Security and Surveillance

Kenya is swiftly establishing itself as a significant technological hub in East Africa, often dubbed “Silicon Savannah” because of its dynamic digital landscape, flourishing startup environment, and robust governmental support for ICT-driven progress. In the last ten years, Kenya has experienced remarkable advancements in internet accessibility, digital infrastructure, and the integration of artificial intelligence, establishing itself as a leader in Africa's fourth industrial revolution. By the year 2024, the nation achieved an internet penetration rate surpassing 88%, accompanied by more than 64 million mobile subscriptions, a statistic that exceeds the total population, attributable to the prevalence of dual SIM usage and extensive mobile integration (Communications Authority of Kenya [CAK], 2024). Kenya boasts over 300 tech startups, a significant number of which are harnessing artificial intelligence across various sectors, including agriculture with companies like Cropnuts and Twiga Foods, healthcare represented by Ilara Health, and fintech exemplified by M- PESA, Tala, and PesaPal. The digital economy presently accounts for 7.7% of Kenya’s GDP, with projections indicating an increase to 9.2% by 2026, as per government estimates (Ministry of ICT, 2023).
Artificial intelligence is progressively integrated into Kenya’s framework for innovation. Artificial intelligence applications are being employed across a diverse array of fields, including precision

agriculture, medical diagnostics, customer segmentation, fraud prevention, and the automation of service provision within e-governance frameworks. Nonetheless, this swift embrace has not been accompanied by a comprehensive regulatory structure. The implementation of artificial intelligence across both public and private domains frequently exhibits a deficiency in well- defined ethical frameworks, robust data protection measures, and adequate oversight concerning human rights. Although foundational legislation like the Computer Misuse and Cybercrimes Act (2018) and the Data Protection Act (2019) provides overarching principles for digital governance, they do not specifically address the nuances of artificial intelligence.
The legal frameworks in question were established prior to the comprehensive understanding of the ramifications of AI technologies, and consequently, they do not adequately tackle the novel risks that have arisen, including deepfakes, algorithmic bias, synthetic identity fraud, and misinformation generated by AI (Mutung’u, 2020; CIPIT, 2023). The National Artificial Intelligence Strategy of Kenya (2023–2030) signifies a pivotal advancement in the government's acknowledgment of the transformative capabilities of AI, alongside the inherent risks it entails. The strategy delineates initiatives aimed at enhancing data infrastructure, advancing AI research, cultivating human capital, and safeguarding ethical practices in AI development. Nonetheless, detractors have pointed out various deficiencies, especially in the realm of AI-facilitated criminal behavior, insufficient enforcement protocols, and a lack of focus on child safeguarding, ethical considerations in surveillance, and the transparency of algorithms (Econolicy Africa, 2024). The strategy is characterized by a deficiency in enforceable benchmarks and cross-sector accountability frameworks, rendering it more aspirational than regulatory in essence.
Notwithstanding these deficiencies, the trajectory of AI development in Kenya continues to exhibit remarkable strength. The nation has garnered considerable investment from leading global technology firms and development collaborators. In the year 2023, Kenya attracted more than $140 million in foreign direct investment (FDI) concentrated on technology, with a significant portion directed towards startups in artificial intelligence and machine learning (Partech Africa, 2024). The government has initiated AI hubs and innovation laboratories in collaboration with universities and multilateral organizations to promote research and enhance capacity building. Nairobi is emerging as a pivotal hub for AI experimentation and outsourcing, with companies like Sama, Majorel, and Cloud Factory engaging thousands of Kenyans in essential roles such as data labeling and content moderation, which are critical components of the global AI supply chain.
The ongoing digital transformation not only propels economic growth and technological progress but also introduces intricate challenges concerning cybersecurity, the ethics of artificial intelligence, and the preservation of digital rights. In the absence of thorough legislation tailored to artificial intelligence and the requisite enforcement mechanisms, Kenya stands at risk of an increase in crimes facilitated by AI. These include identity theft, algorithmic bias, the misuse of deepfakes, the spread of misinformation, and the exploitation of minors through synthetic media. The convergence of innovation and insecurity highlights the pressing necessity for a collaborative approach to AI governance, characterized by responsiveness, inclusivity, and a foundation in rights.

This research work proposes a method for managing, securing, and validating the health data distribution records using a genetic-based hashing algorithm in a decentralized environment. The reason behind choosing blockchain is to secure the transaction of health data and protect the data from manipulated fraudulent movement and corruption by the contributor of the chain or any individual. The path of this technology approach provides an efficient surveillance measure such as transparency of record, fraud immunity, and protection to tempering and sustaining the order of data. In medical research, this paper provides a genetic-based hashing algorithm for data security which has lower computational complexity, low space coverage, higher security and integrity, and a high avalanche effect. The simulation will show data records' validity, immunity, and integrity. The technique modified in this secure decentralized network is a cryptographic hashing algorithm for 512 bits. In this stud...

Laudon Dased his remarks on his book titled 'The Dossier Society' (Columbia University Press). This book is the result of 6 years of effort and is due to be released in June this year. In introducing the lecture as well as the title of his book, Laudon pointed out that the key idea of America originally, was to free people from all types of unlimited surveillance. The genius of American politics he said, was to fractionalize the various powers/authorities: executive, judicial, and legislai:ive. However, he asserted that with the development of telecommunication, computer hardware, and related software, it is now possible to put these fractions of power together without a constitutional convention. The thesis of his book he said, is that there has been a steady errosion in the organizational principles which make America a democracy and instead there is a movement towards a different kind of social order which he called a 'dossier society' (DS).

The present chapter examines the threat of algorithmic digital surveillance (including AI) in small states by conducting a case study analysis of Cyprus. We develop a theoretical and empirical framework that relates digital surveillance technologies with processes of power centralization, de-democratization, and the violation of civil rights in the context of debates pertaining to small states. We employ the notion of “digital states of exception” to designate technologies operating at the margins of legality or outside it, but that are nonetheless utilized by state or corporate actors for economic and political advantages. We relate these practices to the onslaught of AI technologies, which are increasingly fostering domains of automation, thus potentially proliferating the “digital states of exception.” We investigate the significance of Cyprus’ “digital states of exception” by empirically examining, in a paradigmatic fashion, a series of recent surveillance scandals, violations of privacy rights and digital bordering, which situate Cyprus within a broader international nexus of digital surveillance. We argue that Cyprus’ “digital states of exception” are best understood in terms of a multifactorial configuration that is nested within local, regional and global socio-political dynamics.  We argue that the particular small state problematic can be illuminating for broader issues pertaining to democratic theory.

The provision of biometric surveillance systems in cities' administration in Brazil is commonly delegated to private companies, where businesses supply facial recognition technologies (FRTs) to law enforcement entities. These public-private partnerships often manifest a lack of transparency, while counting on the legitimacy of the public administration to offer public services. These regulatory "grey-zones" affect smart city policies in Brazil, sidelining civil society and researchers, while narratives of efficiency push ahead the digitalisation of public services without proper safeguards. In Brazil, the collaborative work of civil society before the courts and government authorities has been the most successful path in halting FRTs in the area of public security, establishing strategic precedents that discursively focus on the "right to the city". This paper aims to achieve three goals: 1) shed light on these governance grey zones in order to identify the particularities of public-private models employed in the Brazilian socioeconomic context; 2) examine the Brazilian human rights' organisations' attitudes towards the use of FRTs; and 3) provide a set of resilient principles that must guide biometric surveillance policies at the city level. Issue 1 This paper is part of Future-proofing the city: A human rights-based approach to governing algorithmic, biometric and smart city technologies, a special issue of Internet Policy Review guest-edited by Alina Wernick and Anna Artyushina.

Regulating intelligence services is a challenge for modern societies worldwide. Their very modus operandi relies on tight secrecy protocols for the information gathered, internationally and domestically. Evolving surveillance techniques include exploiting the vulnerabilities of digital services, dealing on unregulated surveillance markets, and developing tailored tools. Theoretically, these actions aim at the public interest by, for instance, anticipating terrorist attacks or dismantling pedophilia networks. Nevertheless, they are increasingly used to surveil civil society without proper and demonstrated necessity or proportionality. Given the demand for increased transparency and accountability for intelligence agencies, especially when using hacking technologies, what institutional design and civic participation avenues for oversight may be proposed? How can (existing and yet-to-exist) institutions improve democratic external oversight activities in this realm? Through a comparison of Germany's and Brazil's legal frameworks and institutional ecosystems, the paper critically explores the meaning of "democratic oversight" of intelligence agencies, specifically observing oversight models for hacking operations. Looking

This research memorandum discusses the concept of placing sensitive business information and data in an irrevocable trust similar to an International Asset Protection Trust.

The purpose for such a trust would be to protect and shield business information from the aggressive reach of civil discovery motions or a subpoena duces tecum directed at a target in an investigation.

It is commonly argued that immigration policies in advanced democracies are consistently more liberal than the restrictionist preferences of publics. In this article, I challenge this view by examining the opinion-policy relationship at the stage of policy implementation, rather than legislative choice. Bureaucrats, in fact, regularly encounter local publics who are opposed to the strict enforcement of migration control measures. These pressures, I argue, reflect a shift in public attention between the stages of policy design and policy implementation, from the benefits of restriction to the harsh costs of control. As implementation makes these costs visible, public opinion threatens the capacity of bureaucrats to implement restrictionist legislative mandates. The article specifies the conditions under which bureaucrats' enforcement strategies can enhance their capacity to produce policy outcomes that are more restrictionist than public preferences. Drawing on extensive interview data, the article empirically tests this argument by examining the implementation of deportation policy in Germany.

La actual situación de vigilancia social masiva está llevando a un control tecnológico, algorítmico y centralizado de la ciudadanía, reduciendo el espacio para la participación democrática y la supervisión. Las preocupaciones sobre el uso de las tecnologías de vigilancia social masiva y el despotismo democrático ponen en tela de juicio la integridad de las instituciones democráticas y amenazan las libertades individuales. Para abordar estos desafíos, se deben implementar medidas y poner
en marcha acciones que aseguren que la vigilancia social masiva se utiliza para su propósito original (mejorar la seguridad pública) y sin infringir los principios democráticos ni los derechos civiles.

In the contemporary era shaped by rapid advancements in internet technologies, the intersection of surveillance and new media has experienced profound transformations in both professional and academic domains. This shift necessitates a comprehensive review of the existing literature on these converging concepts. To this end, a bibliometric analysis based on quantitative data is conducted using the Web of Science (WoS) database as of June 23, 2024. The study aims to identify both the density and the gaps in current research, while also offering guidance for future scholarly work. A total of 323 publicationscomprising articles, book chapters, and reviews across 51 fields-are analyzed. Using VOSviewer software, the study maps co-authorship networks, citation patterns, keyword trends, and institutional contributions. The results reveal a marked increase in scholarly attention to these topics, particularly after 2010. Influential concepts such as the panopticon, transparency society, algorithmic security, and surveillance capitalism emerge prominently. Ethical concerns, privacy, and data politics dominate recent discussions, highlighting the growing need for interdisciplinary inquiry. Ultimately, this study provides a robust overview of the academic landscape surrounding surveillance and new media, outlines key research trajectories, and offers a foundational reference for scholars exploring the socio-technical dynamics of digital surveillance.

Counterintelligence (CI) stands at the critical intersection of national security, intelligence operations, and policy formulation. This paper explores the complex relationship between CI policy frameworks and field-level operational practices, highlighting the challenges and opportunities in harmonizing these two domains. Through historical analysis, cross-national comparisons, and detailed case studies, it reveals how divergent political systems shape CI policies and their implementation. Core operational strategies such as threat detection, psychological profiling, and cyber counterintelligence are examined in relation to their underlying policy environments. The study emphasizes the necessity of adaptive training programs, red teaming exercises, and technological integration to enhance CI effectiveness. Finally, it discusses emerging trends including artificial intelligence, globalization of threats, and ethical dilemmas, offering recommendations for developing resilient and cohesive CI frameworks. This research aims to inform intelligence agencies, policymakers, and scholars about best practices for bridging the persistent gap between CI policy and practice in an increasingly complex security landscape.

This article examines the legal implications of using both personal and non-personal data in the training of artificial intelligence (AI) systems, focusing in particular on the role of international law and its interaction with domestic legal systems. While legal frameworks have traditionally
centred on the protection of personal data, the author highlights the inadequacy of this paradigm in the context of machine learning, which primarily relies on non-personal data and inferential techniques targeting indistinct groups of individuals. The article stresses the growing need
to recognize collective forms of protection, moving beyond the individual-centric approach of data regulation. After surveying recent unilateral regulatory developments – especially in the European Union, the United States, China, Japan, and Canada – as well as multilateral initiatives
promoted by the United Nations, G7, and the Council of Europe, the author underscores the importance of interpretive strategies and the principle of technological neutrality. These tools are seen as essential for adapting existing legal categories to the new challenges posed by AI. The
central thesis is that specific new rules are not always required; rather, a dynamic and technologically agnostic application of existing legal frameworks may suffice.

Belli bir zaman diliminde toplumun ana unsuru olan fertlerin yaşam tarzlarında, ilişkilerinde, oluşturmuş oldukları kurumlarda, son tahlilde bir bütün olarak sosyal yapıda meydana gelen farklılaşmayı tanımlayan toplumsal değişme, bütün toplumlarda izleyebileceğimiz bir süreçtir. Toplumsal değişme sadece toplumun kendi içsel dinamiklerinin bir sonucu değildir. Bilakis toplumlararası ilişkiler, bu değişmede oldukça etkili ve belirleyicidir. Bununla birlikte toplumsal değişmelerin temelinde savaş, göç, kıtlık, siyaset, din vb. gibi birçok toplumsal olgu, kurum ve süreç olmakla birlikte en önemli itici güç, hiç şüphesiz günümüzü de yakından kayıtladığı haliyle teknolojik gelişmelerdir. Cemil Meriç, insanlık tarihinde Neolitik çağdan beri yapılan en büyük devrimin 19. yüzyıldaki Endüstri Devrimi olduğunu 2 ifade etmişti. Gerçekten de buhar makinesinin icadıyla başlatabileceğimiz endüstrileşmeyle birlikte, teknolojik yenilik ve ekonomik büyümenin yanı sıra toplumda akıl almaz bir dönüşüm gerçekleşmiş, böylece Aydınlanmanın temelini oluşturan "akıl", "bilim" ve "ilerleme" ilkelerinin söylemsel üstünlüğü, ancak "teknik"le birlikte tüm dünyaya kök salabilmiştir. Hans Freyer'in "alınyazısı" 3 dediği bu durum, tekniğin insanların gündelik yaşamlarını ve kültürlerini dönüştürücü gücünün yanı sıra toplumsal değişmeyi toplumlararası ilişkilerle ilişkilendirmesi adına da dikkate değerdir. 1 Bu çalışma "Mahremiyetin Dönüşümü ve O� zel Alan İ� fşası: İnstagram'da Kadın Deneyimleri" isimli yüksek lisans tezinin araştırma bulgularının yeniden yorumlanmasıyla elde edilmiştir. 2

Editors’ acknowledgments: Having finally reached our Ithaca, an honorary volume comprising a plethora of remarkable contributions, we wish to acknowledge everyone who made this journey enjoyable and worthwhile. First and foremost, we would like to thank all the contributors who went above and beyond with a view to submitting insightful and contemporary papers of high academic quality and integrity. We respected the writing and reference style of each contributor to the utmost, bearing in mind the unique style of each author and not wishing to stylize our volume. We hold that consistency of legal scholarship indeed prevails through this thought‐provoking diversity. Hence, we endorsed such scholarship through opting to catalogue the studies thematically, rather than alphabetically. We also wish to thank our publisher, Ant. N. Sakkoulas, who made this publication possible and who accommodated our every request. Last but not least, we thank Professor Nestor Courakis for his unceasing ef...

Yer küremiz resmi kayıtlara göre yaklaşık 3 yıldan fazla süren bir pandemi süreci yaşadı. Dünya Sağlık Örgütü (DSÖ)’nün verilerine göre 704.753.890 insan Covid-19 virüsüne yakalandı ve bunların 7.010.681’i virüsten veya virüsün neden olduğu semptomlardan dolayı yaşamı yitirdi. Covid-19 virüsünün hızla yayılması ve bulaşma yollarının çeşitliliği nedeniyle dünya genelinde birçok ülke, çeşitli tedbirler alınmıştır. Bunlardan bazıları maske zorunluluğu, sokağa çıkma kısıtlamaları, karantinalar, seyahat yasakları, sosyal mesafe kuralları ve hatta teknolojik takip sistemleri gibi uygulamalardır. Dünyanın birçok ülkesinde alınan karar/uygulamalar bir yandan da özgürlük ve gözetleme tartışmalarını gündeme getirmiştir. Alınan önlemler bireyler açısından özgürlüklerin kısıtlanması, askıya alınması anlamına gelmektedir. Bu tartışmalar 11 Eylül 2001 İkiz kulelere saldırı sonrasında alınmak istenen önlemlerle birlikte tartışmalar dünya gündemine yoğun olarak girmişti. Covid 19 pandemisinde de benzer tartışmalar “özgürlük-denetim” paradoksu ekseninde yapıldı. Küresel güç odaklarının yeni bir toplumsal denetleme mekanizmasının provasını yaptığı (!), gelecekte toplumların nasıl kontrol edilebileceği ile ilgili güvenlik testlerinin uygulandığı (!), siyasal mekanizmanın Covid-19 gerekçesiyle dünyanın otoriter eğilimlere kaymasının ön hazırlıklarını yaptığı (!), bu yolla dünyanın bazı bölgelerinde gözetleme, denetleme, takip etme, arşivleme gibi yol ve yöntemlerle küresel bir panoptikon sürecine girdiği (!) yönünde tartışma ve sorgulamalar entelektüel çevrelerinde yoğun olarak yapılmaktadır. Bu çalışmada pandemi sonrası toplumsal-siyasal düzen içinde iktidarların toplumu gözetleme ve denetim altına alması hakkında izledikleri politikalar incelenecek, teorik bağlamda tartışılacak ve sadece siyasal alandaki uygulamalarla sınırlı tutulacaktır.
ABSTRACT
According to official records, our planet experienced a pandemic process lasting more than 3 years. According to data from the World Health Organization (WHO), 704,753,890 people contracted the Covid-19 virus, and 7,010,681 of them lost their lives. Due to the rapid spread of the COVID-19 virus and its many transmission methods, many governments have implemented mask-wearing, curfews, quarantines, travel bans, social distance, and technology tracking systems. Many nations’ policies have raised questions about freedom and surveillance. The measures restrict or suspend individual freedoms. These talks and the proposed responses to the September 11, 2001, Twin Tower attacks dominated the global agenda. Similar arguments about the ‘freedom-control’ dichotomy occurred during COVID-19 epidemic. In intellectual circles, there is intense debate and questioning regarding the following claims: that global power centres have rehearsed a new social surveillance mechanism (!), that security tests on how societies can be controlled in the future have been conducted (!), that the political mechanism has laid the groundwork for the world to shift toward authoritarian tendencies under the pretext of Covid-19 (!), and that, through these means, certain regions of the world have entered a global panopticon process involving methods such as surveillance, monitoring, tracking, and archiving (!). In this study, the policies pursued by governments in surveilling and controlling society within the post-pandemic socio-political order will be examined, discussed theoretically, and limited only applications in the political sphere.

Facial recognition technology has emerged as a vital innovation in the field of biometric identity verification, offering benefits such as enhanced security and user convenience. This paper explores its various applications, including public safety, access control, and consumer devices. Despite the advantages, significant challenges such as algorithmic bias, lighting variations, and privacy concerns remain, requiring further research and technological advancements.

This Article examines Congress's ability to consult its lawyers and other expert staff in conducting oversight. For decades, congressional leaders have acquiesced in the executive branch's insistence that certain intelligence information not be shared with congressional staffers, even those staffers who have high-level security clearances. As a result, Congress has been hobbled in its ability to understand and analyze key executive branch programs. This policy became particularly controversial in connection with the Bush administration's warrantless surveillance program. Senate Intelligence Committee Vice Chair Jay Rockefeller noted the "profound oversight issues" implicated by the surveillance program and lamented the fact that he felt constrained not to consult the committee's staff, including its counsel. This Article puts this issue into the larger context of Congress's right to access national security-related information and discusses congressional mechanisms for protecting the confidentiality of that information. The Article also provides a comprehensive history of congressional disclosures of national security-related information. History suggests that the foremost danger to confidentiality lies with disclosure to members of Congress, not to staff. The Article identifies several constitutional arguments for Congress's right to share information with its lawyers and other expert staff, and explores ways to achieve this reform.

Insecurity and terrorism in Nigeria have led to widespread vandalization of critical telecommunication and power infrastructure, hindering broadband penetration and compromising national surveillance systems. Road preparations for upgrade or constructions at local, state and national level causes damages to optic-fibre cables buried underground especially as these critical infrastructure mostly lack geospatial information including outright theft for ornaments. The cuts and damages to optic-fibre cables arising from case studies causes performance degradation to telecommunication's quality of service (QoS) even after repair if there is ferrule misalignment, contaminated face of the fibre core causing dispersion losses or scattering losses or micro bending losses and thus high dB loss. These challenges amplify the digital divide, particularly in underserved and rural areas, and highlight the urgent need for robust solutions. The paper examines the benefits of geospatially designed telecommunications corridor with infrastructure roll-outs, such as roads, railways, power lines, and inland waterways dredging among others in addressing insecurity and vandalization of critical telecommunication infrastructure. Quantitative Situational analysis of broadband and optic-fibre infrastructure was presented including vulnerabilities to theft and vandalism, lack of geospatial data, and regulatory gaps especially as it concerns enforcement of some telecommunications policies. Key policies in Nigeria's National Integrated Infrastructure Master Plan (NIIMP). Nigeria's National Broadband Plan (2020-2025) and the Nigerian Communications Commission (NCC) Co-location & Infrastructure Sharing (C/IS) guidelines are evaluated for mitigating these challenges. The findings shows the potential of telecommunication corridors alongside infrastructural roll-out to protect fragile optic-fibre cables, improved quality of services (QoS) and quality of experience (QoE) without incessant down-time during road constructions at local and state government levels, facilitation of cost-effective infrastructure sharing & co-location to accelerate broadband penetration and roll-out plan performance of operators with National Metropolitan Cable (optic) Network Licenses. These corridors will enhance connectivity, reduce operational costs, and improve nationwide surveillance capabilities by adopting an integrated "dig-once" approach and leveraging a technology mix comprising terrestrial, wireless, and satellite-based systems. The study concludes that coordinated efforts among stakeholders, including government ministries, regulatory bodies, and private operators, are essential to achieving long-term digital connectivity, development and transformation while strengthening Nigeria's security framework. Implementation of these recommendations will not only provide robust and resilient ICT infrastructure but promote sustainable socioeconomic growth and digital transformation.

The expansion of new technological improvements has generated debates about digital authoritarianism and its diffusion. However, there is negligible discussion about digital authoritarianism and its diffusion. Considering this research gap, the proposed paper aims to answer two research questions. The first research question explores the various models of digital authoritarianism particularly China, Russia, and Türkiye and examines how much Pakistani model is inspired by these models. The second question aims to understand Pakistan’s approach toward digital sphere by focusing primarily on surveillance, internet censorship, dis/misinformation. The paper is based on exploratory case study that examines the diffusion of digital authoritarianism from China, Russia, and Türkiye by studying the case of Pakistan. The paper is divided into four sections. The first section delves into digital authoritarianism and diffusions process. The Chinese, Russian, and Turkish models of digital authoritarianism will be covered in the second section. In the third section, comparison of Chinese, Russian, and Turkish models with Pakistani model will be undertaken. The last section maps our digital authoritarianism in Pakistan and examines Pakistan’s approach to the digital sphere by focusing primarily on surveillance, internet censorship, dis/misinformation.

Modernism promised us the stars. It gave us skyscrapers, universal truths, and a faith that progress and reason could save us all. Postmodernism broke that promise, laughing in the face of grand narratives and turning the sleek glass walls of modernism into neon-soaked irony. If modernism built cathedrals, postmodernism turned them into shopping malls-full of pastiche, empty of depth. And now? We're past even that. Welcome to post-reality, where even the shopping mall collapses under the weight of its own algorithmic merchandise. If postmodernism shattered the illusion of meaning, post-reality builds entire systems out of that shatter, a machine running on chaos.

Il presente volume viene pubblicato nella Collana Materiali e Studi di diritto pubblico previa positiva valutazione da parte della direzione scientifica condotta attraverso il sistema della peer review. The use of AI neural networks in the fight against corporate crimes -AI.CO.CRI. 5.0 Nel Volume sono confluiti i risultati del progetto di ricerca svolto nell'ambito del Programma VALERE 2020: VAnviteLli per la RicERca,

Diego (SSC San Diego) is to provide network-integrated robotic solutions for Command, Control, Communications, Computers, Intelligence, Surveillance, and Reconnaissance (C4ISR) applications, serving and partnering with industry, academia, and other government agencies. We believe the most important criterion for a successful acquisition program is producing a value-added end product that the warfighter needs, uses and appreciates. Through our accomplishments in the laboratory and field, SSC San Diego was designated the Center of Excellence for Small Robots by the Office of the Secretary of Defense (OSD) Joint Robotics Program in 2002. 1 This paper covers the background, experience, and collaboration efforts by SSC San Diego to serve as the "Impedance-Matching Transformer" between the robotic user and technical communities. Active projects, past efforts, and architectures are provided as success stories for our Unmanned Systems Development Approach. Special attention is given to our Unmanned Systems Technology Imperatives for Research, Development, Testing and Evaluation (RDT&E) of Small Robots.

A review of Secret History: State Surveillance in New Zealand, 1900-1956, by Richard S. Hill and Steven Loveridge, arguing that it is a magisterial work providing fascinating insights into the country's hitherto largely unknown clandestine policing.

Totaliterlik sadece siyasal değil aynı zamanda sosyal ve kültürel alanlarda da önemli bir kavramdır. Vatandaşlar üzerinde toptan (total) iktidar uygulamayı amaçlayan totaliter rejimler genellikle distopik eserlerde resmedilmektedir. Bu türden distopyaların belki de en çok bilinen ve okunanı olan George Orwell'in yazdığı Bin Dokuz Yüz Seksen Dört mutlak siyasal otoriteye karşı güçlü eleştirisiyle birçok benzer eseri etkilemiş ve onlara ilham vermiştir. Böyle bir eser Alan Moore ve David Lloyd'un aynı isimli grafik romanından uyarlanan ve James McTeigue tarafından yönetilen V filmidir. Bin Dokuz Yüz Seksen Dört gibi bu film de benzer bir totaliter yönetimi odak noktası yaparak ve yönetim sistemleri ile ilgili soruları gündeme getirerek distopik bir geleceği tasvir etmektedir. Totaliterliğe ilişkin olarak, Bin Dokuz Yüz Seksen Dört'te Okyanusya başında Büyük Birader'in bulunduğu ve basitçe adlandırılan Parti tarafından yönetilirken V'deki yönetici parti Norsefire'ın başında ise Adam Sutler bulunmaktadır. Bu türden benzerlikleri göz önüne alarak, bu çalışma, parti, ideoloji, gözetim, gizli polis, propaganda ve direniş gibi açılardan bu iki eserdeki totaliter sistemleri ortaya koymayı amaçlamaktadır.

In Chile and Mexico there are neighborhood surveillance policies imported
from the global North—which are inserted in control dynamics decentralized from the State, eventually leading to hard and soft forms of vigilantism. However, the vigilantism to which these policies lead presents relevant diff erences between the two countries, an issue that can be explained by the diff erent configuration of both states.

The book takes a multidisciplinary approach to explore the role national security intelligence agencies played in supporting national governments' response to COVID-19. Spanning the 'Five Eyes' intelligence countries (UK, USA, Canada, Australia and New Zealand), this book offers the first cross-comparative analysis of what intelligence agencies need to focus on in responding more effectively to future emerging health and biological security threats risks and hazards post-COVID-19. The volume addresses three principal issues. First, it investigates what roles the Five Eyes intelligence communities played (along with other key stakeholders, such as public health agencies) in managing the COVID-19 pandemic. Second, it assesses the challenges of and lessons learnt from these intelligence communities' engagement in managing aspects of the pandemic. Third, it explores how the Five Eyes might play more effective roles in managing future health security threats and risks, whether those are intentional (bioterrorism and bio crimes), accidental (laboratory releases) or unintentional (pandemics) in origin. Overall, this book offers a coherent and holistic research agenda that seeks to improve understanding about the role of national security intelligence in managing health security threats and risks post-COVID-19. This book will be of much interest to students of intelligence studies, health security, public health and International Relations.

Fin dalla sua presentazione, il nuovo regolamento europeo
sull’intelligenza artificiale è stato oggetto di riflessioni critiche,
soprattutto in ragione di un impianto complessivo giudicato
da molti insufficiente a rispondere ai bisogni di tutela che
derivano dal crescente impiego di sistemi di IA: divieti ridotti
al minimo, semplici obblighi di trasparenza per i sistemi di IA
che presentano rischi specifici di impersonificazione e inganno,
un sistema di gestione del rischio di tipo documentale e rimesso
ai diretti interessati. Un’attenzione decisamente minore è
stata invece dedicata all’opzione, compiuta a monte dal legislatore
Ue, di adottare un approccio basato sul rischio.Scopo
del presente articolo è quello di focalizzare l’attenzione sulla
scelta di fondo, che informa la logica complessiva dell’intero
impianto normativo del regolamento e le regole di dettaglio
che lo compongono, di disciplinare i sistemi di intelligenza artificiale
attraverso la c.d. risk-regulation, e soprattutto di ragionare
sulle ripercussioni di questa scelta sulla distribuzione
dei benefici e delle perdite derivanti dall’impiego di sistemi di
IA, formulando in chiusura alcune proposte interpretative volte
a favorire una lettura del regolamento maggiormente orientata
a considerazioni di tipo distributivo, e che dia spazio a quei
bisogni di tutela che rischiano di trovare accoglimento solo in
misura marginale nella disciplina in commento.

It is responsibility of all the institutions of the European Union (hereinafter EU) as well as governments for the benefit of their citizens, to undertake the obligation to take effective measures to combat crime and its causes, with full respect for the fundamental rights of individuals, including the protection of personal data. Recognizing the important role that effective
information sharing and close cooperation between law enforcement agencies play in preventing and combating all forms of crime and
serious crime, including terrorism, international police and judicial cooperation has been promoted with establishment of International and
European organizations.
These organizations include Interpol (international organization), Europol, Frontex, Eurojust but also the recently established institution of the European Public Prosecutor Office (hereinafter EPPO).
Purpose according to Article 3 paragraph 2 of the Treaty on the European Union (hereinafter TEU): "The Union provides its citizens with an
area of freedom, security and justice without internal borders, within which the free movement of persons in combined with appropriate measures regarding external border controls, immigration and predation and suppression of criminality».

This paper presents sensor based multilevel security system. It offers three levels of security using PIR sensor, temperature sensor, password based digital lock. It is basically wireless sensor network using Arduino Mega 2560 and GSM .This wireless sensor network is made up of sub systems like PIR sensors, fire alarm module which is made by temperature sensor, digital lock system and burglar alarm module into a single automated architecture for the purpose of practical implementation in smart home system. When sensors get signals or obtained signals crosses reference value, Arduino controller sends an information to the user having mobile through the GSM (Global System for Mobile Communication) module over a wireless communication .All the modules work parallel and independently by sharing computational resource i.e. microcontroller together. Hence a low cost, accessible, auto-configurable, secure and remotely controlled solution has been developed for smart home security system.

All cultures across the world engage in significant public events whether religious, traditional or competitive. Many of these celebrations, small or large, are central to their communities and cultures, bringing people together on common grounds. Events of this nature have had a ...

The controversy on the border control system based on biometric information and deep learning in Incheon airport raised thorny questions on conflicts between public data utilization. This paper first lays out the detailed issues against the Korean discursive landscape of privacy and emerging technology policies. Then I will argue that the Ministry of Justice’s Korea Immigration Service, the Ministry of Science and ICT, and the Ministry of the Interior and Safety formulated and maintained conflicting policy principles. This paper also posits that the potential conflict exists between the policy for public data utilization toward intelligent information society and digital platform government on the one hand and the personal information protection policy that guarantees the right to informational self-determination on the other hand. This paper ends with an inquiry into possibilities of public data policy that resonates with the democratic principle that does not stop at the border and human rights policies for less discrimination.

Duncan focuses on the abuse of state intelligence agencies in Southern Africa based on the need for 'national security' as an excuse to infiltrate and thwart social movements. 828 Duncan argues that such abuse maintains unjust social orders, which is aggravated by the increasing use of digital surveillance. Countries included in the research on which this book reports,

The architectural field has performed a central mediating function in the process of formation of the Brazilian State through the formulation of mechanisms for control, ordering, and management of territories and populations. In the present article, we address three different scenarios in which architectural professional networks played a significant role: national-developmental projects implemented from the 1930s onwards; housing policies developed during the military dictatorship (1964 to 1985); strategic plans for the production of "global cities" following the redemocratization process (1985-today). From among the kaleidoscope of professional practices and meanings mobilized during these periods, we highlight situations and events that triggered the ideal types of the "creative genius", the "engaged anti-designer" and the "entrepeneurial manager". By analyzing the interactions between architects and public administration, we hope to contribute to the understanding of the population management technologies and business mechanisms that supported the neoliberal turn in the forms of government in Brazilian cities.

Smart surveillance systems, integrating advanced video processing and sensor technologies, have emerged as indispensable tools for enhancing security, privacy, and public safety across various domains. This paper explores the application of smart surveillance in preventing unauthorized access, focusing on the integration of video processors and sensors to detect and mitigate security breaches.

This review article surveys extensively the current progresses made toward video-based human activity recognition. Three aspects for human activity recognition are addressed including core technology, human activity recognition systems, and applications from low-level to high-level representation. In the core technology, three critical processing stages are thoroughly discussed mainly: human object segmentation, feature extraction and representation, activity detection and classification algorithms. In the human activity recognition systems, three main types are mentioned, including single person activity recognition, multiple people interaction and crowd behavior, and abnormal activity recognition. Finally the domains of applications are discussed in detail, specifically, on surveillance environments, entertainment environments and healthcare systems. Our survey, which aims to provide a comprehensive state-of-the-art review of the field, also addresses several challenges associated with these systems and applications. Moreover, in this survey, various applications are discussed in great detail, specifically, a survey on the applications in healthcare monitoring systems.

Pegas is not only the name of a bicycle but also of a very dangerous investigative program in the hands of present governments. With its help, journalists, opposition politicians or simply, disturbing persons might be under permanent surveillance with regard their phones, pictures or friends.

This study examines the technical feasibility and financial soundness of the Commission legislative proposals to establish a EU Entry/Exit System (EES) and EU Registered Traveller Programme (RTP) for the external borders of the Union. It puts the impact assessment documents accompanying the proposals in comparative perspectives with likeminded initiatives in third countries (USVIST), at the national level in the EU (UK border checks and e-Borders), and with past European initiatives (SIS II, VIS). It finds that it is not reasonable to consider that the measures envisaged in the smart borders package are technically feasible and financially sounds, and formulates recommendations to the LIBE Committee and the European Parliament in this regard.

This study, commissioned by the European Parliament's Policy Department for Citizens' Rights and Constitutional Affairs at the request of the LIBE Committee, appraises the revised legislative proposals ('package') on EU smart borders adopted by the European Commission on 6 April 2016. It provides a general assessment of the package, focusing in particular on costs, technical feasibility and overall proportionality, and a fundamental rights check of the initiative.

En este artículo presentamos los avances de una investigación exploratoria sobre el empleo de nuevas tecnologías de la información y comunicación en el campo del gobierno de la (in)seguridad.
Esta exploración inicial aborda el modo en que se construye la relación TICs-seguridad-inseguridad, tomando como referencia dos campos de prácticas. Por un lado, el de la producción normativa. ¿Qué tipo de normas regulan los usos de TICs asociados al gobierno de la (in)seguridad?
¿Cómo se relaciona esta producción normativa con el modo en que se organiza o estructura el campo del gobierno de la (in)seguridad?
Por otro lado, abordamos el campo de los debates públicos. En esta  primera etapa de trabajo sondeamos el modo en que se problematiza en los medios gráficos de comunicación el uso de tecnologías de videovigilancia. ¿Cómo se justifican socialmente las prácticas de videovigilancia? ¿Qué tramas de sentidos asocian seguridad y
videovigilancia? Este trabajo explicita las principales coordenadas teóricas de nuestro análisis, describe la metodología empleada y presenta los principales avances obtenidos respectos de estas preguntas.
Finalmente, se enuncian algunas proyecciones y líneas de trabajo que nos proponemos seguir a fututo.