Thai Language

This research explores the sociopragmatic functions of selected English loanwords in contemporary Burmese, many of which entered the lexicon during the period of British colonial rule. To do this, it unpacks the functions of selected English loanwords in contemporary Burmese language, with special attention to how these adoptions facilitate politeness, manage face concerns, and navigate delicate power dynamics in academic, business, and personal interactions. Drawing on examples such as sorry, hello, director, company, and democracy, the author argues that certain English borrowings have become pragmatically marked expressions in Burmese, often invoked during socially or politically sensitive exchanges. Rather than serving merely as neutral linguistic imports however, these terms function as tools that allow speakers to subtly shift registers, imply deference, and manage accountability-particularly in situations where directness in Burmese might be socially or politically hazardous. For instance, the use of sorry (pronounced within the allowable framework of Burmese phonetics) is often deployed to defuse interpersonal tension, especially in hierarchical relationships. Similarly, democracy is frequently uttered in public discourse as an aspirational keyword but largely divorced one might argue from any clear grounded local meaning or context. This study adopts an exploratory documentary research methodology, drawing on real-life discourse samples, recorded interviews, and field observations conducted in academic and professional settings in Myanmar. This approach was chosen to unearth the nuanced, often context-dependent nature of pragmatic borrowing and codeswitching, particularly in a multilingual society where language itself bears an imprint of colonial history still reflected in current shifting sociopolitical tides. Finally, by comparing Burmese sociopragmatic usage with parallel examples of words borrowed from English into the Japanese language, the paper contributes to the broader conversation on intercultural communication, speech act theory, and facework across East Asian and Southeast Asian contexts. In this sense it aims to stimulate further inquiry about how language transfer serves not merely lexical needs, but also social negotiation, subtle resistance, and identity performance.

Mainland Southeast Asian languages have been greatly influence from Pali and Sanskrit through the spread of Buddhism. This is reflected both in the writing systems — the major writing systems (Mon, Burmese, Thai, Lao, Khmer, etc.) are all derived from Brahmi— and in the Pali and Sanskrit loanwords that entered into the local vernacular language through the spread of Mahāyāna (Sanskrit) and Theravāda (Pali) Buddhism.
The orthography of Sanskrit and Pali loanwords presents an interesting case of language contact. On the one hand, because the writing systems are themselves derived from the Indian system, Indic loanwords can be easily transliterated into the adapted script with grapheme-to-grapheme correspondence (e.g. Pa. dhamma → Khm. ធម្ម <dha-mma> [tʰŏəm], Burm. ဓမ္မ <dha-mma> [dəma̰]).  On the other hand, since these scripts were adapted for non-Indic languages with distinct phonologies, the phonemic values of Indic-derived graphemes underwent a series of modifications. Over time, while the orthography of Indic loanwords has remained relatively stable, diachronic sound changes have rendered their Indian origins unrecognizable—except through their written forms. This makes Indic loanwords valuable evidence for tracing the sound changes in Southeast Asian languages.
After an introduction to the writing systems, this paper aims to establish a typological survey of how Pali and Sanskrit loanwords are represented in major Mainland Southeast Asian languages influenced by Theravāda Buddhism (Burmese, Mon, Khmer, Thai). This will serve as the basis for future research on the historical phonology in these languages.

៙ « គន្ថនិទ្ទេស » របស់ « ការសាកល្បងរកឫសគល់ និងដំណើរវិវត្តពីភាសាខ្មែរចាស់ ដល់ភាសាខ្មែរទំនើប នៃពាក្យ វ្រៅ និង ឯត្ត  ដូចមានចែងក្នុងនរនាម វ្រៅឯត្ត ក្នុងសិលសាចារឹក K. ១៤១៩ » ។
៙ « ឧបសម្ព័ន្ធរបស់អត្ថបទ “ ការសាកល្បងរកឫសគល់ និងដំណើរវិវត្តពី ភាសាខ្មែរចាស់ ដល់ភាសាខ្មែរទំនើប នៃពាក្យ វ្រៅ និង ឯត្ត  ដូចមានចែងក្នុងនរនាម វ្រៅឯត្ត ក្នុងសិលសាចារឹក K. ១៤១៩ ”៖  ឈ្មោះ “ ពិក័ត ” ទៀនទាំង ៩ របស់សៀម ក្នុងភាសាមួយចំនួន » ។
៙ « ឧបសម្ព័ន្ធរបស់អត្ថបទ “ ការសាកល្បងរកឫសគល់ និងដំណើរវិវត្តពី ភាសាខ្មែរចាស់ ដល់ភាសាខ្មែរទំនើប នៃពាក្យ វ្រៅ និង ឯត្ត  ដូចមានចែងក្នុងនរនាម វ្រៅឯត្ត ក្នុងសិលសាចារឹក K. ១៤១៩ ”៖  កំណត់បន្ថែមអំពីពាក្យ “សៅកែ” » ។
• « Bibliography » of « Attempts to find the roots and evolution from Old Khmer to Modern Khmer of the words vrau and etta as stated in the noun Vrau Etta in the inscription K. 1419 ».
• « Appendix to the article “ Attempts to find the roots and evolution from Old Khmer to Modern Khmer of the words vrau and etta as stated in the noun Vrau Etta in the inscription K. 1419 ”: The names of of the nine Siamese bikăt dīen in some languages ».
• « Appendix to the article « Attempts to find the roots and evolution from Old Khmer to Modern Khmer of the words vrau and etta as stated in the noun Vrau Etta in the inscription K. 1419 »: Additional definition about the word “saukae” ».

การถกเถียงในระดับโลกเกี่ยวกับการบริโภคเนื้อสัตว์ สวัสดิภาพสัตว์ และผลกระทบต่อสิ่งแวดล้อมจากการผลิตปศุสัตว์ มีความเร่ง ด่วนมากขึ้นในขณะที่โลกกำลังมองหาวิธีแก้ปัญหาที่ยั่งยืนต่อการเปลี่ยนแปลงสภาพภูมิอากาศ โรคติดต่อจากสัตว์สู่คน และความ มั่นคงทางอาหาร ความท้าทายนี้ยังรวมถึงคำถามทางจริยธรรมที่กว้างขึ้นว่า มนุษยชาติสามารถปรับการปฏิบัติให้สอดคล้องกับ กรอบเหตุผลเพื่อความผาสุกสากลได้อย่างไร การยึดหลักปรัชญาของคานท์ซึ่งให้ความสำคัญกับเหตุผลในฐานะแรงขับนำทางของ มนุษย์ เน้นถึงความจำเป็นของการเลือกอย่างมีศีลธรรมและไตร่ตรอง ที่ประสานความสำคัญของสิ่งแวดล้อม สังคม และเศรษฐกิจเข้า ด้วยกัน ผลลัพธ์ที่เป็นประโยชน์ต่อทุกฝ่ายสามารถคาดหวังได้จากการสร้างสมดุลอย่างมีเหตุผล ระหว่างลำดับความสำคัญที่มักขัด แย้งกันในการผลิตปศุสัตว์ในประเทศกำลังพัฒนา กับความท้าทายจากการบริโภคเกินความจำเป็นของผลิตภัณฑ์จากสัตว์ในชุมชนที่ มั่งคั่ง

This article proposes a modification to the Tai scripts used to write Pali words in Assam, Northeast India. The oldest Tai alphabets in India had only 17-19 consonants, reflecting the 17-19 consonant sounds in their Tai languages. After Tai peoples were exposed to Pali, their alphabets were expanded so they could represent the 33 consonant sounds in Pali. Thereafter, monks and other writers were able to transcribe and compose Buddhist literature in the Pali language using Tai scripts. More recently, the Sajjhaya Foundation of Thailand has transcribed the Tipitaka in the Tai Ahom, Tai Phake, and Tai Khamti scripts in order to disseminate Buddhist teachings among the Tai peoples of Assam. They further modified the alphabets and orthographies of the Tai Ahom, Tai Phake, and Tai Khamti scripts in order to better represent the sounds of Pali words. These modifications included the addition of some new letters in the third Pali consonant column (ga, ja, da, ba), the fourth Pali consonant column (gha, jha, dha, bha), and the cerebral consonant row (ṭa, ṭha, ḍa, วรรณวิ ทั ศน ḍha, ṇa) or "ṭa" group in order to reflect the number of consonant sounds in Pali. Moreover, they use the mai phaet symbol to clarify the pronunciation of the final consonant and consonant cluster sounds, a further adjustment to the orthography. Even this revised orthography might lead to confusion, so the researchers propose the additional modification of representing consonant clusters using subscripts-a feature familiar to the Tai of Assam-for greater clarity.

Thai universities continue to face challenges in promoting inclusion and supporting marginalized students, particularly those who identify as LGBTQ+. To advance gender inclusion, robust institutional mechanisms are essential. These should ensure equal opportunities, protect rights, and foster the active participation of LGBTQ+ students in both university life and broader society. Additionally, such mechanisms must address barriers to inclusion, encourage open dialogue, involve LGBTQ+ individuals in all university activities, and provide educational tools that promote a culture of inclusivity.

In Thailand, a nation often lauded for its progressive stance on LGBTQ+ issues, university students who identify as LGBTQ+ still navigate a landscape marked by insufficient institutional support. This study explores their social experiences through a dual approach, combining narrative analysis and critical discourse analysis (CDA) based on the framework established by Preston and Hoffman (2015), to uncover the underlying social-psychological, political, and cultural dynamics at play. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with seven LGBTQ+ students, recruited through snowball sampling, and 26 articles from Thai media and university publications were analyzed using CDA. The findings reveal that, despite Thailand's surface-level reputation for tolerance, deeper prejudices persist. These prejudices are often masked by cultural practices like เกรงใจ (kreng jai), which prioritize social harmony over confronting sensitive issues surrounding individual differences and are facilitated by adherence to the concept of เพศ (phet), which contributes to increasingly complicated understandings of gender and sexual identities. As a result, LGBTQ+ students often find themselves marginalized and misunderstood, with their needs overlooked in both academic and social contexts. This research not only sheds light on the complexities of LGBTQ+ student life in Thai universities but also calls for a reevaluation of what true inclusivity means in educational settings. By addressing these challenges, there is potential to transform Thai universities into environments where LGBTQ+ identities are fully supported and embraced.

200 Collocations for IELTS Speaking Band 8 1. technical problem: a problem involving the way a machine or system works 2. be a big deal: to be a thing considered important. 3. jealousy: the state or feeling of being jealous. 4. centre of attention: a person or thing that excites everyone's interest or concern 5. flat broke: be completely out of money 6. throw a party: hold/ organise a party 7. give a farewell party: throw a party for someone who is leaving a job, city, etc 8. wolf something down: eat something very rapidly and in very large pieces 9. scrumptious: delicious 10. to come of age: to reach the age when you are legally considered to be an adult. 11. attach importance to: believe that something is important 12. take pride in: To take satisfaction in, be proud of, or highly value something one owns, has done, or is renowned for 13. end up: to reach a particular place or achieve a situation after other activities 14. on second thoughts: Having reconsidered or revised one's opinion of something

Congenital amusia is a neurogenetic disorder that affects music processing and that is ascribed to a deficit in pitch processing. We investigated whether this deficit extended to pitch processing in speech, notably the pitch changes used to contrast lexical tones in tonal languages. Congenital amusics and matched controls, all non-tonal language speakers, were tested for lexical tone discrimination in Mandarin Chinese (Experiment 1) and in Thai (Experiment 2). Tones were presented in pairs and participants were required to make same/different judgments. Experiment 2 additionally included musical analogs of Thai tones for comparison. Performance of congenital amusics was inferior to that of controls for all materials, suggesting a domain-general pitchprocessing deficit. The pitch deficit of amusia is thus not limited to music, but may compromise the ability to process and learn tonal languages. Combined with acoustic analyses of the tone material, the present findings provide new insights into the nature of the pitch-processing deficit exhibited by amusics.

The paper manages to schematize the tone change reduplication patterns in Vietnamese within the framework of OPTIMALITY THEORY. The problematic issue is the presence of unmarked and marked tonal features in the surface representation. The patterns with the unmarked features surfacing in the outputs are modeled as THE EMERGENCE OF THE UNMARKED. The other patterns with the marked features are distinctive and specific; their models are constructed as *ECHO and representation of pure markedness in DIRECT OPTIMALITY THEORY.

This study investigates whether L2 Mandarin learners can generalize experience with Mandarin tones to unfamiliar tones (i.e., Thai). Three language groups-L1 English/ L2 Mandarin learners (n=18), L1 Mandarin speakers (n=30), L1 monolingual English speakers (n=23)-were tested on the perception of unfamiliar Thai tones on ABX tasks. L2 Mandarin learners and L1 Mandarin speakers perceived Thai tones more accurately than L1 English non-learners. Mandarin learners L1 speakers showed priming on Mandarin tones on a lexical decision task with repetition priming, suggesting L2 tones had been encoded within lexical representations of L2 Mandarin words. However, results must be interpreted cautiously, with an absence of expected priming and presence of unexpected priming. In sum, learners can transfer L2 tone experience to unfamiliar tones, expanding the Feature Hypothesis (McAllister, Flege, & Piske, 2002) to include L2 influence as well. In addition, results indicate a potential disconnect between perception and encoding.

https://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/plc-2020-0007

บทความนี้มีวัตถุประสงค์เพื่อเปรียบเทียบโครงสร้างประโยคในภาษาไทยและภาษาเกาหลี ทั้งในแง่ของความเหมือนและความต่าง อันจะนำไปสู่ความผิดพลาดในการศึกษาภาษาไทยของนักศึกษาเกาหลีและการศึกษาภาษาเกาหลีของนักศึกษาไทย และจะแสดงความคิดเห็นเกี่ยวกับงานวิจัยโครงสร้างประโยคในภาษาเกาหลีและภาษาไทยของ ฌองส์ ฮวัน ซึง (Jung Hwan Seung, 2536) รวมทั้งในตอนท้ายจะนำเสนอแนวความคิดผ่านมุมมองคนไทยซึ่งเป็นของผู้เขียนเอง และนักวากยสัมพันธ์คนอื่น ๆ ประกอบ จึงน่าจะเป็นประโยชน์แก่ผู้เรียนทั้งชาวไทยและชาวเกาหลี หรือผู้สนใจงานวิจัยทางวากยสัมพันธ์

This article aims to comparative study of Thai and Korean syntax in both similarities and difference, that reflect the problems and errors form language interference Thai student and Korean student and aims to review on the research "A Comparative Analysis of Thai and Korean Syntax" of Jung Hwan-Seung (2536), including to the end to present a concept about Thai and Korean syntax of Thai aspect. It would be useful to both in Thai student and Korean student or interested about research of syntax.

Being a Bosnian pioneer in the field of Eastern and comparative philosophy, the author of this essay on understanding is personally dedicated to the cultivation of a new spirit of philosophy that cuts across classical borders and opens its understanding of "universality" to a multitude of cultural and intellectual histories. Paving the way for establishing a platform for an Islamic-Hinduist-Buddhist-Confucian dialogue in the Balkans, while simultaneously joining hands with what has already been done in the meantime by other researchers in this field, and exploring Buddhist, Chinese and Islamic studies in the context of the persisting challenges that India, China, and the Islamic world face, he believes that the broadening of philosophical horizons in this regard will be an exciting experience and a cross-cultural exchange taking into account that dialogue between them is more than necessary today -especially when dialogue increases the effectiveness of listening as the basis for symbiotic coexistence. Also, this essay underlines the importance of a relation between the contemporary Islamic, Chinese, and Buddhist thought and civilisation, as well as the importance of Islamic works in the language of neo-Confucianism, and the rise of an intellectual current in China called Han Kitab and prominent Chinese-Muslim thinkers such as Liu Zhi, Ma Zhu, Wang Daiyu and others. The interaction between the Islamic, Hinduist and Buddhist thought is also stressed in the paper. Finally, the author summarises what he had learned from Tu Weiming, Sachiko Murata, S. H. Nasr and other prominent scholars about the unique blend of Buddhism and Confucianism in their relation with Islam, which has made up its appearance and development in India and China for over one millennium and especially from the seventeenth century onwards. Those acquainted with Islamic languages will find a wealth of terminology that will help bridge the gap between the included philosophical and theological traditions in their quest for global peace. Finally, intersecting worlds and identities, the author presents a common universe of the included discourses, which is today pushed aside by tunnel vision and short-sightedness, in these miserable times of unprecedented parochialism and narrow-mindedness, instead of keeping the matter in these academic tracks, which will inevitably stimulate true intercultural thinking and dialogue between civilisations in relation to globalisation and cultural pluralisation embodying the wisdom of our predecessors in philosophy and creating a world-wide symbiotic society for the 21st century.

This study examines a pair of classifiers in Longdu which show overt definiteness marking. In Longdu, the classifier pair nɛɪː¹¹ and ɑ⁵⁵ gives rise to an indefinite and a definite interpretation respectively. This pair of classifiers is compatible with nouns that denote discrete entities (e.g., apples) or homogeneous substances (e.g., water). The resulting [CLF -N] phrase expresses an accumulation of entities or substances with an underspecified number or amount. I call them 'fuzzy' classifiers, referring to the lack of precise quantity specification. The explicit definiteness marking in this pair of 'fuzzy' classifiers provides a valuable glimpse into the definiteness of classifiers when embedded in different kinds of nominal phrases. I present data showing that the indefinite and definite fuzzy classifiers in Longdu have different properties with respect to the licensing of NP-ellipsis, reduplication, and modification. Only the indefinite fuzzy classifier can license NP-ellipsis and reduplicate, while only the definite fuzzy classifier can appear in a [bare modifier -CLF -N] phrase. I will present evidence which suggests that the presence of two kinds of classifiers with definiteness contrast can be a phenomenon that spans over other Chinese varieties. All Longdu data presented here were gathered in my own fieldwork.

This research has the main objective to study structures that the participants enable to recall when they learn the new lessons in the following semester. For Level of processing is chosen to conduct this research. There are three levels of level of processing including Structural processing, Phonemic processing and Semantics processing. Semantics processing is considered as the level that the students acquire language. For data collection, the participants were 502 university students who studied in the course JPN-102 (Business Japanese 2) taught in the second semester in the academic year 2019 (2/2019) at Thai-Nichi Institute of Technology. For the research instrument, the rating-scale questionnaire was applied to collect data. The statistics used for the analysis were

As insurgency continues in the Thai Southern Border Provinces (SBP), external commentary, overwhelmingly in academia, remains the primary source of suggestions for how Bangkok should proceed. Discussion falls into three major threads, ranging from designating a special status (e.g., autonomy) to improving the efficiency of the “counterterrorism” effort, with the most relevant treatment distinguished by its specific knowledge of the insurgents themselves within the larger SBP context. Though Thai short-term approaches have been adequate, they throw open the long-term possibility of internationalization of the conflict through institutionalizing process at the expense of a search for a viable political solution.

This article challenges the widely accepted Weberian view that modernisation results from espousal of the rational legal system, where legal-rational authority replaces traditional authority as transformative agency. Our contention is that, to the contrary, in certain significant instances occurring in the vanguard of modern development in Asia, monarchy has been the major orchestrator of economic and builtenvironment modernisation. In their interventions, the King of Thailand and Malaysia's Yang di-Pertuan Agong (the Sultan of Johor) have operated either outside or behind the formal laws governing planning and development structures and decisions so as to produce significant outcomes affecting the city and the economy. This contention is based on two case studies from Southeast Asia. The first is urban development in Bangkok, in which the King has played the leading role. The second is the Iskandar Malaysia development region in Johor, where the Sultan (now also the Yang di-Pertuan Agong or Malaysian head of state at the federal level) has played a similar role. These roles go beyond the expectations of a system based on constitutional monarchy and are based on traditional, not legal-rational, notions of royal power.

This study investigates how preschool Thai children comprehend Thai short and long passives with adversative and non-adversative and action and psychological verbs. The results show that preschool children did not comprehend passives well, primarily because of the thematic role reversal in the subjects of passives and actives. Action verbs are acquired earlier and better than psychological verbs. Unlike previous studies of other languages, Thai children comprehend long passives better than short passives with most verb types.

Linguistically, romanization is the task of transforming a non-Latin writing system into Latin script. It is a language-specific task in natural language processing (NLP). Despite standard romanization systems, conventional transcription methods are applied prevalently in many languages. The spellings are thus inconsistent and complicated in some cases. Consequently, statistical approaches are required for an efficient solution on this task. We focus on the name romanization for languages using abugida scripts. Different from an alphabetic system, in an abugida system, consonant letters stand for a syllable with an implicit inherent vowel, and diacritics modify consonant letters to change or depress the inherent vowel. We designed annotation schemes to establish a precise, consistent, and monotonic correspondence between the two different writing systems on grapheme level, through which various machine learning approaches are facilitated. Specifically, we collect and manually align ...

This study analyzes the vocal technique used by Thai singers in Bl series, and aims to demonstrate (empirically, and with exact percentages) that the use of falsetto in Thai soundtracks is pervasive, and is caused by the specific position of the nasopharynx induced by the Thai language. This study also proposes a semantic interpretation on the use of falsetto, and on the musical τοποι that regulate its use. In this study, many songs present in the soundtracks of Thai BL series, and in Thai BL feature movies, are taken into consideration. They have been divided by year and title, with indication of the production and/or distribution companies, the tones and the use (or non-use) of falsetto, or falsettone. Songs from Chinese, Taiwanese, South Korean, Japanese, Burmese, Cambodian, Philipino, Vietnamese, Laotian, Brazilian BL series and feature movies have also been taken into consideration (for comparison purposes). The choice of songs is random. This study is preceded by a first part about the Thai BL phenomenon. This is followed by evaluations of the musical aspects of the songs and the vocal techniques used by the singers. The study concludes with a list of the songs examined and the bibliography.

This paper aims to investigate the Thai monophthong pronunciation of Chinese students speaking Thai as a second language (L2), and to examine how native Thai listeners perceived these Chinese-accented Thai monophthongs. This study involves an acoustic analysis targeted on the Thai monophthongs articulated by Chinese students of Thai (n = 15) in a picture description task in terms of duration and quality. The participants exhibited varying proficiency levels in different monophthongs, with the greatest difficulty being with Thai back monophthongs and certain central monophthongs, including /ɔ, ɔː/, /o, oː/, and /ɤː/. Moreover, a perception experiment among 30 native Thai listeners proved that Chinese students’ pronunciation of Thai monophthongs had varying levels of impact on accentedness perception. Specifically, /ɯ/, /ɤ/, /o/, /ɔ/, and their long counterparts significantly influenced accentedness perception. Conversely, /i/, /e/, /ɛ/, /a/, /u/, and their long counterparts showed less robustness in predicting the level of accentedness. Among the whole Thai monophthong inventory, teachers should prioritize those monophthongs that significantly influence accentedness perception for teaching Thai pronunciation to Chinese students.

The increasing growth of the blog, the virtual community, and social media has directed us to create and use user generated content as our reference in searching for any information. We all become evangelists as we do location tagging, check in, moments upload, pictures sharing, and so on that we think is for our own fun or collection. Culinary places are included in most shared moments that compliment with various qualities of food pictures and comments. In Jakarta, the capital of Indonesia, the culinary business is a fast paced changing one, the mixed culture of Jakarta citizens brings a challenge to cater for, thus competition is hard and only the ones with solid concepts can survive.Smith and Zook (2011) explained that social media opens up new channels of communication which gives marketers direct access to customers and opinion formers. Many studies have shown that opinion leaders can significantly influence consumers. Thus, the research wants to examine the use of opinion leaders, specifically in the culinary business. As a result of an actual experience or interaction with your brand, product, or service, your customers have specific information about your business processes and probably an idea or two on how your business might serve them better 5 in the future. Tap into that and your brand advocates will self-identify .This phenomenological research is conducted using small sample that consists of marketing communication specialists who have extensive experience in the culinary business, food bloggers, foodies, and food editors based in Jakarta. In the findings, the study will reveal the understanding of the concept of "food blogger," "foodie", and "food editor" and also their roles and contribution in presenting the culinary business to consumers. Thus, the study is expected to give insights into how to use opinion leaders and their differences.

ในขณะนี้มีการศึกษาน้อยมากเกี่ยวกับการสอนภาษาเวียดนามในประเทศไทย แม้ว่าภาษาอังกฤษและภาษาจีนจะได้รับการศึกษาอย่างกว้างขวางมากกว่า ในการศึกษาเหล่านี้ยังมีช่องว่างในการพัฒนาวิธีการสอนที่มีประสิทธิภาพสำหรับผู้เรียนไทย ที่อาจจะมีข้อจำกัดในการเรียนรู้ภาษาเวียดนามเนื่องจากความแตกต่างในโครงสร้างภาษาและวัฒนธรรม บทความที่นี้เป็นการศึกษาทบทวนเกี่ยวกับการสอนภาษาเวียดนาทั้งในระดับทฤษฎี และทางปฏิบัตินในการเรียนการสอนภาษาเวียดนามในฐานะเป็นภาษาต่างประเทศประเภทหนึ่งที่ถูกสอนในประเทศไทย บทความนี้ได้มีการทบทวนภาพรวม รวมถึงปัญหาและวิธีการในการสอนภาษาเวียดนามโดยเฉพาะในประเทศไทย ซึ่งมีข้อสังเกตและประเด็นที่น่าสนใจหลายประการที่เกี่ยวข้องกับการศึกษาในบริบทที่คุณพูดถึง การศึกษาในเชิงลึกเกี่ยวกับการสอนภาษาเวียดนามในประเทศไทยมีความสำคัญเพื่อให้เกิดการเข้าใจที่ดีขึ้นเกี่ยวกับวิธีการสอนที่เหมาะสม และสามารถรองรับความท้าทายต่าง ๆ ที่นักเรียนไทยจะต้องเผชิญได้อย่างมีประสิทธิภาพในอนาคต

This study aims to examine children&#39;s knowledge of English consonant cluster in mono and disyllabic spelling skills. It looks at the development of consonant clusters across two grades in the lower primary section of an ESL school. A total of 41 subjects from Grades 2 and 3 participated in the study, with ages ranging from 7 to 9 years. A word dictation test of 30 words was used, in which the subjects had to listen to the words and write the spellings. The test took around 45 minutes. An analysis of the test results showed that the students of Grade 3 are more consistent in their knowledge of consonant clusters than the students of Grade 2. Further, students of both the grades used both phonological as well as orthographic cueing in spelling the words. Of the two cueings, orthographic cueing was more prominent in Grade 3 participants compared to Grade 2 participants

This article contrasts the phonology of English language and Standard Mandarin Chinese language, highlighting some of the phonological differences that may slow down the learning of English by young Chinese students (about 3-12 years old). This article also provides linguistically plausible accounts for some of the difficulties that Chinese students encounter in their English learning process. These difficulties are mainly rooted in English speakers being voicing-distinguishers and Chinese speakers being aspiration-distinguishers. The article concludes with countermeasures to deal with the special difficulties Chinese students face while learning English. The data for this article are taken from previous research and from direct observation of real English classes in China.

This research aims to develop growth mindset indicators and scales for Thai children in five southern border provinces, the procedures are as follows; step 1 Determine indicators for the growth mindset of Thai children in the five southern border provinces, step 2: Examination of indicators of a growth mindset of Thai children in the five southern border provinces, step 3: Examination of measurement models and second-order confirmatory factor analysis of the growth mindset of Thai children, and step 4: Creating norms for measuring the growth mindset of Thai children in the five southern border provinces. The samples were 900 grade 6 students from five southern border provinces. The results showed that Growth mindset indicators of Thai children in the five southern border provinces by grouping together relevant events and synthesizing findings from conceptual studies, theories, and related research have indicators of Growth Mindset 3 components as follows: 1) Effort and Challenge management, 2) Growth from Failure, and 3) self-efficacy. The growth mindset of Thai children in the five southern border provinces has a total of 9 items, (the discrimination index (t value) ranging from 2.86 - 12.08 with statistical significance at the .01 level, reliability (Cronbach coefficient were .726, .742, and .728 respectively). The results of the second-order confirmatory factor analysis of the growth mindset of Thai children showed that the model fit with the empirical data.

This research aims to develop growth mindset indicators and scales for Thai children in five southern border provinces, the procedures are as follows; step 1 Determine indicators for the growth mindset of Thai children in the five southern border provinces, step 2: Examination of indicators of a growth mindset of Thai children in the five southern border provinces, step 3: Examination of measurement models and second-order confirmatory factor analysis of the growth mindset of Thai children, and step 4: Creating norms for measuring the growth mindset of Thai children in the five southern border provinces. The samples were 900 grade 6 students from five southern border provinces. The results showed that Growth mindset indicators of Thai children in the five southern border provinces by grouping together relevant events and synthesizing findings from conceptual studies, theories, and related research have indicators of Growth Mindset 3 components as follows: 1) Effort and Challenge management, 2) Growth from Failure, and 3) self-efficacy. The growth mindset of Thai children in the five southern border provinces has a total of 9 items, (the discrimination index (t value) ranging from 2.86 - 12.08 with statistical significance at the .01 level, reliability (Cronbach coefficient were .726, .742, and .728 respectively). The results of the second-order confirmatory factor analysis of the growth mindset of Thai children showed that the model fit with the empirical data. The norms of the growth mindset of Thai children were settled

This paper is the first to explore tonal phonotactics in the world's natural languages. Zhangzhou Southern Min is theoretically assumed to have 7320 possible syllables but more than 71% of them are not empirically attested. Each lexical tone is logically possible to generate 915 syllables; however, the attested number only ranges from 98 syllables under tone 8 to 392 under tone 1. This study bases on a large corpus to explore how individual tones behave in the formation of attestable syllables, in what way tonal phonotactics occur and what mechanisms have trigged phonotactic constraints from both synchronic and diachronic factors. This study substantially stretches and advances our knowledge of tonal phonotactics as an important phonology phenomenon in this language. The exploration is supposed to serve as a model for thorough investigations of tonal phonotactics in Sinitic languages, shedding important light on the generalization of areal characteristics in Asia that possess rich and complex tonal contrasts. The study also contributes vital linguistics data to the typology of phonotactics in human languages, while enlightening a research direction of using experimental methods to model phonotactic restrictions in speakers' mental grammar and language practice.

งานวิจัยนี้มีวัตถุประสงค์เพื่อศึกษากลวิธีการแปลชื่ออาหารไทยเป็นภาษาญี่ปุ่น โดยวิเคราะห์ข้อมูลจาก เมนูอาหารของร้านอาหารไทยในประเทศญี่ปุ่นเฉพาะภูมิภาคคันโตทั้งหมด 20 ร้าน 203 ชื่ออาหาร 464 ตัวอย่าง ผลการวิเคราะห์พบการใช้กลวิธีการแปลทั้งหมด 8 กลวิธี เรียงลาดับจากมากไปน้อยได้ดังนี้ 1. กลวิธีการแปลแบบทับศัพท์และเพิ่มคำอธิบาย 2. กลวิธีการแปลแบบอธิบายความเพิ่มเติม 3. กลวิธีการแปลโดยใช้ชื่ออาหารที่คนญี่ปุ่นคุ้นเคยและเพิ่มคำอธิบาย 4. กลวิธีการแปลตามความหมายของคำ 5. กลวิธีการแปลโดยใช้การตีความ 6. กลวิธีการแปลโดยใช้คำจำแนกประเภทอย่างกว้าง ๆ 7. กลวิธีการแปลแบบทับศัพท์ และ 8. กลวิธีการแปลแบบละ “ไม่แปล”

คำนำ

พุทธาวตังสกะ มหาไวปุลยสูตร ฉบับแปลจีนโดย
พระศึกษานันทะ (ฉบับ ๘๐ ผูก) ในผูกที่ ๑๔ ปริเฉทที่ ๑๑ มีชื่อว่า โคจรปาริศุทธิวรรค เป็นบทที่ว่าด้วยการดำเนินที่บริสุทธิ์ของพระโพธิสัตว์ทั้งปวง มีเนื้อหากล่าวถึงปณิธานสากลของ
พระโพธิสัตว์เพื่อเป็นแนวทางการตั้งปณิธานหรือการตั้งความปรารถนาดีให้ผู้อื่นในทุกกิจวัตรประจำวันของโพธิสัตว์ ตั้งแต่ตื่นขึ้นจนกระทั่งเข้านอน โดยมีพระมัญชุศรีโพธิสัตว์เป็นผู้แสดงปณิธานอันเป็นไปเพื่อประโยชน์ของสรรพสัตว์ จำนวน ๑๔๑ ข้อ แก่พระปรัชญาศรีโพธิสัตว์ ซึ่งบรรดาบูรพาจารย์ของจีนในอดีตก็ต่างได้นำโคจรปาริศุทธิวรรคนี้ ไปเป็นแบบแผนหนึ่งในการตั้งความปรารถนาเป็นโพธิสัตว์ด้วย

อาตมาภาพได้แปลสู่ภาษาไทยและตีพิมพ์ครั้งที่ ๑ ใน
ปี พ.ศ. ๒๕๔๖ ซึ่งผ่านระยะเวลามานานพอสมควรแล้ว จึงเห็นเป็นโอกาสดีที่จะนำพระสูตรในบทนี้ เผยแพร่อีกครั้งด้วยภาษาที่เข้าใจง่ายขึ้น เพื่อให้สาธุชนที่ศรัทธาในแนวทางของพระโพธิสัตว์ได้ใช้สาธยายอ่านท่องเพื่อตั้งปณิธานปลูกฝังโพธิจิต ประกาศความปรารถนาดีต่อสรรพสัตว์ เพื่อเป็นการปลูกฝังเมล็ดแห่งโพธิในดวงจิตของทุกผู้คนจนงอกงามเป็นร่มโพธิ์ใหญ่แผ่กิ่งก้านให้สรรพสัตว์ทั้งหลายได้ร่มเย็น
 
ขออนุโมทนาและขอบพระคุณอาจารย์ธนกฤต พรหมศิริ
ที่ปรึกษาและคณะทำงานของโครงการแปลพระสูตรมหายานจีนไทยเฉลิมพระเกียรติ ที่ได้ตรวจทาน แก้ไขปรับปรุงเนื้อความ และเพิ่มเติมคำอธิบายศัพท์

หวังว่าหนังสือพุทธาวตังสกะ มหาไวปุลยสูตร โคจร
ปาริศุทธิวรรค นี้จะเป็นอีกหนึ่งเข็มทิศหรือแผนที่ให้ทุกท่านศึกษาและตามรอยพระโพธิสัตว์อย่างถูกต้อง ทั้งเป็นการเตรียมความพร้อมสำหรับการสมาทานศีลโพธิสัตว์ในอนาคต
และอานิสงส์นี้จะส่งผลให้ทุกท่าน ครอบครัว สังคม ประเทศชาติ มวลมนุษยชาติ รวมถึงสรรพสัตว์ทุกภพภูมิเป็นสุขศานติด้วย
โพธิสัตวธรรม เป็นปัจจัยส่งให้ทุกท่านเป็นหน่อเนื้อพุทธางกูร และบรรลุโพธิญาณได้ในกาลเบื้องหน้า


พระวิศวภัทร มณีปัทมเกตุ

Chemical composition of 6 mushrooms (Lentinula edodes, Volvariella volvacea, Pleurotus ostreatus, Pleurotus pulmonarius, Pleurotus eryngii and Pleurotus cystidiosus) used for coconut milk curry production was studied. All mushrooms had high protein and crude fiber. Color, viscosity and acceptance of mushroom-coconut milk curry as affected by different levels of curry paste and coconut milk were also investigated. As curry paste level increased, increase in a* of mushroom-coconut milk curry were found, whereas L* and b* decreased (p<0.05). Mushroom-coconut milk curry with 6.6% of curry paste had the highest score for overall liking (p<0.05) and exhibited high crude fiber content. Effect of coconut milk levels on color, viscosity and acceptance of mushroom-coconut milk curry with 6.6 % curry paste was also monitored. Decreases in L* and a* of all samples when coconut milk increased were observed (p<0.05). The increase in viscosity of sample with increasing coconut milk level was noticeable. Mushroom-coconut milk curry with 15% and 20% of coconut milk had high scores for appearance, color, odor, taste, texture and overall likings (p<0.05). From the results, levels of curry paste and coconut milk affected color, viscosity and acceptability of mushroom-coconut milk curry.

Fan-subtitle movement is a phenomenon that occurs worldwide, not limited to a certain media, language, or country.  Because of language differences between Thai and Japanese, and limited channels for Thai audiences, Thai fan-subtitle movement in Japanese drama emerged. Previous studies on fan-subtitling still concentrated on other aspects besides business. Hence this study will extend to fill the gaps in population, concept, and knowledge in business aspects, by exploring the impact that fan-subtitle had on the industry, involving stakeholders’ opinions, and comparing the phenomenon with related theories. In-depth semi-structured interviews were conducted. The grounded theory approach and thematic analysis were used as the basis for this research. As a result, this study manages to conclude: 1) Fan-subtitling can be considered as a form of presuming as it is an activity that involves both production and consumption, disruptive and processing the characteristics of prosumption. 2) The impact that the fan-subtitle movement caused damage to the industry. 3) Compared Thai Fan-subtitle group with other groups: International fan-subtitle pages and platform workers, there are similarities and differences. 4) To identify what are challenges Japanese studios and platform providers in delivering content to global audiences, intensive resources in finance and workforce are required. Corporations have also to manage cultural differences and copyright infringement issues. This paper also discussed and implied the potential of developing fan-subtitle creators into a new business model, or pathway to make the most benefit to the industry.

Ce memoire propose une etude contrastive non seulement entre la construction factitive faire +Vinf et ses equivalents fonctionnels en thai a l’aide d’un roman francais et sa traduction en thai, mais aussi entre les constructions causatives dans le roman thai donnant lieu a une traduction par la construction factitive faire +Vinf en francais. Les resultats de cette analyse fonctionnelle permettent d’etablir l’eventail des equivalents fonctionnels pour montrer le fonctionnement des mecanismes causatifs dans la litterature linguistique en thai.

This article aims to analyze fixed expressions involving the term “main” in French and “มือ” /mɯː/ in Thai, to explore the underlying conceptual metaphors in these expressions. Body parts, especially when used in expressions, are of paramount importance in human communication as they often convey metaphorical representations. Considering the typological differences between the two languages, it is important to examine the similarities and differences in the conceptual metaphors found in these fixed expressions. Moreover, the culture-specific connotations associated with each community contribute to the literal meaning of these expressions. In other words, body parts can convey distinct metaphorical senses in different languages and cultures, thus eliciting varied reactions among individuals from diverse cultural backgrounds. Through a rigorous analysis based on statistical comparison of corpora from the two languages, we have identified several underlying conceptual metaphors in the fixed expressions analyzed. These results have highlighted the significant influence of cultural factors, such as life experiences and modes of thought, on the similarities of conceptual metaphors used in body-related fixed expressions.

This study adopts the concept of "positive peace" and draws on critical discourse studies to investigate the texts of two Thai activists responding to the 2006 coup d'état and subsequent events in Thailand. The study analyses the Thai texts from a systemic functional linguistic (SFL) perspective to show how the first text challenges the legitimacy of the coup, and how the second text widens the cracks appearing in Thai royalist hegemony. In particular, the study compares the construal of one social actor in the first text published in 2007 with that in the speech of the second activist three years later, highlighting how the meaning of a key word evolved from one of oppression to one of pride.

On August 26, 2015, the Myanmar government passed the Race and Religion Protection Laws or myosaun ubade proposed by Wirathu, founder of The Patriotic Association of Myanmar (Mabatha). This paper analyzes the gender ideologies embedded in the choice of High and Low reference register in Burmese language for women in the Myanmar-Buddhist Women’s Special Marriage Law as part of myosaun ubade. The choice of High register reference term amyothamee (daughter of lineage) in the rhetoric of myosaun ubade evokes a shared anxiety among the public and recruits other ethnic and religious minorities to join in the Burman Buddhist nationalistic agenda. By putting gender at the center of a linguistic analysis, I argue that Burman Buddhist nationalist discourses downplay ethnoreligious diversity and attempt to create a sense of alliance among the citizens of Myanmar.

โครงการวิจัยการประเมินสุขภาวะทางปัญญาในชีวิตและการทำงานของภาคีเครือข่ายธนาคารจิตอาสามีวัตถุประสงค์ 2 ประการ คือ (1) เพื่อศึกษาประสบการณ์การเปลี่ยนแปลงมิติสุขภาวะทางปัญญาในชีวิตและการทำงานของบุคคลที่ผ่านการเข้าร่วมกระบวนการพัฒนาศักยภาพของธนาคารจิตอาสา ตามแนวทาง
วิจัยปรากฏการณ์วิทยา โดยทำการสัมภาษณ์และสนทนากับกลุ่มตัวอย่างจำนวน 21 คน และ (2) เพื่อศึกษาแนวทางการประเมินแนวโน้มการเปลี่ยนแปลงสุขภาวะทางปัญญาในชีวิตและการทำงานของบุคคลที่ผ่านการเข้าร่วมกระบวนการพัฒนาศักยภาพของธนาคารจิตอาสา โดยนำผลจากวัตถุประสงค์ข้อที่ 1 และข้อมูลที่
ได้รับจากการสัมภาษณ์ผู้ทรงคุณวุฒิมาใช้ออกแบบการวิจัยเชิงปฏิบัติการเพื่อพัฒนาเครื่องมือสืบค้นแนวโน้มการเปลี่ยนแปลงสุขภาวะทางปัญญา ผลของการวิจัยพบว่า 11หมุดหมายที่บ่งบอกถึงการเปลี่ยนแปลงมิติสุขภาวะทางปัญญาเรียงตามลำดับ คือ รู้สึกตัว เปิดใจ กลืนไม่เข้าคายไม่ออก เผชิญหน้า เห็นกรอบโลกทัศน์
ศิโรราบ เกิดดวงตาคู่ใหม่ ทำตามบทบาทที่สอดคล้องกับคุณค่า เบิกบานมั่นคง ยังประโยชน์ และดำเนินชีวิตที่สัมพันธ์เชื่อมโยง โดยรูปแบบการสืบค้นควรเป็น
การสนทนาด้วยคำถามชวนคุยแบบเปิดกว้าง ต่อด้วยการถามตามหมุดหมายทีละอัน แล้วจึงสรุปปิดถึงการเปลี่ยนแปลงที่ปรากฏจากประเด็นที่สนทนา

ซึ่งข้อควรระวัง คือ
การนำเครื่องมือไปใช้ในการตัดสินประเมินความดีของผู้อื่น และเพื่อให้เครื่องมือนี้เกิดความสมบูรณ์ยิ่งขึ้นและใช้งานได้จริงในบริบทที่แตกต่างกัน
คณะผู้วิจัยมีข้อเสนอแนะ คือ ควรมีการจัดเก็บข้อมูลกับกลุ่มบุคคลจาก
หลากหลายวิชาชีพจำนวน 100 ขึ้นไป การจัดทำหลักสูตรเพื่อสร้างวิธีการและ
คณะทำงานที่จะสามารถใช้งานเครื่องมือนี้ได้อย่างเป็นระบบ
การทดลองใช้เครื่องมือนี้กับผู้คนในวงกว้าง และจัดประชุมหารือร่วมกับผู้จัด
กระบวนการถึงความเป็นไปได้ในการนำเครื่องมือไปใช้งานจริง

Bài nghiên cứu này có mục đích để phân tích vấn đề phát âm thanh điệu tiếng Thái của người Việt Nam ba vùng miền. Giao thoa ngôn ngữ chính là nguyên nhân có ảnh hưởng đến vấn đề phát âm thanh điệu tiếng Thái của người Việt Nam ba vùng miền. Còn nhân tố về phương ngữ có ảnh hưởng đến vấn đề phát âm thanh điệu tiếng Thái khác nhau của người Việt Nam mỗi vùng miền. Thanh thô /3/ là một thanh duy nhất gây khó khăn về phát âm cho người Việt Nam ba vùng miền vì đặc trưng của nó không xuất hiện trong hệ thống thanh điệu tiếng Việt. Thanh tri /4/ gây khó khăn về phát âm nhiều nhất riêng cho người miền Bắc Việt Nam. Trong khi thanh tri /4/ và thanh chặt-tạ-va /5/ gây khó khăn về phát âm cho người miền Trung Việt Nam. Còn thanh xả-măn /1/ và thanh ệk /2/ gây khó khăn riêng cho người miền Nam Việt Nam. Kết quả nghiên cứu này có thể giúp cải thiện việc giảng dạy tiếng Thái nói chung, cách phát âm thanh điệu tiếng Thái nói riêng cho người Việt Nam cả ba vùng miền.

This article reports the investigation of a set of experimental teaching activities that combine accuracy with fluency-based tasks as a part of a pronunciation class. The approach involves segmental training of the English plosive consonants by Spanish speakers. The 15 low-intermediate/intermediate participants in this study were enrolled in an English course at a university in Argentina. Data were elicited using a battery of tasks. Analyses of pre-and posttest scores revealed that although there was improvement in controlled settings, the participants showed the least advancement in free communicative contexts. Recommendations based on these findings are provided in the hope that pronunciation instructors may give more attention to this neglected area in mainstream ELT instruction.

Hang Thi-Diem Ngo and Trong-Nghia Tran

This chapter looks at the institutional transformation of higher education institutions (HEIs) through the case study of the program training Vietnamese language for international students in contemporary Vietnam. The investigation focuses on a HEI in the South of Vietnam, the birth and development of its Vietnamese Studies program, in which the role of Vietnamese language education has been key to the department’s success. The study is set in the context of post Doi Moi opening, with the surge of market-based economic, social mobility and globalization, evident in the increase of international student mobility to Vietnam. The chapter unpacks the practices of HEI who put effort in changing for good, including curriculum development, textbook writing, research collaboration, leadership innovation, and so on. Framing and linking these practices with the larger economic and social movements, the chapter highlights the creative and active agency of Vietnamese HEIs and their teachers in embracing the change and accommodating the demand of language education from those who come to Vietnam for work, travel, or education. Yet, it also points out the challenges of change and the stress on implementing changes. The chapter reveals how institutions can position themselves for opportunities and success through institutional transformation. It argues that HEIs in Vietnam can be proactive agents in conducting transformation for internationalization with the use of its national language programs. Despite the dual nature of these practices, it opens up the opportunities for a much more globally connected education system, where an emerging country like Vietnam can amplify its voice.

Jin Ping Mei is an erotic Ming-era novel that was banned in China for a long period of time. When the controversial Jin Ping Mei entered Thailand, it was translated into three versions namely: Gim Bang Buai by Sinosiam. Dok Moei Nai Chaekan Thong by Nian Gurmarohita. And Buppha Nai Kunthi Thong by Chote Phraephan, a famous writer. This article is about the journey that Jin Ping Mei took from China to Thailand. Details are given from both the perspective of the source text of Jin Ping Mei, and the perspective of its three Thai translations, covering its mysterious author and important versions of Jin Ping Mei, how it was banned and unbanned, the translators of the three Thai translations, the versions which each translator chose as their source text, and how Jin Ping Mei was presented in the three respective translations.