Urban Morphology

Privately executed urban development in an area can bring upon its dwellers major social and economic change, especially if undertaken without public consultation. The development of the 62 storey Bahria Icon in Karachi is a case in point. This paper investigates by way of semi structured interviews, its urban impact and ways to address the fall-outs.On face value, this development is supposed to represent ‘progress’, ‘modernization’ and ‘change’, but many aspects of physical and social development have either been compromised or overlooked. Negative impacts of the development are loss of heritage, burdening of infrastructure and the change in skyline of the city, besides many hidden fall-outs of the project. With the Bahria Icon’s development, the informal economy in the vicinity, the livelihoods of minorities, public recreational areas and the equity of the low-income settlement in the neighborhood, have also been affected, and their future is uncertain. suneela_mail@yahoo.com rah...

The book ‘D'une science architecturale contemporaine’ (On Contemporary Architectural Science) proposes an epistemological and methodological overhaul of the discipline of architecture, bringing together theoretical knowledge, project practices and cognitive models from contemporary science. Taking a transdisciplinary approach, it questions the foundations of architecture as a science of spatial design, drawing on tools from modelling, structural analysis, semiotics and cognitive archaeology.
Through a critical reading of modern and postmodern paradigms, the author highlights the limitations of exclusively aesthetic or technical approaches and proposes an architectural science capable of thinking about forms, structures and uses in all their complexity. The book develops a theory of design based on the formalisation of mental processes, the spatialisation of ideas and the modelling of architectural intentions.

DE ARCHITECTURALI SCIENTIA : ECOLOGIES PROJECTIVES ET THERAPEUTIQUES DES ECOUMENES HUMAINS. Eléments fondamentaux pour la constitution de la science architecturale de l’Ere post-Covid-19. Un parcours scientifique.

L’ouvrage « D’une science architecturale contemporaine » propose une refondation épistémologique et méthodologique de la discipline architecturale, en articulant les savoirs théoriques, les pratiques de projet et les modèles cognitifs issus des sciences contemporaines. S’inscrivant dans une démarche transdisciplinaire, il interroge les fondements de l’architecture comme science de la conception spatiale, en mobilisant des outils issus de la modélisation, de l’analyse structurelle, de la sémiotique et de l’archéologie cognitive.
À travers une lecture critique des paradigmes modernes et postmodernes, l’auteur met en lumière les limites des approches exclusivement esthétiques ou technicistes, et propose une science architecturale capable de penser les formes, les structures et les usages dans leur complexité. L’ouvrage développe une théorie du projet fondée sur la formalisation des processus mentaux, la spatialisation des idées et la modélisation des intentions architecturales.

This article aims to investigate the conditions of accessibility of Tomorrow the Museum; located in the Harbor Zone of the city of Rio de Janeiro. To this end, we performed a case study where we observe the interaction of a student with severe low vision and cerebral palsy (difficulty walking) of the 8th year of the Instituto Benjamin Constant in local dependencies. We present a brief history of the port area of the city of Rio de Janeiro, Colonial period, Empire and Republic, making a brief architectural model of these transition periods until privatization in the 21st century, by Concessionary Porto Novo. We conclude that, despite the existence of Assistive Technology (AT) in that space, there are still aspects in need of improvements.

Rising temperatures disproportionately impact vulnerable communities in informal settlements of arid Global South cities, yet data-driven frameworks for heat-resilient planning remain limited. This study pioneers an integrated machine learning (ML) framework—combining multivariate clustering, ensemble models (Random Forest, XGBoost, Gradient Boosting), and SHAP explainability—to analyze Land Surface Temperature (LST) dynamics in Kabul, Afghanistan. Results reveal informal settlements endure significantly higher LST (up to +5°C) than formal areas, driven by dense low-rise structures, minimal green space, and adjacent barren lands. While Gradient Boosting achieved the highest predictive accuracy (R² ≈ 0.45), the core contribution lies in translating ML insights into actionable planning strategies derived from urban morphological indicators (UMIs): (1) an optimal vegetation threshold (NDVI ≈0.15), (2) building heights around 3m to balance shade and ventilation, and (3) vertical densification for population management. Seasonal analysis highlights adaptive planning needs, with UMIs exerting stronger influences in summer but remaining relevant year-round. This research provides a replicable methodology for UMI-LST analysis in informal settlements, offering a pathway for equitable, climate-resilient urban development. We urge policymakers to embed targeted greening, managed densification, and land-use optimization into Kabul’s urban agenda.

El presente texto corresponde a la segunda parte del artículo "Het Algemeen Uitbreidingsplan van Amsterdam"publicado originalmente en el volumen Het Nieuwe Bouwen, Amsterdam 1920-1960, y cuya parte correspondiente a lo relativo a acontecimientos anteriores a la Segunda Guerra Mundial se presentó traducida en Cuaderno de Notas 5. Por consiguiente, en esta segunda entrega se recogen ¡os desarrollos de los nuevos barrios o partir del final de la guerra hasta aproximadamente 1960. Son las realizaciones correspondientes a ¡afose de reconstrucción nacional, tras las devastación y el desmame ¡amiento industrial producto del conflicto. A través de su lectura podrán seguirse las vicisitudes de un proceso de construcción de la ciudad surgido en condiciones de emergencia, pero a la vez, en una lucha constante por mantener y desarrollar ¡a idea urbana del plan general de 1935, en el que las nuevas ampliaciones se insertaban. Las grandes dudas y decepciones que la realización día a día...

Kolejną, bardzo istotną mapą, która daje wgląd w rozplanowanie przestrzenne dawnego Tymbarku, jest mapa katastralna Tymbarku z roku 1845 r. w skali 1:2880 (Kataster Galicyjski Tymbark 1845). Mapa przedstawia Tymbark, jaki uległ już pewnym przeobrażeniom i jest prawdopodobnie najstarszą mapą katastralną Tymbarku. Posiada ona dziesięć razy dokładniejszą skalę od wcześniej wspominanych, co przekłada się na dużą szczegółowość. Znamy położenie każdego budynku, granice działek. Duża szczegółowość mapy katastralnej potwierdza, iż zaznaczony na mapie Miega budynek na rynku to ratusz, świadczy o tym widniejący na nim symbol flagi. Ratusz został rozebrany na początku XX wieku z powodu nieopłacalności jego remontu. Dokoła ratusza odbywały się jarmarki, służył on jako kancelaria, sala zebrań, karczma czy też klasa szkolna (Steczowicz 1960). Przeglądając mapę katastralną można stwierdzić, iż od około sześćdziesięciu pięciu lat, czyli od czasu stworzenia mapy Miega, Tymbark niewiele się zmienił. To sugeruje, iż wskutek słabego rozwoju Jodłowej Góry, początek XIX wieku odzwierciedla stan niewiele różniący się od czasów średniowiecza (Bardecka 1982 s. 75). Zmiany, jakie zaszły w ciągu tego czasu, wydają się stosunkowo niewielkie w odniesieniu do całości miasteczka.

Considerable growth of the fortification activities in mining area of the Middle Slovakia region occured in the 15 th century. This caused establishment of so called town castles – fortified parish churches. Additional objects inside the complex were adherent to public life of the town (town hall) or to the parish church (vicarage, ossuary, cemetery). Town castle in Banská Bystrica was built in the 14th cent. It was established around the Castle of Translation of Virgin Mary from the 13th cent. Gate tower in the area was supplemented with resident tower, called Mathew’s house. Bastions, town hall and Church of the Holy Rood were another components of the complex. Castle was rebuilt in the era of Ottoman incrusion, but afterwards lost its importance. Town castle in Kremnica arised in the 15th cent. around the Church of St. Catherine. The ossuary of St. Andrew holy originated in 1430 and it subsequently served also as an armory. tower gates and former town hall were also situated in the castle. Town castle in Banská Štiavnica accrued within rebuilding of Basilica of Virgin Mary, which arised before the incrusion of Tartars. In short distance away, there stood an Ossuary of St. Andrew. Citizens integrated bastions to castle at turn of the 14th and 15th century. Drastic proceed of reformation in 1546-1559 flow into building activities and the oldest town temple became a heart of the town defense. The aisles, for example, were divided into operations and residential rooms. Town castle in Ľubietová wasn’t situated around the Church of Mary Magdalene. Fortification of this sacral area consisted probably from poor stone wall. The castle of Ľubietová is more likely associated with fortified town hall from the time before 1382, which was built in the time of Ottoman incrusion. Castle with four corner bastions also served as protection for treasury, town archive and stores. Fortified churches in Krupina, Brezno, Zvolen and Banská Belá are in same
cases also considered as town castles. Romanesque Church of Virgin Mary was built by German colonists, who arrived in Krupina at the turn of the 12th and 13th cent. Around 1440, troops of Ján Jiskra occupied and embattled the church because of contest for power after the death of Albrech von Habsburg. The fortification was reinforced with four bastions. Church of St. Anne in Zvolen originated around 1238. Its fortification was built around the time of year 1500, hovewer the subtle construction probably indicates it never served as town castle. Nevertheless, the wall apparently served as watch point during Ottoman incrusion. Ossuary inside the fortification was built around the half of the 14th cent., which founded Chapel of Corpus Christi. Chapel was centre of hospital in the late medieval period. Town hall with prison, which is mentioned in written source from 1465, was attached to northern wall od the parish church. Connection of town government and sacral building is rare in the said area. Another building inside the complex of church was clock tower. There are known also some less effective, or in some cases less researched fortifications in the mining area. Writing sources include mention of fortalitium in town Brezno, but evidence of this fortification is unknown. We can suppose a wall around the Church of Blessed Virgin Mary from 1517. There exists some variation of wall around the Church of St. John the Gospeller in Banská Belá, but its purpose and dating are ambiguous. Church of Nová Baňa was illustrated at the 2 Military Mapping Survey. In the middle of the sqare of Nová Baňa stood a tower building, which served as residence location. It was built probably in the 14th century. Town castles in mining area of the Middle Slovakia region (mainly castles in Banská Bystrica and Kremnica) present specific types of fortification architecture and they’re regarded as exceptional type of fortifications in the Upper Hungarian Empire. Analogies can be found in the fortified churches in Transylvania. Similarities are in architecture and construction, but chuches from both countries were also symbols of dignity.

Each Key Finding has been assigned a level of scientific certainty, based on a 4-box model and complemented, where possible, with a likelihood scale. Superscript numbers indicate the uncertainty term assigned to each finding. Full details of each term and how they were assigned are presented in Appendix 10.1. Urban greenspace are substantial. In the past, the importance of these areas for the health and general well-being of society was not appreciated and their potential not realised 2 . It is not just the limited extent and variable quality of greenspaces, but also their spatial distribution, connectivity, functionality and accessibility that currently create barriers to their optimisation. Access to Urban greenspace is essential for good mental and physical health, childhood development, social cohesion and other important cultural services 1 . More than 6.8% of the UK's land area is now classified as 'urban', with more than 10% of England, 1.9% of Scotland, 3.6% of Northern Ireland and 4.1% of Wales contributing to this habitat. About 80% of the population resides in these areas, where the amount of mean accessible greenspace is 2 hectares (ha) per 1,000 people in England and 16 ha per 1,000 people in Scotland 2 . Deprived areas systematically fare worse in terms of quantity and quality of greenspace 2 . 1 well established 2 established but incomplete evidence During the last three decades of the 20th Century, there was a decline in the condition and accessibility of Urban greenspace in the UK 2 . It is likely that the reduction in funding for public parks, the absence of any statutory parks services, and the sale of playing fields (approximately 10,000 between 1979 and 1997) and allotments (estimated at below 10% of peak levels) have all contributed to this decline. Evidence suggests that there has been some improvement since the work of the Urban Task Force. Local authorities, public bodies and over 4,000 community groups, many with National Lottery funding, have contributed to the refurbishment and renewal of many of these areas.

A Organização das Nações Unidas prevê que em 2050 a maioria da população mundial viverá em cidades, muitas em crescente risco de exposição a inundações e escassez de água, incluindo Lisboa e o contexto mediterrânico. A necessária reflexão sobre os modelos de urbanização planetária (Brenner e Schmid, 2011) e alterações climáticas em curso reveste-se de um complexo âmbito multidisciplinar que requer contributo e diálogo entre diferentes áreas do conhecimento.
Este trabalho procura ensaiar uma perspetiva a partir do campo da arquitetura, como disciplina que produz sínteses entre processos tecnológicos e produtos construídos. O objetivo é traduzir o problema da água e urbanização em termos disciplinares, ou seja, em forma e léxico urbano. Pretende-se demonstrar que a interpretação da articulação formal entre o sistema da forma urbana e o sistema infraestrutural e paisagístico de água doce no ambiente construído – enquanto moldura líquida – pode ser uma ferramenta conceptual para equacionar novos equilíbrios que acompanhem a emergente redefinição do valor de escassez deste recurso natural.
Como identificar e caracterizar, no plano teórico, dois sistemas que integram o ambiente construído (água e urbano)? Apresenta- se uma perspetiva histórica. Revisitam-se as civilizações hidráulicas do crescente fértil, os aquedutos romanos para condução de água a partir de pontos distantes que permitiram o crescimento das cidades e assim o florescimento cultural, a visão de Haussmann que associou infraestrutura e saúde pública a uma nova imagem urbana de Paris, entre outros exemplos. Identificam-se correlações entre o surgimento de novas tipologias urbanas e arquitetónicas e as ‘revoluções da água’ (Sedlak, 2014). Conclui-se que a presença, programada e natural, da água em meio urbano, embora seja um tema relativamente ausente do discurso da arquitetura (Morshed, 2024), participa de forma decisiva na concepção do espaço urbano.
Em seguida, procura-se compreender que relações se estabelecem (ou se quebram) entre o sistema da forma urbana e o sistema infraestrutural e paisagístico de água doce no território? Como evoluíram essas relações ao longo do tempo? Estas respostas procuram-se, no plano cartográfico, para o estudo de caso do vale da Avenida Infante Santo em Lisboa. Elege-se a elaboração de cartografia como ferramenta de análise crítica, permitindo combinar perspectivas diferentes para um mesmo território: urbanismo, arquitetura, infraestrutura, geologia, topografia.
A partir do mapeamento da evolução espacial do lugar reconhece-se um denso palimpsesto tecnológico e formal que compõe o espaço humanizado e pesquisam-se oportunidades para novos léxicos que integrem harmoniosamente os dois sistemas – água e desenho urbano.

From Vitruvius’s foundational architectural writings to Roman monumental infrastructure to Haussmann’s renewed Paris, the human drive to manipulate water flow has determined cities’ formal evolution. How can architecture today give shape to water sustainability? Departing from Moore’s idea of spatial “liquid framework”, this paper explores the interpretation of urban water and urban form as two intertwined city layers with an ever-tightening geometry and capillarity, continuously linked and synthetizing new urban and housing typologies. A conceptual matrix is proposed, unfolding water and urban design dualities. Lisbon’s case study, like many related cities, can be described through this analytical model, in a two-direction temporal regard: looking back, a palimpsest of urban water’s material and immaterial concepts overlapping in a downstream topography; and looking forward, a Mediterranean urban context facing future drought and flood risks, demanding opportunities for a new sustainable balance reconnecting natural flows with public space and built circularity.

HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access archive for the deposit and dissemination of scientific research documents, whether they are published or not. The documents may come from teaching and research institutions in France or abroad, or from public or private research centers. L'archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, émanant des établissements d'enseignement et de recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires publics ou privés.

One of the most urgent tasks for the newly united city of Budapest was the construction of a piped drinking water network, by which the city administration expected to limit the spread of epidemic diseases and offer other public health benefits. In addition to posing engineering and technical challenges, such large infrastructure networks are also social innovations that change our relationship to natural resources and require a wide range of adaptation to new dependencies. In this paper, I analyze the legal and ethical shift in the history of water management in Hungary, whereby water became a public good, and then I describe the social debates and tensions that accompanied the construction of a water supply system in Budapest. I organized the two subchapters around two protagonists: the dilemmas, conflicts and struggles of Sándor Károlyi, a landowner, and those of Mihály Kajlinger, an engineer, to illustrate the changes that led to a closer cooperation between the city and its surroundings, on the one hand, and to a sharper division between the two spheres, on the other.

Linda See1, Jason Ching2, Valery Masson3, Johannes Feddema4, Gerald Mills5, Marina Neophytou6, Michael Foley5, Martin O’Connor5, Grega Milcinski7, Marko Repse7, Christoph Perger1, Martina Duerauer1, Steffen Fritz1 and Benjamin Bechtel8 1 International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, Laxenburg, Austria, see@iiasa.ac.at 2 Institute for the Environment, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill NC, USA, jksching@gmail.com 3 Centre National de Recherches Meterologiques, Meteo France, Toulouse, France, valery.masson@meteo.fr 4 Department of Geography, University of Kansas, Lawrence KS, USA, feddema@ku.edu 5 School of Geography, Planning and Environmental Policy, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland, gerald.mills@ucd.ie 6 School of Engineering, University of Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus, neophytou@ucy.ac.cy 7 Sinergise, Ljubljana, Slovenia, grega.milcinski@sinergise.com 8 Institute of Geography, University of Hamburg, Hamburg Germany, benjamin.bechtel@uni-hamburg.de

Considering physical image of water basin for institutional improvement, research has answered seven basic questions formulated on how the image of water basins can be framed in the concept of collective resources. The main aim was to distinguish cities arrangement associated with different environment elements for integrated management. However, method composed has illustrated a simple set of techniques with holistic approach based on symbolic use of four primary elements. In each case the element analyses has adopted spatial patterns of rationalized lines, which were later integrated for a general view to interpret the actual systems. The urban component associated with the natural elements has revealed a hierarchical order of urban nucleus and by understanding gross vector pattern linked with treated Satellite imagery (Landsat-7 UTM RGB-453). Resulting imagery has clearly revealed elementary forms of spatial categories, clusters of the urban structures and intensity of interconnection of subsystems within the basin.

This research aims at reframing sub-regional water basins for adequate system planning. It takes into consideration the physiographic characteristics of a municipal area situated in the coastal Brazilian Atlantic region. Our research observes the landscape elements, investigates land and water lines with their respective zones, as they are conceived and integrated with the urban areas and the rural zone that is associated to the flood plain and the high lands. Four parts of subregional water basins were identified and studied for community water basin management. However, urban equipments associated with the natural and human systems were translated into maps and evaluated together with Satellite imagery (Landsat-7UTM RGB-453) in order to reframe the municipal area into micro water units for strategic planning. Symbolic elements were considered as prime vectors, distinguished to illustrate different environmental patterns involved in the determination of micro water units. This technique has correlated maps for integrated analyses, by drawing attention to the city image associated to environmental resources in the regional and local territories. Such understanding has clearly revealed special patterns that hold the urban pressures and shows how the vectors of expansion forces are connected to the internal and external forms, the types of natural and artificial sub-systems and the bio-physiographic conditions. Our analysis has evaluated the local water structural zones for its use in the actual decision making process (DMP), utilizing Urban Focus Chat (UFC), to slot the spatial and systemic approach of the general framework of water units into other environmental values relating to sub-systems. Adequate references and ecologic values are vital in planning and in system management required for the development of strategic action.

Dans sa première version, La Bible document chiffré (1950), présente en annexe du tome I, un curieux développement sur ce qu'Abellio nomme : « Le problème du Mem final ». Une référence au graphisme de l'alphabet hébreu et à sa grammaire n'est pas uniquement sollicitée : à cette lettre Mem est en effet associée, par développements numéraux et géométriques, une signification cosmogonique toute particulière. Abellio introduit ici la notion d'un opérateur à vocation de rassemblement final, autrement dit à un « rôle d'accomplissement ou d'expansion terminale au sein d'une unité reconstituée ». Nous avons abordé, dans nos précédentes communications, d'une part, la question du couple Chine-Israël et, d'autre part, la genèse de la « structure absolue » en tant qu'outil d'anticipation. Aujourd'hui, nous voudrions introduire la problématique de l'intégralenotion mathématique qui définit le passage d'une suite de quantités à sa synthèse-transposée à la signification d'une expérience vécue aussi bien individuellement que dans l'ordre du collectif. Existe-t-il une relation entre phénoménologie et anticipation ou encore une opération intellectuelle permettant de concevoir un « passage à la limite » pour notre monde ? Au début de l'oeuvre abellienne une « équation » fut pensée sous la forme d'une « génétique des nombres ». Par la suite, cette réflexion fut écartée au profit d'une opération de structuration, telle qu'elle est appliquée dans Assomption de l'Europe (1954) et trouve sa forme arrêtée par la publication de La structure absolue (1965). L'expérience de ce point limite que nous nommons ici l'émergence d'un espace « messianique »-espace que nous aurons à définir-est un « entre deux » à partir duquel nous pouvons appréhender cette intégrale. C'est un moment fondamental qui semble répondre à une Loi non plus de causalité mais de finalité. L'espace « messianique » qui émerge de la géographie structurée, décrite par Abellio, qui était alors d'anticipation et davantage de l'ordre d'une nouvelle géopolitique, est une véritable fin de l'histoire. Il est cependant aussi l'ouverture à une durée et un espace qui ne peuvent plus s'associer, voire s'identifier à des événements historiques, ni même à des faits circonscris et formels. Cette émergence-interpénétration toujours plus affirmée, entre dehors et dedansnous conduit à repenser les composantes de notre existence et par conséquent concevoir l'image d'un modèle cosmogonique autre. À ce constat, c'est la représentation géométrique de la « structure absolue » qui est une nouvelle fois interrogée.

This study contains original 3D models depicting selected fragments of representative public spaces and buildings that make up the image of the city of Katowice. The attached graphic studies of individual cards can be considered abstract, but they systematise knowledge about the data and show the diversity of the structure of individual locations and districts in quantitative terms graphically – through cards – and spatially – through models. This makes it possible to experience and understand the city as a whole. The creative use of spatial data in GIS and its visualisation is a challenge that combines the fields of planning, urban planning, architecture, and art at the intersection of science and the popularisation of these fields. The use of card game experiences is an experiment that allows for an easier understanding of the potential of the city of Katowice. An important conclusion from the research is the demonstration of a high degree of diversity in the potential of different districts. This is very well illustrated by urban cross-sections generated on the basis of models that show plans, silhouettes and models of selected places. Naturally, the selection of reference objects and spaces is debatable, but it can be justified as places that are significant and crystallise the structure, which, in the understanding of Kevin Lynch's ‘Image of the City’ theory, play the role of dominants, areas or nodes in this study. A summary of the city's assets (Chapter 5) gives an idea of the scale of the entire collection and allows the ranking of individual elements in relation to each other. This approach can be considered professional. At the same time, the silhouettes of individual buildings, which are symbols of the cards, refer to a pictorial (postcard) schematic perception of the city that is understandable to everyone. We hope that this study, together with the cards, will contribute to the popularisation of the city of Katowice and to the understanding and perception of its comprehensive image.

This paper adopts an evaluation procedure that takes on board six dimensions of the genetic heritage of a city and its waste, how they are intertwined in the landscape. It benefits from the SEA-sustainability environmental assessment approach to integrated social, economic, environmental dimensions of any given project or intention and adds up the morphological dimension that only the municipal scale can allow. Four recurrent functional spatial patterns have been identified and are comparatively graded to characterize how each one of those dimensions relate to each other, what functional spatial links they appear to establish in the urban area. The difference in the DNA of any given urban area is here regarded as the result from establishing the comparative weight of those functional spatial patterns. PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Urban morphology. Urban solid waste. Recycling. 1 INTRODUCTION: an urban morphology approach to its interactions with landscape configuration, and to what their functional spatial patterns can be "… We fear death; we fear loss; we fear waste, which is the signal of loss. The worst change is decline, wasting away, growing old. Waste is an impurity to avoid or to wash off. Things should be clean and permanent, or better, should constantly increase in competence and power. But permanence and growth form a dilemma, since permanence is stagnation and growth is instability …" (Lynch, 1991).

O desafio do planejamento urbano frente à expansão das cidades revela a importância de planos de ordenamentos territoriais ou diretores, principalmente, no que diz respeito à relação entre a preservação de áreas verdes naturais e o desenvolvimento dos centros urbanos de forma equilibrada e sustentável. Neste artigo, através de mapas elaborados, analisa-se a efetividade dos planos urbanos de Teresina, comparando traçados idealizados no papel com a realidade observada no intervalo de 1988 a 2023. Foi discutido em uma linha temporal uma análise breve das leis do Código Florestal, os principais planos urbanos de Teresina, suas respectivas atualizações e pontos importantes. Destaca-se ainda, a discussão acerca da dinâmica entre o crescimento horizontal do município Teresinense e a proteção de suas paisagens naturais, como as margens dos rios Poti e Parnaíba e de seus parques ambientais. Os principais resultados desse estudo foram que os planos diretores não conseguem cumprir seu papel pela falta de integração e ação efetiva por parte da prefeitura e órgãos do poder público, apesar de estarem continuamente atualizando suas leis e códigos.

Em vista dos novos padroes espaciais no urbano, bem como as novas formas de representar esses fenomenos atraves das geotecnologias, um novo âmbito de estudos urbanos se abre. Esse trabalho tem como objetivo tracar um panorama da segregacao socioespacial em Sao Paulo, por meio da analise de um condominio de alta renda cercado por favelas na regiao do Campo Limpo, distrito de Sao Paulo. Para isso caracterizou-se a formacao das periferias na cidade, entendendo como tecnicas de analise espacial podem tornar mais clara a visualizacao dessas desigualdades. Utilizando-se do metodo IDW (Inverse Distance Weighting), foram construidos mapas que otimizam a visualizacao dos dados de vulnerabilidade social, constatando-se a presenca de niveis extremos em locais muito proximos, bem como a omissao do poder publico na realizacao de melhorias e politicas para diminuicao da desigualdade social.

A professora e pesquisadora Juliana Luquez entrevistou o coletivo BICI nos Planos Campo Grande. O coletivo é responsável por orientar a sociedade civil, gestores e técnicos municipais na inserção da bicicleta no planejamento na cidade como exigido pela Política Nacional de Mobilidade Urbana e pelo Programa Bicicleta Brasil. O objetivo é promover a bicicleta como modal de transporte, de inclusão social e de sustentabilidade, inserindo-a nos planos e políticas públicas de Campo Grande/MS, contribuindo assim, com o desenvolvimento da cultura ciclística na mobilidade urbana. Com o tema Mobilidade Ativa em Tempos de Pandemia, o coletivo abordou questões importantes para o debate público no que se refere a mobilidade urbana. Em atividade desde 2016, BICI nos Planos Campo Grande atua na promoção e pela inclusão da bicicleta nas políticas públicas da cidade. O grupo é o primeiro e (ainda) o único coletivo oficial que representa os ciclistas de Mato Grosso do Sul.

A professora e pesquisadora Juliana Luquez entrevistou o coletivo BICI nos Planos Campo Grande. O coletivo é responsável por orientar a sociedade civil, gestores e técnicos municipais na inserção da bicicleta no planejamento na cidade como exigido pela Política Nacional de Mobilidade Urbana e pelo Programa Bicicleta Brasil. O objetivo é promover a bicicleta como modal de transporte, de inclusão social e de sustentabilidade, inserindo-a nos planos e políticas públicas de Campo Grande/MS, contribuindo assim, com o desenvolvimento da cultura ciclística na mobilidade urbana. Com o tema Mobilidade Ativa em Tempos de Pandemia, o coletivo abordou questões importantes para o debate público no que se refere a mobilidade urbana. Em atividade desde 2016, BICI nos Planos Campo Grande atua na promoção e pela inclusão da bicicleta nas políticas públicas da cidade. O grupo é o primeiro e (ainda) o único coletivo oficial que representa os ciclistas de Mato Grosso do Sul.

The morphological account of landscape aims to overcome the contrast between an objectivist/scientific account of space and the more qualitative/subjective account of place. It does so by actualizing the notion of landscape, which endows a materiality often overlooked in contemporary spatial theories. In this paper, I will discuss what has been called the ‘space-place conundrum’ by referring mostly to the human geography contemporary debate on space and place. In the following, I will retrieve Carl Sauer’s morphological conception of landscape as an alternative framework aimed at rephrasing both the concepts of space and place. Landscape must be freed from the cage of the aesthetic gaze so that it can be understood as a lived and dynamic complex of interacting forms that encompass the embodied subject. In the end, I will outline the main characteristics of a morphological conception of landscape, paving the way for further inquiries.

Canyon-type urban streets are one of the urban forms in which critical and harmful situations for health and the urban environment are emerging today, such as urban heat islands, areas of poor ventilation, and retention zones for pollutants emitted by road traffic, heating, and industrial activities. The higher pollution levels are due to inappropriate relationships between morphological and microclimatic parameters specific to urban street canyons. Previous studies have highlighted the most common factors, namely the aspect ratio (H/W), the orientation of the street to the prevailing winds, and vegetation. In the city of Algiers, the urban street canyon is particularly noticeable in two dominant urban fabrics: the medieval organic fabric and the colonial fabric dating back to the French occupation. This paper aims to explain the effect of different factors specific to urban canyons in Algiers on the concentration trends of air pollutants by adopting the CODASC database, which contains data on normalized average air pollutant concentrations (C+) related to different street canyon models, according to aspect ratios H/W values, wind flow direction (α), tree stand density (ρs), and tree crown porosity (PVol). In order to validate the developed methodology, measurements of particle pollution concentrations were carried out at several points on the studied streets, using an analyzer equipped with the GP2Y1010AU0F microsensor. Based on the collected data, a statistical model was developed to assist in the reconfiguration of canyon-type streets in order to increase the dispersion of pollutants and consequently, reduce their concentrations. The results showed that Larbi Ben M'Hidi Street is more polluted than Mohammed Azzouzi Street due to the impact of the maximum values of the aspect ratio and tree density on wind behavior. The study's findings could provide a strategic guide for pollution mitigation, to be used by urban planners in the design and implementation phases of sustainable urban development projects in Algiers.

Kayseri kenti, geçmişten günümüze kadar ticaret yollarının üzerinde şekillenmiş bir kent olarak, kuzey-güney aksında doğal eşiklere sahip olduğu için, doğu-batı aksında yayılım göstermiştir. Kentin geçmişi yaklaşık 6000 yıl öncesine dayanmaktadır. Merkez konumundaki Dış Kale ise 1500 yıldır yerleşilen bir alan olarak, birçok topluma ev sahipliği yapmıştır. Şehrin kalesi, günümüze kadar gelen eski varlığı ve sonradan yapılan ekleriyle iki kısımdan ibarettir. Biri, günümüzde fiziksel süreksizliğe uğramış dış şehir sur ve burçlarından oluşan Dış Kale, diğeri ise İç Kale denilen, uzunluğu doğu-batı yönünde yer alan ve bugün hala surlarının büyük oranda fiziksel olarak sürekliliği bulunan kısımdır. İç Kale Orta Çağ'dan günümüze kadar askeri, konut, ticaret, sosyo-kültürel alan olarak çeşitli işlevleri barındırmıştır. Bu çalışmada, Kayseri kentinin önemli bir askeri-mimari yapısı olan Dış Kale’nin fiziksel sınırı çalışma sınırı alınmak suretiyle geçmişten günümüze kadarki tarihsel süreçte uğramış olduğu morfolojik ve fonksiyonel değişimlerin incelenmesi ve bu değişimlerin çeşitli temsil araçları ile ortaya konulması hedeflenmiştir. Geçmişten günümüze kadarki süreç iki ana aşamada incelenmiştir. 20. Yüzyıl kentleşme dinamikleri ve planlama anlayışı öncesi süreç, arşiv kayıtları, yazılı yayınlar, seyahatnameler, fotoğraflar, gravürlerle; sonraki süreç ise 1923-1950 arası Oelsner-Aru Planı, 1950-1980 arası Taşçı Planı, 1980-2000 Topaloğlu-Berksan Planı ve günümüzle arasındaki farklılıklar hava fotoğrafları, uydu görüntüleri ve kolektif hafıza verileri çakıştırılarak Dış Kale’deki biçimsel ve işlevsel değişimin ortaya konulması amaçlanmıştır. Çalışma kapsamında kentin odağı olan Dış Kale sınırlarının hem tarihsel bağlamdaki morfolojik dönüşümü ve katmanlı yapısı hem de Kayseri’nin kentsel ve mekânsal olarak büyümesinden doğan sosyo-politik baskıları ile oluşan değişim süreci kronolojik ve analitik bir bakış açısıyla belgelenmiş ve bundan sonraki çalışmalara bir inceleme ve değerlendirme yazısı olarak ele alınmak istenmiştir. Çalışma sonucunda, Kayseri kentinin Orta Çağ’dan beri süregelen kompakt yerleşme formunu 20. yüzyılın ortalarına kadar koruduğunu, sonrasında ulaşım ağı ve yeniliklere ilişkin doğu-batı aksında lineer bir şekilde, tek bir tarihi odaktan gelişerek yayıldığını, fakat kent merkezinin zaman içerisinde uğramış olduğu fiziksel değişimlere rağmen merkez özelliğini koruduğunu söyleyebilmek mümkündür.

Millions of pilgrims and visitors from numerous parts of the world flock to Karbala (one of the most prominent ideological and religious places in central Iraq) each year to visit the holy shrines in Karbala due to their sanctity. Many improvements have been made to the Two Holy Shrines (THS), the Shrines of Imam Husayn and Imam Abbas, and the area between them (ATHS), due to the high temperatures in this region and to improve pedestrian thermal comfort. Studies on improving outdoor thermal comfort in Karbala are scarce. Hence, this research aims to look into historical and current architectural changes and how they affect thermal comfort. On the hottest summer day, the ENVI-met software program was used to simulate the building design and calculate the impact of vegetation on outdoor thermal comfort. According to the findings, trees of medium-density in a compacted arrangement should be used nearby built-up structures in newly planned urban regions. In existing urban plots, the best approach is to use free blank areas (e.g. car parks) to set trees of medium-density, as well as plant along large pedestrian and driving routes.

Rapid urbanization in some cities has led to the emergence of numerous subsidiary settlements around their primary cities. Due to this rapid urbanization and growth, there is a great demand for urban land, mostly for commercial, industrial, and residential uses. Urban green spaces and vegetation are at risk due to a large amount of urban land, as seen by a decline in connectivity and increased fragmentation, especially due to land conversion. However, the identification of the spatial and momentary variability in the clustering and fragmentation of vegetation patterns in urban settings has not made full use of local indicators of spatial distribution measurements, such as Baqubah, a city in Iraq. Since it is essential to measure the degree of fragmentation and evaluate urban expansion trajectories consistently, this study proposes a new approach to assessing the anticipated direction of urban extension, using the fragmentation indicator of built-up patterns in urban areas. Sentinel-2 data was used to map the fragmented urban centres and their future extent in the city at a single time point. The proposed method employs indices to capture the initial distribution of spatial patterns of vegetation cover and built-up areas. The main extracted land cover classes, landscape fragmentation performance, and surface density analysis were accomplished in ArcGIS. The results indicate that the entire built-up area in Baqubah has a high degree of fragmentation at 75%, and about 23% of the open space within the urban extent of the city. Two predicted trajectories of urban expansion were also revealed: one may follow the external road direction, while the other is multi-directional, commencing from the edges of the built-up area. The study concludes that the new method is useful for comprehending and assessing urban landscape fragmentation, as well as anticipating its path. This integrated approach to remote sensing and GIS can sufficiently and effectively determine priority urban regions for successful planning and management. In addition, our study's findings highlight the potential of the suggested strategy as a useful spatially explicit method for determining the spatial clustering and fragmentation of urban landscape patterns.

In the past decades, models such as cellular automata and agentbased systems, as a discretisation of morphogenetic models coming from the fields of biology and chemistry, have been applied to the study of urban form, in order to describe, especially a posteriori, the stochastic geometry underlying cities in different steps of their development. These techniques are at the basis of more recent studies, also involving artificial intelligence in the process. This turns out to have, at least to some extent, a predictive nature: we cannot foretell the exact shape of a city in the future, but we can observe how the variation of some parameters might affect its development, giving rise to a range of different scenarios.

Diyarbakır, historically known as Amida, embodies a rich urban and architectural heritage shaped by centuries of transformation. This study examines the city's layered history through the lens of its city walls, exploring their expansion phases as a localized manifestation of the urban palimpsest phenomenon. Employing an interdisciplinary approach that integrates historical narratives and field surveys, the research highlights the strategic role of spolia in architectural adaptation and continuity, particularly during late antiquity in the context of recurring Sassanid sieges. In light of reconsidered primary sources, the study further investigates the dynamic processes of fortification and reuse. It ultimately proposes a hypothesis on a lost monument within Amida’s religious landscape, contributing to a deeper understanding of the city’s evolving built environment.

Since the late 1970s, urban modelling has often drawn on morphogenetic principles, employing tools like cellular automata, multi-agent systems, and fractal geometry to reduce complex urban phenomena into simplified, computable forms. While such reductive models are valuable, they risk oversimplification - especially in fields like urban design, which behave as “non-trivial machines” where outcomes are not fully predictable from inputs. This unpredictability demands intelligence, adaptability, and the capacity to respond to unforeseen conditions during the design process. Despite their limitations, data-driven tools and mathematical models can enhance designers’ understanding, offer novel visualisations, and support engagement with high-resolution data. In this context, we propose a shift toward sustainable, data-network-based modelling approaches that address specific environmental challenges, such as urban heat islands. These issues require tailored, adaptive models that evolve with real-time input and continuous training. Here, Artificial Intelligence (AI) becomes crucial. Its capacity to process vast data streams - collected, for instance, via sensor networks - can help identify patterns in urban environments, assess the impact of recent interventions (e.g., urban reforestation or depaving), and support the development of more accurate and responsive models. Moreover, AI’s generative capabilities allow planners to explore multiple scenarios, including unconventional ones, enriching design processes without replacing human agency.

Hospices were an essential part of social welfare in mediaeval urban communities. With the rapid expansion of urban life into the landscapes of Eastern Middle Europe, a significant number of hospices spread during the course of the 13th and 14th centuries. The contribution focuses on Mecklenburg, a landscape in Northeastern Germany, and examines the location of Holy Spirit Hospices in the towns of this area. The article focuses on a selected number of hospices with the aim of analysing their size and position in the urban tissue, concluding that their placement and exposure in the urban space followed clear rules and customs. Based on historical records and archaeological excavations, the article concludes with a complete itinerary of Holy Spirit Hospices in Mecklenburg.

Urban waterbodies play a vital role in enhancing ecological sustainability, social interaction, and neighbourhood liveability, yet in rapidly urbanising contexts such as Dhaka, they are increasingly threatened by encroachment, pollution, and reduced accessibility. This study investigates the accessibility and spatial integration of two significant urban waterbodies (Dholaikhal Narinda Pond and Shahjahanpur Jheel) under the Dhaka City Neighbourhood Upgrading Project (DCNUP), which seeks to revitalise public open spaces for disadvantaged communities. Using Space Syntax analysis, the research assesses spatial configuration through measures of Connectivity (CN), Global Integration (Rn), and Local Integration (R4) to evaluate accessibility at city and neighbourhood scales. Results indicate that Dholaikhal Narinda Pond demonstrates higher connectivity and global integration values, positioning it as a potential city-scale destination capable of enhancing urban inclusivity. By contrast, Shahjahanpur Jheel, though limited in city-wide accessibility, exhibits strong local integration, highlighting its potential as a neighbourhood-scale public space. These findings underscore the importance of aligning spatial analysis with urban design strategies to enhance accessibility and maximise social benefits. The study concludes that integrating syntactic measures into early project planning can help policymakers and urban designers anticipate patterns of use and achieve more equitable and sustainable revitalisation of public waterbodies in Dhaka.

This research explores the concept of the “historical city” in post-World War II Italy, challenging the simplistic use of the term through a deliberate historiographical approach. It highlights the need for a nuanced understanding of this concept, revealing how the historical city represents a resilient physical and geopolitical identity amidst the rapid urban transformations influenced by postwar development. By constructing a counter-history of the Italian postwar city, the study illustrates the enduring characteristics that resist dominant techno-financial urban models. Ultimately, the “historical city” emerges as a potential counter-model, advocating for a balanced integration of local specificity with broader values, counteracting the predominant narratives shaped by technological innovation and global financial interests.

Lasem, a small town on the north coast of Central Java, Indonesia, has a long history dating back to the Majapahit period, when the region served as a vassal of the kingdom. Over time, the city has developed into an important cultural heritage area, attracting tourists for its rich history and distinctive spatial character. This research aims to examine and classify the morphological development of Lasem city based on historical periodization. The method used is a qualitative approach with an interpretive historical strategy, by tracing historical sources, archives, and spatial elements from different periods. The analysis shows that the formation of Lasem city progressed through seven main phases: Hindu-Majapahit era, Islamic era, Chinese Muslim acculturation period, Dutch Colonial period, Japanese occupation period, independence period, and post-independence era. Each period contributed to the physical form of the city, especially in the aspects of routes (such as rivers, roads, and railways), plots (ethnic areas, squares, palace complexes), land functions (settlements, trade, ports, places of worship, and tombs), and the variety of historical buildings. The Muslim Chinese, Dutch and Japanese periods are the most influential phases in the physical formation of the city, while the Japanese period shows the lack of diversity of city elements. This research also highlights Lasem's physical and symbolic heritage and shows the complex pattern of urban evolution during independence and afterwards, when there was an overlap between the traditional city, the historic city and the commercial city. The results of this study are expected to serve as a basis for the preservation and development of Lasem city as a heritage-based tourist destination.

Certu centre d'Études sur les réseaux, les transports, l'urbanisme et les constructions publiques 9, rue Juliette Récamier 69456 Lyon Cedex 06 téléphone: 04 72 74 58 00 télécopie: 04 72 74 59 00 www.certu.fr La collection Rapports d'étude du Certu se compose de publications proposant des informations inédites, analysant et explorant de nouveaux champs d'investigation. Cependant l'évolution des idées est susceptible de remettre en cause le contenu de ces rapports. Le Certu publie aussi les collections : Dossiers: Ouvrages faisant le point sur un sujet précis assez limité, correspondant soit à une technique nouvelle, soit à un problème nouveau non traité dans la littérature courante. Le sujet de l'ouvrage s'adresse plutôt aux professionnels confirmés. Le Certu s'engage sur le contenu mais la nouveauté ou la difficulté des sujets concernés implique un certain droit à l'erreur. Références: Cette collection comporte les guides techniques, les ouvrages méthodologiques et les autres ouvrages qui, sur un champ donné assez vaste, présentent de manière pédagogique ce que le professionnel courant doit savoir. Le Certu s'engage sur le contenu. Publications recueillant des contributions d'experts d'origines diverses, autour d'un thème spécifique. Les contributions présentées n'engagent que leurs auteurs. Catalogue des publications disponible sur : http//www.certu.fr Méthodes d'estimations de population NOTICE ANALYTIQUE Organisme commanditaire : CERTU : centre d'Études sur les réseaux, les transports, l'urbanisme et les constructions publiques 9, rue Juliette Récamier

Përgjithësisht, në teori, dihet se një informacion në komunikimin masiv duhet veçanërisht t"a interesojë nga afër audiencën digjitale. Lajmi on line bëhet interesant kur ai prek një hapësirë sa më afër individëve që e marrin atë. Kjo nuk e përjashton aspak lajmin ndërkombëtar nga interesimi i marrësve të mesazhit, por kurdoherë, edhe në këtë rast, kjo ndodh vetëm nëse nëse ai mbetet i lidhur ngushtë me problematikat e zhvilluara në hapësirën sa më pranë një bashkêsie njerzish, apo të audiencave të caktuara. Ardhja e mediave masive në Internet, sëbashku me zhvillimin e mediave sociale, është shoqëruar me idenë se tani ka ardhur radha e lajmit nënlokal, ose hiperlokal, pra e një informacioni që mbulon hapësira shumë afër individëve që përbëjnë audiencat. Pikërisht, ky aspekt na intereson në këtë trajtesë. Cfarë domethënë që përmbajtja e lajmit apo e informacionit të trajtojë me përparësi çështje ose tematika që ndodhen brenda një hapësire gjeografike, sociale, territoriale, rretherrotull individëve që përbëjnë audiencat ? Pra, çfarë është lajmi digjital që mbulon periferinë e afërt të individit, cfarë është, ndryshe thënë, afërsia, lajmi mikrosocial, hapësira nënlokale ; kur flasim në rrethanat e komunikimit masiv në Internet ? E theksojmë këtë sepse në literaturën bashkëkohore perëndimore ende jemi në një fazë debatesh lidhur mesa më sipër, ka konceptime interesante, por që duken se ende nuk janë të zhvilluara përfundimisht, e për rrjedhojë lënë vend edhe për komente edhe hamendje të tjera. Poashtu, sepse në mediat masive në Shqipëri, dhe shqiptare, shpesh, si rregull, kemi një zhvendosje mekanike të

Literature on urban resilience has been shaped by scholars from an array of disciplines, thus it should be no surprise that it has become "a tapestry of definitions and meanings with little orthodoxy in its conceptualization and application" (Cutter 2016, 742). Chelleri (2012) agrees that, "it is unclear exactly what the catchword 'resilient city' means" (p. 288). He reviews how the concept has been understood and evolved in various disciplines from a static concept centering on "maintenance," "recovery," and "equilibrium" to "adaptation" and "renewal." Acknowledging the complexity of the concept, as well as the necessity of a working definition of resilience, this chapter broadly defines the term as the ability of an urban environment to mitigate the impact of shocks on its physical infrastructure and health of its residents, to continue functioning or quickly restore essential functions, and to adapt in ways that will lessen disruptions from future events. Scholars have moved beyond definitions of resiliency to develop indicators for use in assessing communities and assisting planning and decision-making. These have taken a wide range of forms-albeit with a great deal overlap as much is derivative from early publications. Cutter (2016) has reviewed fourteen case studies in which specific concepts and variables were applied at the community level. In order, from most common to least, these fall under the categories of economic, social, physical/infrastructural, environmental and institutional. This chapter focuses on physical factors, but includes some discussion of the others as relevant. The variables used in these indices were designed to be easily quantified across entire metropolitan areas, while variations within metropolitan areas remain something of a black box. As a result, many of the factors considered are of questionable value,

Historically riverfronts have served as a catalyst for industrialization and urban growth.  In colonial India, many riverine settlements developed into industrial cities, Howrah being one of the prominent examples, nicknamed the ‘Sheffield of India’.  Located on the western bank of River Hooghly opposite to Calcutta, the capital of British India, the nickname was the recognition of concentration of manufacturing units, foundries and engineering workshops.

However, post-independent India witnessed a gradual but significant decline of the industrial activity in Howrah, especially since the late 20th century.  Various factors are behind this slump, such as lack of modernization, poor urban management, environmental degradation, outdated infrastructure, and a shift in economic emphasis from manufacture-base towards service-base.  Consequently, numerous industrial facilities have either closed or relocated, leaving large tracts of land behind, a number of which are located along the Hooghly riverfront.  The industrial decline has further affected Howrah’s overall urban form, socio-economic pattern and employment structure.

A prominent portion of the riverfront is the stretch flanked by Howrah and Shalimar railway stations, now a disjointed and neglected urban fabric. The present study traces the course of industrial decline and subsequent emergence of new land use patterns within the stretch, including informal settlements, warehouses, low-income residential areas, and mixed-use developments. It examines the dynamics of land use transformation from 1999 to 2024 through comprehensive spatial analysis involving GIS-based mapping in conjunction with field surveys. It focuses on studying land use optimization, urban morphology, socio-economic characteristics, environmental indicators, infrastructure development and connectivity of the area.

Deteriorating infrastructure, inactive ghats, inaccessible riverfront edges, and severe environmental degradation characterizes the study area.  The morphological analysis shows poor connectivity, lack of integrated urban functions, inadequate open spaces, inefficient land development practices and a general disinvestment in the built environment, highlighted by building conditions and FAR-utilization patterns.  Furthermore, the socio-economic survey reveals rising disparities, with limited access to quality infrastructure and public services for marginalized communities residing in and around the area.

The research urges a renewed focus on inclusive planning techniques that tackle the land use, infrastructure, socio-economic and environmental vulnerabilities arising from unplanned land use transitions and industrial decline.  In fact, this paper may contribute as a pilot study to the discourse on post-industrial urban transformation in riverine Indian cities.

Aggression in urban nightlife areas affects negatively patrons' enjoyment and sense of safety; perhaps in turn diminishing the economic viability of the area. Preventing aggression thus is important. It is generally acknowledged that aggression emerges through person-environment interactions . Recently, Kalinauskaite and colleagues (in press) suggested dynamic changes in atmosphere to explain how aggression may arise in a bar street through such person-environment interactions. They defined atmosphere as an attribute of the social-physical context that affects the behavior of groups and individuals by emerging from and feeding into ongoing social interactions.

The COVID-19 pandemic prompted a reevaluation of urban dynamics worldwide, impacting economic, social,  and daily life aspects. This shift, coupled with the imperative to combat climate change, has led to a reconsideration of modern city functioning. The polycentric city model emerges as a solution, integrating technological advancements to create user-centric, environmentally friendly urban spaces. Research demonstrates the feasibility of this model, emphasizing its economic, environmental, and social benefits. Greek cities, with their manageable scale and existing neighborhood structures, are particularly suited for this transition, offering a favorable cost - benefit ratio. Case studies aim to validate the effectiveness of the polycentric model in Greece, reinforcing its potential for sustainable urban development. This paper evaluates the prospects of the polycentric operational model for the city of Ilioupolis in Athens, Greece.

The rapid advancement of remote sensing technologies has expanded opportunities for three-dimensional (3D) city modeling. However, in many regions worldwide, elevation data remain inaccessible or outdated, which limits the development of accurate city-scale models. This study explores an alternative approach for generating 3D city models in the absence of elevation datasets by utilizing building footprints, shadow information, and auxiliary measurements collected from open-source maps, governmental sources, and volunteered data. The methodology consists of two main stages: (1) extracting footprints and shadow features from satellite imagery, and (2) estimating building heights using rooftop–shadow relationships. The 3D virtual models are developed in SketchUp through procedural and image-based modeling techniques. The results demonstrate that this approach can efficiently generate realistic and large-scale 3D city models within a short timeframe, offering a practical provisional solution for areas lacking reliable elevation data.

en français A partir d'une recherche qualitative menée en Région Occitanie, il s'agit d'explorer dans quelle mesure les catégories spatiales sont encore pertinentes pour expliquer les dynamiques territoriales, et donc pour appuyer l'action publique et être support de dispositifs et d'actions de développement territorial. En particulier, nous faisons l'hypothèse que l'analyse des représentations et des pratiques habitantes, peu considérée dans les travaux de recherche sur cette problématique, est susceptible d'éclairer à la fois de nouvelles relations à l'espace, mais aussi de nouveaux enjeux pour le pilotage de l'action territoriale. Le discours des habitants interrogés met en lumière à la fois l'importance et les ressorts de l'altérité territoriale, mais aussi les capacités requises pour maitriser des agencements et les interactions de la vie quotidienne -en particulier le capital d'autochtonie. Mots clés : urbain ; rural ; développement territorial ; modes d'habiter ; différentiation territoriale ; analyse qualitative de discours, Based on a qualitative survey carried out in Occitanie Region (France), the paper explores to what extent spatial categories such as « rural » and « urban » are still relevant to understand territorial dynamics, to support public policy and to design local initiatives in the field of territorial development. Very little attention has been given to inhabitant's social representations and lay discourses in this research area. Thus, we assume that their acknowledgement and their analysis is likely to explain people's relationships towards « place ». We also explain it helps to seize current and future challenges to manage public policy and territorial development. The results indicate that what allows us to see and live in different areas (what is called territorial otherness -altérité territoriale) matters just as much as capabilities needed to master social arrangements and spatial practises, in particular, local spatial capital.

O presente artigo aborda a fundamentalidade do direito ao patrimônio cultural e o processo de  tombamento  como  meio  de  proteção  desse  patrimônio.  Iniciando  com  uma contextualização histórica que remonta à criação do SPHAN na gestão de Mário de Andrade, o texto destaca a evolução das políticas de proteção do patrimônio cultural no Brasil,desde o Decreto-Lei nº 25 de 1937 até a Constituição Federal de 1988. São discutidos os princípios constitucionais do pluralismo cultural e do respeito à memória coletiva, bem como os instrumentos de proteção, como o tombamento, que visam garantir a preservação do patrimônio material e imaterial. Além disso, o artigo explora a relação entre o direito à cidade e a proteção do patrimônio cultural, destacando a importância do planejamento urbano e das intervenções urbanas na preservação desse patrimônio. Por fim, é apresentada a história do Teatro Oficina como um caso emblemático dessa luta pela preservação do patrimônio cultural e do direito à cidade, evidenciando os embates entre interesses comerciais e a defesa do patrimônio cultural e ambiental.

Existing scholarly work in the field of space syntax research has highlighted the potentials of incorporating Bernstein’s (1973) dimensions of classification and framing for investigating the interplay between physical spaces and pedagogical practices. They have translated Bernsteinian concepts in various syntactical terms in order to identify whether a school configuration can create the potentials for certain educational codes and then result in a certain school’s community. However, they often incorporate different theoretical reasoning and thus different syntactical measures. Simultaneously, the translation of the Bernsteinian concepts to space is rendered as rather stable in time and by often incorporating one syntactical metric per dimension.  Therefore, this study aims at providing a more holistic methodological approach to the translation of Bernsteinian concepts in syntactical terms. Simultaneously having in mind, the complexity of school environments, this study aims at offering a more temporal approach to this investigation. Hence, to achieve the above objectives, this study jointly considers: Bernstein’s account, existing research studies that have attempted to translate his theoretical account into space and lastly assemblage theory (Deleuze & Gattarin, 1987) that underscores the necessity for a more relational consideration of space. Thus, the main research question of this paper is to what extent school environment can be approached as an assemblage of various socio-educational codes that are constantly formed producing forms of solidarity?  as well as to what extent school's educational code can be shifted by means of social agency and rules application?  Ten open-air secondary schools built in Cyprus after 2000 serve as case studies. The methodology implemented for this study combines a consistent analysis of syntactical, functional, and morphological properties for all ten schools of the sample with behavioural data that are retrieved by onsite observation of space usage from two schools of the sample. The contribution of this study is twofold: Firstly, it builds on existing scholarly work in the field of space syntax and provides a holistic and dynamic framework for the syntactical translation of the Bernstein’s concepts to space. Secondly, conceptually this paper highlights the role of agency

Traditional approaches to understanding built form & building typology tend to consider "space mainly as a shell or container, focusing on its morphological structures and functional uses" (Tornaghi & Knierbein, 2015, p.xv). Such consideration, however, ignores the complexity of physical form since it considers space as a container of action and a mere homogenous system. Thus, a more relational approach to space which embraces the embeddedness of various actions in the formal composition is required. Thus, the aim of this paper is to examine one of the most important ordinary building types in the urban landscape-school building-through a more relational approach to the consideration of urban form and built morphology. In that sense, this paper aims at addressing the extent to which school building type can be approached as highly relational system which is composed by both physical (i.e. dimensions, shape and size of the plot , functional composition etc) and with nonphysical elements (i.e agency, processes, social rules etc) in a constant process of making. A selected school building built in Cyprus after 2000 will serve as case study. The case study is used so as to test in a certain building type the conceptual and methodological framework proposed so as to grasp the relationality of built form. The methodology implemented for this study examines spatial and social processes through formal, typological, spatial and functional analysis of the school unit combined with data from on-site observations of space usage. The analysis of the school building is extended over scales and explores: school formal composition and social agency, school's plot and adjacent street network, school plot and the overall school spatial, formal and functional composition, social agency within school and space usage behaviours. The contribution of this study is the introduction of a consistent way of approaching architectural urban morphology & building typology through a multi-layered and non-hierarchical multi-scale methodological approach that offers a starting point for incorporating a framework of analysis able to capture complex socio-spatial relations and the role of agency in urban form emergence.

Over the last centuries, the physical form of educational buildings evolved rather poorly. It was only in the closing of the 20th century that we saw remarkable deviations from the school type that has been established since the year dot. At the same time, current conceptions about knowledge and education point towards a reformed understanding of learning and teaching process, while posing fundamental questions in relation to the ability of schools’ architectural morphology to cope with current dynamic educational processes.

Therefore, this paper aims at addressing the complexity of school’s physical form by discovering certain structuring principals along with fundamental actors, processes and conceptions shaping its formal syntax with the main question being: to what extent recent secondary school buildings in Cyprus share common morphological patterns? as well as to what extent can socio-spatial relations be captured by means of configurational analysis and space usage behaviours?

Specifically, this study examines whether there are common morphological patterns as a by-product of the shared guidelines provided, the shared beliefs about education as well as the shared location of intervention (Cyprus as a Mediterranean island). At the same time, through an in-depth case study provides a possible methodological framework in order to broaden our methodological toolkit for approaching and understanding space as a rather relational structure, which is characterised by multiple socio-spatial dynamics.

All secondary schools built in Cyprus after 2000 will serve as case studies. The methodology implemented for this study combines formal and typological approaches with spatial analysis by means of space syntax analytical tools with on-site observations of space usage.

The finding of this research highlight the main formal elements of secondary schools buildings built in Cyprus after 2000 by different architects under the same educational philosophy. The contribution of this study lays on the introduction of a consistent way of approaching architectural morphology through a multi-layered methodological approach that combines analytical tools of space syntax with typological approaches, while it highlights the role of agency in morphological studies. Overall, the paper offers a starting point for incorporating a framework of analysis able to capture complex socio-spatial relations.

Using Georgia Department of Transportation Average Annual Daily Traffic Counts for 13 counties in the Atlanta Metropolitan Region, we draw a distinction between streets where traffic is influenced by configurational and density variables and streets where traffic is influenced by street width and distance from center. Our findings suggest the need for a more explicit configurational theory of urban hierarchy than we currently have.