Reduction in Carbon Dioxide Emission

Renewable energy, vital for environmental preservation and mitigating climate change, is now imperative due to escalating pollution and global warming. Among the technologies contributing to this shift, piezoelectric tiles stand out as an innovative solution, capturing electrical power from human footsteps and efficiently converting daily wasted energy into a valuable resource for buildings. However, the lack of information on the energy harvesting potential of piezoelectric tiles, especially in educational buildings, poses a significant challenge. This study addresses this gap by investigating the role of piezoelectric tiles in energy generation within educational settings, focusing specifically on the Faculty of Architecture and Design at AAU. Utilizing quantitative methods such as observation, Simwalk simulation, and a field experiment on a Jordanian university campus, the research unveils the crucial role of piezoelectric floors in energy harvesting and reducing overall energy consumption. The findings highlight the efficiency of Pavegen and Energy tiles in energy production, revealing a substantial contribution to reducing the total electrical energy demand of the building, with potential savings reaching approximately 62%. Despite the initial high cost of piezoelectric flooring, the study emphasizes a significant return on investment over its lifespan. Additionally, a comparative analysis with a proposed photovoltaic system underscores the competitiveness of piezoelectric tiles in both energy generation and cost-effectiveness, affirming their significance in generating eco-friendly energy. By elucidating the importance of piezoelectric technology and presenting empirical evidence of its effectiveness, this study contributes valuable insights to the knowledge base on renewable energy solutions. The findings reaffirm the potential of piezoelectric tiles as a sustainable and efficient energy source, addressing the environmental impact of conventional energy sources, and offering guidance for future applications in educational buildings. Keywords: Solar energy, Renewable energy, Piezoelectric Tiles ,Educational Buildings.

This research aims to identify effective strategies for reducing carbon emissions in online shopping by examining the perspectives of Thai consumers and utilizing sociodemographic data to anticipate their choices for carbon mitigation. The study encompasses eco-logistics, last-mile innovations, and responsible consumer behavior. Data collected from a questionnaire gathered responses from 800 participants across diverse regions, resulting in a 96.50% response rate. Using a multinomial logit model in Stata 15, the analysis reveals factors influencing consumer decisions. Ecologistics is the preferred choice for 35.74% of individuals aiming to reduce carbon emissions from online shopping. Regular purchases of clothing and shoes correlate with a 46% higher likelihood of selecting eco-logistics, while responsible purchasing shows a 33.03% adoption rate. Last-mile innovations, chosen by 31.23%, appeal to higher-income individuals, while women, older age groups (46+), and those with higher education lean toward eco-logistics. Higher education enhances responsible purchasing, influenced by critical thinking, income, and professional networks. Additionally, suburban consumers prefer eco-logistics due to longer distances, while urban residents opt for last-mile innovations. Addressing these challenges facilitates environmentally conscious practices in the e-commerce supply chain, providing insights for policymakers and businesses to formulate sustainable and equitable strategies.

User-generated content (UGC) has become one of the main factors that impacts companies, from consumers' purchase intentions to sales. This study proposes an MCDM approach to evaluate companies' social media metrics based on UGC. UGC metrics were defined and calculated as ratios based on each tweet's sentiment type (positive, negative, or neutral) and relevant metrics (tweet, retweet, favorite, and reach). Data was gathered from Twitter about six companies operating in cosmetics, marketplace, and electronics. MCDM techniques were conducted in the R programming language, namely CRITIC for obtaining criteria weights and ARAS and COPRAS for ranking the companies. The findings of this study contribute to improving the ranking of companies through UGC and extend the literature on the subject. MCDM techniques are recommended to be used effectively to evaluate companies' social media metrics since this approach considers several attributes altogether. R codes for data analysis are also provided in the appendix.

This research aims to identify effective strategies for reducing carbon emissions in online shopping by examining the perspectives of Thai consumers and utilizing sociodemographic data to anticipate their choices for carbon mitigation. The study encompasses eco-logistics, last-mile innovations, and responsible consumer behavior. Data collected from a questionnaire gathered responses from 800 participants across diverse regions, resulting in a 96.50% response rate. Using a multinomial logit model in Stata 15, the analysis reveals factors influencing consumer decisions. Ecologistics is the preferred choice for 35.74% of individuals aiming to reduce carbon emissions from online shopping. Regular purchases of clothing and shoes correlate with a 46% higher likelihood of selecting eco-logistics, while responsible purchasing shows a 33.03% adoption rate. Last-mile innovations, chosen by 31.23%, appeal to higher-income individuals, while women, older age groups (46+), and those with higher education lean toward eco-logistics. Higher education enhances responsible purchasing, influenced by critical thinking, income, and professional networks. Additionally, suburban consumers prefer eco-logistics due to longer distances, while urban residents opt for last-mile innovations. Addressing these challenges facilitates environmentally conscious practices in the e-commerce supply chain, providing insights for policymakers and businesses to formulate sustainable and equitable strategies.

Smart cities aim to adapt the living conditions in the best way by using human and technology factors, which are among their basic components. At this point, the components of smart cities show some changes according to the economic, social, and cultural values of the countries, and the investments made for these components reveal new city versions. Improving sustainable design thinking and social innovation requires collaborative studies via policy-making process and related applications. Local governments, designers and stakeholders need to focus on how to create a new way of thinking for smart and sustainable solutions for cities. This study presents an environmentally sensitive design proposal which uses smart energy technologies for integrating renewable energy alternatives into smart lighting system for promoting circular economy and increasing sustainability in public areas. Using renewable energy technologies not only add value to the identity of these cities but also increase public awareness among users. For this purpose, a smart lighting design that generates electrical energy with kinetic flooring is designed and presented for usage in Çorlu Cumhuriyet Park. Çorlu has a strategic location and investment targets, also has a high potential to become a smart city that can stand out on smart energy in Turkey which is supported by The Covenant of Mayors for Climate & Energy Agreement signed in 2019. The designed smart lighting aims to integrate renewable energy into city furniture and increase environmental awareness by presenting citizens' instant contribution to the renewable energy production in their daily activity.

With the ever increasing population and its dependence on energy, it is becoming increasingly important to employ sustainable technologies and the use of non-conventional and renewable sources of energy. Walking is a common activity but human effort can be put to better use as the first law of thermodynamics, also known as the Law of Conservation of Energy, states that energy can neither be created nor destroyed; energy can only be transferred or changed from one form to another. This mechanical energy produced with footsteps can thus be harvested and converted to electricity using the piezoelectric phenomenon. This paper is an attempt at analysing the feasibility of installing such a system and a ‘triple bottom line’ assessment that investigates the economic, environmental and social aspects of incorporating such a technology within the architecture of outdoor and built environments, that continues to benefit from motivating research in the areas of on-site renewable energy.

Advances in developed and developing countries are more attributable to growth in industrial activities that directly impact increasing energy demand. Energy availability has been inconsistent globally, necessitating energy storage (ES) for use as per requirement. Various energy storage technologies (ESTs) are available in mechanical, electrochemical, electrical, chemical, and thermal forms to fulfil the energy demand of a user as and when required. The factors responsible for making a commercially viable energy storage product are further being researched for an eco-friendly and optimal solution to store energy for a longer duration. Researchers are employing different strategies to evaluate the energy efficiency of storage technologies. This paper uses the VIKOR technique to analyze ESTs while assigning objective weights with the entropy weights method based on identified energy performance indicators and ranking them according to their commercialization viability. The method help...

The issue of whether energy efficiency improvements will lower energy use or not is contentious. We estimate the economy-wide rebound effect for Iran using a structural vector autoregressive model estimated with quarterly data from 1988:3 to 2018:1. The structural shocks are identified by independent component analysis, a statistical identification technique that does not require us to impose restrictions based on economic theory on the model. The results show that in response to an energy efficiency shock energy use falls initially, but returns to near its original level over time. The economy-wide rebound effect in Iran is 84% after 6 years and its confidence interval includes 100% implying that policies that encourage energy efficiency innovation will have limited longterm impact on energy use.

The issue of whether energy efficiency improvements will lower energy use or not is contentious. We estimate the economy-wide rebound effect for Iran using a structural vector autoregressive model estimated with quarterly data from 1988:3 to 2018:1. The structural shocks are identified by independent component analysis, a statistical identification technique that does not require us to impose restrictions based on economic theory on the model. The results show that in response to an energy efficiency shock energy use falls initially, but returns to near its original level over time. The economy-wide rebound effect in Iran is 84% after 6 years and its confidence interval includes 100% implying that policies that encourage energy efficiency innovation will have limited longterm impact on energy use.

The Policy Research Working Paper Series disseminates the findings of work in progress to encourage the exchange of ideas about development issues. An objective of the series is to get the findings out quickly, even if the presentations are less than fully polished. The papers carry the names of the authors and should be cited accordingly. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this paper are entirely those of the authors. They do not necessarily represent the views of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/World Bank and its affiliated organizations, or those of the Executive Directors of the World Bank or the governments they represent.

This study focuses on implementing electric vehicles (EVs) in developing countries where energy production is mainly based on fossil fuels. Although for these countries the environmental short-run benefits of the EVs cannot offset the short-run costs, it may still be the best option to implement the EVs as soon as possible. Hence, it is necessary to evaluate the alternatives to introducing EVs to the market due to the environmental concerns that created an opportunity for some developing countries to catch up with the international competition. Therefore, we develop a case scenario to explore the decision-making process in implementing the EVs with three alternatives and twelve criteria. We solve the decision-making problem by using Type-2 neutrosophic numbers (T2NNs) based on the RAFSI (Ranking of Alternatives through Functional mapping of criterion sub-intervals into a Single Interval) method. The proposed model combines the advantages of the RAFSI technique, and it applies T2NNs to address the uncertainties. The results show that the alternatives that may suspend the implementation of the EVs are inferior. Direct implementation of EVs is prioritized. The policy implications of the results are discussed in the study.

Despite the huge difference in their climatic regimes, the OECD countries are among the world's largest energy consumers and emitters of greenhouse gases, particularly carbon dioxide. Nonetheless, no studies have been conducted to decompose and decouple the longterm influential primary factors of carbon emissions for these countries. In this research, the Log Mean Divisia Method I is used to inspect the contribution of several influencing factors to fill this knowledge gap. Moreover, Tapio (Transp Policy 12(2):137-151, 2005) decomposition analysis (DA) is performed to investigate the driving forces of CO2 emissions over the 1990-2019 years. The study provides an in-depth analysis of how to reduce CO2 emissions and the factors that contribute to their variation, which is crucial for both global and regional climate change policies. DA shows that, up to 2004, the activity effect and the population effect drove the emissions to increase; while, in more recent years, the activity effect was able to curb the emissions. Decoupling analysis show the prevalence of the expansive negative decoupling regime for the 1990-2004 and 2015-2019 periods, while several countries were in the strong decoupling phase over the central period (2005-2009). According to the results, further efforts to increase energy efficiency, political support for digitalization and decentralized energy systems, and setting up a unique emission trading system are recommended for air pollution reduction.

The purpose of this study is to identify and prioritize green marketing strategies in the food industry by taking sustainability goals into consideration since it is very difficult to prioritize and select green marketing strategies when considering sustainability criteria in their implementation. Therefore, it is necessary to use an appropriate solution to prioritize these strategies. For this purpose, sustainability criteria and green marketing strategies are recognized. Then, sustainability criteria are screened using the fuzzy Delphi method. Subsequently, using the fuzzy stepwise weight assessment ratio analysis method, the criteria are weighted according to expert recommendations. Next, green marketing strategies in the Iranian food industry are ranked using several fuzzy multiple criteria decision-making methods: fuzzy additive ratio assessment, fuzzy complex proportional assessment, fuzzy technique for order preference by similarity to the ideal solution, and fuzzy Viekriteri...

Carbon capture, utilization, and storage (CCUS) is a gas injection technology that enables the storage of CO2 underground. The aims are twofold, on one hand to reduce the emissions of CO2 into the atmosphere and on the other hand to increase oil/gas/heat recovery. Different types of CCUS technologies and related engineering projects have a long history of research and operation in the USA. However, in China they have a short development period ca. 10 years. Unlike CO2 capture and CO2-EOR technologies that are already operating on a commercial scale in China, research into other CCUS technologies is still in its infancy or at the pilot-scale. This paper first reviews the status and development of the different types of CCUS technologies and related engineering projects worldwide. Then it focuses on their developments in China in the last decade. The main research projects, international cooperation, and pilot-scale engineering projects in China are summarized and compared. Finally, t...

This paper presents the application of the Logarithmic Mean Divisia Index Decomposition Analysis (LMDI) to the aggregate carbon intensity (ACI) of the power sector in Colombia in the period 1990–2020, with the aim of identifying the main drivers influencing the ACI change. The analysis performed identifies the main drivers among: carbon intensity, generation efficiency, and contribution of fossil generation at the specific and total level of electricity production. The analysis is performed at the aggregate and disaggregated level of fossil fuels. Due to the highly variable behavior of the ACI, a multi-temporal decomposition is performed in the eight presidential administrations in the period of analysis. For each period, the main drivers are identified and the energy policy implications and their effects on the operation and management of the power sector are analyzed. The results show that the main driver is the fossil share of total energy production. Important effects on thermal...

Engineering and technological breakthroughs in sustainability play a crucial role in reducing carbon emissions. An important aspect of this is the active participation of enterprises in addressing carbon reduction as a systemic approach. In response to government incentives in the People’s Republic of China, Chinese enterprises have developed carbon reduction systems to align their organizational goals with national long-term plans. This paper evaluates the carbon reduction schemes employed by six companies as a multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) problem. To this end, we propose a new hybrid MCDM method called the grey-MEREC-MAIRCA method. This method combines the recently developed method based on the removal effects of criteria (MEREC) for weighting and multi-attribute ideal-real comparative analysis (MAIRCA) based on the grey system theory. The proposed hybrid method provides the additional benefit of accounting for uncertainty in decision making. Notable findings of this research, based on the decision-maker scores, are that the control of direct carbon emissions and energy-saving efficiency are top priorities. In contrast, committing to corporate social responsibility through carbon public welfare and information disclosure are considered lesser priorities. Furthermore, the ranking results obtained using this method are compared with those from the classical weighted sum model and the technique for order preference by similarity to ideal solution (TOPSIS), confirming the selection of the best company. Despite the limitation of the proposed method and the additional steps needed in the evaluation, it opens up opportunities for future research to develop simpler MCDM methods under uncertainty.

The aim of research was determination of the content of selected constituents (dry matter, ash, α-aminonitrogen, reducing sugars, Mg, Ca, K), of sugar beet roots grown under conservation tillage using mulch from straw, winter rye and winter vetch, as well as two levels of nitrogen fertilization. This experiment was conducted between 2007–2010 at the Experimental Station of University of Environmental and Life Sciences in Wroclaw. From among conservation tillage systems of sugar beet, the highest amount of ash was found in roots grown under rye mulch and the lowest one was found in roots collected from plots under fore-crop straw mixed with harrow. Sugar beet roots under mustard mulch had the best technological quality (the lowest amount of α-amino-nitrogen) while the worst quality was observed under winter vetch mulch.

The contribution of off-grid energy technologies like solar, that in immediate future for villages. Despite Chief minister initiative solar power greenhouse scheme have significance importance in rural household electrification and in rural areas Further, comfort with the new technology, experience with operation and maintenance of the system, usage of the system in the absence of power from the grid and preference of scheme configuration has faced significant barriers in development of offgrid energy developments.

This article aims to present historical rate of decoupling and based on that determine the scope for India to increase its mitigation beyond the NDC commitment. Empirical evidence on nature and rate of decoupling between energy related emission and economic growth for the period 1990-91 to 2012-13 in India is presented. In addition to estimating the magnitude of decoupling elasticity, decomposition analysis is also applied to understand how the four factors: activity growth, energy intensity change, structural change and fuel mix change, are driving the change in emission in India. Decoupling elasticity and Log Mean Divisia Index (LMDI) methods are used for decomposition. The results indicate presence of relative decoupling in India. The industrial sector leads among the four sectors-agriculture, industry, services and power generation in achieving this relative decoupling, mostly through improvement in energy efficiency and some structural changes. Results show that even in the business as usual scenario if India acts upon individual sector level mitigation potentials, it has the potential to raise mitigation ambition beyond current Nationally Determined Contributions (NDC) without adversely impacting economic growth. With continued high share of coal in the energy mix it is going to be difficult to achieve absolute decoupling.

The study examined the decoupling relationship between industry carbon emissions and economic growth using the most current updated data. We collected data from the industry sector of Pakistan from 1991 to 2018. This study used two techniques, Tapio's elasticity and fluctuation index, to test the decoupling relationship and the relationship's stability between industry carbon emissions and economic growth. First, we analyzed the decoupling relationship between industry carbon emissions and economic growth in Pakistan using Tapio's decoupling model, decoupling the elasticity of technology, scale and structure. Second, the decoupling volatility index was used to determine the stability of the technology, scale and structure elasticity. The Tapio decoupling elasticity technique results confirmed the significant relationship between industry CO 2 emissions, economic growth and added value comes out to be a simple feature of each stage and undergoes expansive negative and strong decoupling processes. The outcomes of elastically decoupled volatility indexes suggest that three out of four indices are high, indicating unstable decoupling conditions. This study concludes that growth and volatility were the crucial characteristics of industrial carbon emissions during 1991-2018. Hence, the industry's carbon emissions were increased from 16.67 million tons in 1991 to 55.70 million tons in 2018, an average yearly growth of 4.56%.

This paper analyzes Chinese household CO 2 emissions in 1994-2012 based on the Logarithmic Mean Divisia Index (LMDI) structure decomposition model, and discusses the relationship between household CO 2 emissions and economic growth based on a decoupling indicator. The results show that in 1994-2012, household CO 2 emissions grew in general and displayed an accelerated growth trend during the early 21st century. Economic growth leading to an increase in energy consumption is the main driving factor of CO 2 emission growth (an increase of 1.078 Gt CO 2) with cumulative contribution rate of 55.92%, while the decline in energy intensity is the main cause of CO 2 emission growth inhibition (0.723 Gt CO 2 emission reduction) with cumulative contribution rate of 38.27%. Meanwhile, household CO 2 emissions are in a weak state of decoupling in general. The change in CO 2 emissions caused by population and economic growth shows a weak decoupling and expansive decoupling state, respectively. The CO 2 emission change caused by energy intensity is in a state of strong decoupling, and the change caused by energy consumption structure fluctuates between a weak and a strong decoupling state.

District heating networks are commonly addressed in the literature as one of the most effective solutions for decreasing the greenhouse gas emissions from the building sector. These systems require high investments which are returned through the heat sales. Due to the changed climate conditions and building renovation policies, heat demand in the future could decrease, prolonging the investment return period. The main scope of this paper is to assess the feasibility of using the heat demand-outdoor temperature function for heat demand forecast. The district of Alvalade, located in Lisbon (Portugal), was used as a case study. The district is consisted of 665 buildings that vary in both construction period and typology. Three weather scenarios (low, medium, high) and three district renovation scenarios were developed (shallow, intermediate, deep). To estimate the error, obtained heat demand values were compared with results from a dynamic heat demand model, previously developed and validated by the authors. The results showed that when only weather change is considered, the margin of error could be acceptable for some applications (the error in annual demand was lower than 20% for all weather scenarios considered). However, after introducing renovation scenarios, the error value increased up to 59.5% (depending on the weather and renovation scenarios combination considered). The value of slope coefficient increased on average within the range of 3.8% up to 8% per decade, that corresponds to the decrease in the number of heating hours of 22-139h during the heating season (depending on the combination of weather and renovation scenarios considered). On the other hand, function intercept increased for 7.8-12.7% per decade (depending on the coupled scenarios). The values suggested could be used to modify the function parameters for the scenarios considered, and improve the accuracy of heat demand estimations.

Carbon capture, utilization, and storage (CCUS) is a gas injection technology that enables the storage of CO2 underground. The aims are twofold, on one hand to reduce the emissions of CO2 into the atmosphere and on the other hand to increase oil/gas/heat recovery. Different types of CCUS technologies and related engineering projects have a long history of research and operation in the USA. However, in China they have a short development period ca. 10 years. Unlike CO2 capture and CO2-EOR technologies that are already operating on a commercial scale in China, research into other CCUS technologies is still in its infancy or at the pilot-scale. This paper first reviews the status and development of the different types of CCUS technologies and related engineering projects worldwide. Then it focuses on their developments in China in the last decade. The main research projects, international cooperation, and pilot-scale engineering projects in China are summarized and compared. Finally, t...

Energy harvesting is a powerful technique to produce clean and renewable energy with better infrastructure improvement. The exhaustive review of recent progress and development in bio-mechanical energy harvesting (BMEH) techniques from human body is discussed in this manuscript. The BMEH from the human body is categorized into three parts, namely, piezoelectric energy harvesting (PEEH), triboelectric energy harvesting (TEEH), and Electromagnetic Energy harvesting (EMEH). Each energy harvesting system is discussed with working principles with mathematical equations; each energy harvesting progress is discussed with a few work demonstrations. The applications of each energy harvesting from the recent research work are addressed in detail. The summary of each energy harvester from the human body or motion with advantages, limitations, performance metrics, current methods, and implemented human body parts are highlighted with Tabulation. The critical challenges/issues with possible solutions are also discussed.

The logistics industry is one of the major fossil energy consumers and CO 2 emitters in China, which plays an important role in achieving sustainable development as well as China's emission reduction targets. To identify the key influencing factors regarding the logistics of CO 2 reductions and ensure that the development of China's logistics industry becomes less dependent on CO 2 emissions, this paper built an extended log-mean Divisia index model (LMDI) to decompose the logistics of CO 2 changes between 1985 and 2015. Then, we introduced a decoupling model that combined the decomposition results to analyze the decoupling state and identify the main factors that influenced the decoupling relationship. The results show the following. (1) The urbanization effect was the decisive factor in CO 2 emissions increases, followed by structural adjustment effects, while technological progress effects played a major role in inhibiting CO 2 emissions. Particularly, the energy structure showed great potential for CO 2 emissions reduction in China. (2) Highways appeared to have dominant promoting roles in increasing CO 2 emissions regarding transportation structure effects; highways and aviation proved to have the largest impact on CO 2 emission reduction. (3) There has been an increase in the number of expansive negative decoupling states between 2005 and 2015, which implies that the development of the logistics industry has become more dependent on CO 2 emissions. Finally, this paper puts forward some policy implications for CO 2 emission reductions in China's logistics industry.

With the ever increasing population and its dependence on energy, it is becoming increasingly important to employ sustainable technologies and the use of non-conventional and renewable sources of energy. Walking is a common activity but human effort can be put to better use as the first law of thermodynamics, also known as the Law of Conservation of Energy, states that energy can neither be created nor destroyed; energy can only be transferred or changed from one form to another. This mechanical energy produced with footsteps can thus be harvested and converted to electricity using the piezoelectric phenomenon. This paper is an attempt at analysing the feasibility of installing such a system and a ‘triple bottom line’ assessment that investigates the economic, environmental and social aspects of incorporating such a technology within the architecture of outdoor and built environments, that continues to benefit from motivating research in the areas of on-site renewable energy.

The building sector is benefitting from the significant advancements in clean energy harvesting technologies. The function of building products is witnessing a huge leap to extend beyond mere functional requirements to account for the environmental benefit as well. Piezoelectric flooring tiles are amongst the most promising for indoor energy generation especially in public buildings with great occupancy patterns and intensity. Hence, this study presents a comprehensive review of literature for the use of piezoelectric. The next step deducted parameter integration for the proper selection of piezoelectric tiles. This determined its successful application in the building industry-especially the transportation section which has a notable contribution to energy consumption and emission release. These were divided into factors related to the project type and location, as well as proper selection of the piezoelectric tile product. This hypothesis was tested in the case study. Hence, the application of piezoelectricity was investigated in a Metro station in a core urban area in Egypt, with an estimate of almost 57,000 daily passengers. The selection of the metro line and station as well as the location of installing the tiles was based on the highest passenger density class which provided the greatest step-footage. Furthermore, the selection of the number and type of piezoelectric tiles was determined based on the current project's energy consumption. The study compared the two shortlisted types of tiles in terms of their power generation capacity, initial capital cost, lifespan and expected savings. The results showed that twelve tiles were needed to generate the station's needs for electric energy using Sustainable Energy Floor tiles while only eight tiles were needed using Waynergy piezoelectric tiles. The results also showed a decrease in energy consumption and carbon emissions.

The aim of the research was to verify the N2O direct and NH3 emission factors adopted in national inventories, and to estimate the direct and indirect N2O emissions in cultivation systems increasing carbon sequestration. Simulations were performed using the DNDC model for NUTS2 and Poland with the use of twenty-year series of meteorological data. It was found that the simulated direct emission of nitrous oxide for Poland was in line with the adopted emission factor. The simulated ammonia emission was greater than the assumed emission factor. Use in simulations of cultivation systems increasing the sequestration of organic carbon, such as conservation system and conventional system with manure fertilization, increased: surface leaching and runoff of nitrogen as well as direct and indirect N2O emission. The increase of these emissions must be compensated with an allowance increase in the amount of sequestered organic carbon in the soil if the greenhouse gas emissions balance is to be ...

The purpose of this work is to determine the impact of selected silage maize cultivation technologies, including energy inputs in the production chain (cultivation, harvesting, heap placing), on energy efficiency. The analysis of energy inputs, energy efficiency for the silage maize production technology were estimated. The research was performed for 13 farms producing silage maize. The data from the farms covered all the activities and the agrotechnical measures performed. The calculations of energy inputs made for the silage maize production for selected technologies were performed using the method developed by the Institute of Construction, Mechanization and Electrification for Agriculture (IBMER), once the method was verified and adapted to the needs and conditions of own research. Based on the accumulated energy production and the energy accumulated in the yield, energy efficiency index values for 13 silage maize cultivation technologies were calculated. The greatest impact on ...

As the most active industry, the electricity generation sector contributes 22% of Iran's total energy consumption and 31% of Carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions. While power plants' high pollution and increasing power demand have prioritized determining energy consumption and emissions' underlying factors, there is no comprehensive study to analyze these factors in Iran's power sector yet. To identify driving factors of energy consumption and CO2 emissions, we utilize the Logarithmic Mean Divisia Index (LMDI) to investigate the effects of activity, generation structure, energy intensity, fuel-mix, and fuel emission coefficient on both variables between 1990 and 2017. While Decomposition studies are mostly analyses economic sectors based on the type of infrastructure, with a novel approach, we decomposed the driving factors based on the power plants' ownership to investigate how privatization affects them. This research confirmed that the activity factor was mainly responsible for both variables' growth, with a contribution ratio of more than 110% over their total amount. In contrast, the energy intensity factor reduced them by almost 12%, mainly due to the private sector's greater efficiency. It has also been stated that the private sector had a lower pollution rate, and the privatization policy has helped to reduce energy intensity and pollution.

The process of intensive transformation to which the sugar beet market in the European Union has been subject in recent years in order to meet the external obligations set by the WTO Panel, has had a severe impact on sugar beet production in Poland. Two major observations have been reported, namely a significant decrease of number of sugar beet farms and a reduction in those areas of tillage surfaces intended for sugar beet cultivation. It is worth mentioning that sugar beet is highly important to crop rotation and hardly any other plant in European agriculture can replace it. There is therefore both a strong need and a great opportunity for the further support and development of sugar beet production. As the interna-tional obligation to reduce greenhouse gas emission became effective, interest in biomass us-age as a viable alternative to fossil fuels increased. This study thus set out to perform an eco-nomic comparison in respect of the use of sugar beets for traditional purposes a...

Streszczenie. W pracy określono potencjał produkcji biogazu z buraka cukrowego, a dokład-nie z jego odpadów (przetwórstwa z przemysłu cukrowniczego). Oprócz wykazania, że burak cukrowy to dobrze fermentujący substrat, wskazano także problemy jakie mogą wyniknąć w związku z jego zastosowaniem w instalacji biogazowej. Wiąże się to przede wszystkim z nieodpowiednim przechowywaniem i przygotowaniem substratu, co skutkuje niepożąda-nym zaburzeniem procesu. Słowa kluczowe: burak cukrowy, biogazownia, substrat, szanse, zagrożenia Wstęp Burak cukrowy kojarzony jest przede wszystkim przemysłem cukrowniczym i długo nie był doceniany jako substrat do biogazowni. Pomimo wiedzy o dużym potencjale plo-notwórczym z ha (największym wśród roślin uprawnych plonowaniu – ok. 70 a nawet 100 t z 1 ha przy odpowiedniej agrotechnice, według danych KWS Polska Sp. z o.o.) oraz wysokim potencjale pozyskiwania biogazu / kg s. m. buraki cukrowe wykorzystywano jak dotąd, jako wsad w nielicznych biogazowniach. Je...

The paper presents findings of the study on economic and environmental benefits switching from fossil fuels to biofuels in Russia. The focus is made on the North-Western province of Velikii Novgorod, with a huge potential for utilization of wood waste and low grade wood for energy purposes, as a substitute for coal and gas. The economic, carbon and air pollution reduction benefits are analyzed.

Urbanization is a process of human production and lifestyle reform as the social productive forces reach a certain level. There is a very tight coupling relationship between urbanization and energy consumption as well as carbon emissions, e.g., mutual promotion or mutual restraint. Taking Hubei Province as an example, comparative analyses between urbanization and energy consumption as well as carbon emissions are conducted based on the data from 1990 to 2012; they can be observed roughly that the overall trend is basically consistent; and in recent years, after 2000, they all show rapid growth, indicating the strong correlation. In addition, the Logarithmic Mean Divisia Index (LMDI) method is applied to decompose the change in carbon emissions into some influencing factors caused by urbanization. The decomposition results show that economic development has the greatest positive effect on carbon emissions, and energy intensity contributes largely to carbon emission reduction; the contribution of energy mix and gross population is not absolute and obvious due to the small change during the period of 1990–2012. To harmonize the development of urbanization with low carbon emissions, the energy development pattern and carbon dioxide (CO 2) capture, utilization, and storage (CCUS) strategy are proposed for Hubei Province. In the short term, new energy and renewable energy should be explored and developed, such as nuclear power and biomass, whereas for long-term interests, the development of CCUS will be a significant choice in the process of urbanization and industrialization.

In English:
This paper is an LCA (Life Cycle Assessment) analysis of the sugar beet production process. The scope of work covered all cultivation phases – from field preparations for sowing, up to the harvest. The analysis also covered the production and storage of organic fertilizers, their share amounted to approx. 30% of the total cumulative emissions expressed in CO2 equivalent. Cumulative emissions from the production of mineral fertilizers, pesticides and seeds amounted to approx. 26%. The share of emissions from fuel production and its usage in cultivation stood at approx. 23%, emissions from
fertilizers applied to the soil (organic and mineral altogether) stood at approx. 21% and the emission factor from cultivation was 96.6 (kg CO2eq)·(t beet)–1. The total amount of CO2 assimilated by the roots and leaves of sugar beet was 45 563 kg·ha–1 and the CO2 assimilation index – 0.79 (kg CO2)·(t beet)–1. 

In Polish:
W pracy przeprowadzono analizę LCA (ang. Life Cycle Assessment  – ocena cyklu życia) procesu produkcji buraka cukrowego. Zakres pracy obejmował wszystkie etapy – od przygotowania pola pod siew aż po zbiór. Analiza obejmowała  również produkcję nawozów naturalnych oraz ich przechowywanie, których udział wyniósł ok. 30% całkowitych skumulowanych emisji wyrażonych w ekwiwalencie CO2. Skumulowane emisje z produkcji nawozów mineralnych, pestycydów oraz nasion wyniosły ok. 26%, udział emisji z produkcji paliwa i jego zastosowania w uprawie – ok. 23%, emisje z nawozów aplikowanych do gleby (naturalnych i mineralnych razem) – ok. 21%, a wskaźnik emisji z uprawy – 96,6 (kg CO2 eq)·(t buraka)–1. Łączna suma asymilowanego CO2 dla korzeni i liści buraka cukrowego wyniosła 45 563 kg·ha–1, wskaźnik asymilowanego CO2–0,79 (t CO2)·(t buraka) –1.

Abstract: Aimed Contribution—Fuel economy via car window film implementation will also reduce vehicle-sourced emissions,
health and welfare impacts associated with those emissions; thus, contribute to the economy. Focused Problem—During summer, solar
irradiation heats up the car and Mobile Air Conditioning (MAC) usage becomes essential. Moreover, MAC usage raises the fuel
consumption and vehicle emissions. Eventually, imported energy sources for MAC and vehicle emissions lead global economic and
health impacts. Proposed Solution—For a parked car under blazing sun in summer, car window film application limits the entrapped
radiation in car cabin and reduces peak cabin temperature. Hence, MAC energy consumption will be reduced. Under consideration of
film implementation costs, it is seen that MAC energy savings for diesel, gasoline and hybrid cars still contribute to the economy.
Research Perspective—The physical and economic effects of several car window film and tinting applications are researched. Clear
and tinted rear and side windows covered with three unique film types separately and analyzed for a parked passenger car with clear and
20 % shaded windshield. The overall impact in WA, NY, NC, USA and Istanbul, Turkey is also examined. Results—Regarding USA
and Istanbul, the widespread deployment of the best possibility has potential to decrease the sum of diesel and gasoline fuel
consumption by 1.7 and 0.06 billion liters, reduce the passenger car sourced total vehicle emissions by 10.5 and 0.4 billion kg and
contribute to the economy by 5-year net savings of 21.3 and 1.4 billion $, respectively.