Sustainable Processing

Consumer goods manufacturers aiming to reduce the environmental impact associated with their products commonly pursue incremental change strategies, but more radical approaches may be required if we are to address the challenges of sustainable consumption. One strategy to realize step change reductions is to prepare a portfolio of innovations providing different levels of impact reduction in exchange for different levels of organizational resource commitment. In this research a tool is developed to support this strategy, starting with the assumption that through brainstorming or other eco-innovation approaches, a long-list of candidate innovations has been created. The tool assesses the potential greenhouse gas benefit of an innovative option against the difficulty of its implementation. A simple greenhouse gas benefit assessment method based on streamlined LCA was used to analyze impact reduction potential, and a novel measure of implementation difficulty was developed. The predictions of implementation difficulty were compared against expert opinion, and showed similar results indicating the measure can be used sensibly to predict implementation difficulty. The assessment of the environmental gain versus implementation difficulty is visualized in a matrix, showing the trade-offs of several options. The tool is deliberately simple -with scalar measures of CO 2 emissions benefits and implementation difficulty -so tool users must remain aware of other potential environmental burdens besides greenhouse gases (e.g. water, waste). In addition, although relative life cycle emissions benefits of an option may be low, the absolute impact of an option can be high and there may be other co-benefits, which could justify higher levels of implementation difficulty. Different types of consumer products (e.g. household, personal care, foods) have been evaluated using the tool. Initial trials of the tool within Unilever demonstrate that the tool facilitates rapid evaluation of low-carbon innovations.

The cold sintering process (CSP) has emerged as a groundbreaking alternative to conventional high-temperature sintering methods, enabling the densification of materials at significantly lower temperatures, typically below 400°C. By utilizing a combination of mechanical pressure, transient liquid phases, and controlled chemical interactions, CSP significantly minimizes energy consumption and preserves the integrity of temperature-sensitive materials, including polymers, nanocomposites, and hybrid systems. This review comprehensively examines the current state of CSP, emphasizing its advantages in energy-efficient manufacturing, material compatibility, and process versatility. Despite its transformative potential, CSP faces several critical challenges, including the need for a deeper understanding of its fundamental mechanisms, process control limitations, scalability constraints, and material-specific densification behaviors. The requirement for post-annealing to remove residual solvents or enhance crystallinity further complicate industrial adoption, as seen in CSP-processed solid-state electrolytes and polymer-ceramic composites. The review explores the role of solvent-mediated mass transport, pressure-assisted diffusion, and interfacial bonding in CSP, highlighting the necessity of advanced characterization techniques and computational modeling for optimizing processing parameters. Furthermore, integrating CSP with emerging technologies such as additive manufacturing, biomedical engineering, energy storage, sustainable manufacturing, and advanced electronics presents promising opportunities for expanding its industrial applications. Future research must focus on improving reproducibility, enhancing process automation, and exploring novel material systems compatible with CSP. Addressing these challenges will unlock the full potential of CSP for sustainable, high-performance material fabrication. This review serves as a comprehensive resource for researchers and industry professionals, outlining key research directions and innovations required to advance CSP from laboratory-scale development to widespread industrial adoption.

End-of-life vehicle (ELV) waste management and its immeasurable environmental impacts are the subjects of global concern. This study proposes a new concept of a processing framework to utilise ELV waste from automotive to construction industries by starting a new trend of circular economy applications to improve ELV recyclability. The research focuses on building a strong collaboration between automotive and construction industries to manage ELV waste in Malaysia. A systematic review approach based on classification and comparison methods was utilised to synthesise the findings through critical analysis. The concept was developed on the basis of existing ELV policies and legislation, processing framework, waste management and recycling possibilities for converting ELVs into building products. The findings corroborate that ELV waste in the dismantling and shredding operations can be utilised by the construction industry. The analysis and proposed framework established a source of information that provides a new paradigm for prioritising building product development and related policies in Malaysia. This research will provide a viable option for reducing the disposal problems and curbing the dependence on raw materials in Malaysia.

End-of-life vehicles (ELV) management is becoming a global concern in the automotive industry. However, there is still limited study on supply chain optimisation that focusses on specific ELV treatments. Therefore, this mini-review article analyses the supply chain optimisation for recycling and remanufacturing sustainable management in ELV. A total of 51 papers were reviewed from the year 2016 to 2021. The key topics in each article were assessed and classified into various themes, followed by the content analysis. The percentage breakdown for the six main themes are ELV recovery management system (37.25%), reverse logistic network design (29.41%), ELV economy analysis (15.69%), government regulation or subsidies (7.84%), ELV quantity forecast (5.88%) and ELV part design (3.92%). It can be concluded that ELV recovery management and reverse logistic network design are the top two key focusses of supply chain optimisation priorities that have been extensively applied to improve ELV development. The literature gap has shown that the study on remanufacturing in the ELV supply chain is minimal compared to recycling. The classification of ELV recycling and remanufacturing supply chain optimisation in this study will be beneficial in supporting real-life problem-solving for industrial applications. This study serves as a valuable reference guide to identifying more sustainable solutions in ELV management and promoting the critical focus area for academicians and industry players.

The usage of natural mines and materials is rapidly increasing in parallel to population growth and industrial developments. It is very important for future generations that the materials used are transported to landfills and protected from mineral resources by preventing them from being thrown into the environment. Separation of materials produced from different metals as much as possible, production of new materials, protection of mineral resources, and reduction of environmental pollution is also very important in economic terms. In addition to legal sanctions for the recycling of metals and other resources, voluntary organizations are making efforts in this regard. For the ones with high production and cost value at the beginning of recycled materials, more successful results are obtained. In the aluminium recycling plant, the collection and disassembly of the vehicle engines and vehicle transmissions are used in the domestic and abroad, and the dismantling of the aluminium allo...

End-of-life vehicle (ELV) waste management and its immeasurable environmental impacts are the subjects of global concern. This study proposes a new concept of a processing framework to utilise ELV waste from automotive to construction industries by starting a new trend of circular economy applications to improve ELV recyclability. The research focuses on building a strong collaboration between automotive and construction industries to manage ELV waste in Malaysia. A systematic review approach based on classification and comparison methods was utilised to synthesise the findings through critical analysis. The concept was developed on the basis of existing ELV policies and legislation, processing framework, waste management and recycling possibilities for converting ELVs into building products. The findings corroborate that ELV waste in the dismantling and shredding operations can be utilised by the construction industry. The analysis and proposed framework established a source of information that provides a new paradigm for prioritising building product development and related policies in Malaysia. This research will provide a viable option for reducing the disposal problems and curbing the dependence on raw materials in Malaysia.

An ELV is a vehicle that has reached the end of its service life or service due to age or because it is unable to be used due to a catastrophic accident and high repair costs. The current methods of destroying ELV vehicles are unregistered, disassembly, destruction, and disassembly. Each procedure must adhere to predetermined guidelines. The purpose of this study is to conduct a survey of dietary knowledge about end-of-life vehicles (ELVs) in Indonesia. As a result, the purpose of this research is to learn about ELV laws and their implementation in countries that have done so successfully, as well as to learn about public perception of ELV application in Indonesia. A literature search of ELV laws in neighboring countries was conducted, as well as a survey of 98 respondents in Jakarta, Bogor, Depok, Tangerang, and Bekasi. SPSS was used to analyze the survey results. The questions in this study were divided into four sections: respondents' backgrounds; knowledge of ELV; concerns a...

In a contemporary scenario, the ‘reduce, reuse, and recycle’ is extended to 10 ‘R’s as per the studies conducted earlier. Agriculture, industry, packing, transportation, human settlements and other sectors’ resources are either utilised as alternatives or partial substitutes in the construction industry. In current study, the authors investigate different applications of materials and components recovered or deconstructed from the End-of-Life Vehicles (ELV) in architecture and civil industries. The authors used thematic analysis in this study. The methods used in building the envelope and interiors and the manufacturing of construction materials were used to categorise the application of secondary resources, mined from the scrapped vehicles. The findings suggest that re-contextualizing the disassembled ELV components necessitates thinking skills that transcend the standard frames of reference and ways to convert the concepts into real-world situations. Upcycling or upgrading the sec...

Considering rapid economic development and continuously increasing environmental concerns, end-of-life vehicles (ELVs) have significant socioeconomic value as a crucial waste stream. The research relating to ELVs has rapidly evolved over the last few years. However, existing review studies focus on specific research themes, and thus, fail to present a complete picture. Hence, this research intends to explain the current research scenario relating to ELVs by reviewing the critical published studies of the last 22 years. A total of 1405 research publications were extracted from the Scopus database covering the period from 2000 to 2021. Mainly employing bibliometric analysis techniques, this research analyzes the quantity of literature, researchers, institutions, countries, and research themes to understand the current status and future trends in ELV recycling and management. The results revealed a considerable rise in the number of articles published in the last five years. The key pr...

An ELV is a vehicle that has reached the end of its service life or service due to age or because it is unable to be used due to a catastrophic accident and high repair costs. The current methods of destroying ELV vehicles are unregistered, disassembly, destruction, and disassembly. Each procedure must adhere to predetermined guidelines. The purpose of this study is to conduct a survey of dietary knowledge about end-of-life vehicles (ELVs) in Indonesia. As a result, the purpose of this research is to learn about ELV laws and their implementation in countries that have done so successfully, as well as to learn about public perception of ELV application in Indonesia. A literature search of ELV laws in neighboring countries was conducted, as well as a survey of 98 respondents in Jakarta, Bogor, Depok, Tangerang, and Bekasi. SPSS was used to analyze the survey results. The questions in this study were divided into four sections: respondents' backgrounds; knowledge of ELV; concerns a...

Today, when people think of the environmental impacts of ELTs (end-of-life tyres), they mostly focus on the management of tyres at the end of their useful lives. Globally, an estimated one billion tyres reach the end of their useful lives every year. It is observed from literature that about 4 billion ELTs are currently in landfills and stockpiles worldwide and are disposed to unknown and illegal routes. It is also revealed that most of the countries currently are not experienced with the disposal of ELT with the framing of specific law or regulation to the disposal of ELT management. Hence ELT created a massive waste in management system which intern modified our environment. Recently it is obvious that should find out alternative ways as to reduce the massive ELT waste.This study has been designed to manage ELTs massive waste by experiment. In that reason we needed to set up an experimental set up to observe the real phenomena of ELT for passive cooling in hot humid and tropical climate and that compare with conventional construction materials and systems. Experimental setup foundations are constructed by using ELTs and other conventional foundation materials at IIUM (Gombak) campus. This paper presents the results, analysis and recommendations from the experimental tests and outputs.

This study focuses on the recycling of massive waste materials and their thermal impact to buildings, which then adapt the indoor thermal environment. It is observed that the role of construction materials modify the building interior and consequently regulates the indoor thermal environment and focus on the reduction of energy consumption at large. The rapid growth of energy consumption has raised concerns in worldwide. This has caused mainly the exhaustion of energy resources. Efficient employs of energy play a vital role in minimizing the energy usage. Having in mind the aim to seek for contextual alternative building material from waste to obtain continuing improvement in building energy performance, then this study has been designed to do experiments on locally available massive waste material (end-of-life tires, or ELTs) and investigate its thermal impact on indoor energy management strategy. For that reason, it is needed to set up an experiment to observe the role of ELT for ...

Seaweeds are promising feedstocks; nevertheless, the lack of systematic approaches to recover different high-value fractions in a clean and sustainable mode hampers their exploitation. Due to this necessity, an innovative environmentally friendly strategy was proposed in this article for the development of a sugar platform from Gelidium sesquipedale: for the first time, autohydrolysis followed by enzymatic saccharification (with cellulolytic and agarolytic cocktails) was applied to agarophyte seaweeds. The wide range of severities (between 2.47 and 4.94) studied in this work proved that the autohydrolysis-based process can be tuned to selectively extract different target carbohydrate fractions. Gelling agents (reaching 30 g/100 g DW) can be obtained by the application of low severity treatments, fermentable sugars or oligosaccharides with the nutraceutical potential (reaching 14 g/100 g DW) are produced when severity is increased, and at the highest severity, platform chemicals (reaching 4 g/100 g DW) are the final product. The reduction of processing times compared to traditional extraction methodologies and the elimination of chemicals used in dilute acid treatments make this strategy a clean and sustainable alternative for the valorization of both glucan and galactan fractions of G. sesquipedale.

In the recent years, most developing countries have resorted to importing of used vehicles as a means of solving acute/shortage of transportation facilities. Some of these vehicles are so dilapidated that they never serve any purpose before finding their way to the junkyards and refuse dumps. This paper seeks to quantify the available salvage value/service materials potential from these imported used vehicles in Nigeria. Most of the streets in the urban areas and construction sites are littered with junk vehicles which were abandoned by their owners. These vehicles, many of which have actually reached their end-of-life are potential secondary materials as they can be recycled into the same product or something less, thereby creating economic, social and environmental benefits.

Consumer goods manufacturers aiming to reduce the environmental impact associated with their products commonly pursue incremental change strategies, but more radical approaches may be required if we are to address the challenges of sustainable consumption. One strategy to realize step change reductions is to prepare a portfolio of innovations providing different levels of impact reduction in exchange for different levels of organizational resource commitment. In this research a tool is developed to support this strategy, starting with the assumption that through brainstorming or other eco-innovation approaches, a long-list of candidate innovations has been created. The tool assesses the potential greenhouse gas benefit of an innovative option against the difficulty of its implementation. A simple greenhouse gas benefit assessment method based on streamlined LCA was used to analyze impact reduction potential, and a novel measure of implementation difficulty was developed. The predictions of implementation difficulty were compared against expert opinion, and showed similar results indicating the measure can be used sensibly to predict implementation difficulty. The assessment of the environmental gain versus implementation difficulty is visualized in a matrix, showing the trade-offs of several options. The tool is deliberately simple-with scalar measures of CO 2 emissions benefits and implementation difficulty-so tool users must remain aware of other potential environmental burdens besides greenhouse gases (e.g. water, waste). In addition, although relative life cycle emissions benefits of an option may be low, the absolute impact of an option can be high and there may be other co-benefits, which could justify higher levels of implementation difficulty. Different types of consumer products (e.g. household, personal care, foods) have been evaluated using the tool. Initial trials of the tool within Unilever demonstrate that the tool facilitates rapid evaluation of low-carbon innovations.

To facilitate recycling, not only R&D but also the creation of efficient recycling systems-collection and processing of recyclates as well as finding appropriate enduses-is essentially important. PVC has a particular advantage in regards to mechanical recycling when compared to other major plastics. However, there is no onesize-fits-all approach to a solution. Specific situations of used or off-cut products and their applications need to be well studied. Vinyl industry in Japan has devoted itself for many years to the promotion of recycling of vinyl products. It started an R&D support program in 2007 and seven projects have been completed since then. Some of the new developments include mechanical recycling for products like wall covering and tarpaulin which were considered difficult to recycle in the past. Progress in chemical recycling has been made with a technology for the removal of chlorine from shredder dusts. Recovery of chlorine is a challenge for the future. Collaboration among the various players involved in the recycling of a specific product is essential for obtaining a successful result.

Today, when people think of the environmental impacts of ELTs (end-of-life tyres), they mostly focus on the management of tyres at the end of their useful lives. Globally, an estimated one billion tyres reach the end of their useful lives every year. It is observed from literature that about 4 billion ELTs are currently in landfills and stockpiles worldwide and are disposed to unknown and illegal routes. It is also revealed that most of the countries currently are not experienced with the disposal of ELT with the framing of specific law or regulation to the disposal of ELT management. Hence ELT created a massive waste in management system which intern modified our environment. Recently it is obvious that should find out alternative ways as to reduce the massive ELT waste.This study has been designed to manage ELTs massive waste by experiment. In that reason we needed to set up an experimental set up to observe the real phenomena of ELT for passive cooling in hot humid and tropical climate and that compare with conventional construction materials and systems. Experimental setup foundations are constructed by using ELTs and other conventional foundation materials at IIUM (Gombak) campus. This paper presents the results, analysis and recommendations from the experimental tests and outputs.

The automotive industry is frequently associated with high polluting manufacturing systems, which raise concern owing to the current environmental frame. For this reason, new alternative manufacturing technologies with lower environmental impact have been proposed and tested, such as additive manufacturing (AM). Since AM technologies produce almost no waste, they can represent a huge opportunity for the automotive industry to become greener. In this sense, the object of the present review is to explore the challenges and strategies of 3D printing, recycling, and circular economy in the automotive industry. Therefore, to achieve the aim of the study, a systematic review methodology was used in five stages: (1) defining the targets; (2) extraction of papers from Scopus; (3) text mining and corpora text analysis of relevant documents from the platform; (4) identification of the dominant categories of the research topics; and (5) discussion and control of obtained results and provision ...

The growth of Indonesia’s automotive sector has increased the number of end-of-life vehicles (ELVs), making ELV waste management a major issue. Most countries, such as Japan, China, and Europe, manage ELV waste well, but developing countries still do not. In developing countries, little is known about ELV social admissions. This study analyzes ELV management social acceptance in developing countries. Three hundred nine respondents from Jakarta, Bogor, Depok, Tangerang, and Bekasi (the district in Indonesia) were surveyed in a cross-sectional. A set of questions was designed to determine social acceptance (attitude, knowledge, social influence, institutional trust, health issues, and acceptance). After passing validity and reliability tests, the hypothesized research model was estimated using structural equitation. According to this study, social influence, attitude, knowledge, institutional trust, and health issues influenced public acceptance. The health issues variable was also a ...

The dynamic increase in the manufacture of tyre products, particularly those used in the automotive industry, is responsible for a huge amount of wastes, mostly in the form of used tyres, of which more than 20 million tonnes are produced globally each year. The widely differing chemical compositions and the cross-linked structures of rubber in tyres are the prime reason for highly resistant to biodegradation, photochemical decomposition, chemical reagents and high temperatures. The increasing numbers of used tyres therefore generate serious environmental problems. In this study we present the breakthrough challenge; access to knowledge and related technology, innovation and talented individuals residing internally and externally through the development of high quality, reliable and extensive networks with tyre waste management describing status of tyre waste and innovative organizational approaches in the management of used tyres in Thailand. As seen in the model of a Breakthrough Challenge with tyre waste management in Thailand, tyre wastes enter their end-of-life cycle after being brought to local car shops or garages by automobile owners. It was found that the primary technologies or innovations for tyre recycling and reuse in Thailand include heat utilization, tyre reclamation, tyre-derived aggregate and direct use.The possible uses of tyre waste as a source of innovative raw composite materials or high value added product in various industries such as plastic, automotive and construction industries are also discussed. Index Terms-Breakthrough challenge, innovative raw materials, tyre waste management, high value product.

The growth of Indonesia’s automotive sector has increased the number of end-of-life vehicles (ELVs), making ELV waste management a major issue. Most countries, such as Japan, China, and Europe, manage ELV waste well, but developing countries still do not. In developing countries, little is known about ELV social admissions. This study analyzes ELV management social acceptance in developing countries. Three hundred nine respondents from Jakarta, Bogor, Depok, Tangerang, and Bekasi (the district in Indonesia) were surveyed in a cross-sectional. A set of questions was designed to determine social acceptance (attitude, knowledge, social influence, institutional trust, health issues, and acceptance). After passing validity and reliability tests, the hypothesized research model was estimated using structural equitation. According to this study, social influence, attitude, knowledge, institutional trust, and health issues influenced public acceptance. The health issues variable was also a ...

In the recent years, most developing countries have resorted to importing of used vehicles as a means of solving acute/shortage of transportation facilities. Some of these vehicles are so dilapidated that they never serve any purpose before finding their way to the junkyards and refuse dumps. This paper seeks to quantify the available salvage value/service materials potential from these imported used vehicles in Nigeria. Most of the streets in the urban areas and construction sites are littered with junk vehicles which were abandoned by their owners. These vehicles, many of which have actually reached their end-of-life are potential secondary materials as they can be recycled into the same product or something less, thereby creating economic, social and environmental benefits.

Construction industry produces large volume of construction waste that occupies the landfills. Construction contractors must play active role to reduce the construction waste by implementing the 3R concept.Weak action towards the 3R implementation among the construction contractors will directly lead to the non-sustainable issues. Perak has largest landfill in Peninsular Malaysia should manage well their landfill in order to avoid environmental issues and to ensure their landfill can operate in a long terms.More disposals from the construction activities will decrease the space at the landfills.Construction contractors should implemented 3R towards the solid waste management as it is more sustainable. This paper aims to study the perception of construction contractors in Perak regarding their 3R implementation for solid waste reduction.This paper also aims to assess the difference on the statement in elements of effective 3R implementation based on the construction contractor’s grad...

Identifying some criteria to generalize the results of a research project on the Circular Economy on a European scale requires a<br> broader competence on products end of life products combined with an ability to predict which will be the most relevant trend lines<br> that will influence the technologies and economic dynamics of products end of life in the coming years.<br> This deliverable highlights that there various types of criteria: some are of a general nature, cross-cutting and allow the project to be<br> strengthened in terms of its European value, while others are more specific and expendable on the three specific value chains1 that,<br> by integrating them, have surely more chances to be recognized and appreciated in European terms.<br> The work is not limited to a mere statement of general criteria, but also provides some examples and operating suggestions for the<br> transformation of these European criteria for valid operationa...

In the present study, wet air oxidation (WAO) was investigated for the decomposition of bisphenol A (BPA) in high saline polycarbonate plant wastewater (PCW). The main operating conditions of the WAO process that affects the degradation efficiency, including temperature, total air pressure and reaction time were studied. The results indicate that complete BPA degradation is achieved in pH 8.5, temperature = 150 • C, total air pressure of 3 MPa and 120 min. In addition, by prolonging the reaction time to 24 h, removals of 62% and 37%, were obtained regarding chemical oxygen demand (COD) and total oxygen carbon (TOC), respectively. The intermediates of BPA degradation generated in aqueous solution by the WAO process were identified and the proposed plausible mechanism was reported. Under optimum experimental conditions, the biodegradability of treated PCW after WAO process was shown to significantly improve, by analysis of biodegradability index, including BOD 5 /COD ratio, values of average oxidation state (AOS) and carbon oxidation state (COS). The WAO process was found to be an effective method to degrade highly toxic organic matter in high saline industrial wastewater such as PCW. The results indicate that WAO, as a pretreatment technology, is an economic and eco-friendly method for the treatment of PCW.

In the present study, wet air oxidation (WAO) was investigated for the decomposition of bisphenol A (BPA) in high saline polycarbonate plant wastewater (PCW). The main operating conditions of the WAO process that affects the degradation efficiency, including temperature, total air pressure and reaction time were studied. The results indicate that complete BPA degradation is achieved in pH 8.5, temperature = 150 • C, total air pressure of 3 MPa and 120 min. In addition, by prolonging the reaction time to 24 h, removals of 62% and 37%, were obtained regarding chemical oxygen demand (COD) and total oxygen carbon (TOC), respectively. The intermediates of BPA degradation generated in aqueous solution by the WAO process were identified and the proposed plausible mechanism was reported. Under optimum experimental conditions, the biodegradability of treated PCW after WAO process was shown to significantly improve, by analysis of biodegradability index, including BOD 5 /COD ratio, values of average oxidation state (AOS) and carbon oxidation state (COS). The WAO process was found to be an effective method to degrade highly toxic organic matter in high saline industrial wastewater such as PCW. The results indicate that WAO, as a pretreatment technology, is an economic and eco-friendly method for the treatment of PCW.

This study examines the environmental impacts of the current end of life vehicle (ELV) recycling practice in Belgium of shredding and compares this with selective glass dismantling and recycling, using life cycle assessment (LCA). Different policy scenarios are assessed for ELV recycling in Flanders, showing the vulnerable balance between benefits from improved recycling and burdens from additional transport requirements.

Humans are depending upon the natural environmental resources for their basic needs, and the main destroyers of natural resources are industries. There was a great loss of nonrenewable resources due to the over-usage of it by industrial manufacturing. The high rate of development and urbanization had created an alarming sign of water scarcity, pollution, and land degradation in many places. Due to the fast-growing population and economic development, the usage of products and energy also increases. Consumption directs to an increase in the generation of waste. This waste means also a loss for the companies; therefore by reducing waste by sustainability can also increase companies' profit. The main aim of this chapter is to bring awareness to modern techniques and methods to discuss sustainable development, green initiatives, and pollution prevention opportunities. This can be achieved by following the existing system holistically, initializing different waste processes such as waste prevention, reduction, proper sorting, collection, and transportation. Waste processing technologies including recycling, composting, bio-gasification, incineration, and sanitary landfilling are considered. Material reuse, energy recovery, and resource conservation are also taken into account.

Today, when people think of the environmental impacts of ELTs (end-of-life tyres), they mostly focus on the management of tyres at the end of their useful lives. Globally, an estimated one billion tyres reach the end of their useful lives every year. It is observed from literature that about 4 billion ELTs are currently in landfills and stockpiles worldwide and are disposed to unknown and illegal routes. It is also revealed that most of the countries currently are not experienced with the disposal of ELT with the framing of specific law or regulation to the disposal of ELT management. Hence ELT created a massive waste in management system which intern modified our environment. Recently it is obvious that should find out alternative ways as to reduce the massive ELT waste.This study has been designed to manage ELTs massive waste by experiment. In that reason we needed to set up an experimental set up to observe the real phenomena of ELT for passive cooling in hot humid and tropical c...

Construction industry around the world is well-known as a massive contributor of waste materials and environmental impacts. Among the types of waste materials generated by this industry are concrete, plastic, wood, ceramic, and asbestos. These waste materials, in general, are chemically fused through various manufacturing processes before being transported for the construction usage. Addition of chemical compounds such as arsenic, copper, cyanide, nickel, chromium, lead, sulphate, and zinc are mainly for enhancing the mechanical and physical properties of the materials so that the materials could last longer, perform well and withstand external forces. However, construction materials that are made up of these chemical compounds are threatening the nature and human beings once the materials are used up and the leftover from the construction industry are thrown away without proper waste management practice. The aim of the study was to review hazardous compounds presented in constructi...

Preliminary experiments have demonstrated wet air oxidation (WAO) to be feasible for TNT red water treatment. This paper presents the results of rate studies for the evaluation of temperature, partial oxygen pressure PO,, initial red water concentration, salt concentration, and catalyst/initiator addition on WA0 performance. Results show the WA0 efficiency to be a function primarily of temperature, and to a lesser extent, the initial PO. A significant initial (usually t5 minutes) rapid reduction in total organic carbon (TO& or chemical oxygen demand (COD) is observed in all experiments. The extent of reduction varies with the experimental conditions: the harsher the condition, the higher the initial reduction, At lower temperatures, the subsequent WA0 of red water proceeds as a first-order reaction with respect to TOC or COD. Under harsher temperature conditions, the reaction follows two distinct first-order phases. High salt concentrations (Na,SO, and NaNO,) slightly enhanced the overall oxidation. Addition of Cu(I1) as a catalyst results in rate enhancement. Several issues regarding application of WA0 are discussed.

Environmental fate of aromatic sulfonates is relatively unknown. This study reports the findings of wet air oxidation (WAO) of several sulfonic compounds, specifically 5-nitro-o-toluenesulfonic acid (NTSA). WAO is effective in the oxidation of NTSA, a compound similar in structure to dinitrotoluenesulfonates which are major components of T N T red water. The WAO reaction is first-order with respect to NTSA; the order with respect to oxygen pressure is 0.6. The activation energy is approximately 21 kcal/mol. The reaction rate is significantly enhanced with the addition of 5 mg/L Cu(I1) catalyst. The effect of initial pH on rate of NTSA oxidation is complex. Higher reaction rates are observed both at low and high pHs, with a better overall rate being achieved at low pH. Some properties of NTSA (e.g., UV, IR, and NMR) were obtained to provide additional information.

Eco-Costs of Sustainable Construction Waste Management 35 3 ECO-COSTS OF SUSTAINABLE CONSTRUCTION WASTE MANAGEMENT IN MALAYSIA Khairulzan Yahya A. Halim Boussabaine Zaiton Haron Rozana Zakaria 3.1 INTRODUCTION Sustainable development is a ...

The new "circular economy" model would revolutionize the economy. It should also be noted that several business models will be needed to optimize their efficiency and overlap as the system evolves over its lifetime. The business model of the circular economy is based on the principle of "value creation" of the conventional economy. In this study, we interviewed 67 managers from the steel industry in Thailand. Statistically, 71.2% of respondents felt that steel consumers would be able to pay a higher price for clean goods. Also, 87% believe that governments must contribute to the development of the circular economy. They said that their group also organizes training activities for educating the workforce. Moreover, 80.1% indicated that their organization must inform management and workers of the value of the circular economy. Accordingly, 64.7% of respondents stated that there is no government funding for scrap metal recycling. Overall, 36.3% of people felt there was a shortage of scrap metal work.

F ibres are used for a large variety of applications. Textiles, nonwovens as well as fibre reinforced composite materials are commonly used in daily life and in technical applications. The annual world fibre market amounts to about 60 million t including natural and man-made fibres. Due to increased ecological awareness and more severe legislations disposal of waste is increasingly avoided through the use of recycling technologies. This development also takes place in the field of fibre materials. However, proper processes for fibre recycling are not yet fully developed. Commonly end-of-life fibres are supplied for energetic utilization. This method is not favourable since the energy generated from burning is much lower than the energy required for fibre manufacturing. The paper presents the state-of-theart in recycling fibres. Available technologies for textiles, carpets, composites and end-oflife vehicles are reviewed. However, these technologies do not offer satisfying solutions in terms of economic and ecologic demands. Within this study product recycling of fibres obtained from tyres is investigated. It is demonstrated that fibres recycled from waste tyres can be converted from waste to a valuable raw material if processed properly. Characterization possibilities for recycled fibres are also presented. It is demonstrated that most methods cannot provide feasible results. In the course of this research project a system based on optical image processing has been adopted for the characterization of recycled fibres. Characterization is necessary for product and quality control. Lastly, an adequate application for the recycled fibre materials is evaluated in this study. By addition of fibres gained from waste tyres an improvement of bitumen properties was found. An economic benefit can be expected since recycled fibres can substitute expensive state-of-the-art solutions.

Construction industry around the world is
well-known as a massive contributor of waste materials
and environmental impacts. Among the types of waste
materials generated by this industry are concrete, plastic,
wood, ceramic, and asbestos. These waste materials, in
general, are chemically fused through various
manufacturing processes before being transported for the
construction usage. Addition of chemical compounds such
as arsenic, copper, cyanide, nickel, chromium, lead,
sulphate, and zinc are mainly for enhancing the
mechanical and physical properties of the materials so that
the materials could last longer, perform well and
withstand external forces. However, construction
materials that are made up of these chemical compounds
are threatening the nature and human beings once the
materials are used up and the leftover from the
construction industry are thrown away without proper
waste management practice. The aim of the study was to
review hazardous compounds presented in construction
waste materials and suggest ways to manage it effectively.
The methodology is literature review, data collection from
published articles, and data analysis. Findings from this
study showed that concrete, plastic, wood, ceramic, and
asbestos are among the waste materials that are made up
of hazardous compounds, which impact the environment
and mankind living today. As a mitigation measure, a
proper waste management practice is necessary among the
construction practitioners to protect humans and
biological factors, save some landfill spaces, preserve
some natural resources, prevent soil and underground
water channel contamination, avoiding illegal dumping
activities, and promotes sustainability factors. Obeying the
enforced rules and regulations, utilisation of various waste
management technologies, on-site waste segregation and
proper storage, waste substitutions, and making use of
well-structured framework developed by researchers and
construction consultancy are among the methods that can
be adopted in polishing the current waste management
practice.

In the present study, wet air oxidation (WAO) was investigated for the decomposition of bisphenol A (BPA) in high saline polycarbonate plant wastewater (PCW). The main operating conditions of the WAO process that affects the degradation efficiency, including temperature, total air pressure and reaction time were studied. The results indicate that complete BPA degradation is achieved in pH 8.5, temperature = 150 • C, total air pressure of 3 MPa and 120 min. In addition, by prolonging the reaction time to 24 h, removals of 62% and 37%, were obtained regarding chemical oxygen demand (COD) and total oxygen carbon (TOC), respectively. The intermediates of BPA degradation generated in aqueous solution by the WAO process were identified and the proposed plausible mechanism was reported. Under optimum experimental conditions, the biodegradability of treated PCW after WAO process was shown to significantly improve, by analysis of biodegradability index, including BOD 5 /COD ratio, values of average oxidation state (AOS) and carbon oxidation state (COS). The WAO process was found to be an effective method to degrade highly toxic organic matter in high saline industrial wastewater such as PCW. The results indicate that WAO, as a pretreatment technology, is an economic and eco-friendly method for the treatment of PCW.

THE JOURNAL OF PRODUCT INNOVATION MANAGEMENT ELSEVIER The Journal of Product Innovation Management 19 (2002) 110—132 A critical look at technological innovation typology and innovativeness terminology: a literature review Rosanna Garcia*1, Roger ...

Today, when people think of the environmental impacts of ELTs (end-of-life tyres), they mostly focus on the management of tyres at the end of their useful lives. Globally, an estimated one billion tyres reach the end of their useful lives every year. It is observed from literature that about 4 billion ELTs are currently in landfills and stockpiles worldwide and are disposed to unknown and illegal routes. It is also revealed that most of the countries currently are not experienced with the disposal of ELT with the framing of specific law or regulation to the disposal of ELT management. Hence ELT created a massive waste in management system which intern modified our environment. Recently it is obvious that should find out alternative ways as to reduce the massive ELT waste.This study has been designed to manage ELTs massive waste by experiment. In that reason we needed to set up an experimental set up to observe the real phenomena of ELT for passive cooling in hot humid and tropical climate and that compare with conventional construction materials and systems. Experimental setup foundations are constructed by using ELTs and other conventional foundation materials at IIUM (Gombak) campus. This paper presents the results, analysis and recommendations from the experimental tests and outputs.

The aim of this paper is to investigate the heat sink properties of ELT (end-of-life tyres) waste. A hazardous waste, ELT or massive scraped tyre waste created environmental load to the local environment. Today, when researchers think of the environmental impacts of tyres, they mostly focus on the management of tyres at the end of their useful lives. From Global perspective it is found that one billion tyres reach the end of their useful lives annually, out of which about four billion ELTs are currently in landfills and as stockpiles worldwide. Study revealed that most of the developing countries currently are not experienced with the disposal method of ELT. Besides, developed countries from Europe, USA, Japan and Singapore have framed specific law or regulation to the disposal of ELT. Recently it is obvious that should find out alternative ways as to reduce the load of massive ELT waste. Furthermore, this study has been designed to manage ELTs massive waste, experimentally. Due to ...

The environmental issue is becoming an important sustainable development goal due to its devastating impact on the economy, society, and ecosystem. The need for managing environmental issues is leading a government to work closely with stakeholders such as environmental NGOs and local municipal councils. While collaboration between government and local municipal councils has been widely covered in the literature, the relationship between environmental NGOs and the government remains a complex issue. In the past, environmental NGOs have a responsibility to advise the government and create awareness to the public. However, the trend has soon changed, where environmental NGOs are becoming more active and influential in enacting policies to uphold environmental integrity. The purpose of this study is to investigate the role played by Malaysian environmental NGOs and the current states of environmental integrity in Malaysia. This study used a qualitative case study of illegal plastic rec...

Recycling is the reprocessing of materials into new products. Recycling is a key concept of modern waste management and becoming more and more important lately. Level of recycling varied substantially from one industry or country to the others. This paper discussed briefly on the history of recycling as well as on major benefits and drawbacks of recycling. Emphasis on current recycling techniques for various common materials and international universal recycling codes are thoroughly addressed.

In a context of transition towards a more circular economy (CE), this study undertakes an analysis of the appropriate transfers and applications of best managerial practices, regulations and know-how from the automotive sector to the heavy vehicle one, as well as from the European Union (EU) to the United States of America (U.S.), and vice versa. While the EU appears to be a few steps ahead of policy activity regarding the management of end-of-life automotive vehicles (Directive 2000/53/EC and Extended Producer Responsibility principles), the U.S. heavy vehicle industry presents several aspirational industrial practices, including the collaboration between end-of-life actors, supporting parts remanufacturing and facilitating reuse. New empirical findings and lessons learned from both geographical regions are combined with previous analyses to develop a benchmarking template of commendable CE practices. Against this background, the findings open on the remaining challenges and circular economy opportunities for both regions, as well as for emerging and newly industrialized countries whose automotive markets are growing fast.

Objective -The circular economy aims to preserve the value of products and materials within a closed supply chain. The existing models and decision-making methods for managing the end of the product life cycle are mostly focused on the economic aspects. While the circular economy is aimed at combining environmental, economic and social goals. This article aims to develop a model for enterprise decision-making on the disposal of used products, taking into account socio-environmental and economic factors. Methodology/Technique -The article analyzes the impact of digital technologies on the formation of closed supply chains and the development of a circular economy. At the same time, special attention is focused on the model of a closed product life cycle, as a fundamental element in the formation of a circular economy at the micro and nano levels, as well as the importance of using digital technologies at all stages of the product life cycle. Findings -The methods of product management at the end of the life cycle studied in the article have made it possible to form a simulation decision support model regarding the method of product disposal, taking into account environmental and economic feasibility. Novelty -This study identified the main trends in the development of closed supply chains under the influence of digital technologies in the context of a circular economy. Type of Paper: Review JEL Classification: F42, F43

Recycling automotive waste has increasingly become an alternative solution towards producing sustainable materials given the rising issue of raw material shortages and waste management challenges at global level. The improper end-of-life vehicle (ELV) waste management poses detrimental impacts on the environment. This paper proposes a novel method to develop thermal insulation sandwich panels using ELV waste, motivated by the critical needs of creating high-performance thermal insulation for buildings. Six sandwich panels (P1-P6) of different weight and ratio of shredded ELV particles were manufactured. The sandwich panels structure was made of three layers: a core, and a glass face sheet bonded to each side. The core structure composed of Polycarbonate (PC) from headlamp lenses and polyurethane (PU) from seat, bonded using resin casting approach. Thermal conductivity of the samples was measured using guarded hot-plate apparatus. Results corroborated that thermal conductivity of ELV-based sandwich panels reduced remarkably compared to panel without ELVs, recorded at 15.51% reduction. Composition gives the best thermal performance was made of mixed ELV core materials of ratio 50%PC:50%PU, it has a thermal conductivity value of 0.1776 W/mK. The transparency data were obtained using Hazegard plus haze meter. The best luminous transmittance value was exhibited by P2 (100% PC), 67.47%. The best clarity value and haze value were shown by P6 (25% PC: 75% PU), 55.13% and 52.6% respectively. ELV waste can be recycled to develop useful sustainable thermal insulation to improve thermal and optical transparency performance of buildings as a substitute for conventional materials which have a relevance for future façade concepts.

This paper seeks to explore the possibilities of alternative design methods by reusing scrap metals in architectural practice to reduce the carbon footprint by recycling metal. Currently, recycled metal constitutes 30% of the world's metal products. The highest percentage of recycled metal is generated from the automobile industry. In the United States of America and Europe, over 60% of recycled metal comes from the automobile industry. Every year, about 12 million vehicles are taken off the roads in the European Union where collection of scraps is carried out through commercial reverse logistic network. This percentage is expected to increase due to the introduction of contemporary sustainable car design. Steel is the most recycled metal and steel production is counted as the second largest consumer of energy in the world. Discovering alternate methods of reuse to simply recycling steel will reduce the energy utilized in the production of steel. Alternate design methods are being explored for their degree of disassembly in order to promote material and economic circularity. Improved reuse can certainly prolong the life cycle of scraps and improve their value. ABSTRACT This paper seeks to find poetry in recreating, not necessarily through beauty, but in the aesthetic dimension of trash itself or to find perfection in imperfection itself. The research presented herein focuses on design-driven applications for industrial by-products waste reuse. The aim is to understand the potential and feasibility of developing building skin systems based on designing out nonhazardous waste from the auto industry. In this paper, an experimental case study and testing research methodology are discussed. The method involves manufacturing processes observations, descriptions of automotive and building material culture that resulted in speculative design work. Moreover, linear mathematical models for estimating fabrication time and power have been postulated and used to evaluate each design quantitatively. The results from the models clearly indicate that fabricating intricate building components out of scrap material could entail a significant energy cost. In summary, the work provides examples of ecosystem knowledge transfer between the automotive and the building industries. The work is a result of a multi-year collaboration applied research project between academia and industry.

End-of-life vehicle (ELV) waste management and its immeasurable environmental impacts are the subjects of global concern. This study proposes a new concept of a processing framework to utilise ELV waste from automotive to construction industries by starting a new trend of circular economy applications to improve ELV recyclability. The research focuses on building a strong collaboration between automotive and construction industries to manage ELV waste in Malaysia. A systematic review approach based on classification and comparison methods was utilised to synthesise the findings through critical analysis. The concept was developed on the basis of existing ELV policies and legislation, processing framework, waste management and recycling possibilities for converting ELVs into building products. The findings corroborate that ELV waste in the dismantling and shredding operations can be utilised by the construction industry. The analysis and proposed framework established a source of information that provides a new paradigm for prioritising building product development and related policies in Malaysia. This research will provide a viable option for reducing the disposal problems and curbing the dependence on raw materials in Malaysia.

Chemical oxidation technologies are often employed for the treatment of complex industrial effluents that are not amenable to conventional biological methods. The role of chemical oxidation depends on the treatment objectives and may vary from partial remediation to complete mineralization. In the case of partial treatment, chemical oxidation aims at the selective removal of the more bioresistant fractions and their conversion to readily biodegradable intermediates that can subsequently be treated biologically. Coupling chemical pre-oxidation with biological post-treatment is conceptually beneficial as it can lead to increased overall treatment efficiencies compared with the efficiency of each individual stage. This paper reviews recent developments and highlights some important aspects that need to be addressed when considering such integrated schemes.

Wet air oxidation (WAO) reactions of cellobiose, phenol, and syringic acid were carried out under mild conditions (155°C; 0.93 MPa O 2 ; soluble catalyst, Na 5 [PV 2 Mo 10 O 40 ]). Initial oxidation rates were rapid but decreased to small values as less reactive oxidation products accumulated. Recalcitrant oxidation products were consumed more rapidly, however, if additional cellobiose or phenol was added, a procedure equivalent to recirculation of WAO-reactor effluent. A halffraction, factorial investigation was used to correlate rate enhancement with individual experimental variables: using a two-level design, effluents from the WAO of cellobiose were combined with unreacted cellobiose and WAO resumed. The effluents were degraded more rapidly than could be accounted for by residence time alone. Correlations identified by the factorial investigation were consistent with oxidation of recalcitrant compounds by highly reactive intermediates generated during the initially rapid radical-chain autoxidation of unreacted cellobiose. Figure 1. Proposed process schematic for synergistically enhanced wet air oxidation (WAO).

Pressures on business to operate sustainably are increasing. This requires companies to adopt a systemic approach that seeks to integrate consideration of the three dimensions of sustainability -social, environmental and economic -in a manner that generates shared value creation for all stakeholders including the environment and society. This is referred to as sustainable business thinking. The business model concept offers a framework for system-level innovation for sustainability, and provides the conceptual linkage with the activities of the firm such as design, production, supply chains, partnerships, and distribution channels. A value mapping tool has been presented in the literature to assist in sustainable business model innovation. This paper explores the use of value mapping for broader sustainable business thinking, by reflection on its use in workshop settings. A range of new applications is identified which is expected to be of interest to business practitioners, policy makers and academic researchers.