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The Olympiastadion during the 1936 Olympics Photo Credit: www.olympics.ballparks.com The historic stadium after its restoration Photo Credit: www.olympiastadion-berlin.de

Figure 40 The Olympiastadion during the 1936 Olympics Photo Credit: www.olympics.ballparks.com The historic stadium after its restoration Photo Credit: www.olympiastadion-berlin.de

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Note: In 1994, the Summer and Winter Olympics began to be held on opposite years. Table 1: Summer and Winter Olympics Host Cities
Note: In 1994, the Summer and Winter Olympics began to be held on opposite years. Table 1: Summer and Winter Olympics Host Cities
Table 3: 2016 Olympic Bid Facts and Figures
Table 3: 2016 Olympic Bid Facts and Figures
For developing countries, the risks of debt are hig ner and the allocation of resources for these endeavors is controversial given the state of their economies and their health and housing needs. That said, t may have more to gain as well - these mega-eve hey nts can serve as a Catalyst for the construction of modern transportation and communication systems that t hey could otherwise not afford. President of South Africa,
For developing countries, the risks of debt are hig ner and the allocation of resources for these endeavors is controversial given the state of their economies and their health and housing needs. That said, t may have more to gain as well - these mega-eve hey nts can serve as a Catalyst for the construction of modern transportation and communication systems that t hey could otherwise not afford. President of South Africa,
Barcelona’s new beach and port Photo credit: www.barcelonaturisme.com The regeneration of the site of the Olympic Village required extensive renovations to existing sporting facilities. In addition it included two miles of newly installed beaches, the Olympic Harbor and park, the Olympic Ring set atop the hill of Montjuic, a new sports hall and Olympic stadium, the National Institute of Physical Education of Catalonia, a garden from the 1929 Universal Exhibition, a monolith, and an esplanade. As well as putting Barcelona on the
Barcelona’s new beach and port Photo credit: www.barcelonaturisme.com The regeneration of the site of the Olympic Village required extensive renovations to existing sporting facilities. In addition it included two miles of newly installed beaches, the Olympic Harbor and park, the Olympic Ring set atop the hill of Montjuic, a new sports hall and Olympic stadium, the National Institute of Physical Education of Catalonia, a garden from the 1929 Universal Exhibition, a monolith, and an esplanade. As well as putting Barcelona on the
The Games served as an urban transformer to the city. Since then, another mile of beach has been added and the number of restaurants in that area has increased from seven to 70. While most of the investment for these transformations came from the public pocket (67.3%), it should be noted that a relatively small portion of the costs were spent on stadium construction; the largest expense was spent on roads and transport.” (See Table 4)
The Games served as an urban transformer to the city. Since then, another mile of beach has been added and the number of restaurants in that area has increased from seven to 70. While most of the investment for these transformations came from the public pocket (67.3%), it should be noted that a relatively small portion of the costs were spent on stadium construction; the largest expense was spent on roads and transport.” (See Table 4)
Geographical distribution of construction projects
Geographical distribution of construction projects
Table 6: The net revenue of the World Cup stadiums in the year 2005 Unit: 1000 Won (Korean currency, where 1000 Won = US$ 1 Source: Ministry of culture and tourism: http://www.mct.go.kr,
Table 6: The net revenue of the World Cup stadiums in the year 2005 Unit: 1000 Won (Korean currency, where 1000 Won = US$ 1 Source: Ministry of culture and tourism: http://www.mct.go.kr,
Official poster of the 1950 World Cup Games Photo Credit: www.fifafootball.org
Official poster of the 1950 World Cup Games Photo Credit: www.fifafootball.org
Construction of the Maracana, Rio de Janeiro 1949 Photo Credit: www.fifa.com
Construction of the Maracana, Rio de Janeiro 1949 Photo Credit: www.fifa.com
It is important to note that at the time of its construction Estadio do Maracana, as it has been nicknamed, was located on the periphery of the city. The municipal area of Rio de Janeiro in 1950 had Because of its close proximity to the city center, to major tourist attractions and to the densest residential neighborhoods of Rio (Copacabana and Ipanema in the South Zone], Maracana is accessible to all, from the wealthiest citizens to members of the working class. In addition, it is literally bounded by Presidente Castelo Branco Avenue to the North, the major roadway that links downtown to the suburbs and runs parallel to the commuter rail. Commuters in and out of the city must travel alongside the Maracanéa; the steel posts of the stadium structure frame their first or last view of the skyline. 50 :: MEGA-Event Stadiums | an argument for integration
It is important to note that at the time of its construction Estadio do Maracana, as it has been nicknamed, was located on the periphery of the city. The municipal area of Rio de Janeiro in 1950 had Because of its close proximity to the city center, to major tourist attractions and to the densest residential neighborhoods of Rio (Copacabana and Ipanema in the South Zone], Maracana is accessible to all, from the wealthiest citizens to members of the working class. In addition, it is literally bounded by Presidente Castelo Branco Avenue to the North, the major roadway that links downtown to the suburbs and runs parallel to the commuter rail. Commuters in and out of the city must travel alongside the Maracanéa; the steel posts of the stadium structure frame their first or last view of the skyline. 50 :: MEGA-Event Stadiums | an argument for integration
Its location today is in close proximity to the city center, major tourist attractions and the densest residential neighborhoods of Rio (Copacabana and Ipanema in the
Its location today is in close proximity to the city center, major tourist attractions and the densest residential neighborhoods of Rio (Copacabana and Ipanema in the
Rio de Janeiro - Subway map Photo Credit: www.metrorio.com.br Paradoxically, the stadium, which is located in a residential neighborhood, is quite difficult to access it by foot. Tall, elaborate fences that delineate a private zone to this public, government-owned park enclose the site. Pedestrians are forced to walk long distances to the major entrance ramps or to enter through select gates where they are met by drivers trying to escape the outside vehicular transit and searching for parking. On non-game days commuters have no choice but to walk around the entire complex to get to the stations on the other side of the road; this is certainly an area that could use improvement. Instead of barriers that enclose private underutilized space, the stadium could better address the neighborhood in which it sits, contribute to integrating the community and take advantage of its location near important hubs of transportation to better serve and connect the people in the area to their destinations on a daily basis.
Rio de Janeiro - Subway map Photo Credit: www.metrorio.com.br Paradoxically, the stadium, which is located in a residential neighborhood, is quite difficult to access it by foot. Tall, elaborate fences that delineate a private zone to this public, government-owned park enclose the site. Pedestrians are forced to walk long distances to the major entrance ramps or to enter through select gates where they are met by drivers trying to escape the outside vehicular transit and searching for parking. On non-game days commuters have no choice but to walk around the entire complex to get to the stations on the other side of the road; this is certainly an area that could use improvement. Instead of barriers that enclose private underutilized space, the stadium could better address the neighborhood in which it sits, contribute to integrating the community and take advantage of its location near important hubs of transportation to better serve and connect the people in the area to their destinations on a daily basis.
Before those reforms, the tickets to the geral were as low as $0.95US and could hold up to 25,000 spectators.*' Today, the cheapest tickets to the stadium have increased twenty fold. Standing room only stands are commonplace in Latin America where large portions of fans visiting the stadium are of working class status and cannot afford to pay for seats. These are also the loudest of fans, those that invent and begin the chants and celebrations that we The Maracana has been renovated several times. The most radical renovation was as a result of the 1998 FIFA regulation that requires that all international
Before those reforms, the tickets to the geral were as low as $0.95US and could hold up to 25,000 spectators.*' Today, the cheapest tickets to the stadium have increased twenty fold. Standing room only stands are commonplace in Latin America where large portions of fans visiting the stadium are of working class status and cannot afford to pay for seats. These are also the loudest of fans, those that invent and begin the chants and celebrations that we The Maracana has been renovated several times. The most radical renovation was as a result of the 1998 FIFA regulation that requires that all international
Opening ceremonies of the 2007 Pan American Games Photo Credit: www,en.wikipedia.org/Estadio_do_Maracana The Maracana during a soccer match Photo Credit: www.RioTurismo.Radical.com.b Concerts at the Maracana Photo Credit: www.Flicker.com/selusava
Opening ceremonies of the 2007 Pan American Games Photo Credit: www,en.wikipedia.org/Estadio_do_Maracana The Maracana during a soccer match Photo Credit: www.RioTurismo.Radical.com.b Concerts at the Maracana Photo Credit: www.Flicker.com/selusava
:: MEGA-Event Stadiums | an argument for integration
:: MEGA-Event Stadiums | an argument for integration
Official poster of the 1978 World Cup Games Photo Credit: www.fifafootball.org
Official poster of the 1978 World Cup Games Photo Credit: www.fifafootball.org
It is not clear why FIFA did not take back the host award from Argentina when it was evident that the country was facing turmoil long before 1978. The Cup
It is not clear why FIFA did not take back the host award from Argentina when it was evident that the country was facing turmoil long before 1978. The Cup
Cartoon depicting the juxtaposition of the times a stadium location Photo Credit: www.lanacion.com.ar Posters in protest of the 1978 World Cup Photo Credit: www.artofrevolution.co.uk
Cartoon depicting the juxtaposition of the times a stadium location Photo Credit: www.lanacion.com.ar Posters in protest of the 1978 World Cup Photo Credit: www.artofrevolution.co.uk
could have been awarded to another country, as had happened previously when Colombia relinquished award of the host site due to economic struggles, i not cancelled altogether. The result for Argentina was a tainted legacy; in spite of their first World Cup Championship win the memory of deceit and o these sinister times left a bad taste in the mouths o Argentines.
could have been awarded to another country, as had happened previously when Colombia relinquished award of the host site due to economic struggles, i not cancelled altogether. The result for Argentina was a tainted legacy; in spite of their first World Cup Championship win the memory of deceit and o these sinister times left a bad taste in the mouths o Argentines.
The stadium was originally designed to be primarily accessed by car. In the 1970s the priority was again given to private transportation, as evidenced by heavy investment in high speed highway systems in areas of great urban density, in preparation for the World Cup. Avenida Leopoldo Lugones and Avenida Presidente Figueroa Alcorta, two of the major arteries that lead Today the site is considerably more valuable as it shares the amenities of multiple nearby transportation options, the views of the Rio de la Plata (River Plate in
The stadium was originally designed to be primarily accessed by car. In the 1970s the priority was again given to private transportation, as evidenced by heavy investment in high speed highway systems in areas of great urban density, in preparation for the World Cup. Avenida Leopoldo Lugones and Avenida Presidente Figueroa Alcorta, two of the major arteries that lead Today the site is considerably more valuable as it shares the amenities of multiple nearby transportation options, the views of the Rio de la Plata (River Plate in
El Monumental Stadium in context with the waterfront beyond, facing North Photo Credit: www.horadefutbol.com Today, Buenos Aires is the third largest city in Latin America with a population of 13 million in the metropolitan region.*° In a city of this size, with 2 soccer culture of this magnitude, it is important to offer spectators a variety of transportation options. As such, today the stadium is within walking distance from the Barrancas de Belgrano transportation hub on the D line of the metro, as well as accessible by bus. Two commuter rail lines also service the neighborhood of Belgrano, which enables the working classes to access the stadium via public transportation. The stadium's proximity to the
El Monumental Stadium in context with the waterfront beyond, facing North Photo Credit: www.horadefutbol.com Today, Buenos Aires is the third largest city in Latin America with a population of 13 million in the metropolitan region.*° In a city of this size, with 2 soccer culture of this magnitude, it is important to offer spectators a variety of transportation options. As such, today the stadium is within walking distance from the Barrancas de Belgrano transportation hub on the D line of the metro, as well as accessible by bus. Two commuter rail lines also service the neighborhood of Belgrano, which enables the working classes to access the stadium via public transportation. The stadium's proximity to the
The stadium itself is approximately eight stories tall; it stands in a complex of sporting facilities used by the club teams as well as by fans who pay membership dues to the Club Atlético River Plate. The complex is private, belonging to the Club and its members. It is enclosed by high walls and bound by streets on all sides. As seen in the photographs, the stadium stands tall amongst the two- to three- story residential community surrounding it. Buenos Aires is a very dense city with many apartment and condominium buildings. Single-family homes with private yards are therefore very rare and very expensive. The property values around the stadium are likely quite high. Judging from the close proximity of mid-level structures, it is not hard to predict that the scale of this area will increase in the future. Today, The foundation of this building contributed to its expense - the pillars are buried eight meters deep into the soil in order to prevent any movement that could affect the stadium. The soil at the site was soft, marshy land, not suited for heavy construction. In part this was due to its location near the waters’ edge but it was also the result of a large local water supply line bursting.’ Luckily, or perhaps due to rigorous design, El Monumental has not seen any major structural failures since its inauguration, as has been the case of many other stadiums, including, for
The stadium itself is approximately eight stories tall; it stands in a complex of sporting facilities used by the club teams as well as by fans who pay membership dues to the Club Atlético River Plate. The complex is private, belonging to the Club and its members. It is enclosed by high walls and bound by streets on all sides. As seen in the photographs, the stadium stands tall amongst the two- to three- story residential community surrounding it. Buenos Aires is a very dense city with many apartment and condominium buildings. Single-family homes with private yards are therefore very rare and very expensive. The property values around the stadium are likely quite high. Judging from the close proximity of mid-level structures, it is not hard to predict that the scale of this area will increase in the future. Today, The foundation of this building contributed to its expense - the pillars are buried eight meters deep into the soil in order to prevent any movement that could affect the stadium. The soil at the site was soft, marshy land, not suited for heavy construction. In part this was due to its location near the waters’ edge but it was also the result of a large local water supply line bursting.’ Luckily, or perhaps due to rigorous design, El Monumental has not seen any major structural failures since its inauguration, as has been the case of many other stadiums, including, for
(J :: MEGA-Event Stadiums | an argument for integration
(J :: MEGA-Event Stadiums | an argument for integration
Official poster of the 2002 World Cup Games Photo Credit: www.fifafootball.org 72. :: MEGA-Event Stadiums | an argument for integration
Official poster of the 2002 World Cup Games Photo Credit: www.fifafootball.org 72. :: MEGA-Event Stadiums | an argument for integration
Rendering of design development for the stadium and surrounding area Photo Credit: www.sisul.or.kr This positive change in the attitude of the government and the people has been infectious; it has led to a multitude of new programs created for the improvement of city life and the city’s image. The success of the plans for the World Cup games reorganized the priorities of the Mayor and the people of Seoul. In his inagural address in 2002, mayor Myung-bak Lee emphasized his commitment to the people and the environment of Seoul. He has since restored the Cheonggyecheon Stream, which had been polluted and covered by roads, refocused attention towards public transportation, and invested in more green spaces throughout the city.’ The significance of the transformation of the site goes far beyond the design of a new stadium; it is a representation of the City’s commitment to a healthier lifestyle for its people.
Rendering of design development for the stadium and surrounding area Photo Credit: www.sisul.or.kr This positive change in the attitude of the government and the people has been infectious; it has led to a multitude of new programs created for the improvement of city life and the city’s image. The success of the plans for the World Cup games reorganized the priorities of the Mayor and the people of Seoul. In his inagural address in 2002, mayor Myung-bak Lee emphasized his commitment to the people and the environment of Seoul. He has since restored the Cheonggyecheon Stream, which had been polluted and covered by roads, refocused attention towards public transportation, and invested in more green spaces throughout the city.’ The significance of the transformation of the site goes far beyond the design of a new stadium; it is a representation of the City’s commitment to a healthier lifestyle for its people.
The design behind the Sangam Millennium Park and the World Cup Stadium encompasses multiple levels of transportation and access under the principle that all citizens must be able to access the stadium and the areas around it. The transportation features include a major vehicular highway, two subway lines [stopping directly at the stadium], five lanes of regional and international railways and a speed-rail to the airport. This emphasis on transportation on this site comes as no surprise because the area had been, in fact, the site for the old rail station to Europe; today it is considered “the new gateway to Seoul.””” The site, at the half way point between the newly 74. :; MEGA-Event Stadiums | an argument for integration The site itself had been a landfill since 1978. It was the repository for all of the City’s waste measuring 100 meters high and two kilometers in length. It contributed to air and water pollution, which at the time was considered among the worst in the world.” The placement of the stadium would afford the city the ability to reform this space and advance the city’s image as well as create new recreational amenities for its citizens and provide a base for future expansion of the city.
The design behind the Sangam Millennium Park and the World Cup Stadium encompasses multiple levels of transportation and access under the principle that all citizens must be able to access the stadium and the areas around it. The transportation features include a major vehicular highway, two subway lines [stopping directly at the stadium], five lanes of regional and international railways and a speed-rail to the airport. This emphasis on transportation on this site comes as no surprise because the area had been, in fact, the site for the old rail station to Europe; today it is considered “the new gateway to Seoul.””” The site, at the half way point between the newly 74. :; MEGA-Event Stadiums | an argument for integration The site itself had been a landfill since 1978. It was the repository for all of the City’s waste measuring 100 meters high and two kilometers in length. It contributed to air and water pollution, which at the time was considered among the worst in the world.” The placement of the stadium would afford the city the ability to reform this space and advance the city’s image as well as create new recreational amenities for its citizens and provide a base for future expansion of the city.
Image of landfill site >hoto Credit: www.sisul.or.kr The triangle-shaped site is surrounded by road and river. With two of its edges abutting major transit roads that lead into the city and a third along the Han River basin, it has little opportunity to weld into the connective tissue of the surrounding city. Across the river basin stand multiple condominium buildings 10-
Image of landfill site >hoto Credit: www.sisul.or.kr The triangle-shaped site is surrounded by road and river. With two of its edges abutting major transit roads that lead into the city and a third along the Han River basin, it has little opportunity to weld into the connective tissue of the surrounding city. Across the river basin stand multiple condominium buildings 10-
New EcoPark within stadium development site Photo Credit: http://www.lifeinkorea.com/ Stadium plan and immediate surroundings Photo Credit: www.knto.or.kr/ The stadium itself is also the site of the World Cup Mall - the first-ever hybrid shopping mall/sports stadium in the world. It was launched on May 23, 2003 by the Seoul Metropolitan Government as a complex for shopping, cultural and sports activities, and instantly became an attraction for those living north
New EcoPark within stadium development site Photo Credit: http://www.lifeinkorea.com/ Stadium plan and immediate surroundings Photo Credit: www.knto.or.kr/ The stadium itself is also the site of the World Cup Mall - the first-ever hybrid shopping mall/sports stadium in the world. It was launched on May 23, 2003 by the Seoul Metropolitan Government as a complex for shopping, cultural and sports activities, and instantly became an attraction for those living north
Table 2: The net revenue of the World Cup stadiums in the year 2005
Table 2: The net revenue of the World Cup stadiums in the year 2005
Image of stadium during FC Seoul Club match Photo Credit: www.skyscrapercity.com
Image of stadium during FC Seoul Club match Photo Credit: www.skyscrapercity.com
Image of Mall within World Cup Stadium Photo Credit: www.sisuL.or.kr
Image of Mall within World Cup Stadium Photo Credit: www.sisuL.or.kr
Official poster of the 2006 World Cup Games Photo Credit: www.fifafootball.org
Official poster of the 2006 World Cup Games Photo Credit: www.fifafootball.org
Today, as the city has grown and expanded, the site is only 12km from the downtown area. Berlin's population is the largest of all German cities, yet relatively small compared to other world cities; it has only 3.4 million inhabitants.” The site is located directly between the two major arteries that are used when entering or exiting Berlin from the West. The Today, as the streets are back in service, the stadium is accessible by subway, train, car, bus, bicycle and pedestrian transit. The average travel time to Spandau station downtown is seven minutes; it takes approximately 14 minutes to get to the Zoologischer Garten, 22 minutes to Friedrichstrasse and 26 minutes to Alexanderplatz - all of the most well known districts and residential neighborhoods of the city.
Today, as the city has grown and expanded, the site is only 12km from the downtown area. Berlin's population is the largest of all German cities, yet relatively small compared to other world cities; it has only 3.4 million inhabitants.” The site is located directly between the two major arteries that are used when entering or exiting Berlin from the West. The Today, as the streets are back in service, the stadium is accessible by subway, train, car, bus, bicycle and pedestrian transit. The average travel time to Spandau station downtown is seven minutes; it takes approximately 14 minutes to get to the Zoologischer Garten, 22 minutes to Friedrichstrasse and 26 minutes to Alexanderplatz - all of the most well known districts and residential neighborhoods of the city.
June 17th Avenue during the World Cup festivities Photo Credit: www.theworldcupingermany.com The Olympiastadion post-renovations [2006] Photo Credit: http://de.structurae.de/
June 17th Avenue during the World Cup festivities Photo Credit: www.theworldcupingermany.com The Olympiastadion post-renovations [2006] Photo Credit: http://de.structurae.de/
The Olympiastadion is said to have once reached 110,000 spectators, when standing room-only areas were permitted.” Today it remains the stadium with the highest seating capacity in Germany at 74,500 spectators. The field itself measures 116 meters by 189 meters while the entire building measures 230 meters by 304 meters. The new roof, supported by 20 filigree steel columns standing in the upper ring, has increased the height of the building to 21 meters [69 feet] from the ground level. The roof structure appears light, as if it were floating above the stadium. The renovation also lowered the infield by 2.65 meters The new roof on the Olympiastadion as seen from above. Photo Credit: www.theworldcupingermany.com
The Olympiastadion is said to have once reached 110,000 spectators, when standing room-only areas were permitted.” Today it remains the stadium with the highest seating capacity in Germany at 74,500 spectators. The field itself measures 116 meters by 189 meters while the entire building measures 230 meters by 304 meters. The new roof, supported by 20 filigree steel columns standing in the upper ring, has increased the height of the building to 21 meters [69 feet] from the ground level. The roof structure appears light, as if it were floating above the stadium. The renovation also lowered the infield by 2.65 meters The new roof on the Olympiastadion as seen from above. Photo Credit: www.theworldcupingermany.com
The Olympiastadion filling on game day Photo Credit: www.berlin2009.org The site serves multiple functions including various sporting events and concerts and as a general cultural venue year-round. The stadium is the home of Hertha Berliner Sport-Club von 1892 (Hertha BSC], the best-known club team in Berlin. In addition, the stadium itself houses a restaurant, a chapel, a bell tower and a gift shop. The site serves as a historic
The Olympiastadion filling on game day Photo Credit: www.berlin2009.org The site serves multiple functions including various sporting events and concerts and as a general cultural venue year-round. The stadium is the home of Hertha Berliner Sport-Club von 1892 (Hertha BSC], the best-known club team in Berlin. In addition, the stadium itself houses a restaurant, a chapel, a bell tower and a gift shop. The site serves as a historic
Official poster of the 2010 World Cup Games Photo Credit: www.capetownmagazine.com J2. :: MEGA-Event Stadiums | an argument for integration
Official poster of the 2010 World Cup Games Photo Credit: www.capetownmagazine.com J2. :: MEGA-Event Stadiums | an argument for integration
Impromptu soccer pitch in South Africa Photo Credit: www.nytimes.com Cape Town, the “Mother City”, is the oldest city in South Africa and has a population of about 3.5 million." The site selected for the new stadium - Green Point Common - is considered the birthplace of soccer in South Africa. The first recorded public soccer game was staged on the Common in 1862.'%
Impromptu soccer pitch in South Africa Photo Credit: www.nytimes.com Cape Town, the “Mother City”, is the oldest city in South Africa and has a population of about 3.5 million." The site selected for the new stadium - Green Point Common - is considered the birthplace of soccer in South Africa. The first recorded public soccer game was staged on the Common in 1862.'%
Image of the new iconic stadium Photo Credit: http://www.capetown.gov.za The opportunity to participate as host for the 2010 FIFA World Cup has afforded Cape Town unprecedented means to provide for its citizens. As a result, the city has unlocked national government expenditure on public infrastructure that would not normally be available. Its major legacy projects include the new
Image of the new iconic stadium Photo Credit: http://www.capetown.gov.za The opportunity to participate as host for the 2010 FIFA World Cup has afforded Cape Town unprecedented means to provide for its citizens. As a result, the city has unlocked national government expenditure on public infrastructure that would not normally be available. Its major legacy projects include the new
The site for the new Cape Town Stadium was chosen for its scenic surroundings at the City’s coast, for its easy links with transportation infrastructure, and for its ability to stage construction of a stadium with capacity for 68,000 spectators. Ina report to the Mayor in 2006, Bayette Development Consulting indicated that Green Point Stadium would require high costs but its’ siting would increase the potential for private sponsorship. This may be true, but without a secure fan base that can afford the tickets to the stadium the stadium will likely remain empty generating debt. Perhaps, more money should have been spent to upgrade these underserved, poor areas instead of on a new stadium and parklands in an upper-class suburb without a fan base for the sport. This would have at least made these great expenses justifiable by improving an area of the city in need.
The site for the new Cape Town Stadium was chosen for its scenic surroundings at the City’s coast, for its easy links with transportation infrastructure, and for its ability to stage construction of a stadium with capacity for 68,000 spectators. Ina report to the Mayor in 2006, Bayette Development Consulting indicated that Green Point Stadium would require high costs but its’ siting would increase the potential for private sponsorship. This may be true, but without a secure fan base that can afford the tickets to the stadium the stadium will likely remain empty generating debt. Perhaps, more money should have been spent to upgrade these underserved, poor areas instead of on a new stadium and parklands in an upper-class suburb without a fan base for the sport. This would have at least made these great expenses justifiable by improving an area of the city in need.
Site design for the Cape Town Stadium During the games, major roads will be closed to facilitate a Fan Walk from the downtown central railway station at Adderley Street to the stadium entrance - a distance of approximately 2.5 km. Pedestrian access to the stadium is also provided from the V&A Waterfront. The city has set forth strong efforts and campaigns to encourage fans to walk to and from the stadium. The Green Point Common also features other sporting facilities including rugby fields, a cricket pitch, tennis courts, and a 9-hole golf course. In addition, there is a 12,5-hectare public park (Green Point Urban Park) for residents and visitors. Next to these spaces the stadium stands quite tall, distinguishable over the skyline of the buildings that border the coast with a backdrop of Table Mountain beyond. The view is stunning on a postcard; however, the experience of this immense structure up close is overwhelming to the spectator. A design with a sunken field, and
Site design for the Cape Town Stadium During the games, major roads will be closed to facilitate a Fan Walk from the downtown central railway station at Adderley Street to the stadium entrance - a distance of approximately 2.5 km. Pedestrian access to the stadium is also provided from the V&A Waterfront. The city has set forth strong efforts and campaigns to encourage fans to walk to and from the stadium. The Green Point Common also features other sporting facilities including rugby fields, a cricket pitch, tennis courts, and a 9-hole golf course. In addition, there is a 12,5-hectare public park (Green Point Urban Park) for residents and visitors. Next to these spaces the stadium stands quite tall, distinguishable over the skyline of the buildings that border the coast with a backdrop of Table Mountain beyond. The view is stunning on a postcard; however, the experience of this immense structure up close is overwhelming to the spectator. A design with a sunken field, and
The roof structure was a particular challenge, as it also had to be strong enough to handle the city’s notorious winds. The 36,000 square meter roof design drew inspiration from the design of a bicycle wheel with an outer compression ring and an inner tension ring.’ Approximately 72 cables link the outer and inner rings of the circle; the double layer of roofing helps to reduce the turbulence from the winds as well as to create a sound-absorbent volume. The exterior has 146mm-thick laminated safety glass panels, while the ceiling panels underneath are made of woven PVC fabric. Water from the stadium roof and drainage of the pitch is pumped into ponds on the Green Point Common, thus reducing dependency on potable water.''8 It is valuable to compare the estimated costs of South Africa’s World Cup with those of other recent hosts in order to understand such large scale spending. In contrast with Germany, South Africa’s financing will largely come from public funding; this is because private financing is hardly available from local soccer clubs, which do not have the same financial power as clubs of other countries." Germany's infrastructure was also considerably more developed than South Africa’s, which has meant that South Africa has necessarily spent more money on roads and infrastructure as well.
The roof structure was a particular challenge, as it also had to be strong enough to handle the city’s notorious winds. The 36,000 square meter roof design drew inspiration from the design of a bicycle wheel with an outer compression ring and an inner tension ring.’ Approximately 72 cables link the outer and inner rings of the circle; the double layer of roofing helps to reduce the turbulence from the winds as well as to create a sound-absorbent volume. The exterior has 146mm-thick laminated safety glass panels, while the ceiling panels underneath are made of woven PVC fabric. Water from the stadium roof and drainage of the pitch is pumped into ponds on the Green Point Common, thus reducing dependency on potable water.''8 It is valuable to compare the estimated costs of South Africa’s World Cup with those of other recent hosts in order to understand such large scale spending. In contrast with Germany, South Africa’s financing will largely come from public funding; this is because private financing is hardly available from local soccer clubs, which do not have the same financial power as clubs of other countries." Germany's infrastructure was also considerably more developed than South Africa’s, which has meant that South Africa has necessarily spent more money on roads and infrastructure as well.
Image of the new iconic stadium Photo Credit: http://www.capetown.gov.za The opportunity to participate as host for the 2010 FIFA World Cup has afforded Cape Town unprecedented means to provide for its citizens. As a result, the city has unlocked national government expenditure on public infrastructure that would not normally be available. Its major legacy projects include the new
Image of the new iconic stadium Photo Credit: http://www.capetown.gov.za The opportunity to participate as host for the 2010 FIFA World Cup has afforded Cape Town unprecedented means to provide for its citizens. As a result, the city has unlocked national government expenditure on public infrastructure that would not normally be available. Its major legacy projects include the new
The site location, in a posh suburban community on the periphery of the city center, however, may negate the efforts to create a more unified city. While its Cape Town Stadium during the 2009 FIFA Confederations Cup Photo Credit: http://www.capetown.gov.za
The site location, in a posh suburban community on the periphery of the city center, however, may negate the efforts to create a more unified city. While its Cape Town Stadium during the 2009 FIFA Confederations Cup Photo Credit: http://www.capetown.gov.za
Argentinean social anthropologist Eduardo Archetti states that soccer has “rituals comparable to religious ceremonies.”® Danish researcher of cultural studies Niels Kayser Nielsen elaborates on this description and states that both soccer and worship have “developed ceremonies and a liturgy, which, within the framework of locations with particularly ‘sacred’ qualities, develop cult-like behavior.”? When leaving the field, scoring a goal or saving a shot many soccer players make the sign of the cross, kiss their hands and raise them to the sky or Lift their shirts up, shaking them as if thanking God for His blessings. Image of the Washington Monument Photo Credit: www.visitdc.com
Argentinean social anthropologist Eduardo Archetti states that soccer has “rituals comparable to religious ceremonies.”® Danish researcher of cultural studies Niels Kayser Nielsen elaborates on this description and states that both soccer and worship have “developed ceremonies and a liturgy, which, within the framework of locations with particularly ‘sacred’ qualities, develop cult-like behavior.”? When leaving the field, scoring a goal or saving a shot many soccer players make the sign of the cross, kiss their hands and raise them to the sky or Lift their shirts up, shaking them as if thanking God for His blessings. Image of the Washington Monument Photo Credit: www.visitdc.com
The stadium has also been thought of as a theater. This metaphor may have originated in the name amphitheater, a form created by the Romans, which joined together two Greek theaters to create an ellipse.® The stadium, like the theater, is a place for entertainment, spectacle and performance. Stadiums are, unquestionably, places of high levels of drama and emotion, arguably greater than those created in a theater, as sport is not scripted. The excitement of a good match as it develops and unfurls is much like a play, with tension and climax and, for some, a dramatic ending. In his book Making Sense of Sport,
The stadium has also been thought of as a theater. This metaphor may have originated in the name amphitheater, a form created by the Romans, which joined together two Greek theaters to create an ellipse.® The stadium, like the theater, is a place for entertainment, spectacle and performance. Stadiums are, unquestionably, places of high levels of drama and emotion, arguably greater than those created in a theater, as sport is not scripted. The excitement of a good match as it develops and unfurls is much like a play, with tension and climax and, for some, a dramatic ending. In his book Making Sense of Sport,
Perhaps most surprising, however, the prison has also been mentioned as a metaphor for the stadium. According to Gaffney, the stadium is one of the spaces most highly subjected to surveillance. They are arguably the most secure buildings in the city.'' He and John Bale both compare the stadium to the penitentiary through the lens of the panoptic mechanism. The term, originally named by nineteenth century philosopher Jeremy Bentham, is a prison design that makes the space ‘self- regulating.” The building itself, facing in on the field and on the other spectators, becomes a “machine for creating and sustaining a power relation independent of the person who exercises it.”'* The design of the stadium, which optimizes the views of the field for the spectator, mimics the panoptic mechanism in that all of the spectators are also made easily visible under security surveillance. As spectators we are subject to this mechanism and we also enforce it. By observing
Perhaps most surprising, however, the prison has also been mentioned as a metaphor for the stadium. According to Gaffney, the stadium is one of the spaces most highly subjected to surveillance. They are arguably the most secure buildings in the city.'' He and John Bale both compare the stadium to the penitentiary through the lens of the panoptic mechanism. The term, originally named by nineteenth century philosopher Jeremy Bentham, is a prison design that makes the space ‘self- regulating.” The building itself, facing in on the field and on the other spectators, becomes a “machine for creating and sustaining a power relation independent of the person who exercises it.”'* The design of the stadium, which optimizes the views of the field for the spectator, mimics the panoptic mechanism in that all of the spectators are also made easily visible under security surveillance. As spectators we are subject to this mechanism and we also enforce it. By observing
While some may think that stadiums are difficult to secure to prevent escapes of masses, this is a misconception. The limited amount of entrances to and exits from the stadium make it similar to a fortress, and its maze-like qualities with long winding corridors and small adjacent rooms facilitate interrogation under harsh conditions. Even today, it is not uncommon for the police in Buenos Aires to use the stadium like an animal pen holding spectators in until the opponents’ fans have left; this is considered a safety measure. Some stadiums, like the Maracana in Rio de Janeiro, for example, have judge's chambers and prison cells designed into their walls as well. These are used to prosecute those who violate stadium laws on the premises. Photo Credit: www. federal-prison.org
While some may think that stadiums are difficult to secure to prevent escapes of masses, this is a misconception. The limited amount of entrances to and exits from the stadium make it similar to a fortress, and its maze-like qualities with long winding corridors and small adjacent rooms facilitate interrogation under harsh conditions. Even today, it is not uncommon for the police in Buenos Aires to use the stadium like an animal pen holding spectators in until the opponents’ fans have left; this is considered a safety measure. Some stadiums, like the Maracana in Rio de Janeiro, for example, have judge's chambers and prison cells designed into their walls as well. These are used to prosecute those who violate stadium laws on the premises. Photo Credit: www. federal-prison.org
In the context of the city, however, the stadium might be better compared to the piazza. They have similar shapes, sizes and scale, but fundamentally they function differently. The piazza is a public gathering space; it can, however, be used to address a crowd, as the site for shows or sporting events, festivals or Image of Piazza San Marco, Venice, Italy Photo Credit: www.corfu-pictures.com
In the context of the city, however, the stadium might be better compared to the piazza. They have similar shapes, sizes and scale, but fundamentally they function differently. The piazza is a public gathering space; it can, however, be used to address a crowd, as the site for shows or sporting events, festivals or Image of Piazza San Marco, Venice, Italy Photo Credit: www.corfu-pictures.com
Later it was used asa strong foundation for residences that were built on top of and within the stadium walls. It was architect Lorenzo Nottolini who, in the 1800s, proposed clearing the buildings that crowded the interior of the stadium to revive its original shape.” Today, the space functions as the city’s central piazza; it is 75 meters by 50 meters [246 by 164 feet] in size. The uses within the walls of the stadium have changed - today, the first floor has shops, cafés and restaurants with residences above. Its center is accessible through four entrances on cardinal points; these archways are the remains of the upper tier of the original stadium. The ground level has risen over time, but the shape and volume of the piazza today mimic that of the original stadium." At the fall of the Roman Empire the stadium became a center for refuge and inhabited as a town in and of itself. It was likely the most secure building in the 18 :: MEGA-Event Stadiums | an argument for integration
Later it was used asa strong foundation for residences that were built on top of and within the stadium walls. It was architect Lorenzo Nottolini who, in the 1800s, proposed clearing the buildings that crowded the interior of the stadium to revive its original shape.” Today, the space functions as the city’s central piazza; it is 75 meters by 50 meters [246 by 164 feet] in size. The uses within the walls of the stadium have changed - today, the first floor has shops, cafés and restaurants with residences above. Its center is accessible through four entrances on cardinal points; these archways are the remains of the upper tier of the original stadium. The ground level has risen over time, but the shape and volume of the piazza today mimic that of the original stadium." At the fall of the Roman Empire the stadium became a center for refuge and inhabited as a town in and of itself. It was likely the most secure building in the 18 :: MEGA-Event Stadiums | an argument for integration
Lucca, Italy Photo Credit: www.traveljournal.com Rendering of the occupied Arles Amphitheater Photo Credit: Herman Hertzberger, 1991
Lucca, Italy Photo Credit: www.traveljournal.com Rendering of the occupied Arles Amphitheater Photo Credit: Herman Hertzberger, 1991
Image of Highbury Stadium in residential community Photo Credit: www.arsenal.com
Image of Highbury Stadium in residential community Photo Credit: www.arsenal.com
The courtyard can be publicly accessed and was designed to encompass a pedestrian route that services the community by linking Avenell Road to Highbury Hill.2® This is a public amenity for the residents of the area and a convenient path for many who use Arsenal tube station, just a short walk from there.” The innovative re-use of the stadium has enabled the memory and legacy of the original use to live on, while serving the needs of the community
The courtyard can be publicly accessed and was designed to encompass a pedestrian route that services the community by linking Avenell Road to Highbury Hill.2® This is a public amenity for the residents of the area and a convenient path for many who use Arsenal tube station, just a short walk from there.” The innovative re-use of the stadium has enabled the memory and legacy of the original use to live on, while serving the needs of the community
Image of apartments and garden Photo Credit: www.highburysquare.com
Image of apartments and garden Photo Credit: www.highburysquare.com
Piazza del Campo, Sienna Italy as seen from the Tower Photo Credit: www.sienaonline.net The piazza today is used both individually and collectively. People sit and observe the passersby, while others gather to toss around the soccerball or frisbee; people pass through, stop to enjoy it and activate it at all hours of the day. These informal, flexible spaces allow the user to determine the activities that they will partake in, which gives the user The majority of the year the piazza serves the daily needs of the community; people often loiter there, sitting in cafes or even on the floor of the piazza. A total of eleven streets end at the piazza; it is an extremely accessible and convenient site in the city. While it was originally designed to serve as a gathering space
Piazza del Campo, Sienna Italy as seen from the Tower Photo Credit: www.sienaonline.net The piazza today is used both individually and collectively. People sit and observe the passersby, while others gather to toss around the soccerball or frisbee; people pass through, stop to enjoy it and activate it at all hours of the day. These informal, flexible spaces allow the user to determine the activities that they will partake in, which gives the user The majority of the year the piazza serves the daily needs of the community; people often loiter there, sitting in cafes or even on the floor of the piazza. A total of eleven streets end at the piazza; it is an extremely accessible and convenient site in the city. While it was originally designed to serve as a gathering space
Piazza del Campo, Siena Italy during It Palio dell’Contrade as seen from the Tower Photo Credit: www.tuscany.italy.co.uk
Piazza del Campo, Siena Italy during It Palio dell’Contrade as seen from the Tower Photo Credit: www.tuscany.italy.co.uk
Image Il Palio dell’Contrade horse Race Photo Credit: www.sienaonline.net to the temporal needs of the city. The flexibility enables the piazza to act temporarily as a stadium and creates defined zones, public and private spaces and separation between ‘performers’ and spectators characteristic of the stadium.
Image Il Palio dell’Contrade horse Race Photo Credit: www.sienaonline.net to the temporal needs of the city. The flexibility enables the piazza to act temporarily as a stadium and creates defined zones, public and private spaces and separation between ‘performers’ and spectators characteristic of the stadium.
Plaza Mayor, Chinchon, Spain. Photo Credit: www.andaluciaimagen.com The plaza has an irregular shape, resembling the Roman oval amphitheater with a central stage. Eight streets converge here and the plaza itself slopes down towards the center where the action takes place. Along its interior walls the buildings are filled with restaurants, bars and cafés with residences and hotel rooms above. The lower level acts as a colonnade, with above balconies called “claros” or clearstories, creating shade to protect from the sun. The character of the plaza, with its repeating columns along the balconies, is very rhythmic, like that of the Roman Coliseum. This is typical of the stadium form, and yet, because the buildings were not designed and built at the same time, they often have varying heights and floor levels. During these events the plaza transforms completely. For the corrida a ring Is created in the center and rows of seats are placed along the floor level abutting the residences at the edges.*® The colonnade is preserved for circulation, used much in the same way as the circulation paths typical of stadium design today. Residents of these homes sell off the seats in front of their doors to make extra money during the events.*? Their balconies also act as grandstands for optimal viewing of the center stage. Here, the public and private lines blur.
Plaza Mayor, Chinchon, Spain. Photo Credit: www.andaluciaimagen.com The plaza has an irregular shape, resembling the Roman oval amphitheater with a central stage. Eight streets converge here and the plaza itself slopes down towards the center where the action takes place. Along its interior walls the buildings are filled with restaurants, bars and cafés with residences and hotel rooms above. The lower level acts as a colonnade, with above balconies called “claros” or clearstories, creating shade to protect from the sun. The character of the plaza, with its repeating columns along the balconies, is very rhythmic, like that of the Roman Coliseum. This is typical of the stadium form, and yet, because the buildings were not designed and built at the same time, they often have varying heights and floor levels. During these events the plaza transforms completely. For the corrida a ring Is created in the center and rows of seats are placed along the floor level abutting the residences at the edges.*® The colonnade is preserved for circulation, used much in the same way as the circulation paths typical of stadium design today. Residents of these homes sell off the seats in front of their doors to make extra money during the events.*? Their balconies also act as grandstands for optimal viewing of the center stage. Here, the public and private lines blur.
Image of Plaza Mayor during the ‘Corrida’ Photo Credit: www.andaluciaimagen.com
Image of Plaza Mayor during the ‘Corrida’ Photo Credit: www.andaluciaimagen.com
Plaza Mayor, Chinchon, Spain as set up for the ‘Corrida’ [bull fighting event: Photo Credit: www.travelpod.cor
Plaza Mayor, Chinchon, Spain as set up for the ‘Corrida’ [bull fighting event: Photo Credit: www.travelpod.cor
A common argument in favor of placing the stadium distant from the city center is that it is too monumental in size and scale for the urban fabric. | have examined five of the great public spaces from the rankings generated by PPS: Washington Square in New York City, Grand Square in Krakow, Poland, Grote Markt in Brussels, Belgium, Trafalgar Square in London, United Kingdom, and Piazza Navona in Rome, Italy in order to consider their sizes relative to the soccer field and to a World Cup soccer stadium. These are all well-known, successful public spaces; the question is: can the stadium provide a great public space or is it simply too large? Rendering of the new iconic stadium in context of V&A waterfront shown for scale comparisor Photo Credit: http://greenpointstadium-and-capetown.blogspot.cor As evidenced through these overlays, the dimensions of a soccer field will often fit within the walls of these piazzas. This demonstrates that a soccer field, at least in its dimensional qualities, has the potential o becoming a great public space; it is neither too large nor too small. In fact, with the exception of Grand Square in Krakow, it is apparent that many successfu public spaces take on a rectangular shape, similar in proportions to that of the soccer field. In the case of the Grote Markt in Brussels, the dimensions o
A common argument in favor of placing the stadium distant from the city center is that it is too monumental in size and scale for the urban fabric. | have examined five of the great public spaces from the rankings generated by PPS: Washington Square in New York City, Grand Square in Krakow, Poland, Grote Markt in Brussels, Belgium, Trafalgar Square in London, United Kingdom, and Piazza Navona in Rome, Italy in order to consider their sizes relative to the soccer field and to a World Cup soccer stadium. These are all well-known, successful public spaces; the question is: can the stadium provide a great public space or is it simply too large? Rendering of the new iconic stadium in context of V&A waterfront shown for scale comparisor Photo Credit: http://greenpointstadium-and-capetown.blogspot.cor As evidenced through these overlays, the dimensions of a soccer field will often fit within the walls of these piazzas. This demonstrates that a soccer field, at least in its dimensional qualities, has the potential o becoming a great public space; it is neither too large nor too small. In fact, with the exception of Grand Square in Krakow, it is apparent that many successfu public spaces take on a rectangular shape, similar in proportions to that of the soccer field. In the case of the Grote Markt in Brussels, the dimensions o
Photo Credit: http://www.krakow-info.com
Photo Credit: http://www.krakow-info.com
Photo Credit: http://www.london.gov.uk
Photo Credit: http://www.london.gov.uk
Piazza Navona, Rome: 276 meters in length by 54 meters in width. [906 by 177 feet]
Piazza Navona, Rome: 276 meters in length by 54 meters in width. [906 by 177 feet]
Image of Piazza Navona facing South Photo Credit: http://www.romainteractive.com
Image of Piazza Navona facing South Photo Credit: http://www.romainteractive.com
36 :: MEGA-Event Stadiums | an argument for integration
36 :: MEGA-Event Stadiums | an argument for integration
In People Places Clare Cooper Marcus et al., analyze a study conducted by Joardar and Neill in 1978 of reactions to public plazas. They conclude that visual complexity is a desirable trait of any public space.” This can be achieved in many ways; for example, through variations in architecture, the addition of water features or plantings, art installations or by activating the space through multiple uses and activities. Piazza Navona incorporates each of these examples in one space. The facades that line the piazza were each built separately; they have a similar style but they have varying heights, colors and details. Some buildings depict their hierarchy through the architecture, as in the Pamphilij Palazzo, and the multiple uses on the ground floors and in the center of the piazza create a very complex organism that attracts nearly any kind of person. Visual complexity can add to the identity of the place and, furthermore, these variations can add to the personal connection
In People Places Clare Cooper Marcus et al., analyze a study conducted by Joardar and Neill in 1978 of reactions to public plazas. They conclude that visual complexity is a desirable trait of any public space.” This can be achieved in many ways; for example, through variations in architecture, the addition of water features or plantings, art installations or by activating the space through multiple uses and activities. Piazza Navona incorporates each of these examples in one space. The facades that line the piazza were each built separately; they have a similar style but they have varying heights, colors and details. Some buildings depict their hierarchy through the architecture, as in the Pamphilij Palazzo, and the multiple uses on the ground floors and in the center of the piazza create a very complex organism that attracts nearly any kind of person. Visual complexity can add to the identity of the place and, furthermore, these variations can add to the personal connection
Diagrams Produced by Author
Diagrams Produced by Author
STRATEGIC USE OF TEMPORARY SEATING - reduces the capacity of the stadium (to allow it to meet the smaller capacity of club games) This also reduces the depth of the shell of the building and enables the piazza space to function with supporting uses at its interior edges . Throughways makes the form easier to traverse; here the piazza becomes the primary function of the structure, the stadium form and function remain present and visible. NOTE: In the following diagrams the pitch and stadium entrance level are aligned.
STRATEGIC USE OF TEMPORARY SEATING - reduces the capacity of the stadium (to allow it to meet the smaller capacity of club games) This also reduces the depth of the shell of the building and enables the piazza space to function with supporting uses at its interior edges . Throughways makes the form easier to traverse; here the piazza becomes the primary function of the structure, the stadium form and function remain present and visible. NOTE: In the following diagrams the pitch and stadium entrance level are aligned.
The World Cup comes at the perfect time for Brazil. It seems that Brazil has been preparing for an event of this magnitude for some time. Now that the country is approaching a trifecta of economic growth, social stability and plans for future investment they are well prepared for the global spotlight. The promise of a means to surge forward large-scale investments is a driving force in their hopes to host the World Cup. In addition, the event could direct attention to the country and invite new potential investors; this could potentially draw innovation-minded companies to set up their businesses here, for example. The twelve selected host cities for the 2014 World Cup Photo Credit: www.worldcupcities2014.com In the last twenty years Brazil has become more stable politically, economically and socially. Francisco Ferreira, a lead economist at the World Bank, said in a New York Times article that Brazil has shrunk its income gap by 6 percent since 2001. According to Marcelo Cortes Neri, the director of the Center for Social Policies at the Getulio Vargas Foundation in Rio de Janeiro, the top 10 percent of Brazil's earners saw their cumulative income rise by 7 percent from 2001 to 2006, but the bottom 10 percent shot up by
The World Cup comes at the perfect time for Brazil. It seems that Brazil has been preparing for an event of this magnitude for some time. Now that the country is approaching a trifecta of economic growth, social stability and plans for future investment they are well prepared for the global spotlight. The promise of a means to surge forward large-scale investments is a driving force in their hopes to host the World Cup. In addition, the event could direct attention to the country and invite new potential investors; this could potentially draw innovation-minded companies to set up their businesses here, for example. The twelve selected host cities for the 2014 World Cup Photo Credit: www.worldcupcities2014.com In the last twenty years Brazil has become more stable politically, economically and socially. Francisco Ferreira, a lead economist at the World Bank, said in a New York Times article that Brazil has shrunk its income gap by 6 percent since 2001. According to Marcelo Cortes Neri, the director of the Center for Social Policies at the Getulio Vargas Foundation in Rio de Janeiro, the top 10 percent of Brazil's earners saw their cumulative income rise by 7 percent from 2001 to 2006, but the bottom 10 percent shot up by
Image of ‘Marco Zero’ in Recife’s old downtown Photo Credit: www.recifeguide.com Twelve cities were selected to host the Cup; these include the three capitals of Brazil: Rio de Janeiro, considered the cultural capital; Sao Paulo, the economic capital; and Brasilia, the government capital. Recife, the capital of the Northeastern state of Pernambuco, was another obvious choice. Itis at the center of the country’s fifth-largest metropolitan area consisting of a conurbation of 14 cities that together make up a population of approximately 3.7 million people.'? Located at the coast, it has historically been an important port city serving as an economic anchor for the region. In fact, the city is often called ‘the capital of the North-East’."
Image of ‘Marco Zero’ in Recife’s old downtown Photo Credit: www.recifeguide.com Twelve cities were selected to host the Cup; these include the three capitals of Brazil: Rio de Janeiro, considered the cultural capital; Sao Paulo, the economic capital; and Brasilia, the government capital. Recife, the capital of the Northeastern state of Pernambuco, was another obvious choice. Itis at the center of the country’s fifth-largest metropolitan area consisting of a conurbation of 14 cities that together make up a population of approximately 3.7 million people.'? Located at the coast, it has historically been an important port city serving as an economic anchor for the region. In fact, the city is often called ‘the capital of the North-East’."
Images depicting the city of Recife’s prime location Photo Credit: presentation provided by the government of Pernamubco
Images depicting the city of Recife’s prime location Photo Credit: presentation provided by the government of Pernamubco
Images depicting the city of Recife’s prime location Photo Credit: presentation provided by the government of Pernamubc«
Images depicting the city of Recife’s prime location Photo Credit: presentation provided by the government of Pernamubc«
Image of Recife Antiguo from above, the site of a Porto Digital’ conference Photo Credit: www.ETBS2007.org Image of Recife during carnaval Photo Credit: www.recifeguide.wordpress.com
Image of Recife Antiguo from above, the site of a Porto Digital’ conference Photo Credit: www.ETBS2007.org Image of Recife during carnaval Photo Credit: www.recifeguide.wordpress.com
Site location for each club team stadium Diagram produced by author The stadiums have a capacity of 35,000, 60,000 and 28,000 spectators respectively. Extensive renovations would be required to prepare any of these stadiums for the World Cup and those renovations would have reduced their capacities. Onthe otherhand, renovating The 2014 FIFA World Cup promises to bring a new, large, world-class stadium to Recife. In addition, the World Cup has the potential to update the city’s image, to advertise its recent successes and to elevate its status in the eyes of the world. If well coordinated, the World Cup Games could add momentum to the city’s growth. By harnessing this potential Recife stands to gain far more than good soccer history and tourist dollars from the legacy of the Cup. Conversely, as the experience of other mega-event hosts shows, if managed poorly the city and state could create an unmanageable amount of debt for their citizens.
Site location for each club team stadium Diagram produced by author The stadiums have a capacity of 35,000, 60,000 and 28,000 spectators respectively. Extensive renovations would be required to prepare any of these stadiums for the World Cup and those renovations would have reduced their capacities. Onthe otherhand, renovating The 2014 FIFA World Cup promises to bring a new, large, world-class stadium to Recife. In addition, the World Cup has the potential to update the city’s image, to advertise its recent successes and to elevate its status in the eyes of the world. If well coordinated, the World Cup Games could add momentum to the city’s growth. By harnessing this potential Recife stands to gain far more than good soccer history and tourist dollars from the legacy of the Cup. Conversely, as the experience of other mega-event hosts shows, if managed poorly the city and state could create an unmanageable amount of debt for their citizens.
Diagram of stadium site location Diagram produced by author
Diagram of stadium site location Diagram produced by author
Rendering of the stadium and surrounding site development design Photo Credit: presentation provided by the government of Pernamubco In addition, the building aspires to be a leader in efficient, environmentally friendly design. The exterior photovoltaic panels will gather enough solar energy to power 20,000 homes; this will be used to
Rendering of the stadium and surrounding site development design Photo Credit: presentation provided by the government of Pernamubco In addition, the building aspires to be a leader in efficient, environmentally friendly design. The exterior photovoltaic panels will gather enough solar energy to power 20,000 homes; this will be used to
heat the water used in kitchens, bathrooms and changing rooms in the stadium.*” The design also calls for capturing and reusing rain and grey water throughout the building; it is estimated that the reuse of these systems will reduce the dependency on fresh water sources by 60%. Rendering of the stadium design Photo Credit: Report issued to FIFA from the state of Pernambuco
heat the water used in kitchens, bathrooms and changing rooms in the stadium.*” The design also calls for capturing and reusing rain and grey water throughout the building; it is estimated that the reuse of these systems will reduce the dependency on fresh water sources by 60%. Rendering of the stadium design Photo Credit: Report issued to FIFA from the state of Pernambuco
Rendering of the stadium design Photo Credit: presentation provided by the government of Pernamubco
Rendering of the stadium design Photo Credit: presentation provided by the government of Pernamubco
Rendering of the stadium design and immediate surroundings on the site - demonstrating poor integratior Photo Credit: presentation provided by the government of Pernamubco The cost of construction of the stadium alone is estimated at R$500 million ($300 million USD). In addition, the infrastructure costs related to stadium construction, including renovation and updating of major roadways, has been estimated at R$1.é6billion.“° It is early yet and - as projects of this nature in the past have shown - the prices only go up. Sustainable design features, for example, are estimated to increase construction costs from 5% to 7%.*' It would be exceptionally rare for a project of this magnitude to fall under budget and this is not expected. The cost of the stadium and related projects is extremely high, in particular for a city the size of Recife. The project is expected to be funded by private-public partnerships. If investors are not found, however, the expense will fall on the state government and consequently on the people. It is the responsibility of the planners and architects on board to discuss the ramifications of site selection on the cost of the stadium. The stadium and World Cup City design attempts to address the needs of two different constituencies: the upper-class spectators expected to come to the stadium and the working and lower-class citizens who will reside in the affordable housing units to be built. The success of the design hinges on marrying these two, as opposed to ignoring their relationships. If these are not addressed, tensions will likely arise. The stadium could gain from further integration
Rendering of the stadium design and immediate surroundings on the site - demonstrating poor integratior Photo Credit: presentation provided by the government of Pernamubco The cost of construction of the stadium alone is estimated at R$500 million ($300 million USD). In addition, the infrastructure costs related to stadium construction, including renovation and updating of major roadways, has been estimated at R$1.é6billion.“° It is early yet and - as projects of this nature in the past have shown - the prices only go up. Sustainable design features, for example, are estimated to increase construction costs from 5% to 7%.*' It would be exceptionally rare for a project of this magnitude to fall under budget and this is not expected. The cost of the stadium and related projects is extremely high, in particular for a city the size of Recife. The project is expected to be funded by private-public partnerships. If investors are not found, however, the expense will fall on the state government and consequently on the people. It is the responsibility of the planners and architects on board to discuss the ramifications of site selection on the cost of the stadium. The stadium and World Cup City design attempts to address the needs of two different constituencies: the upper-class spectators expected to come to the stadium and the working and lower-class citizens who will reside in the affordable housing units to be built. The success of the design hinges on marrying these two, as opposed to ignoring their relationships. If these are not addressed, tensions will likely arise. The stadium could gain from further integration
Rendering of the stadium design in sectional perspective - demonstrating singular use of the stadium design Photo Credit: presentation provided by the government of Pernamubco
Rendering of the stadium design in sectional perspective - demonstrating singular use of the stadium design Photo Credit: presentation provided by the government of Pernamubco
Rendering of the stadium design in sectional perspective - demonstrating level of luxury and uses Photo Credit: presentation provided by the government of Pernamubco
Rendering of the stadium design in sectional perspective - demonstrating level of luxury and uses Photo Credit: presentation provided by the government of Pernamubco
The advantages of this site are directly related to its proximity to transportation services. Not only is it near both local and interstate roads, facilitating vehicular access to the site, but it is also within
The advantages of this site are directly related to its proximity to transportation services. Not only is it near both local and interstate roads, facilitating vehicular access to the site, but it is also within
This site also has some disadvantages. Currently it has a high volume of housing on the site that would require relocation. Approximately 3,500 residences, 50% of which are currently considered “at risk” structures, would have to be removed to make way for the new stadium. “At risk” structures are informal dwellings that are constructed without respecting construction regulations; often they are unstable and prone to structural failure. The relocation of these homes is a complex task for any city; that said, when taking into consideration that FIFA had awarded the World Cup to Brazil a full fourteen years prior to the games, it becomes impossible to believe that they The advantages of this site include its proximity to the downtowns of both Recife and Olinda and as a result a diverse array of services and commercial and cultural attractions. This site takes advantage of the area's existing infrastructure and road services. In addition, it has the potential to encourage further public transportation options that could connect downtown Recife to Olinda. The design itself called for a multi-use stadium that would include offices, bars, restaurants, an entertainment center and convention center. The site was expected to include additional residential units, offices, hotels, commercial uses and parkland. Rendering of alternative 2 site Photo Credit: Government of Pernamubco report to FIFA (Appendix)
This site also has some disadvantages. Currently it has a high volume of housing on the site that would require relocation. Approximately 3,500 residences, 50% of which are currently considered “at risk” structures, would have to be removed to make way for the new stadium. “At risk” structures are informal dwellings that are constructed without respecting construction regulations; often they are unstable and prone to structural failure. The relocation of these homes is a complex task for any city; that said, when taking into consideration that FIFA had awarded the World Cup to Brazil a full fourteen years prior to the games, it becomes impossible to believe that they The advantages of this site include its proximity to the downtowns of both Recife and Olinda and as a result a diverse array of services and commercial and cultural attractions. This site takes advantage of the area's existing infrastructure and road services. In addition, it has the potential to encourage further public transportation options that could connect downtown Recife to Olinda. The design itself called for a multi-use stadium that would include offices, bars, restaurants, an entertainment center and convention center. The site was expected to include additional residential units, offices, hotels, commercial uses and parkland. Rendering of alternative 2 site Photo Credit: Government of Pernamubco report to FIFA (Appendix)
The site is at the terminus of Avenida Dantas Barreto, the major boulevard that runs directly to Praca da Republica and the State House. This important vantage point, directing the view towards the end of a long boulevard, warrants the presence of a significant structure. The stadium, a symbol of the area’s rich soccer culture and history and a legacy to this prestigious event, will have its main entrance at this location. One can imagine the boulevard acting as a Diagram of proposed site selection as connector between existing neighborhoods Diagram produced by author The water's edge may seem like a disadvantage in that it does not allow for through access in its direction,
The site is at the terminus of Avenida Dantas Barreto, the major boulevard that runs directly to Praca da Republica and the State House. This important vantage point, directing the view towards the end of a long boulevard, warrants the presence of a significant structure. The stadium, a symbol of the area’s rich soccer culture and history and a legacy to this prestigious event, will have its main entrance at this location. One can imagine the boulevard acting as a Diagram of proposed site selection as connector between existing neighborhoods Diagram produced by author The water's edge may seem like a disadvantage in that it does not allow for through access in its direction,
Diagram of proposed site selection and existing transportation conditions Diagram produced by author
Diagram of proposed site selection and existing transportation conditions Diagram produced by author
Diagram of proposed site selection and proposed transportation routes.
Diagram of proposed site selection and proposed transportation routes.
Diagram produced by author
Diagram produced by author
Diagram of proposed site design Diagram produced by author As a piazza the center of the stadium will be accessible to the everyday user that would arrive from the city center or adjacent communities. In addition, with diverse uses surrounding the stadium including residences, office and retail, the site will attract new users to the area for multiple purposes. This openness and availability for daily use will attract different types of people and create a space for diverse interactions. These opportunities for unique experiences build multiple and disparate memories in the minds of users that will give the space a new identity. Its ability to provide space for a variety of uses simultaneously will enable this piazza to create disparate memories for its many users. The oval shape is maintained in order to carry on the legacy The building's shell could become facilities for boat rentals with a promenade and dock extending from them. The upper stands along the water’s edge could be removed permanently in order to allow a lower skyline that could bring more natural sunlight into the piazza. The stadium, if maintained, could become three- sided, or perhaps temporary lower stands could be placed in front of the shops, as is done in Siena, during soccer matches. This new hybrid form has the ability to generate multiple simultaneous functions for the space.
Diagram of proposed site design Diagram produced by author As a piazza the center of the stadium will be accessible to the everyday user that would arrive from the city center or adjacent communities. In addition, with diverse uses surrounding the stadium including residences, office and retail, the site will attract new users to the area for multiple purposes. This openness and availability for daily use will attract different types of people and create a space for diverse interactions. These opportunities for unique experiences build multiple and disparate memories in the minds of users that will give the space a new identity. Its ability to provide space for a variety of uses simultaneously will enable this piazza to create disparate memories for its many users. The oval shape is maintained in order to carry on the legacy The building's shell could become facilities for boat rentals with a promenade and dock extending from them. The upper stands along the water’s edge could be removed permanently in order to allow a lower skyline that could bring more natural sunlight into the piazza. The stadium, if maintained, could become three- sided, or perhaps temporary lower stands could be placed in front of the shops, as is done in Siena, during soccer matches. This new hybrid form has the ability to generate multiple simultaneous functions for the space.
Perspective demonstrating procession to World Cup Games and festivities on route to stadium. Produced by author Density is an important feature of this site. As such, its design should maintain the dense characteristics of the downtown as well as create natural amenities for the city. Density of people and of activities will also contribute to the connectivity of the place. A near empty place will not provide its users with the opportunity to connect with one another; therefore, density of people is a requirement. Density of uses or an increased overlapping of activities may bring
Perspective demonstrating procession to World Cup Games and festivities on route to stadium. Produced by author Density is an important feature of this site. As such, its design should maintain the dense characteristics of the downtown as well as create natural amenities for the city. Density of people and of activities will also contribute to the connectivity of the place. A near empty place will not provide its users with the opportunity to connect with one another; therefore, density of people is a requirement. Density of uses or an increased overlapping of activities may bring
Diagram of proposed stadium design and building uses Diagram produced by author Diagram of proposed stadium design with temporary seatinc Diagram produced by author
Diagram of proposed stadium design and building uses Diagram produced by author Diagram of proposed stadium design with temporary seatinc Diagram produced by author
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