Sports Mega Events

ABSTRACT
This research aimed to analyze the portrayal of people with disabilities (PWDs) in Nigerian broadcast media by conducting a case study of TVC and Channels TV. Through a combination of content analysis and key informant interview, the study examined the frequency, tone, and stereotypical representation of disability across the stations' programming. The content analysis covered an 11-month period spanning January to November 2023 and analyzed 15 programs featuring PWDs.
The findings indicate that both TVC and Channels TV exhibit low frequency of coverage, with only a few dedicated programs showcasing PWDs annually. However, the overall tone of portrayal tends to be predominantly positive or neutral, highlighting the strengths and abilities of PWDs rather than limitations. The content also actively avoids stigmatizing stereotypes, instead broadcasting empowering messages that promote inclusiveness and equal participation of PWDs. This suggests deliberate efforts by the stations for sensitive and responsible portrayals, aligning with standards of professionalism, truthfulness and balance emphasized during interviews. 
Nonetheless, the limited visibility of disability issues points to significant room for improvement regarding inclusion and representation in programming. The study provides recommendations for increasing dedicated coverage through specialized shows, training media personnel, collaborating with disability advocacy groups, and strengthening quality control processes. Further research could explore incorporating audience perspectives, inter-sectional identities, impacts of representation and additional Nigerian broadcast channels.

Les demandes des consommateurs sont en train de revolutionner la maniere dont les produits sont produits, distribues et commercialises. En ce qui concerne le secteur laitier dans les pays en developpement, les composantes de la qualite du lait recoivent plus d'attention a la fois de la societe et du gouvernement. Toutefois, la gestion de cette qualite doit-etre mieux prise en compte dans les systemes de production laitiere, pour garantir l'acces des acteurs, principalement les petits exploitants, aux marches laitiers. La presente etude se concentre sur l'analyse de l'interaction de la partie amont de la filiere laitiere (agriculteurs et laiteries) dans la vallee du Mantaro (Andes centrales du Perou), afin de comprendre les contraintes possibles auxquelles ces deux acteurs sont confrontes pour la mise en oeuvre des controles et des pratiques de qualite du lait , et d'evaluer "ex-ante" comment les differentes strategies pour ameliorer la qualite du lait p...

Mega sporting events hold significant potential for nations to create a positive international image and foster strong diplomatic relations. This research aims to examine the reflections of the Paris 2024 Olympic Games opening ceremony in Turkish media from the perspectives of nation branding and public diplomacy. The analysis is divided into two parts: 'media interest,' which examines the most frequently covered segments, and 'media stance,' which assesses the attitudes reflected in the news. The content was coded into three themes-'neutral,' 'positive,' and 'negative'-with a total of 20 pattern codes and 185 descriptive codes used 2004 times. Findings indicate that, through this ceremony, France sought to highlight both its cultural heritage and modern identity. While the country effectively showcased its historical and cultural richness, the use of religious symbols in the artistic program sparked controversy. Ultimately, the opening ceremony is seen as part of France's broader efforts to rebrand itself through nation branding and public diplomacy. However, Turkish media reflections and international press critiques reveal that these strategies did not always yield the desired outcomes. Despite the power of sport as a tool in public diplomacy and nation branding, strategic errors can damage the host country's image.

Observa-se, no artigo, em uma perspectiva a um tempo topológica e tipológica; sobretudo, relacional, pelo viés da circulação, o que representa, ao sistema midiáticocomunicacional, no que ele tem de jornalístico, a emergência do que estamos chamando de narrativas dissonantes na discursividade midiática. Partimos do princípio que a processualidade da midiatização, ao interferir nas operações do referido sistema, não apenas reconfigura seus dispositivos como provoca emergências as mais diversas. Dentre estas, narrativas contrahegemônicas, portanto dissonantes, que surgem a partir de complexas semioses e operam, no plano simbólico, em uma espécie de contraposição às ofertas de sentido dos demais dispositivos que compõem o sistema midiático comunicacional. Com isso, complexificam o próprio sistema, aqui pensando como um quarto extrato narrativo, ou, simplesmente, um Quarto Narrador. A reflexão será ilustrado com notícias sobre as enchentes que atingiram a Região Sul do Brasil a partir do mês de abril de 2024. A abordagem será qualitativa, nos moldes de Machado da Silva (2021) e Demo (2000). Já a estratégia de observação, com Ginzburg (1989), indiciária.

This study evaluates the social and institutional barriers affecting the development of independent living and self-care abilities among individuals with Down syndrome. Using a descriptive qualitative design, data were collected through in-depth interviews with 21 participants (family members, healthcare, and education professionals) from seven institutions, selected via snowball sampling. Semi-structured questionnaires were applied, and the data were analyzed using thematic content analysis, phenomenological and ethnographic approaches. The findings indicate obstacles such as inequality of opportunity in accessing education and healthcare, shortage of qualified specialists, lack of supervision, and limited employment opportunities. Parental attitudes toward acceptance and coping with disability were also found to significantly influence individual development. The study concludes that two main barriers hinder independent living: (1) the inability of non-institutional biological citizenship bonds to generate political resistance, and (2) the centralization of social policies that ignore local realities, thereby creating social inequalities contrary to the preventive principles of public health.

Bu araştırma, Down sendromlu bireylerin bağımsız yaşam ve özbakım becerileri kazanmalarının önündeki toplumsal ve kurumsal engelleri incelemektedir. Tanımlayıcı-nitel yöntem kullanılarak, yedi kurumdan kartopu örnekleme ile ulaşılan 21 katılımcı (aile üyeleri, sağlık ve eğitim profesyonelleri) ile derinlemesine görüşmeler yapılmıştır. Veriler, tematik içerik analizi, fenomenolojik ve etnografik analiz yöntemleriyle değerlendirilmiştir. Bulgular; eğitim ve sağlık hizmetlerine erişimde fırsat eşitsizliği, uzman yetersizliği, sistemin denetimsizliği ve istihdam olanaklarından yoksunluk gibi engelleri ortaya koymaktadır. Ayrıca ebeveynlerin kabullenme ve başa çıkma tutumlarının bireylerin gelişiminde belirleyici olduğu saptanmıştır. Çalışma sonucunda, (1) kurumsallaşamayan biyolojik vatandaşlık bağlarının politik direniş üretememesi ve (2) sosyal politikalardaki merkezileşmenin yerel gerçekleri göz ardı ederek sosyal eşitsizliklere yol açması olmak üzere iki temel engel belirlenmiştir.

Dyplomacja sportowa Viktora Orbána: mecze Izraela i Białorusi na Węgrzech Sport odgrywa na Węgrzech istotną rolę w polityce zarówno wewnętrznej, jak i zagranicznej. Rząd Węgier przeznacza na jego rozwój proporcjonalnie najwięcej środków spośród wszystkich państw Unii Europejskiej. Szczególne miejsce w węgierskim modelu politycznym, społecznym i gospodarczym zajmuje piłka nożna, która jest kluczowym elementem dyplomacji sportowej V. Orbána. Poza wspieraniem klubów, z którymi identyfikują się mniejszości węgierskie w państwach ościennych, Węgry w ostatnich miesiącach organizują mecze piłkarskie reprezentacji narodowych i klubów, które z różnych przyczyn nie mogą rozgrywać ich na własnych arenach. Daje to V. Orbánowi możliwość realizowania swojej agendy politycznej. Sport w modelu polityczno-gospodarczym Węgier. Partia Fidesz realizuje agendę polityczno-gospodarczą, zgodnie z którą wybrane podmioty z różnych sektorów społeczno-gospodarczych powinny być zdominowane przez kapitał węgierski i znajdować się pod bardziej lub mniej formalną kontrolą państwa, tak aby były pomocne we wdrażaniu polityki rządu. Celem tego podejścia jest zwiększenie odporności Węgier na zewnętrzne wstrząsy oraz umocnienie pozycji politycznej partii Fidesz, co jednocześnie służy tworzeniu lojalnej wobec partii klasy wyższej. Szczególnie istotne są w tym modelu sektory energetyczny, bankowy, medialny i handlu detalicznego, gdzie operują takie firmy, jak spółka MOL, bank MBH czy podmiot medialny MTVA. Poza pełnieniem istotnych funkcji wewnętrznych, podmioty te wpływają również na politykę zagraniczną państwa.

Mega sport events were among the very few types of events still attracting tourists during the 2020 COVID-19 pandemic and represented an exceptionally attractive tourism opportunity for Bucharest through the matches scheduled for the UEFA 2020 championship. Motivated by the novelty of the event which was organized for the first time in the Romanian capital city and motivated by the exceptionally restrictive context imposed by the sanitary crisis, the aim of this study was to analyze domestic tourist participation in and satisfaction with this event. An extended survey focusing on the autochthonous participants was applied to gather data and then further computed using SPSS software through crosstabulations and associated statistical analysis adapted for nominal and ordinal variables. The main results emphasize a large participation of Romanian football supporters who came specifically for the event. Most of them expressed dissatisfaction with souvenir, food and drink products sold w...

The goal of this research is to understand the role, influence, and attitudes of downtown Atlanta business elites on downtown redevelopment policies. The downtown business elites has dominated the local politics of Atlanta for decades in order to achieve their redevelopment objectives. This research investigates the behavior of Atlanta business elites on downtown redevelopment policies from 1950s to 2000s in light of the 1996 Summer Olympic Games experience. This research explored the interplay between Atlanta's downtown business elites and the city elected officials as well as other interested parties in order to analyze the power and involvement of elites on the urban policy-making process. This study is grounded in urban regime theory to analyze how the business elites of downtown Atlanta attempted to transform Atlanta from a regional-national hub into an international city using the city's hosting of the Olympic Games as a convenient vehicle to implement their vision. First, the author lays out the picture in 1950s by introducing the regime actors in Atlanta and by explaining how the regime was shaped and has evolved over decades. Next, the author investigates how the business elites used the Olympics as a convenient vehicle to implement their own vision for downtown redevelopment. Finally, the author discusses the short-and long-term impacts of the Olympics on downtown Atlanta redevelopment. By establishing a connection between the Olympic bidding idea, Olympic legacy, and the changing role of downtown Atlanta business elites in urban policy-making process, this study contributes to the body of literature in urban politics by linking the regime theory and mega-event literatures to expand the understanding of Atlanta's local political power structure and the city's policy dynamics in light of the 1996 Olympic experience. The results indicate that the regime in Atlanta has changed since its creation because of several internal and external factors, including the relative decline of downtown Atlanta, growing and xi attractive competitive suburbs, and changing demographics. Local growth advocates have promoted Atlanta first as a regional, then a national, and finally an international city. The Olympic bid was a logical result of the existing regime in Atlanta seeks to transform the city into a worldstage player. Downtown Atlanta business elites sought to use the Olympics as a convenient strategy to create an international city image, reverse the declining trend of office and retail businesses in downtown, and to increase the primacy of downtown Atlanta over growing suburbs in the region. The elites seized the opportunity presented by a potential Olympic hosting in Atlanta to make promises and implement a vision that revitalizes certain downtown areas. Atlanta's Olympic strategy gave positive results in the short-run, however did not help to increase the primacy of downtown Atlanta in the long term due to short-term focused strategies selected by downtown business elites as well as prioritized regional issues and shifted focus of business elites to regional growth. The findings suggest that regime theory has limited ability to explain the changes in governing coalition. (Stone, 1989, p.179). The second part of chapter two explores the mega-event literature, specifically Summer Olympics, to identify the challenges and opportunities generated by the events. Overall, in chapter two, the author reviews the past literature to build a theoretical framework suggesting that the downtown Atlanta business elites used the Olympics as a convenient vehicle to implement their own vision for downtown revitalization. Chapter three outlines the methodology used in this study into four sections: Hypotheses and Time Frame for the Analysis; Study Design, Data Sources and Data Collection Activities; and Data Management and Analysis. The study was grouped into three phasesbefore, during, and after the Olympicsto facilitate the research design and analysis. Specific propositions of the study were the following:  Proposition 1: the business elites manipulated and shaped the planning decisions in downtown Atlanta to increase their business intereststhe regime that prioritizes downtown development projects. From the 1950s to the 1980s, the elites had power to implement their vision and the regime was in good shape.  Proposition 2: starting from 1980s, the local, national and international dynamics limited the power of elites in downtown policy-making process, and the business elites had difficulties influencing the planning decisions of elected officials. In this sense, the Olympic idea provided a means to facilitate the primacy of downtown Atlanta and justify the physical redevelopment of downtown Atlanta.  Proposition 3: from the business elites' perspective, the Olympics partially delivered the expected benefits, such as revitalizing specific downtown area, increasing the global recognition of Atlanta, and attracting more businesses and residents to downtown Atlanta. These effects were positive for a short-time period right after the Olympics, but these 2012 8.2 204 10,500

Introduction In Xian Cun, an urban village in Guangzhou, a massive inflow of migrants could be interpreted to alter the entire village and the modes of life for both local villagers and migrant residents in regard to physical fabric and socio-spatial patterns, but reasons for change are equally inflicted by responses to a general urbanization and pressure from the overall city related to modernization and new economic conditions. Subjective ways of coping with transformation and change in spatial practice of home and belonging with a majority of the population being temporary migrant residents, and ways of negotiating spatial positioning within a village in forced decline is exemplified in this text. I will build on a long term research done in relation with my PhD where I visited, registered and did interviews in Xian Cun annually since 2007. The work with the PhD ended in 2011 but I visited the village again in 2012 and 2013. I have interviewed local villagers, authorities on vari...

This study examines the economic and spatial impacts of Bassmaster Elite Series fishing tournaments on host communities through a novel application of location intelligence data. Using Advan's monthly patterns dataset from 2022-2024, visitation patterns, consumer behavior, and spatial dependencies are analyzed across multiple tournament locations in South Carolina. Our spatially aware difference-indifferences framework incorporates treatment intensity based on proximity to tournament venues and explicitly accounts for spatial autocorrelation effects. Results reveal significant increases in business activity near location of tournament sites, with spatial clustering (Moran's I = 0.333, p < 0.001) that strengthens over time (2022: 0.122, 2023: 0.171, 2024: 0.203). Effects persist beyond the immediate tournament period, with statistically significant impacts observed up to three months post-event, particularly for hospitality, recreation, and retail sectors. Robustness checks using alternative distance specifications and placebo tests confirm the validity of our findings. This research advances the understanding of how professional fishing tournaments generate economic value through both direct spending and spatial spillovers, providing valuable insights for event organizers, destination marketers, and local policymakers. Our methodological approach demonstrates the utility of geo-behavioral data in quantifying the community-level impacts of sporting events beyond traditional economic impact assessments.

ABSTRACTThe present work addressed the relationships between organizational culture, corporate governance and knowledge management in sports organizations, highlighting how these dimensions are articulated in practice and interfere in the institutional capacity toevolve consistently. Throughout the analysis, it was observed that organizational culture works as a symbolic foundation that guides behaviors and decisions, but it can also become an obstacle  when  it  reinforces  traditional  patterns  that  resist  professionalization  and innovation  processes.  Examples  of  clubs  and  federations  that  tried  to  implement governance practices, such as boards and audits, but faced limitations due to the lack of collective commitment and the lack of spaces for dialogue and learning, were discussed. In addition, it was found that knowledge management still does not occupy the strategic space  necessary  to  foster  the  circulation  of  information,  the  systematization  of experiences  and  the  development  of  more  creative  solutions  aligned  withthe  current demands of sport. The research showed that the alignment between culture, governance and knowledge does not depend only on structural changes, but on a gradual effort to transform  values  and  build  environments  that  favor  engagement  and  co-responsibility. The relevance of the theme is justified by the need to rethink practices and policies that strengthen the sustainability and legitimacy of sports organizations in a context marked by  growing  professionalization  and  the  valorization  of  sport  as an  instrument  of  social development.

ABSTRACT
The management of indoor sports facilities has become an increasingly relevant topic in Brazil, driven by the demand for spaces that integrate structural quality, financial sustainability, and social inclusion. This study explored how different management models have been implemented in these environments, highlighting achievements and weaknesses that directly impact the efficiency and relevance of these facilities in the daily lives of communities. The research gathered academic publications discussing strategic planning, the use of monitoring technologies, institutional marketing practices, preventive maintenance routines, and strategies to diversify funding sources. It became clear that, although there are positive examples characterized by professional teams and the adoption of performance indicators, the lack of integrated long-term policies remains a frequent issue, limiting modernization efforts and the consistent delivery of quality services. The findings also showed that accessibility, environmental sustainability, and social participation are important challenges still faced by managers. By addressing these aspects, the study contributes to broadening the discussion on how to prepare indoor sports.

RESUMO

O estudo explorou como a gestão de eventos esportivos vem se consolidando no Brasil como uma estratégia de engajamento institucional, geração de valor simbólico e fortalecimento de marcas. A análise reuniu contribuições de autores nacionais que abordam práticas de planejamento, ativação de  patrocínios,  sustentabilidade  e  construção  de  legados  em  competições  de  diferentes  portes. Observou-se  que  a  adoção  de  metodologias  estruturadas,  combinadas  com  a  flexibilidade operacional, tem potencializado resultados eproporcionado experiências significativas a públicos diversos. Também se verificou que a dimensão emocional do esporte exerce influência decisiva na  percepção  social  sobre  as  iniciativas,  criando  oportunidades  para  empresas  associarem  suas marcas a valores positivos, como superação e pertencimento coletivo. Ao mesmo tempo, persistem desafios ligados à transparência na gestão dos recursos, à avaliação de impactos de longo prazo e ao estímulo ao uso democrático das infraestruturas criadas. O trabalho destacou que o sucesso de um evento depende de uma combinação equilibrada entre profissionalismo, inovação tecnológica e atenção genuína às demandas sociais. Foi constatado que mesmo projetos com menor orçamento podem gerar mudanças relevantes quando articulam objetivos claros e estratégias de comunicação que dialoguem com os interesses da comunidade. A discussão revelou ainda que a credibilidade institucional  é  fortalecida  quando  práticas  de  sustentabilidade  e  responsabilidade  social  são integradas ao planejamento e à execução das ações. A construção de legados duradouros requer que as organizações desenvolvam visão sistêmica e cultivem relações baseadas na confiança e no compromisso  ético.  Esses  fatores,  aliados  ao  investimento  contínuo  na  formação  de  equipes capacitadas,  representam  caminhos  possíveis  para  que  o  esporte  se  afirme  como  motor  de desenvolvimento cultural e econômico.

Palavras-chave: Gestão  esportiva.  Marketing  esportivo.  Sustentabilidade.  Engajamento institucional. Legado.

Resumen: El discurso común sobre Pierre de Coubertin lo identifica, como alguien para quien el deporte era un instrumento de la pedagogía. En este artículo argumentamos, que para Coubertin la pedagogía del deporte seria principalmente un instrumento político que, hoy en día se expresa en la figura de estilo de la diplomacia moderna como "Soft Power" (Poder blando). Hasta los Juegos de Berlin (1936) con Baillet-Lattour continuó siéndolo y sin embargo, después de la II Guerra Mundial, con Sigfrid Edström y la cuestión de las "dos Chinas", así como más tarde, con Avery Brundage y su obsesión contra el apolitismo, el mercantilismo y el profesionalismo, el COI se convirtió en un campo de batalla de la Guerra Fría y del "hard power". Con Saramanch y la apertura del COI a las grandes empresas y al profesionalismo, se ha dado un paso importante para pacificar el IOC. Jacques Rogge desde 2001, le dio un nuevo impulso al IOC, obligando a la República Popular China a cumplir sus compromisos, argumentando que el deporte puede ser un catalizador para el cambio. Rogge, al igual que Coubertin, posicionó el deporte en el ámbito del "soft power" consiguiendo así para el COI la calidad de observador en las Naciones Unidas.

ler um jornal é recuperar dois tempos, dois locais, duas consciências e dois contextos"... A institucionalização do jornalismo como um dos principais campos de mediação da experiência moderna do mundo é resultante tanto do projeto de transparência e visibilidade da esfera pública contemporânea e, conseqüentemente, de constituição de um sujeito esclarecido e emancipado, como das transformações progressivamente alcançadas no domínio das tecnologias da informação, que permitem hoje a ultrapassagem das barreiras do espaço e do tempo, com a quase simultaneidade entre a ocorrência dos acontecimentos e a sua repercussão à escala planetária. Por isso, de todos os tipos de discursos pelos quais atualmente nos chegam os ecos do mundo, atingimos a experiência da vida e alcançamos a sua inteligibilidade e compreensão, o discurso jornalístico é talvez hoje um dos mais importantes. Estas razões, de natureza genealógica, não são, no entanto, suficientes para explicar as estruturas do discurso jornalístico nem a sua atual importância, uma vez que não permitem dar conta da relação da sua natureza e do seu modo de funcionamento com as expectativas das sociedades modernas. É por isso que habitualmente procuramos, na averiguação das funções que desempenha e das necessidades que satisfaz, a explicação do seu lugar nas sociedades contemporâneas. De fato, o discurso jornalístico 2 assume hoje um imprescindível papel de mediação, garantindo deste modo a constituição de um sentido comum para a experiência e a indispensável coesão social 1Professor Adjunta do Departamento de Comunicação da Universidade Federal do Maranhão, Mestre em Comunicação e Cultura pela UNB e doutoranda em Ética e Discurso Jornalístico pela Universidade Nova de Lisboa 2-O discurso jornalístico é normalmente estudado por meio das teorias jornalísticas:1-) Teoria do Espelho ou Especular; 2-) Teoria da Representação ou metafórica; 3-) Teoria da Construção Social e 4-) Teoria da Constituição Social ou Teoria Interpretativa. 2 1 necessária à cidadania pela influência cada vez mais marcante que exerce na vida quotidiana, na organização e produção de conhecimentos, na troca de experiências, na produção/reprodução de formas simbólicas, na gestão dos conflitos e na elaboração dos conteúdos éticos que configuram a prática social. "O que configura o discurso jornalístico?" "O que torna o discurso jornalístico um discurso científico" "Qual a natureza deste papel de mediação?" 2 -A verdade apodítica do discurso jornalístico O discurso jornalístico é sobretudo o relato dos acontecimentos que tiveram lugar recentemente, relato que é produzido como notícia e que circula regularmente no nosso dia a dia através dos diferentes dispositivos da informação. É, por isso, o resultado de um processo social de construção da realidade, definido por certas condições factuais, regras e convenções narrativas que vão desde as regras sintáticas e semânticas até as normas ético-pragmáticas do falar. São estas regras e convenções que funcionam como estruturas do discurso jornalístico e que constituem os pressupostos de um contrato de leitura entre o jornalista e o leitor. Na base deste contrato está presente o princípio da veracidade, isto é, o princípio que funciona como base de legitimação do discurso jornalístico como um conhecimento científico, passível de sistematização, racionalização, verificação, análise e aplicabilidade. O princípio da veracidade baseia-se na observação e registro de fatos comprovados, organizados e classificados, "exigindo para isso um certo grau de precisão e exatidão, mediante a substituição dos fatos pelas idéias e das coisas pelas palavras."(Park 2002:37) Este tipo de conhecimento difere, segundo o mesmo autor, do conhecimento com, isto é, do conhecimento que é adquirido através da familiaridade " no decurso dos contatos pessoais e imediatos com o mundo que nos rodeia (...) e que advém do uso e do costume" (Park 2002: 35) O princípio da veracidade pressupõe a defesa de uma tese (posição sobre a realidade) que se apresenta como verdade diante de qualquer interlocutor. "Em outros termos, quem afirma algo em uma argumentação não se limita a enunciar uma proposição, mas se apresenta como defensor da verdade daquilo que afirma e o eleva como sujeito de discurso diante de outros sujeitos de discurso, de uma pretensão de verdade da qual pretende o reconhecimento."(Gomes 1991: 24) A ausência do princípio de veracidade equivale a uma espécie de autocontradição que invalida a própria enunciação ou, melhor, resulta na quebra da relação de confiança entre o jornal e o leitor. Daí que a primeira tentativa de estruturação do discurso jornalístico é a busca de uma verdade absoluta, definitiva, de uma enunciação legítima, de uma narrativa fundada na veracidade, que por si só possa estabelecer o contrato de leitura entre o jornal e o leitor. Veracidade ou verdade que se apresenta aqui "como um acordo (correspondência) entre o que é dito e a realidade" (Guimarães 1995:24). Esta verdade apodítica é dada pelo próprio fato, pelo que aconteceu aqui e agora, desta e não de outra maneira, com estes e não outros critérios de noticiabilidade. Em vez de uma realidade primordial, que está dada à partida, a realidade proposta pelo objeto ou pela ocorrência é sempre negociável porque sempre passível de interpretação. É o próprio fato que diz o que é, por que está ali, naquele momento, como quer ser relatado, com quais características, para produzir quais efeitos 3 . Enquanto objeto, é o fato que inicia a relação interlocutiva com o sujeito propondo-lhe um cenário possível para a sua contextualização, no mesmo momento em que é recortado do mundo subjetivo para adquirir um certo caráter objetivo. Isto porque um fato funciona como um quadro simbólico, que torna uma "ocorrência fora de categoria, consagrada ao inclassificável e ao que não é importante." (Nora 1972: 184), não reconhecível, aleatória, dispersa no tecido social, em uma ocorrência identificável e possível de ser relatada, a partir de uma dada ordem social. "os quadros simbólicos organizam tiras do mundo cotidiano(...) Goffman define tira como uma fatia ou um corte arbitrário na corrente das atividades em curso." (Tuchman 2002:99) Mas, o que significa verdade e veracidade aqui? Verdade nesta perspectiva é objetividade, isto é, fidelidade ao objeto que, por isso, se apresenta na sua complexidade como um axioma, como um fato total, em todas as suas dimensões significativas. Assim, segundo a concepção de Gomes (1991), a fidelidade jornalística é propugnável porque admite que a faculdade do conhecer é sempre reportável ao passado (retorna 3Esta concepção difere da perspectiva positivista que pensa a relação sujeito/objeto como a relação (científica) entre um sujeito dinâmico, ativo e dono da verdade e um objeto inerte, passivo, pronto a ser descrito sem qualquer participação.

Olimpiyat Oyunları ev sahibi şehirler için sportif bir etkinliğin çok ötesinde anlamlar taşımaktadır. Aday şehir, bölge ve ülke için ekonomik, sosyal ve çevresel bir fırsat olarak görülen Olimpiyatlar uzun vadede kentsel gelişime etki etme potansiyeline de sahiptir. Bu çalışmada 2026 Kış Olimpiyat Oyunlarına ev sahipliği için diyalog aşamasında yer almış olan Calgary (Kanada), Erzurum (Türkiye), Milano-Cortina d’Ampezzo (İtalya) ve Stockholm-Are (İsveç) şehirleri IOC’nin resmi raporları dikkate alınarak karşılaştırmalı olarak analiz edilmiştir. Bu analiz sonucunda elde edilen bulgular dikkate alınarak Erzurum’un benzer büyük organizasyonlara ev sahipliği ile ilgili gelecek stratejisinin nasıl şekillenmesi gerektiği ile ilgili öneriler ortaya koyulmuştur. Bu kapsamda öncelikle IOC’nin önerileri dikkate alınarak Erzurum’un adaylığında en büyük eksiklikler olarak görülen konaklama, ulaşım ve tesisleşmede eksiklikler giderilmeli ve uluslararası standartlara uygun şekilde yatırımlar yapılmalıdır. Stratejik planlama olarak tanımlanabilecek yeni bir süreçle tüm yatırım kararlarının Erzurum’un uzun vadede gelişim stratejisi ve vizyonu ile uyumlu hale getirilmesi sağlanmalıdır. Tüm bu eksiklerin tamamlanabilmesi için zamana ihtiyaç olduğu unutulmamalı ve süreç sabır ve kararlılıkla yönetilmelidir. Yakın vadede Erzurum’un Olimpiyatlar dışındaki organizasyonlara yönelmesi daha doğru bir stratejidir. Bu stratejiyle şehir gerekli organizasyon ve planlama tecrübesini kazanarak orta ve uzun vadede daha büyük organizasyonlara ev sahipliği yapma şansını arttırmış olacaktır.

The Olympic Games, historically dating back to approximately 776 BC, represent perhaps the most fascinating athletic and religious celebrations of the ancient world, as well as being fundamental chronological references for ancient and modern historians. Sports competitions that take place on the mythical island of the Phaeacians during a banquet are also described in the Odyssey and are practically the same as in the Iliad, with the only difference that the solos have become a discus throw and the long jump is also mentioned (halma). During the 8th century and the first half of the 7th century, Spartan athletes had enormous successes in Olympia. Still, this almost absolute predominance which persisted between the end of the first Messenian war and the first decades following the second collapsed vertically during the 6th and early 5th century. After the end of the Persian Wars, victories became relatively more frequent again, especially in horse races. Concerning this phenomenon, there are not only sporting reasons but also profound political innovations, social difficulties, and cultural upheavals that have affected the entire Lacedaemonian society. We propose, here, a report that attempts to investigate at least in part some of the reasons for the sporting decline of Sparta just mentioned, trying to give body and face also to some athletes, whose biographies have been preserved in the Spartan collective memory and, more generally, Hellenic.
Keywords: Sparta, Athletics, Olympics, decline, society;

This study examined the impact of cultural diversity on tourist satisfaction in Ghana's Western Region, a destination known for its rich traditions and heritage. Specifically, examining the tourists' perception of cultural diversity and how the phenomenon affects their travel experience, vis-à-vis satisfaction. It is acknowledged that while cultural diversity enhanced visitor experiences, it also presented challenges such as language barriers and differing service expectations. Using a mixed method approach, data were collected from 150 tourists and four destinations and hospitality facilities through structured questionnaires and interview guides to solicit data. Again, SPSS version 27.0 was used analyzed the data. Findings indicated that cultural diversity positively influenced tourist satisfaction through fostering emotional connections and deeper cultural appreciation. However, variations in satisfaction levels due to communication challenges highlighted the need for personalized engagement strategies. ANOVA results further revealed significant differences among tourist segments, emphasizing the importance of tailored cultural experiences. Additionally, factors like cleanliness, accessibility, and infrastructure were crucial in balancing cultural preservation with modern service quality. The study recommended segment-specific strategies, personalized engagement programmes, and improved infrastructure to enhance inclusivity and overall visitor satisfaction in the hospitality and tourism industry.

This study examined the impact of cultural diversity on tourist satisfaction in Ghana's Western Region, a destination known for its rich traditions and heritage. Specifically, examining the tourists' perception of cultural diversity and how the phenomenon affects their travel experience, vis-à-vis satisfaction. It is acknowledged that while cultural diversity enhanced visitor experiences, it also presented challenges such as language barriers and differing service expectations. Using a mixed method approach, data were collected from 150 tourists and four destinations and hospitality facilities through structured questionnaires and interview guides to solicit data. Again, SPSS version 27.0 was used analyzed the data. Findings indicated that cultural diversity positively influenced tourist satisfaction through fostering emotional connections and deeper cultural appreciation. However, variations in satisfaction levels due to communication challenges highlighted the need for personalized engagement strategies. ANOVA results further revealed significant differences among tourist segments, emphasizing the importance of tailored cultural experiences. Additionally, factors like cleanliness, accessibility, and infrastructure were crucial in balancing cultural preservation with modern service quality. The study recommended segment-specific strategies, personalized engagement programmes, and improved infrastructure to enhance inclusivity and overall visitor satisfaction in the hospitality and tourism industry.

In the era of rapid urbanization, we are facing a lot of challenges to maintain the natural balance of our living environment. Green space plays a vital role in keeping this natural balance; It is an essential element in urban planning. Thus, providing sustainable and effective green areas for users in an urban area is challenging for planners. This study investigates urban green spaces&#39; design and how residents experience and use their nearby green areas; investigating the residents&#39; experiences because they are the primary users and successful effective planning mainly depends on the users. Specifically, it explores the gap between planning and local needs (that has not been taken into consideration). The result can be used as a background for further development for planning strategy. To do this study, I have chosen the green areas of Hammarby Sjöstad, Stockholm. This area has been designed and developed to achieve certain specific &#39;environmental goals&#39; laid down ...

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Purpose: This study explores emerging sports marketing and sponsorship research trends by examining theoretical, thematic, and methodological frameworks across time. Articles were classified based on their relevance to the evolution of sport business industry segments, conceptual, intellectual, and social structures, and their citation patterns.
Methodology: The investigation employs a multi-method analytical approach, focusing on research articles published in the prominent International Journal of Sports Marketing and Sponsorship (IJSMS) from 2016 to 2023. Using R software, data were obtained from Scopus and subjected to bibliometric analysis to elucidate scholarly contributions and thematic evolution over time.
Findings: The findings indicated that a significant portion of the articles in the paradigm funnel classification were based on experimental observations and analytical methods. The topics covered ranged from sustainability and social media to esports, Twitter, football fans, loyalty, and spectators. Additionally, there was a focus on relationship marketing and service quality as emerging themes. Additionally, the use of quantitative methods, empirical observations, and analytical methods, and the involvement of multiple authors and longer article titles positively impacted article citations.
Originality: This research will serve as a valuable roadmap for researchers in sport marketing and sponsorship. Additionally, scholars will be able to discern how articles on a particular topic have evolved through this research. This research offers valuable insights into the evolution of sport marketing and sponsorship research, providing scholars with guidance for future research directions by highlighting historical gaps and niche areas. This comprehensive historical review maps the significant themes in sport marketing and sponsorship research and sheds light on the academic trends that have shaped the field. The findings can help guide scholars toward historically underexplored areas in the literature, aiding in the continued development of the field. While the study highlights key areas such as consumer behavior, sports marketing strategy, and service quality, there remains a lack of focus on interdisciplinary approaches combining sport marketing with emerging fields like sustainability, digital innovation, and social equity. Future research should investigate how advanced technologies, such as blockchain, AI, and the metaverse, reshape fan engagement and sponsorship strategies. Additionally, researchers could examine the role of sport sponsorships in promoting social equity, diversity, and inclusion, primarily through campaigns that address societal challenges or empower marginalized groups.

Hitherto empirical research provides insight on particular dimensions or aspects thereof, but analyses that include diverse determinants of the physical activity are scarcer. The aim of the research was to examine the profile of adults who engage in sport activity, using a multi-layer, socio-ecological approach. Combined database: The Social Diagnosis 2015, The Statistics Poland 2014, and the Orliki 2012 was applied. The resulting sample consists of 8,361 adult respondents aged 25–70 years. Sport activity and sport clubs’ membership were measured as dependent variables. According to the Bronfenbrenner’s layered model number of outcome variables were described. While being consistent with fundamental facts known from the literature (e.g. significance of age, education, family, social networks and cultural aspects, the results point to a heterogeneity in determining sport activity. Firstly, women and men differ qualitatively – the set of characteristics important for sport activity is...

* To provide an overview of terrorist attacks on elite sporting events.
* To illustrate the implications the coordinated terrorist attacks across the northeast of the United States on September 11th , 2001, subsequently had on counterterrorism risk management strategies when hosting elite sporting events.
* To highlight some pertinent theoretical examples that conceptualize the findings of empirical research surrounding how spectators perceive counter-terrorism risk management strategies when attending an elite sporting event.

Cet article examine l'évolution des relations diplomatiques entre l'Azerbaïdjan et la Russie sous la direction d'Heydar Aliyev, l'ouverture d'ambassades, la coopération bilatérale dans divers domaines, les mesures concrètes prises pour développer les relations économiques et l'état actuel des relations commerciales entre les deux pays. À cet égard, les visites officielles mutuelles des chefs d'État, les accords de coopération économique et les accords visant à accélérer le développement des relations culturelles et humanitaires ont été analysés. Cette analyse a permis de conclure que les relations bilatérales se sont développées sous la présidence d'Heydar Aliyev et que les priorités liées à la Russie se sont reflétées dans sa politique étrangère.

More developing countries are now bidding for and hosting mega-events. However, it is unclear whether the legacies of a sport mega-event will benefit the host country's rural citizens. This is a particularly neglected area of research on mega-events. Rural communities in South Africa remain marginalised and often impoverished. This study assesses rural community members' perceptions of the costs and benefits of South Africa's hosting of the 2010 FIFA World Cup. It looks at the impacts they anticipated and how they would like to have participated in and benefited from the event. The responses of 100 households in Makhowe in rural KwaZulu-Natal show that this community generally supported South Africa's hosting of the event and expected direct benefits. Both negative and positive experiences and legacies were anticipated. It is recommended that partnerships be leveraged with game parks to enhance opportunities for rural communities and that further research should be conducted.

W dniu 9 maja 2025 roku w Nancy przedstawiciele władz Republiki Francuskiej i Rzeczpospolitej Polskiej podpisali Traktat o wzmocnionej współpracy i przyjaźni między Rzecząpospolitą Polską a Republiką Francuską. Nowy "Traktat z Nancy" zastępuje wcześniejszy Traktat o przyjaźni i solidarności między Rzecząpospolitą Polską a Republiką Francuską, sporządzony w Paryżu dnia 9 kwietnia 1991 roku. Nowy dokument rozszerza zamierzenia Deklaracji o Polsko-Francuskim Partnerstwie Strategicznym zawartej przez oba państwa w Warszawie 28 maja 2008 roku. Jakie są nowe wymiary współpracy Polski i Francji z uwzględnieniem aspektów bezpieczeństwa technologicznego?

This paper explores the view that the Olympic Games Movement and the modern day Olympic Games while seeking to be a secular event is regarded by many participants and spectators as an event where they are able to demonstrate expressions of their religious faith. The first Olympic Games were staged in ancient Greece and they comprised a series of sporting events staged as a way of honouring the Greek God; Zeus, considered by the Romans to be a pagan god. The origins and mythology surrounding the early Olympic Games had a non-secular basis and led to an almost intrinsic belief that to attend the Olympic Games was a way of undertake a sporting pilgrimage to affirm one’s faith and to give praise to one’s God. The aim of this paper is to examine the relevant beliefs and values associated with one of the World’s fastest growing religions Islam, which has over 1.5 billion worshippers worldwide, and the challenges these beliefs and values may present to the Olympic Games Movement and future...

Günümüz dijital çağında spor kavramı, yalnızca fiziksel aktiviteye dayalı etkinlikleri değil, aynı zamanda dijital platformlarda gerçekleştirilen rekabetçi etkinlikleri de kapsayacak şekilde genişlemiştir. Bu dönüşümün en dikkat çekici örneklerinden biri olan elektronik sporlar (e-sporlar), son yıllarda büyük bir ivme kazanarak küresel ölçekte milyonlarca oyuncu ve izleyici kitlesine ulaşmıştır. E-sporlar, geleneksel sporların aksine, sanal ortamda, belirli kurallar çerçevesinde bireysel ya da takım halinde yürütülen rekabetçi oyun etkinliklerini ifade etmektedir. E-sporun hızlı yükselişi, sporun doğasına ilişkin geleneksel tanımların yeniden gözden geçirilmesini gündeme getirmiştir. Uluslararası Olimpiyat Komitesi'nin (IOC) spor anlayışında teknolojinin etkisiyle ortaya çıkan değişim, e-sporların da Olimpiyat Oyunları'na dâhil edilme tartışmalarını beraberinde getirmiştir. 2021 yılında düzenlenen Olympic Virtual Series ve 2024 Paris Olimpiyatları kapsamında organize edilen e-spor gösteri etkinlikleri, bu sürecin somut örnekleri arasında yer almaktadır. Ancak esporların Olimpiyatlar gibi köklü bir organizasyona entegrasyonu, yalnızca teknik bir uyum süreci değil; aynı zamanda etik, kültürel, ekonomik ve sosyolojik açılardan kapsamlı bir değerlendirmeyi de zorunlu kılmaktadır.
Bu çalışmada, e-sporların Olimpiyat Oyunları'na dâhil olma süreci incelenerek, bu sürecin spor anlayışı, organizasyon yapısı ve toplumsal etkiler bakımından doğurduğu sonuçlar analiz edilecektir. Çalışmanın temel amacı; e-sporların Olimpiyatlara katılım sürecinde yaşanan gelişmeleri, karşılaşılan fırsat ve tehditleri ortaya koymak, ayrıca bu dönüşümün sporun geleceğine dair yaratabileceği yeni dinamikleri değerlendirmektir. Bu bağlamda, hem geleneksel spor branşlarının hem de dijital spor kültürünün nasıl bir etkileşim içerisinde şekillendiği araştırılacak ve Olimpiyat hareketinin geleceğine ilişkin çıkarımlar yapılacaktır.

Los Juegos Nacionales Evita son la principal competencia deportiva para jóvenes de 13 a 18 años en Argentina. Organizados por el Estado, pendulan entre la inclusión social, la socialización política y una tendencia a transformarse en cantera de talentos con proyección competitiva. Este artículo toma los resultados de la encuesta realizada por el entonces Ministerio de Turismo y Deportes de la Nación en 2022 para analizar los perfiles, las trayectorias sociales, económicas y deportivas, y las valoraciones de lxs participantes sobre la competencia, en pos de conocer el impacto de las políticas públicas en términos de inclusión, integración y promoción del alto rendimiento deportivo.

The education of sports coaches is transforming globally, with European nations recognizing its importance and promoting professionalization through European Commission initiatives. More than two decades ago, Brazil officially recognized sports coaches as a profession and as one of the activities for a Bachelor of Physical Education. This development sparked a broader discourse regarding the professionalization of individuals within this field. This study analyzes the state of Physical Education within Brazilian higher education following this formal recognition. This study employs a secondary analysis of governmental summary reports from 2004 to 2019. The Physical Education program currently ranks in the top ten undergraduate courses, with an enrollment of 239,008 students. 2019 Bachelor's degree programs in Physical Education increased to 825, compared to 553 programs in 2017. Throughout the analyzed period, there has been a notable increase in PE teacher licenses and bachelor's degree offerings in Physical Education, especially within the private sector. Throughout the analyzed timeframe, there was a significant rise in the availability of Physical Education teachers and bachelor's undergraduate courses, particularly within the private sector. This trend indicates a growing emphasis on physical education curricula and the preparation of qualified professionals in this field. Furthermore, there has been a marked diversification in the demographics of enrolled students, encompassing a wider range of ages and ethnic backgrounds, alongside a growing number of low-income applicants. The statistics from Brazil may provide insights into coach professionalization; however, they should not be regarded as a standard for international benchmarking.

Podium commissioned the Centre for Sport, Physical Education & Activity Research (SPEAR) at Canterbury Christ Church University to carry out research to capture the engagement of the further and higher education sectors and related stakeholders with the past, current and future opportunities presented by the London 2012 Olympic and Paralympic Games. The full report was released on 15 March 2011 to mark 500 days to go until the start of London 2012.

Donald Trump's controversial announcement of a travel ban on people from 12 countries visiting the US, immediately sparked questions about the implications for the upcoming Fifa Club World Cup and next year's men's football World Cup, both hosted in the US, as well as the 2028 Olympics in Los Angeles. The Fifa Club World Cup starts on June 15 and is hosted at venues across the US including at stadiums in Miami, Los Angeles and New York. Teams will travel from across the world to the US for the tournament. The travel ban will start on June 9, just before the major tournament, which features some of the biggest football clubs in the world, will start. While the announcement says athletes competing will be exempt from the ban, it is not obvious that this will extend to fans. And further restrictions on who can enter the country may add to the fear many travellers are feeling of being stopped at the US border.

O presente trabalho tem como finalidade relatar o que vem sendo desenvolvido em uma escola de rede municipal da cidade de Guarani das Missões (RS), tanto nas aulas de educação física uma proposta de inserção da Educação Olímpica neste contexto, nas oficinas d e esportes que são realizadas no turno inverso e que o Programa de Educação Olímpica na escola, que visa o desenvolvimento dos valores olímpicos respeito, amizade, excelência, ética, multiculturalismo, solidariedade, entre outros. Compreendemos que os resultados até ago ra encontrados mostram um contexto onde estes valores têm sido vivenciados, contextualizados nas mais diversas situações, contribuindo para um melhor aproveitamento do rendimento individual e coletivo dos alunos, bem como nas relações interpessoais.

This study examines the dominant narratives and media frames surrounding the moment when football celebrity Lionel Messi wore a bisht during the World Cup 2022 crowning ceremony. Employing a frame analysis approach, the research seeks to uncover the discursive meanings tied to this moment, which is heightened by national identity and nationalism in the context of globalized sport across international media platforms. A corpus of 25, 208 words from 59 online news articles was analyzed. At a macro level, the articles were largely framed within themes of conflict, controversy, criticism, and public and media reactions. The findings, which include specific cultural, national, political, economic, and identity frames, offer valuable insights into the complexities of globalization, nationalism, and cosmopolitanism in mega sporting events. Through discursive interpretations, this study provides a nuanced understanding of cultural exchange and identity issues in the globalized world of sports. Global media portrayed Messi's bisht moment both positively (as a symbol of honor and respect) and negatively (as an instance of identity exploitation for cultural publicity). The study also reveals that Qatar was perceived as leveraging the event for national branding. Notably, nationalism and ideologies emerge as critical factors in media framing of mega sporting events.

Purpose-This study aims to examine the impact of board characteristics on climate change disclosures (CCDs) in the context of an emerging economy, with a unique focus on regulatory influences. Design/methodology/approach-This study analyzes longitudinal data (2014-2021) from environmentally sensitive firms listed on the Dhaka Stock Exchange, using a disclosure index developed within the Global Reporting Initiative framework. The authors use a neo-institutional theoretical lens to explore regulatory influences on CCD through board characteristics. This study uses hand-collected data from annual reports owing to the absence of an established database. Findings-The results indicate that a larger board size, the presence of foreign directors and the existence of an audit committee correlate with higher levels of CCD disclosure. Conversely, a higher frequency of board meetings is associated with lower CCD disclosure levels. This study also observed an increase in CCD following the implementation of corporate governance guidelines by the Bangladesh Securities and Exchange Commission, albeit with a relatively low number of firms making these disclosures. Research limitations/implications-This study contributes to the climate change reporting literature by providing empirical evidence of regulatory influences on CCD through board characteristics in an emerging economy. However, the findings may not be universally applicable, considering the study's focus on Bangladeshi listed firms. Practical implications-This study suggests growing pressures for diverse stakeholders, including researchers and regulatory bodies, to integrate climate change disclosure into routine activities. This study offers a valuable framework and insights for various stakeholders. Social implications-By emphasizing the influence of good governance and sustainability practices, this study contributes to stakeholders' understanding, aiming to contribute to a better world. Originality/value-This study stands out by uniquely positioning itself in the climate change reporting literature, shedding light on regulatory influences on CCD through board characteristics in the context of an emerging economy.

This paper aims to provide the most up-to-date survey of tourism economics research and to summarise the key trends in its recent development. Particular attention is paid to the research progress made over the last decade in respect of approaches, methodological innovations, emerging topics, research gaps, and directions for future research. Remarkable but unbalanced developments have been observed across different sub-research areas in tourism economics. While neoclassical economics has contributed the most to the development of tourism economics, alternative schools of thought in economics have also emerged in advancing our understanding of tourism from different perspectives. As tourism studies are multi-and inter-disciplinary, integrating economics with other social science disciplines will further contribute to knowledge creation in tourism studies.

This article brings together key insights from Billy Graef, Brendan Hokowhitu, and Holly Thorpe to critically examine the relationship between sport and the Anthropocene. Together, each writer explores how sport both shapes, and is shaped by, environmental transformations, raising questions about its role in the accelerating ecological crisis. They discuss the need to rethink the Anthropocene through interdisciplinary perspectives, such as, feminist, critical, and Indigenous sociologies, emphasizing the agency of the environment and the intersections between sport, colonialism, capitalism, and industrial expansion. The interview highlights the environmental impacts of mega-events, the material effects of colonialism on sport, and the challenges of governance in sport’s sustainability initiatives. While emphasizing the importance of athlete activism and grassroots movements in driving change, they propose that Indigenous knowledges offer valuable insights into alternative epistemologies and practices, challenging dominant capitalist models. Looking to the future, the article anticipates increasing environmental impacts on sport, including health risks, inequalities, and the need for a radical shift towards more sustainable practices. Ultimately, the scholars argue that sport is deeply implicated in the Anthropocene, requiring a reimagining of its role in a world increasingly shaped by ecological crises.

As remocoes de familias pobres residentes em assentamentos precarios provocam impactos a essas familias e sao recorrentes em projetos de urbanizacao de favelas. Essa pesquisa buscou analisar os impactos socioeconomicos em familias removidas para o Residencial Antonio Vinagre pelo Programa de Saneamento da Bacia da Estrada Nova (PROMABEN), em Belem (Brasil) a partir de levantamento bibliografico, documental e de campo nos anos de 2013 a 2017, com aplicacao de formularios, entrevistas e analise de dissertacoes e teses sobre o tema. Identificaram-se aspectos positivos e negativos na nova residencia e se evidenciou como principais impactos socioeconomicos aos moradores o aumento do custo de vida, da violencia no local, empobrecimento, e desarticulacao das estrategias de sobrevivencia das familias, revelando que as politicas urbanas podem contribuir na diminuicao do acesso aos direitos sociais.

This study explores the complex economic consequences of hosting the Olympic Games, taking into account both short-term benefits and long-term impacts. While hosting the Olympics has historically been associated with short-term economic benefits in the form of investment in infrastructure, job creation, and influx of tourism, its long-run legacy is a great deal less clear-cut. The report cites examples of success like Barcelona 1992, London 2012, and Tokyo 1964, where stability in politics and strategic planning helped in reconfiguring urban spaces and world city images. However, it also looks at examples like Athens 2004, Montreal 1976, and Rio 2016, where bad planning, debt, and unused infrastructure, or socalled "white elephants," left the host cities burdened financially for decades. Key determining factors of Olympic legacy success or failure include a nation's economic preparedness, political stability, and overall post-Games planning. Based on the analysis, while the Olympics can spur long-term development as well as global prominence, they pose tremendous fiscal risk. National governments hosting the Games must weigh the advantages they receive in the short term against prospective financial and social costs. Lastly, the paper determines that only nations that plan and invest well will be in a position to ensure that the Olympics leave a long-lasting, beneficial legacy for generations to come.

Resumo: O perfil do administrador esportivo tem sido pouco estudado no país (MEDALHA, 1982; BARHUM, 2001). O presente estudo teve como objetivo caracterizar o gestor esportivo de clubes de grande porte da cidade de São Paulo, para contribuir para o aperfeiçoamento da formação de futuros profissionais. Um questionário foi aplicado aos gestores das atividades esportivas de 7 clubes. Verificou-se que o gestor tem formação específica em Educação Física, com especialização, é do sexo masculino, casado, tem ...