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consolidation, and the bureaucratisation of administration were pursued throughout Siam. This has been described as Chulalongkorn’s policy of “internal colonialism” (Wan Kadir Che Man, 1990a, p. 7), through which he attempted to avoid being colonised by either Britain or France. On March 10, 1909 Chulalongkorn signed the Anglo-Siamese Treaty which ceded Kelantan, Terengganu, Perlis and parts of Kedah to the United Kingdom. In return, the British recognised Siamese authority over the regions situated further north, and parts of Kedah that are parts of Thai provinces of Satun and Trang (see Marks, 1997; Nik Anuar Nik Mahmud, 1988; Suwannathat-Pian, 1988).

Figure 4 consolidation, and the bureaucratisation of administration were pursued throughout Siam. This has been described as Chulalongkorn’s policy of “internal colonialism” (Wan Kadir Che Man, 1990a, p. 7), through which he attempted to avoid being colonised by either Britain or France. On March 10, 1909 Chulalongkorn signed the Anglo-Siamese Treaty which ceded Kelantan, Terengganu, Perlis and parts of Kedah to the United Kingdom. In return, the British recognised Siamese authority over the regions situated further north, and parts of Kedah that are parts of Thai provinces of Satun and Trang (see Marks, 1997; Nik Anuar Nik Mahmud, 1988; Suwannathat-Pian, 1988).

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Map 2.2 Trans-peninsula trade routes Source: Jacq-Hergoualc’h (2002: Document 17)
Map 2.2 Trans-peninsula trade routes Source: Jacq-Hergoualc’h (2002: Document 17)
Table 2.1. Administrative organisation of Patani/Pattani from 1500 sultanas.'> Upon the death of the heirless Sultana Kuning, a member of the Kelantan royal family was installed as the first ruler of the Kelantan Dynasty which lasted until 1729 (Wan Kadir Che Man, 1994, p. 117). Patani’s economic demise began in the late 1680s, as a result of ongoing power struggles between members of the mercantile class, or orang kaya, and the new Kelantanese rulers. Not only did the resultant disruptions to trade lead many merchants to choose alternate ports, Portuguese and Dutch ascendancy in the wider region from the 1640s also altered trading patterns that further eroded Patani’s economy.
Table 2.1. Administrative organisation of Patani/Pattani from 1500 sultanas.'> Upon the death of the heirless Sultana Kuning, a member of the Kelantan royal family was installed as the first ruler of the Kelantan Dynasty which lasted until 1729 (Wan Kadir Che Man, 1994, p. 117). Patani’s economic demise began in the late 1680s, as a result of ongoing power struggles between members of the mercantile class, or orang kaya, and the new Kelantanese rulers. Not only did the resultant disruptions to trade lead many merchants to choose alternate ports, Portuguese and Dutch ascendancy in the wider region from the 1640s also altered trading patterns that further eroded Patani’s economy.
Patani’s vassal relationship with Ayutthaya ceased with Ayutthaya’s defeat by the Burmese in 1767. In 1785, soon after the inauguration of the Bangkok period, the first ruler of the Chakri dynasty (Rama I) annexed Patani. Patani’s palace, main town (PM. bana, SM. bandar) and port located around the present-day Kruset mosque were all completely destroyed (Map 2.3). A 50-year period followed during which a number of brutal campaigns between Patani and Bangkok were waged.!* After brief spells in Kelantan and Pujut, the raja built a palace and mosques were rebuilt in Cabetigo. 14 For more on this period see Bradley (2009a, pp. 114-188, 2009b, 2010).
Patani’s vassal relationship with Ayutthaya ceased with Ayutthaya’s defeat by the Burmese in 1767. In 1785, soon after the inauguration of the Bangkok period, the first ruler of the Chakri dynasty (Rama I) annexed Patani. Patani’s palace, main town (PM. bana, SM. bandar) and port located around the present-day Kruset mosque were all completely destroyed (Map 2.3). A 50-year period followed during which a number of brutal campaigns between Patani and Bangkok were waged.!* After brief spells in Kelantan and Pujut, the raja built a palace and mosques were rebuilt in Cabetigo. 14 For more on this period see Bradley (2009a, pp. 114-188, 2009b, 2010).
Related topics:
Historical AnthropologySoutheast Asian StudiesThai StudiesIslamic Contemporary StudiesSanskrit language and literatureThai HistoryIslam in the Southeast AsiaMalay WorldMuslims in Southern ThailandIndian Ocean World
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