also a facility of changing the password. The system is fully controlled by the microcontroller. The password is saved in an EEPROM, interfaced to the microcontroller and the password can be changed any time. A keypad is used to submit the password and a relay to operate circuit breaker, which is indicated by a bulb. Any wrong attempt to open the circuit breaker by entering the wrong password an alert will be shown in the LCD.

A circuit breaker is an electrical switch use to protect an electrical circuit from damage caused by faults. Its basic function is to detect a fault condition and protect from it. Fuse operates once after that it must be replaced but a circuit breaker can be reset to resume normal condition. During the manual operation, we see inoperable electrical accidents to the line man are rises during maintenance due to improper communication between the maintenance staff and the substation staff. In order to prevent such accidents, password based circuit breaker is design so that only authentic person can operate it with a password. There is also a facility of changing the password. The system is fully controlled by the microcontroller. The password is saved in an EEPROM, interfaced to the microcontroller and the password can be changed any time. A keypad is used to submit the password and a relay to operate circuit breaker, which is indicated by a bulb. Any wrong attempt to open the circuit ...