Thai Language

Thai Language has features of Chinese and features of Indian languages, like other aspects of Thai culture. It is a tonal language like Chinese and the grammar is basically the same as Chinese, but it has a writing system/alphabet that was developed from the influence of Indian culture. This table organises the consonants in the normal order reading across the rows, but in the letter class reading down the colums. It is good for non-native speakers to use to help remember the consonants along with their class, which is important for learning and applying the tone rules.

Loanwords are one of the outcomes of the process of borrowing
and have been extensively utilized in English – Thai translation. We
can find them, especially in translated novels. The study of loanwords
in English – Thai translated novels can enhance our knowledge in
English language phenomenon. This study particularly aims to study
the types of loanwords the translators used in their translation
works.

First part of a Thai language course, which was originally designed for NHA Open University at Panningen, the Netherlands. The course has subsequently been improved and adapted by the author for Thai language instruction to foreign students at Prince of Songkla University, Phuket Campus, Thailand.

This chapter was written in Thai for TU104 Critical Thinking, Reading and Writing in order to facilitate first-year TU students regarding their fundamental reading materials as to fallacy in the Thai language use. Should any readers expect more than what have been given, please consult with the references or some other readings.  Note that there has been no English equivalent to this version so far. Also, to translate this version into other languages is not to be processed without the author's permission.

The chapter was solely compiled and authored by Nitipong Pichetpan during his teaching at the Department of Thai and Oriental languages and cultures at Thammasat University, in 2016. Now the author is doing his PhD at the University of Sydney (2016 -). The chapter here incorporates:

- Basic definitions of fallacy
- General types of fallacies in the Thai language use (the author also provides some possible ways of correcting certain fallacies in Thai.)

The author highly appreciates the constructive comments to have further improved this chapter, by Associate Professor Chosita Maneesai.

***Please follow the info on the document so as to cite this chapter properly.

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The objective of this article is to investigate the contextual meanings of the preposition /kὲː/ in the Sukhothai period within the cognitive semantics approach. The 61 data were collected from the book “The Inscription Collection Vol. 8: the Sukhothai Stone Inscriptions,” published by the Fine Arts Department in 2005. It is found that the preposition /kὲː/ in the Sukhothai period had 8 different contextual meanings. That is to say, the preposition was used to indicate 1) GOAL: abstract entity, 2) GOAL: emotional target 3) GOAL: transfer source 4) RECIPIENT (of things) 5) ADDRESSEE 6) POSSESSION: interpersonal relationships 7) RECIPINENT (of action) and 8) RECIPIENT (of attention) These 8 conceptual meanings had a shared conceptual meaning of ALLATIVE or GOAL marking. The results of this study indicated that the preposition /kὲː/ in the Sukhothai period is a polysemous word; and the contexts in which it occurred are a contributing factor for its polysemous quality.

บทความเรื่องนี้มีวัตถุประสงค์เพื่อศึกษาความหมายตามปริบทของคำบุพบท แก่ ในสมัยสุโขทัยตามแนวอรรถศาสตร์ปริชาน โดยเก็บข้อมูลจาก“ประชุมจารึก ภาคที่8จารึกสุโขทัย”ของกรมศิลปากร พ.ศ.2548 รวมจำนวนการปรากฏ 61 แห่ง ผลการศึกษาพบว่าความหมายตามปริบทของคำ บุพบท แก่ ในสมัยสุโขทัยมีจำนวนทั้งสิ้น 8 ความหมาย ได้แก่1) ‘บ่งชี้จุดหมายนามธรรม’ 2) ‘บ่งชี้จุดหมายของความรู้สึก’ 3) ‘บ่งชี้จุดหมายของการรับเอามา’ 4) ‘บ่งชี้ผู้รับสิ่งของ’ 5) ‘บ่งชี้ผู้รับสาร’ 6) ‘บ่งชี้ผู้รับความสัมพันธ์’ 7) ‘บ่งชี้ผู้รับเหตุการณ์’ และ 8) ‘บ่งชี้ผู้รับความสำคัญ’ ทั้งนี้ความหมายตามปริบททุกความหมายสามารถเชื่อมโยงความสัมพันธ์เป็นมโนทัศน์เดียวกันได้คือ ‘บ่งชี้หมุดหมาย’ ผลการศึกษาชี้ให้เห็นว่าคำ บุพบท แก่ในสมัยสุโขทัยจัดเป็นคำ หลายความหมายโดยปัจจัยที่เอื้อให้คำ บุพบท แก่ เป็นคำ หลายความหมาย คือ “ปริบท” ที่คำ บุพบท แก่ ปรากฏร่วม

This article focuses on polar question particles in Thai and Japanese: both languages have a sentence-final polar question particle (m and ka respectively). The two languages show considerable similarity in their question-forming strategy; however, differences arise in terms of the type of question in which the particle can occur. I argue that the question particle in each case originates from a disjunctive clause, but, in Thai, the particle retains its disjunctive character, whereas in Japanese it has progressed to a true question particle. The analysis has prediction potential for English, where similar question particles may arise. English does not have polar question particles, but it does have a large number of final discourse particles, as well as what looks like a final disjunction exhibiting some question particle properties. I suggest that, while this is not a final question particle, if it ever were to become one it would be on the model of Thai rather than Japanese. The potential for this development into a question particle to occur, however, depends upon a trigger experience, which at present is absent. Reanalysis has therefore not taken place.

The present thesis objectives are to study and compare noun categorization and the cognitive process associated with noun categorization by classifiers in Thai and Korean. Data was gathered via interviews with 50 Thai undergraduate students and 50 Korean students. The theory of idealized cognitive models, or ICMs, is employed for data analysis.

Second part of a Thai language course, which was originally designed for NHA Open University at Panningen, the Netherlands. The course has subsequently been improved and adapted by the author for Thai language instruction to foreign students at Prince of Songkla University, Phuket Campus, Thailand.

Reading exercises with word lists for post-intermediate students. Selection of texts with word lists from a Thai language course, which was originally designed for NHA Open University at Panningen, the Netherlands. The texts have been written and selected by the author, and are used for post-intermediate Thai language instruction to foreign students at Prince of Songkla University, Phuket Campus, Thailand.

บทความนี้มุ่งศึกษาความหมายของเปรตในทั้ง ๒ ความหมาย ทั้งความหมายในชุมชนภาคใต้โดยเฉพาะในจังหวัดนครศรีธรรมราช และความหมายในชุมชนภาคอื่น ๆ ของไทย ทั้งภาคกลาง ภาคตะวันออกเฉียงเหนือ และภาคเหนือ โดยผู้เขียนศึกษาความหมายของเปรตในภาคกลางของไทยผ่านความหมายของเปรตที่พบใน คัมภีร์เปตวัตถุ พระไตรปิฎก และ ปรมัตถทีปนี อรรถกถาเปตวัตถุ ส่วนความหมายของเปรตในภาคตะวันออกเฉียงเหนือ ภาคเหนือ และภาคใต้นั้น ผู้เขียนศึกษาผ่านประเพณีที่เกี่ยวเนื่องกับเปรต อย่างไรก็ดีผู้เขียนมุ่งศึกษาความหมายของเปรตที่พบในภาคกลางและภาคใต้เป็นหลักเนื่องจากความหมายของเปรตในภาคกลางและภาคใต้มีความโดดเด่นชัดเจน ส่วนความหมายเปรตในภาคอีสานและภาคเหนือมีความผสมผสานรับเอาความหมายของเปรตในภาคกลางมาเป็นหลัก แม้จะมีบางถิ่นที่มีความหมายของเปรตคล้ายกับความหมายของเปรตในภาคใต้แต่ไม่ชัดเจนถึงขั้นที่เป็นรูปธรรมจริงจังอย่างในภาคใต้ นอกเหนือจากความหมายของเปรตในแต่ละภูมิภาคของไทยแล้ว ผู้เขียนได้มุ่งศึกษาและวิเคราะห์ถึงแนวคิดที่ส่งอิทธพลต่อการนิยามความหมายของเปรตในภาคกลางและภาคใต้ของไทย และประการสุดท้ายผู้เขียนประสงค์ศึกษาให้เห็นถึงแนวโน้มของการผสมผสานระหว่างความหมายของเปรตในภาคกลางและความหมายของเปรตในภาคใต้ของไทยด้วย

Twitter is a social media platform that various languages combine in written discourse worldwide. Twitter in Thailand is not an exception in code-mixing of Thai and English language. There have been various studies on code switching and code mixing but not in the Thai Twitter context. Hence, it is necessary to understand how Thai-English code-mixing is used on Twitter, the motivations, and influences on Thai Twitter users' productive and receptive skills in the English language. This study administered a descriptive-survey research method to 127 Thai Twitter users. Poplack's (1980) framework was used to analyze the data, and Hoffmann's (1991) framework was used to classify the motivations. The results showed that the top three English words used on Thai Twitter include 1) ignore, 2) sexual harassment, and 3) ignorant, ignorance, and bully. It was also found out that the motivations behind the use of these vocabularies are emphasis, convenience, and English language development. Moreover, code-mixing notably influences Thai Twitter users' receptive and productive English language skills. These findings can contribute to the quest for the understanding of Twitter's influence on Thai society.

ปัจจุบันนี้การเรียนภาษาไทยเป็นภาษาต่างประเทศได้รับความนิยมจากชาวต่างชาติเป็นอย่างมากโดยเฉพาะอย่างยิ่งในหมู่ผู้เรียนชาวญี่ปุ่น ภาษาไทยและภาษาญี่ปุ่นนั้นมีความแตกต่างหลายประการ เช่น โครงสร้างประโยคของภาษาไทยเป็นแบบประธาน-กริยา-กรรม (SVO) ในขณะที่โครงสร้างประโยคของภาษาญี่ปุ่นเป็นแบบประธาน-กรรม-กริยา (SOV) (กนกวรรณ 2553:  6) หรือภาษาญี่ปุ่นมีเครื่องหมายวรรคตอน (。、) เช่นเดียวกับภาษาอังกฤษแต่ในภาษาไทยไม่มี หรือในภาษาไทยไม่มีอนุภาคพิเศษที่เรียกว่า “คำช่วย” แบบภาษาญี่ปุ่น เป็นต้น ดังนั้นผู้เรียนชาวญี่ปุ่นซึ่งไม่คุ้นเคยกับความแตกต่างดังกล่าวจึงประสบปัญหาในการเรียนรู้ภาษาไทยในบางครั้ง
การศึกษาวิจัยครั้งนี้ มีจุดประสงค์เพื่อศึกษาว่าในการเรียนภาษาไทยนั้นมีส่วนใดบ้างที่ผู้เรียนชาวญี่ปุ่นประสบปัญหา โดยได้ทำการสำรวจข้อมูลผ่านแบบสอบถาม กลุ่มผู้ตอบแบบสอบถามคือผู้เรียนภาษาไทยชาวญี่ปุ่นจำนวน 30 คน จากโครงการอบรมภาษาไทยสำหรับชาวต่างประเทศ (Intensive Thai Program) คณะอักษรศาสตร์ จุฬาลงกรณ์มหาวิทยาลัย โดยแบ่งเป็นผู้เรียนระดับต้น ระดับกลาง และระดับสูง จำนวนผู้เรียนระดับละ 10 คน เนื้อหาในแบบสอบถามเป็นการประเมินความยากของภาษาไทยในวิชา 5 แขนง ได้แก่ 1. การออกเสียง 2. คำศัพท์ 3. ไวยากรณ์ 4. รูปเขียน (ตัวอักษรและการสะกด) และ 5.การสนทนาในชีวิตประจำวัน และทักษะการฟัง พูด อ่าน เขียนของภาษาไทย
จากการศึกษาวิจัยพบว่า ผู้เรียนในระดับต้นและระดับกลางประเมินว่าการออกเสียงยากที่สุด ในขณะที่ผู้เรียนระดับสูงประเมินว่าคำศัพท์ยากที่สุด ทั้งนี้ผู้เรียนทุกระดับประเมินว่า 1. มีปัญหาในด้านไวยากรณ์เรื่องการจบประโยคที่ไม่มีเครื่องหมายวรรคตอน 2. ด้านรูปเขียน (ตัวอักษรและการสะกด) เรื่องตัวอักษรย่อและพยัญชนะตัวสะกด (Coda) 3. ด้านการออกเสียงเรื่องการแยกแยะฟังเสียงพ่นลม (Aspirated) และเสียงไม่พ่นลม (Unaspirated) 4. ด้านคำศัพท์เรื่องสัทพจน์ (Onomatopoeia) และ 5. ด้านการสนทนาในชีวิตประจำวันเรื่องศัพท์สแลงมากที่สุด และประเมินผลว่าทักษะการเขียนเป็นทักษะที่ยากที่สุดในบรรดาสี่ทักษะทั้งสามระดับ

Presently, studying Thai as a foreign language has gained popularity among foreigners, especially among Japanese learners. Thai and Japanese languages are known to possess a copious amount of different linguistics features. For instance, the sentence structure of Thai consists of Subject-Verb-Object (SVO), whereas in Japanese, the structure would be Subject-Object-Verb (SOV) (Kanokwan 2010: 6). Japanese language has punctuation marks (。、)similar to English, which Thai lacks. Therefore, Japanese learners who are unfamiliar to the linguistics differences between both languages would surely encounter some degree of difficulties during their studies.
The aim of this paper is to investigate the difficulties in Thai language in Japanese learners whose native language is Japanese. The study was conducted by the use of questionnaire, targeting towards 30 Japanese learners enrolling in Thai language course of the Intensive Thai Program organized by the Faculty of Arts, Chulalongkorn University, divided into 10 learners each from three groups; beginner level, intermediate level, and advanced level. The questions required learners to evaluate the difficulties of Thai language in 5 field of studies; 1. Pronunication 2. Vocabulary 3. Grammar 4. Writing system (Alphabets and spellings) and 5. Daily life conversation, and also evaluate the difficulties of Thai language skills; listening, speaking, reading, and writing.
The results show that, beginner and intermediate level learners answered pronunciation as the most difficult, whereas advanced learner answered vocabulary. Furthermore, learners from all levels answered that they face problems in each language knowledge, such as; 1. Difficulties in grammar due to lack of punctuation marks in Thai language 2. Difficulties about acronyms and coda in Writing System 3. Difficulties in distinguishing Aspirated and Unaspirated sounds 4. Difficulties about onomatopoeia in vocabulary and 5. Difficulties about slang in daily life conversation. Lastly, learners from all levels also answered writing skill as the most difficult in Thai language.

This is a short guide to the holdings and accessibility of the Manuscript Collection at the National Library of Thailand based on my research there (off and on) from 2014 to 2016 and an interview with the collection's public services librarian.

The reality of Vietnam-Thailand's flourishing relations and co-operations in wide-ranged areas opens up chances for Thai language to become more popular in Vietnam. In that context, there exists a lack of documents and research on how Thai language has been taught in Vietnam so far, which poses two questions to this study: (1) How is the situation of Thai language teaching in Vietnam? and (2) What are the prospects to develop Thai language teaching in Vietnam? In order to address these points, this study uses both qualitative and quantitative approaches to collect data in the form of interviews and a questionnaire survey. Participants are Vietnamese teachers who teach Thai in seven universities running Thai language program throughout Vietnam. The findings obtained bring about an overview and in-depth description of how Thai language is taught in each university (curriculum, teaching materials, teachers and students), the difficulties that these programs are encountering, and the future of Thai language instruction in Vietnam. The research is hoped to be a reliable reference source on the subject matter and give useful contribution to teaching Thai in Asean countries, for the benefit of the official establishment of Asean Community in 2015.

[A full (36-page) report of this research is also provided in my uploaded list.]

This article aims at positioning Kukrit Pramoj’s “Mhom” within the context of memory culture and screen culture. It also hopes to authenticate “Mhom” ’ s potential as a memory text which revives World War II memory repressed by the state’s official memory. The study reveals that on the one hand “Mhom” , canonized through school textbooks, tended to be interpreted with the focus on human- animal relationship. This mainstream interpretation prevents World War II memory from being fully articulated; it has to be expressed through abjection instead. On the other hand, Mhom, the television series (2017) not only refabricates prosthetic memory of World War II by bridging the front line and home front, but also foregrounds humanity which enhances audiences’ empathy in the context of mass culture. Mhom, therefore, successfully functions as both a memory text and a screen adaptation, which in turn reflects the study’ s exemplary attempt to connect memory studies with adaptation studies.

Southeast Asia has long been a crossroads of culture and commerce, and these interactions inevitably leave their mark upon the local languages. Modern Thai is replete with words borrowed from Sanskrit, Pali, Khmer, English, and many other languages. However, spelling standardization of the Thai writing system in the 20th century, while often preserving or even restoring useful etymological information, has also obscured some facts in the linguistic record. Spelling variation that predates modern standardization provides important evidence for how Sanskrit loanwords were pronounced in the past, how they were adapted into the language, and how those borrowings have evolved over time.
This study will return to the earliest Thai texts: the corpus of epigraphic inscriptions of the Sukhothai kingdom. The corpus is comprised of around 100 texts, of varying lengths, found on primarily stone inscriptions dating from the 13th-15th centuries CE. This corpus begins with the genesis of Thai writing and extends until the decline of Sukhothai. Under the auspices of a previous Fulbright grant, these texts have been compiled, romanized, and analyzed by the author.
Sanskrit loanwords in the Sukhothai corpus provide an untapped source of linguistic evidence into the influence of Sanskrit in a transitional period of Southeast Asian history. As the neighboring Khmer empire was gradually undergoing a change in religion, a parallel shift in linguistic influence was also taking place throughout Southeast Asia, from the Sanskrit of Hinduism to the Pali of Buddhism. The Sukhothai texts offer us a glimpse into this changing world, through the window of these Sanskrit loanwords.

This dissertation establishes that phonological consonant-tone interaction occurs in a non-local configuration in Thai, in contrast to current theories where this interaction is only thought to occur locally. A phonological account posits that in bimoraic unchecked syllables, tones associated with the second mora, and not the first mora, interact with onset consonants in Thai. This is implemented via an Optimality-theoretic markedness constraint, *[+CG]-[H]μ2. Evidence for this position comes from a quantitative lexical gap study and a pair of judgment experiments, which show that both rising tone and high tone are ungrammatical in unchecked syllables with laryngealized obstruent onsets. In Thai, these tones share a common high-tone target at the end of the syllable. These facts suggest the presence of a phonological constraint violated by onset-tone sequences, where the tone on the second mora is referenced, despite the fact that it is the more distant of the two. This constraint is grounded since it is phonologically less marked for tones to be realized late in syllables – the second mora is treated as the “head” mora of the syllable in Thai.
This phonological analysis is supported via evidence from an acoustic study of voiced and unaspirated obstruent onsets in Thai. It is discovered that these obstruents are articulated with laryngeal constriction, and that they form a natural class under the feature [+constricted glottis] A second important contribution of the acoustic study was that [ʔ] onsets are phonetically distinct (they raise F0 and spectral tilt), even though they are part of the same phonological [+constricted glottis] class.
Two judgment experiments confirm the psychological reality of the constraint *[+CG]-[H]μ2 among native Thai words. However, three of four onset-tone sequences that violate this constraint are considered grammatical under interpretation as English loans. This result is consistent with findings in other languages, where loan strata are more permissive than native strata. In addition, participants exhibited preferences for [+constricted glottis] onsets and low tone that cannot be explained via language experience. Therefore, it is argued that the relative ranking of markedness constraints can distinguish between grammatical forms, a finding that replicates previous experiments in English and Hebrew.

This research aims to analyze 5 soul-stirring songs under the administration of General Prayuth Chan-o-cha; “keun kwam sook hai pra-tet tai”(bring happiness back to Thailand), “keun roi yim hai kon tai”(bring smiles back to Thai people), “kaw kam peu tam fan”(walk across in order to follow dreams), “wan proong ni”(tomorrow), and “ka ni-yom sip song pra-kan”(12 items of values). Maslow’s hierarchy of needs is applied as a psychological factor for persuasive purposes.
The results show that song writers use Maslow’s 3 first hierarchy of needs for persuasive purposes through lyrics. The most frequently-mentioned needs are “level 3 love and belonging needs” “level 2 safety needs” and “level 1 physiological needs”, respectively. The rest, “level 4 esteem needs” and “level 5 self-actualization needs”, are
not applied because they are higher levels of needs after fulfilling those 3 more fundamental needs. In addition, another reason may be the purposes of the soul-stirring songs under the administration of General Prayuth Chan-o-cha, which focus on building mutual understanding and unity so as to bring happiness back to Thai people.

A Presentation—by Pim Kemasingki and Pariyakorn Prateepkoh—of the problems involved in the progressive erasing of Northern Thailand or Lan Na regional language called "Kham Mueang" with the participation of Dr. Thanet Charoenmuang, Vithi Panichphant, and Dr. Louis Gabaude

The onset of the Zhou dynasty at the end of the second millennium BCE coincides roughly with the establishment of the Chǔ (tshraʔ / khra C) fi efdom and the emergence of the ethnolinguistic stock known as Kra-Dai (Tai-Kadai). The ancestors of the Kra family proper, situated in the southwestern portion of Chǔ, began to disperse ostensibly as a result of upheavals surrounding the end of Shang, the beginning of Western Zhou, and the gradual rise of Chǔ into a full-fl edged kingdom by the 8th century BCE. Beginning with this underlying premise and the stance of comparative and historical linguistics, the present paper provides, in a chronological frame, a hopefully more probable picture of the ethnolinguistic realities of China south of the Yangtze and relevant parts of Southeast Asia, including the geography past and present, of language stocks and families, their classifi cation, time-depth, and the possible relationships between them. The focus is primarily on the Kra-Dai stock of language families up until the end of the Han Dynasty in the 2nd century CE, and secondarily up to the 11th century. Attention is given to what can be deduced or abduced with respect to ethnic identities in pre-Yue Lingnan and Annam, and to other questions such as whether or not Kam-Sui should be included under the rubric of Yue and the position of Mường in early Vietnam. Dedication This paper is dedicated to the memory of Grant Evans whose fi nal publications, both in JSS 102 and posthumously in the present volume, have refocused attention on the broader history of the Tais in Southeast Asia and paved the way for a re-examination of old ideas in the light of new evidence. The resurgence can be said to have begun with Chris Baker's paper in Volume 90 of JSS which used linguistic evidence to trace historical movements of Tais from an assumed Urheimat along the Guangxi-Vietnamese border west into Laos, Yunnan, Thailand, Burma and Assam. Following on from the 1 I owe a great debt of gratitude to David Holm, who gave generously of his time and knowledge in the preparation of this paper. Without his advice and deep insights into southern Chinese and Zhuang history and prehistory the story told here would have been much the poorer. I would also like to thank Gérard Diffl oth, Nathan Badenoch, and Weera Ostapirat, with whom I was fortunate enough to discuss various aspects of linguistic proto-history and their bearing on topics addressed here and to learn from their extensive and profound scholarship.

A number of different languages in outside of the Indo-European family were analyzed based on how difficult it would be for a native English speaker to learn them. They were then rated on a purely impressionistic 1-6 scale of easiest to most difficult. Extensive phonological, morphological, syntactic and even semantic analysis was done for many of these tongues to highlight areas of difficulty for English learners. Very long: 101 pages.

This article revisits the traditional comparisons for K(r)adai and Austronesian 'hand' , 'eye' , and 'bird'. In the case of 'hand' it attempts to improve the comparison by offering an unorthodox solution for Proto-K(r)adai reconstruction that, in my opinion, should be *lima, virtually identical to proto-Austronesian. It also provides additional evidence for reconstructing 'eye' and 'bird' as disyllabic words in K(r)adai, showing that these two were also very close to (with minor differences) to proto-Austronesian. Although these facts alone cannot be used as ultimate proof of K(r)adai and Austronesian genetic relationship, I believe that they constitute a further step in refining the arguments in this direction. Keywords K(r)adai – Austronesian – reconstruction – basic vocabulary

Résumé
Cet article revient sur les comparaisons traditionnelles entre le k(r)adai et l' austronésien pour les mots « main », « oeil » et « oiseau ». Dans le cas de « main », je propose d'améliorer la comparaison en offrant une solution peu orthodoxe à la reconstruction proto-k(r)adai qui, à mon avis, devrait être *lima, ce qui est pratiquement identique au proto-austronésien. Je donne également des preuves supplémentaires de la reconstruction des mots « oeil » et « oiseau » comme des dissyllabes en k(r)adai, en montrant leur proximité (malgré des différences mineures) avec le proto-austronésien. Bien que ces faits ne constituent pas à eux seuls une preuve définitive de la parenté entre le k(r)adai et l'austronésien, j'estime qu'ils sont une nouvelle étape dans l' amélioration de l'argumentaire en ce sens.

Mon has long been in contact with the dominant Burmese and Thai languages. The documented history of more than a thousand years allows us to trace changes in the language over time. This study looks at the divergent Mon varieties spoken today in Burma (Myanmar) and Thailand respectively, both influenced to different degrees and in different domains by the dominant national languages, Burmese and Thai. The study brings together insights from areal linguistics and history, painting a picture of the development of Mon in the two countries and its changing structure.

This paper aims to examine similarities and dffirences between Thai and English consonants. It determines areas of dfficulties when Thai students try to pronounce English consonantal sounds. It is found that English sounds which do not occur in the Thai phonology tend to pose great difficulty for Thai students to utter. Those sounds include /g/, /v/, /θ/, /ð/, /z/, /ʃ/, /ʒ/, /tʃ/, and /dʒ/. Sounds which exist in Thai but can occur in different environment, i.e. syllable position, are also prone to be difficult to pronounce. Such examples are /f/ and /s/. To tackle the problem of sounds nonexistent in Thai, Thai students are likely to substitute Thai sounds for the English sounds. In addition, the phenomenon where /l/ and /ɾ/ are used interchangeably in Thai tends to be transferred in pronouncing /l/ and /ɹ/ in English with great challenges.

Tai languages are often described as “lacking” a major lexical class “adjectives”; accordingly, they and other area languages are frequently cited as evidence against adjectival universality. This article brings the putative lack under examination, arguing that a more complete distributional analysis reveals a pattern: overlap is highest among semantically peripheral adjectives and verbs and in constructions prototypically associated to both classes cross-linguistically, and lowest among semantically core adjectives and verbs and in constructions prototypically associated to only one or the other class. Rather than “lacking” adjectives, data from Thai thus in fact support functional-typological characterizations of adjectival universality such as those of Givón (1984), Croft (2001), and Dixon (2004). Finally, while data from Thai would fail to falsify an adaptation of Enfield's (2004) Lao lexical class-taxonomy (in which adjectives are treated as a verbal subclass) on its own terms, this article argues that in absence of both universally-applicable criteria for the evaluation of categorial taxonomies cross-linguistically and evidence for the cognitive reality of categorial taxonomies so stipulated, even this more limited sense of a “lack” of adjectives in Thai is less radical a challenge to adjectival universality than has sometimes been supposed.

This paper adopts the Integrated Contrastive Model (Granger 1996) to an examination of the use of articles in the L2 English written production of L1 speakers of three article-less languages (Mandarin Chinese, Korean and Thai) across four L2 proficiency levels. Data is sourced from the International Corpus Network of Asian Learners of English (ICNALE; Ishikawa 2011, 2013), comprising 575 written essays totalling 125,588 words across two writing prompts. Accuracy of zero, indefinite and definite articles is measured using Pica's (1983) Target Language Use across Bickerton's (1981) semantic/pragmatic article contexts (generic, specific definite, specific indefinite and non-specific indefinite). The results show two different orders of article accuracy depending on L1 background, as well as effects of writing prompt on the accuracy of certain article forms, and evidence of pseudo-longitudinal development for particular article usages as L2 proficiency increases, although not in all cases. Massive overproduction of indefinite/ definite articles in generic contexts is problematic for all three L2 groups regardless of L1 background and L2 proficiency. However, Mandarin L2 English users appear to enjoy a significant advantage in L2 article accuracy over Korean or Thai L2 English users in almost all contexts of use and L2 proficiency levels, providing further potential evidence that the often reported grammaticalisation of definiteness/specificity markers in L1 Mandarin is aiding Mandarin L2 English users' acquisition of the English article system.

Thai is known to have both active and  passive constructions. The result of this
study will show that there is another kind of voice construction which, like the passive, has a
subject that is interpreted as theme/patient, but unlike the  passive, lacks an overt passive
marker.  The main claim of this study is  that these structures are not concealed passives
(pace Sinlapasan. 1979); (Thonglor. 2001). Rather, they are middle constructions and identify
various empirical diagnostics to distinguish between passive and middles. Another aspect of
this  study  concerns  topic  constructions.  Thai  topics  are  categorized  into  two  types;
topicalization and left-dislocation topics (Ekniyom. 1982); (Hoonchamlong. 1991). This can be
sub-categorized in Thai topics into overtly-marked topics and unmarked topics. Clearly, these
that these two sub-categories of Thai topics  are syntactically distinct. This study will  provide
various  empirical  diagnostics  to  distinguish  between  overtly-marked  topics  and  unmarked
topics in Thai. To date, this syntactic subcategorization of Thai topic has yet to be proposed.

This study investigates Northeastern Thai people’s language attitude toward
Northeastern Thai and Standard Thai, and their patterns of language choice by focusing the relationship between the speakers’ age and their language attitude and language choice. A quantitative method is used in this study. Data was collected by using questionnaire from 849 people who born in the Northeastern part of Thailand and perceive themselves as Northeastern Thai people. The target people were classified according to their age into 3 groups: the young (15-30), the middle-age (31-45), and the elder (46-60).
It is found that age related to language attitude and language choice. As for language
attitude, regardless of their age, Northeastern Thai people have positive attitude toward both Northeastern Thai and Standard Thai. However, young people have more positive attitude toward Standard Thai than Northeastern Thai. In contrast, elder people have more positive attitude toward Northeastern Thai than Standard Thai.
With regard to language choice, regardless of their age, Northeastern Thai people
chose Northeastern Thai in informal situations and Standard Thai in formal situations. Yet younger people often use Standard Thai more than the other two groups. Elder people often use Northeastern Thai more than the other two groups.
Therefore, it can be concluded that Northeastern Thai is in the process of shifting to
Standard Thai. This means that the use of Northeastern Thai will be decreasing. However, that does not indicate that Northeastern Thai will extinct in the near future, due to the fact that younger people also have positive attitude toward Northeastern Thai and choose to use it in some communication.

Although historically influenced by Theravada Buddhist for more than a millennium, Thailand’s ethnic, linguistic, and religious homogeneity has been over-asserted by state-makers, and erroneously assumed by some scholars. After descendants of Chinese immigrants, widely regarded as Thailand’s largest and most successfully assimilated ethnic minority, Malays residing south of Satun and Songkhla are over three times more numerous that the Northern Khmer of southern Isaan, its next most populous ethnic minority. Practically all Thai citizens self-identifying as Melayu are Muslims, and Islam is Thailand’s largest religious minority. Nevertheless, not all Muslims self-identify as Malays, and Islam has long been acknowledged as being anything but a monolith. In addition to being an ethnically diverse ecumene, its sectarian divisions mirror those present throughout Southeast Asia. Some surmise Thailand’s Muslims being divided between “Malay-Muslims”, and “Thai-Muslims” who are either traditionalist or reformist in orientation. This paper proposes perspectives on Thailand’s Muslim mosaic based multi-sited fieldwork among Sufi orders (Ar. turuq, tariqa [sg.]) with visible and viable followings from among the Central Thai-speaking, Southern Thai-speaking, and Malay-speaking Muslim communities. This paper seeks to articulate alternatives to the double-barreled binaries that have provided the theoretical ballast in previous explorations of Muslim ethnic and religious diversity. Whilst relevant details of these hereunto unstudied Sufi orders are provided, this paper’s considers the significance of their presence in three cultural milieu between Ayutthaya and Narathiwat over the details of the spiritual lineages (Ar. silsilah) or litanies (Ar. wird) of individual orders. Rather than where these orders have come from, I concentrate on both their adoption by Central Thai, Southern Thailand, and Malay-speaking Muslims, and the manner in which they have been adapted in ways that reflect these regional identities. Most tariqa might remain within the cultural milieu where they have been localized, but boundaries between these are far from fixed.

This study aims to compare idioms referring to "colour" in Vietnamese, Thai and Indonesian languages. Vietnamese is an Austroasiatic language while Indonesian originates from the Autronesian language and Thai comes from the Kra-Dai language family. Due to this difference, thee three languages have idioms representing the same way of people's thinking. These languages represent culture in ASEAN regions. The idioms are used as a tool of communication in society. The data studied were collected from dictionaries and books about idioms in the three languages, such as the Vietnamese-English-Thai Dictionary, Vietnamese novels and poetry, Thai idioms collection books and an Indonesian Dictionary. There are 14 idioms found matched and divided into different categories that allowed an examination of literal and actual meanings in each language. In principle, the idioms express human actions, thoughts, and characters based on their social background. This work could help non-native speakers of Vietnamese, Thai or Indonesian languages to identify the meaning of difficult expression and enhance the language teaching.

In Sanskrit study and research in Thailand, transliteration from Sanskrit documents and proofreading is a difficult and time-consuming task since Sanskrit documents contain a great deal of content. To find solutions, this study presented the Romanized Sanskrit – Thai Machine Transliteration, the rules development and algorithm of Romanized Sanskrit transliteration based on the IAST standard to Thai alphabets. There are two patterns. Transliteration patterns are composed of stable pattern and common pattern. The experimental results showed that the proposed former could perform accurately up to 98.16 % from 21,399 samples whereas the latter could perform accurately up to 95.82 % from 30,049 samples. The expert in Sanskrit assessed it and commented that this system could reasonably transliterate Sanskrit and saved a great deal of time in transliteration.

The present study examines a hundred of cognate words in Korean and Thai by using a historical-comparative linguistic method to discuss their etymologies, which can be classified into three categories: 1) Chinese loanwords, 2) onomatopoeic words and 3) other uncertain etymologies. A particular attention is paid to the issue of identifying the time depths of Chinese loanwords, given that Pre-Middle-Chinese loanwords in Thai might not seem obvious based on their Korean equivalents, while Middle-Chinese and later loanwords often look alike in both languages. Another emphasis is on the importance of onomatopoeia in cross-family lexical studies as well as the relevance of Thai and cognate Tai-Kadai languages for the studies of Korean etymology. The findings of the present study can also be used for developing Korean language teaching for Thai students as well as Thai language teaching for Korean students.

งานวิจัยนี้ศึกษาคำศัพท์ร่วมในภาษาเกาหลีและภาษาไทยกว่าร้อยรายการโดยใช้กระบวนการทางภาษาศาสตร์เชิงประวัติเปรียบเทียบเพื่อวิพากษ์รากคำซึ่งสามารถจำแนกได้เป็นสามกลุ่ม ได้แก่ ๑. คำยืมจีน ๒. คำเลียนเสียงธรรมชาติ (คำสัทพจน์) และ ๓. คำศัพท์ที่ไม่ทราบที่มาแน่ชัด จุดสำคัญในการเปรียบเทียบคำยืมจีนร่วมอยู่ที่การแยกแยะอายุของรูปคำเนื่องจากคำยืมรูปก่อนภาษาจีนยุคกลางในภาษาไทยมักมีรูปที่ต่างออกไปจากคำศัพท์ร่วมในภาษาเกาหลี ในขณะเดียวกันคำยืมรูปภาษาจีนยุคกลางหรือหลังจากนั้นในภาษาไทยมักมีความคล้ายคลึงกับศัพท์ร่วมในภาษาเกาหลีอย่างเห็นได้ชัดเจนกว่า อีกจุดสำคัญอยู่ที่การเปรียบเทียบคำเลียนเสียงธรรมชาติข้ามตระกูลภาษา และการนำภาษาไทยและภาษาเครือญาติตระกูลไทกะไดมาบูรณาการกับการศึกษาศัพทมูลวิทยาภาษาเกาหลี ผลลัพธ์จากงานวิจัยนี้สามารถนำไปพัฒนาการเรียนการสอนภาษาเกาหลีให้แก่ผู้เรียนชาวไทยและการสอนภาษาไทยให้แก่ผู้เรียนชาวเกาหลีได้ด้วย

This chapter describes Patani’s Indic, Islamic and Thai pasts. The argu- ment is that the Malay kerajaan of Patani was similar to—rather than distinct from—other port city-states on the peninsula and islands of Southeast Asia where a Sanskrit cosmopolis existed for a millennium before the earliest chapters of Islam’s Southeast Asian expansion. Islam also circulated east and west of Patani through trade between the Middle East and China via the Indian Ocean. This created a range of Indian/Arab/Malay creole communities whose members played key roles in the adoption of, or adhesion to, Islam in Southeast Asian port city-states like Patani. India’s importance to the arrival of Islam to the Thai/Malay peninsula relates to what Islam came to, where Islam initially came from, and who Islam came through. Rather than refer to conversion, I refer to an adhesion to, or adoption of, Islam. The impact of Thai and Islamic influences in Patani/Pattani following its defeat in 1785 is described. The details of the process through which the Malay Kingdom (SM. kerajaan) of  became the Thai Province of Pattani, including Bangkok’s legislative and administrative initiatives are also provided. A central con- cern of this chapter is to highlight the fact that these developments coincided with a period of revolution and reform in the Hijaz. I describe how these developments impacted local religious life and thought through local luminaries such as Shaykh Daud Al-Fatani, Shaykh Ahmad Al-Fatani and Haji Sulong. The methodologies and contributions of present-day reformist revivalist movements are also described.

The reality of Vietnam-Thailand's flourishing relations and co-operations in wide-ranged areas opens up chances for Thai language to become more popular in Vietnam. In that context, there exists a lack of documents and research on how Thai language has been taught in Vietnam so far, which poses two questions to this study: (1) How is the situation of Thai language teaching in Vietnam? And (2) What are the prospects to develop Thai language teaching in Vietnam? In order to address these points, this study uses both qualitative and quantitative approaches to collect data in the form of interviews and a questionnaire survey. Participants are Vietnamese teachers who teach Thai in seven universities running Thai language program throughout Vietnam. The findings obtained bring about an overview and in-depth description of how Thai language is taught in each university (curriculum, teaching materials, teachers and students), the difficulties that these programs are encountering, and future of Thai language in Vietnam. The research is hoped to be a reliable reference source on the subject matter and give useful contribution to teaching Thai in Asean countries, for the benefit of the official establishment of Asean Community in 2015. [A published shortened version of this paper is also provided in my uploaded list.]

group of scholars, especially across the gap which has heretofore divided researchers of mainland Southeast Asian languages and the Austronesian languages of the Pacific; needed publication of descriptive, theoretical, and historical accounts of these languages, in the first instance in the form of these proceedings volumes; and greater awareness of these languages by non-specialist linguists, many of whom attempt to make universal and typological generalizations about the human language faculty without the important ...

This paper considers the role of Malay language loyalty and loss in South Thailand. The ethnographic material presented is based on the author’s ten years living and working among bilingual urban Malays, and a year making regular visits to rural communities in Narathiwat. One of the few things that informed analysts of South Thailand agree on is that a range of factors contributed to the resumption of violence in 2004. In addition to the role of political legitimacy, there is consensus that progress towards peace is complicated by the involvement of uncivil constituencies from two highly ethnicised religious communities. Despite the importance of ethnoreligious issues this paper argues that ethnolinguistic dynamics⎯specifically language loyalty, loss, and angst⎯have much to contribute to the return of peaceful co-existence and reconciliation. Although religious freedom in Thailand is promised and present, few minority languages in Thailand are strong now than they were before policies promulgated in the 1930s. I introduce the range of positions on the role of language and multi-lingualism in the construction of difference and the achievement of peaceful co-existence. I describe the range mono-lingual and bilingual communities in South Thailand. I also recount the variety of ways that Southern Malays have responded to the decline of Malay and the importance of Thai for those wishing to engage in Thai modernity. There is a need to as informed by ethno-linguistic angst as ethno-religious rebellion.

Aree Manosuthikit’s translation of this short story by renowned Thai writer Wanich Jarungkitanand takes us to the urban slums of Bangkok, where a university student falls in love with a young woman who lives in his neighborhood. A poignant commentary on the social ills facing contemporary Thai society, “We Both Live Here . . . in the Same Soi” is one of Jarungkitanand’s best-known short stories.
https://www.asymptotejournal.com/blog/by/aree-manosuthikit/