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complement is a daughter to X’, and sister to the head. Using the model in (98), we can draw a

Figure 12 complement is a daughter to X’, and sister to the head. Using the model in (98), we can draw a

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Figure 1 summarizes the idea that middle and ergative verbs are distinct categories as below: (1984) categorize ergative verbs as intransitive, while middle verbs are categorized as transitive.
Figure 1 summarizes the idea that middle and ergative verbs are distinct categories as below: (1984) categorize ergative verbs as intransitive, while middle verbs are categorized as transitive.
Another difference between Thongteang’s Thai patient-subject construction and t issive construction is that animate or inanimate NPs can be the subject of passive as showr in (22). In contrast, only inanimate NPs tend to occur in the patient-subject construction, as shown
Another difference between Thongteang’s Thai patient-subject construction and t issive construction is that animate or inanimate NPs can be the subject of passive as showr in (22). In contrast, only inanimate NPs tend to occur in the patient-subject construction, as shown
yperties of the patient NPs. He represents the schematic structure of patient-subject
yperties of the patient NPs. He represents the schematic structure of patient-subject
Based on (24a-f), the initial subjects have to be definite i.e. a proper noun or commor
Based on (24a-f), the initial subjects have to be definite i.e. a proper noun or commor
claims that the patient-subject construction derives an intransitive verb from the original transitive
claims that the patient-subject construction derives an intransitive verb from the original transitive
Pothipath mentions that Thepkanjana (1986)’s analysis does not cover the causative victory finally.”
Pothipath mentions that Thepkanjana (1986)’s analysis does not cover the causative victory finally.”
“The government announcing that 12-15" April is an annual official holiday
“The government announcing that 12-15" April is an annual official holiday
The suffix -idw syntactically affects the arguments of a verb because the sentence pattern verb stem with passive morphology.
The suffix -idw syntactically affects the arguments of a verb because the sentence pattern verb stem with passive morphology.
The subject mayr “mother” in (56a) is the subject and agent of the verb /van “wash” ar
The subject mayr “mother” in (56a) is the subject and agent of the verb /van “wash” ar
kind of operation is the causative. The causative or agent-adding operation is an event-changing
kind of operation is the causative. The causative or agent-adding operation is an event-changing
shown in (81a), and the variation of the order does not affect the meaning of the sentence. does not agree with [i/ fou libro],p, but rather agrees with the subject jo “I”. contrast, [i! tou libro],p “your book” in (80) is the topic of the sentence, the auxiliary verb ho “have” have the morpheme -das which is the plural feminine agreement morpheme in Spanish. The gender of Las casas “the house” in (79) is feminine, thus the verb vendi “sell” must
shown in (81a), and the variation of the order does not affect the meaning of the sentence. does not agree with [i/ fou libro],p, but rather agrees with the subject jo “I”. contrast, [i! tou libro],p “your book” in (80) is the topic of the sentence, the auxiliary verb ho “have” have the morpheme -das which is the plural feminine agreement morpheme in Spanish. The gender of Las casas “the house” in (79) is feminine, thus the verb vendi “sell” must
Rizzi (1997) proposes that Topic and Focus are in the different projection. He situates what type of the sentence is: question, command, dative, etc. The next projection is the topic
Rizzi (1997) proposes that Topic and Focus are in the different projection. He situates what type of the sentence is: question, command, dative, etc. The next projection is the topic
Table 3 Topic and Focus markers
Table 3 Topic and Focus markers
Table 4 The differences of Topic and Focus not have the stress and cannot be quantificational element. On the other hand, Focus has FocP
Table 4 The differences of Topic and Focus not have the stress and cannot be quantificational element. On the other hand, Focus has FocP
as below:
as below:
Now we can make the diagram of SIINPs in Thai in figure 11. grammatical. Thus, with woods is the adjunct of the sentence. block is the argument of the sentence. In contrast, if with woods is omitted, the sentence is stil
Now we can make the diagram of SIINPs in Thai in figure 11. grammatical. Thus, with woods is the adjunct of the sentence. block is the argument of the sentence. In contrast, if with woods is omitted, the sentence is stil
In diagnostic 5, | will test constructions with progressive construction, and adverbial c Diagnostics 5: adverbial test while | add the agent in the passive construction (12b), the sentence is still grammatical. Thus In (12a), | add the agent ndonc' aaj “brother” in the sentence and the sentence is strange but
In diagnostic 5, | will test constructions with progressive construction, and adverbial c Diagnostics 5: adverbial test while | add the agent in the passive construction (12b), the sentence is still grammatical. Thus In (12a), | add the agent ndonc' aaj “brother” in the sentence and the sentence is strange but
subject of a middle construction, and two they can be the topic of the sentence. In this chapter In this section, | will demonstrate my hypothesis for the middle construction which consists In chapter 1, | proposed that SIINPs in Thai have two statuses. One, they can be the
subject of a middle construction, and two they can be the topic of the sentence. In this chapter In this section, | will demonstrate my hypothesis for the middle construction which consists In chapter 1, | proposed that SIINPs in Thai have two statuses. One, they can be the
Table 5 Empirical differences between Thai middles and passives Keyser and Roeper (1984) observed that middles require an adverbial. The Thai examples in (1) and (3), like middles cross-linguistically, are unacceptable without adverbials, as
Table 5 Empirical differences between Thai middles and passives Keyser and Roeper (1984) observed that middles require an adverbial. The Thai examples in (1) and (3), like middles cross-linguistically, are unacceptable without adverbials, as
This suggests that the sentences (1) and (3) are not covert passive constructions as Sinlapasan and Thonglor proposed. | have proposed that they have the structural and semantic
This suggests that the sentences (1) and (3) are not covert passive constructions as Sinlapasan and Thonglor proposed. | have proposed that they have the structural and semantic
Table 6 Empirical difference between Thai middles and passives (adverbial requirements) semantics, expressing sentences that are generally true, as opposed to describing particular
Table 6 Empirical difference between Thai middles and passives (adverbial requirements) semantics, expressing sentences that are generally true, as opposed to describing particular
The data below provides further evidence for this semantic distinction; the proposec Table 7 Semantic properties of subject between Thai middles and passives niddle constructions in (12) are unacceptable with a particular time adverbial like mfa waan nii yesterday”, unlike passive constructions, as shown in (13). The example (10) and (11) suggest that the middle subject has generic semantics while
The data below provides further evidence for this semantic distinction; the proposec Table 7 Semantic properties of subject between Thai middles and passives niddle constructions in (12) are unacceptable with a particular time adverbial like mfa waan nii yesterday”, unlike passive constructions, as shown in (13). The example (10) and (11) suggest that the middle subject has generic semantics while
We also can test for a generic meaning using an additional diagnostic - the
We also can test for a generic meaning using an additional diagnostic - the
Whether or not the middle operation decreases the number of arguments depends on the definition of “argument” adopted. If only NPs account “ Whether or not the middle operation decreases the number of arguments depends on the definition of “argument” adopted. If only NPs account as arguments then it decreases the number of argument. If the manner adverbial is also accounted as an argument, then the total number of arguments remaine the cama
Whether or not the middle operation decreases the number of arguments depends on the definition of “argument” adopted. If only NPs account “ Whether or not the middle operation decreases the number of arguments depends on the definition of “argument” adopted. If only NPs account as arguments then it decreases the number of argument. If the manner adverbial is also accounted as an argument, then the total number of arguments remaine the cama
First | will use the conjunction test to show that the SIINP and verb do not form «
First | will use the conjunction test to show that the SIINP and verb do not form «
‘The product set ‘Forget me not’ sells well and find easily.” | will also show that the [SIINP V] do not pass the movement test as shown in (27). Since the middle subject can be topicalized which is marked by the topic marker nii (I will discus
‘The product set ‘Forget me not’ sells well and find easily.” | will also show that the [SIINP V] do not pass the movement test as shown in (27). Since the middle subject can be topicalized which is marked by the topic marker nii (I will discus
the SIINP is a specifier of VP which | will assume is the subject position. Second, in both (i) an
the SIINP is a specifier of VP which | will assume is the subject position. Second, in both (i) an
“The product set “Forget me not” sells really well.”
“The product set “Forget me not” sells really well.”
osition is filled by the SIINPy4eme and the higher Spec position is filled by a null generic operator
osition is filled by the SIINPy4eme and the higher Spec position is filled by a null generic operator
both topics are represented below: ?-Adjunct topics. | will discuss this in more detail in the following sections. The structures o1 “this” while the topics in (39b-c) and (40a-b) do not occur with topic markers. | divide topics into CP-Adjunct is, the topic which is in Spec-TopP allow only one topic, while you may have multiple
both topics are represented below: ?-Adjunct topics. | will discuss this in more detail in the following sections. The structures o1 “this” while the topics in (39b-c) and (40a-b) do not occur with topic markers. | divide topics into CP-Adjunct is, the topic which is in Spec-TopP allow only one topic, while you may have multiple
topicalized topics, (44) for unmarked base-generated topics.
topicalized topics, (44) for unmarked base-generated topics.
We have seen the structure of unmarked topics, | will present marked topics in the next base-generated topic constructions. This suggests that they are CP-Adjuncts. | present diagrams
We have seen the structure of unmarked topics, | will present marked topics in the next base-generated topic constructions. This suggests that they are CP-Adjuncts. | present diagrams
that contrastive and normal topic can co-occur as shown in (53). the topics have membership relation, we need to order the position correctly. Next, | will show
that contrastive and normal topic can co-occur as shown in (53). the topics have membership relation, we need to order the position correctly. Next, | will show
According to (53), this suggests that the contrastive topic markers is in contrastive TopP | will show that these two different types of topic can co-occur. The data in (55) and (56) show
According to (53), this suggests that the contrastive topic markers is in contrastive TopP | will show that these two different types of topic can co-occur. The data in (55) and (56) show
diagnostics presented in this section can be summarized by the table below:
diagnostics presented in this section can be summarized by the table below:
construction in (61).
construction in (61).
subject burii is moved from Spec-VP to Spec-TopP to be a topic of the sentence, and marked by the topic marker nii. This agrees with Hoonchamloong (1991) who suggests that either subject
subject burii is moved from Spec-VP to Spec-TopP to be a topic of the sentence, and marked by the topic marker nii. This agrees with Hoonchamloong (1991) who suggests that either subject
However, adjoined topics can merge either at the CP-level or the TopP level.
However, adjoined topics can merge either at the CP-level or the TopP level.
“Yesterday, a mouse/mice came in the kitchen. Today, the mouse/mice disappear.” ° Piriyawiboon (2010:6), she suggests that Thai nominals have vague semantics of number and definition because Thai nominals argume! nuu “mouse/mice” in (a) refers to the kind of mice while, nuu in (b) refers to the general habit of mice. In (c), nuu refers to an indefinite
“Yesterday, a mouse/mice came in the kitchen. Today, the mouse/mice disappear.” ° Piriyawiboon (2010:6), she suggests that Thai nominals have vague semantics of number and definition because Thai nominals argume! nuu “mouse/mice” in (a) refers to the kind of mice while, nuu in (b) refers to the general habit of mice. In (c), nuu refers to an indefinite
“Plaid (shirt), | wore it often when | was living abroad.”
“Plaid (shirt), | wore it often when | was living abroad.”
“This brand, | have used 10 bottles continually.”
“This brand, | have used 10 bottles continually.”
“With 25,000 baht salary, one can get a loan for approximately 1.5 million baht.”
“With 25,000 baht salary, one can get a loan for approximately 1.5 million baht.”
Related topics:
SyntaxMorphologyThai LanguageMiddle Voice
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