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Figure 7. Addition of fibres recycled from waste tyres to bitumen (type: B50/70). (a) Plot G*/sin 6 versus temperature for evaluation of stableness anc resistance against deformation; test frequency 1.6 Hz; silt: 1.0 mm; must not fall below 1.0 kPa. (b) Plot viscosity versus temperature for evaluation o processability; for pumping viscosity must not exceed 3 000 mPa-s at 135°C. (c) Plot apparent stiffness versus temperature for evaluation of low tempera ture behaviour. (d) Plot m-value versus temperature for evaluation of relaxation and creep behaviour.

Figure 7 Addition of fibres recycled from waste tyres to bitumen (type: B50/70). (a) Plot G*/sin 6 versus temperature for evaluation of stableness anc resistance against deformation; test frequency 1.6 Hz; silt: 1.0 mm; must not fall below 1.0 kPa. (b) Plot viscosity versus temperature for evaluation o processability; for pumping viscosity must not exceed 3 000 mPa-s at 135°C. (c) Plot apparent stiffness versus temperature for evaluation of low tempera ture behaviour. (d) Plot m-value versus temperature for evaluation of relaxation and creep behaviour.

Related Figures (10)

Figure 1. 2003 world fibre production in 1000t and mass percentage (CIRFS, 2004) not considering inorganic fibres (e.g., glass) and natural fibres other than cotton and wool.
Figure 1. 2003 world fibre production in 1000t and mass percentage (CIRFS, 2004) not considering inorganic fibres (e.g., glass) and natural fibres other than cotton and wool.
Figure 2. Mill consumption of cotton, wool and man-made fibres in Europe and USA by 2003 (CIRFS, 2004). Due to legislative regulations landfilling of waste (including fibres or fibre-containing composites) will be dramatically reduced and largely be replaced by thermal utilization. Of course this development makes sense from an ecological point of view since proper combustion results in energy gains without significant air pollution and the consumption of resources. However, the production of syn- thetic fibres is more expensive compared to non-fibrous plastics. Also the production of cotton requires significant amounts of resources (e.g., water). Hence, product recy- cling of fibres will increase the sustainability of products and processes. When discussing the recycling of textiles one has to dis- tinguish between industrial waste and consumer waste. Industrial waste arises either during the processing of fibres or during the production of textiles and can be easily recycled. The recycling of consumer waste, however, is more difficult since it commonly consists of unknown fibre mixtures and often contains non-fibrous materials such as buttons, buckles or other metal parts.
Figure 2. Mill consumption of cotton, wool and man-made fibres in Europe and USA by 2003 (CIRFS, 2004). Due to legislative regulations landfilling of waste (including fibres or fibre-containing composites) will be dramatically reduced and largely be replaced by thermal utilization. Of course this development makes sense from an ecological point of view since proper combustion results in energy gains without significant air pollution and the consumption of resources. However, the production of syn- thetic fibres is more expensive compared to non-fibrous plastics. Also the production of cotton requires significant amounts of resources (e.g., water). Hence, product recy- cling of fibres will increase the sustainability of products and processes. When discussing the recycling of textiles one has to dis- tinguish between industrial waste and consumer waste. Industrial waste arises either during the processing of fibres or during the production of textiles and can be easily recycled. The recycling of consumer waste, however, is more difficult since it commonly consists of unknown fibre mixtures and often contains non-fibrous materials such as buttons, buckles or other metal parts.
Table 1, Recycling categories and typical examples for fibre products.
Table 1, Recycling categories and typical examples for fibre products.
Table 2. Resources required for worldwide cotton production (Paulitsch, 2004; Cupit, 1996).
Table 2. Resources required for worldwide cotton production (Paulitsch, 2004; Cupit, 1996).
Figure 3. Schematic flow diagram of ‘cradle to grave’ process showing the different routes for cycle processes (recycling)
Figure 3. Schematic flow diagram of ‘cradle to grave’ process showing the different routes for cycle processes (recycling)
Table 3. Separation of shredder-light and shredder-heavy fraction into three main fractions (Biirgler and Perchtold, 2004).
Table 3. Separation of shredder-light and shredder-heavy fraction into three main fractions (Biirgler and Perchtold, 2004).
Table 4. Fibre samples for the MorFi analyzer.
Table 4. Fibre samples for the MorFi analyzer.
Figure 5. Comparison of fibres supplied from the GVG recycling plant (left) and after grinding with a cutting mill (right) (0.5 mm sieve). Original fibre samples from the recycling plant as well as ground samples (with 1.0 mm and 0.5 mm sieve) were ana- lysed by the MorFi system. In addition a commercially available fibre product called Arbocel™ was analysed for comparison purposes. Arbocel® is ground cellulose which is used for special asphalt road constructions in order to increase load capacity and temperature resistance It was demonstrated that the MorFi analyzer is a proper tool for characterization of recycled fibres. In contrast to sieving analysis, the fibre length and width can be com- puted separately. The limitation is the measuring range of the system. In particular very short fibres (<0.1 mm) are
Figure 5. Comparison of fibres supplied from the GVG recycling plant (left) and after grinding with a cutting mill (right) (0.5 mm sieve). Original fibre samples from the recycling plant as well as ground samples (with 1.0 mm and 0.5 mm sieve) were ana- lysed by the MorFi system. In addition a commercially available fibre product called Arbocel™ was analysed for comparison purposes. Arbocel® is ground cellulose which is used for special asphalt road constructions in order to increase load capacity and temperature resistance It was demonstrated that the MorFi analyzer is a proper tool for characterization of recycled fibres. In contrast to sieving analysis, the fibre length and width can be com- puted separately. The limitation is the measuring range of the system. In particular very short fibres (<0.1 mm) are
Figure 4. Size distribution function for length (left) and width (right) for CV flock (0.3 mm and 0.5 mm) and PP staple fibre
Figure 4. Size distribution function for length (left) and width (right) for CV flock (0.3 mm and 0.5 mm) and PP staple fibre
Figure 6. Size distribution function for length (left) and width (right) for fibres recycled from waste tyres (as received from GVG and ground with cutting mill using 1.0 mm or 0.5 mm sieve) and Arbocel® including the mean values for length and width.
Figure 6. Size distribution function for length (left) and width (right) for fibres recycled from waste tyres (as received from GVG and ground with cutting mill using 1.0 mm or 0.5 mm sieve) and Arbocel® including the mean values for length and width.
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