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Agriculture
Agronomy and Crop Science

Carbon sequestration research and development

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This report explores carbon sequestration as a crucial approach to managing carbon emissions resulting from energy use. Predictions indicate a significant increase in atmospheric CO2 levels unless transformative changes are implemented in energy production and consumption. The report aims to identify key research and development areas that can enhance the understanding and implementation of carbon capture, transport, conversion, and storage, focusing on various sources and sequestration methods, including geological formations and ocean sinks.

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More than ever, the fate of anthropogenic CO2 emissions is in our hands. Since the advent of industrialization, there has been an increase in the use of fossil fuels to fulfil rising energy demands. The usage of such fuels results in the release of carbon dioxide (CO2) and other greenhouse gases, which result in increased temperature. Such warming is extremely harmful to life on Earth. The development of technology to counter the climate change and spreading it for widespread adoptions. We need to establish a framework to provide overarching guidance for the well-functioning of technology and mechanism development of Carbon Capture and Storage. Carbon capture and storage (CCS) is widely regarded as a critical approach for achieving the desired CO2 emission reduction. Various elements of CCS, such as state-of-the-art technology for CO2 collection, separation, transport, storage, politics, opportunities, and innovations, are examined and explored in this paper. Carbon capture and storage is the process of capturing and storing carbon dioxide (CO2) before it is discharged into the environment (CCS). The technology can capture high amounts of CO2 produced by fossil fuel combustion in power plants and industrial processes. CO2 is compressed and transferred by pipeline, ship, or road tanker once it has been captured. CO2 can then be piped underground, usually to depths of 1km or more, and stored in depleted oil and gas reservoirs, coalbeds, or deep saline aquifers, depending on the geology. CO2 could also be used to produce commercially marketable products. With the goal of keeping world average temperatures below 1.5°C (2.7°F) and preventing global average temperature rises of more than 2°C (3.6°F) over pre-industrial levels, CCS model should be our priority to be implemented with the proper economical map.

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Carbon Capture is the process by which carbon dioxide (CO2) is isolated from other gases That are produced as a result of fossil fuel combustion or other industrial processes. According to the National Energy Technology Laboratory, up to 95% of CO2 gas Generated in these ways can be prevented from entering the atmosphere. After CO2 is captured, it must be compressed and Transported to a storage site. Carbon Sequestration refers to the underground storage of captured CO2 in specific geological formations. CO2 is injected under such high pressure during sequestration that it becomes liquid [16]The International Energy Agency (IEA) has estimated that the world energy demand will increase with more than 50% by 2030 and fossil fuel will contribute to more than 80% of the world energy consumption by 2030. Therefore, the world faces the climate change challenge and global concern of reducing GHG emissions (especially carbon dioxide-CO2) that result mainly from the combustion of fossil fuel...

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The Grand Challenge of Carbon Capture and Sequestration
George Koperna

Journal of Petroleum Technology, 2017

Carbon capture and sequestration (CCS) is designed to reduce atmospheric emissions of greenhouse gases (GHGs). The CCS process captures carbon dioxide (CO2) generated at large-scale industrial sources (power plants, refineries, gasification facilities, etc.) and transports it to an injection site to be permanently stored in the subsurface. With extensive research linking GHG concentrations in the atmosphere to observed changes in global temperature patterns, CCS technology could play an important role in policy efforts to limit the global average temperature rise. Even with the wealth of experience already in place within the oil and gas industry, the obstacles to advancing CCS to the forefront of GHG mitigation technologies remain significant. Large-scale CO2 injection projects remain primarily in the realm of commercial CO2-EOR (enhanced oil recovery) projects. The key challenges to enabling CCS include cost-effective capture and transport of industrial CO2, clear access to pore s...

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Carbon Sequestration: A Key Strategy for Climate Change Mitigation towards a Sustainable Future
SUNIL K U M A R PRAJAPATI

Review Article , 2023

Carbon sequestration plays a vital role in mitigating climate change by capturing and storing carbon dioxide (CO 2) from the atmosphere, thereby reducing greenhouse gas emissions. This abstract provides a comprehensive overview of carbon sequestration, highlighting its significance, strategies, and potential environmental benefits. Firstly, the abstract outlines the importance of carbon sequestration as a solution to the growing challenge of global warming. It emphasizes the urgent need to address rising CO 2 levels and the detrimental impacts of climate change on ecosystems, human health, and the economy. Next, the abstract explores various carbon sequestration strategies employed across different sectors. It discusses natural carbon sinks such as forests, wetlands, and agricultural lands, which effectively absorb CO 2 through photosynthesis and store it in vegetation and soils. Additionally, it covers the emerging field of technological carbon capture and storage (CCS), which involves capturing CO 2 emissions from industrial sources and storing them underground in geological formations. Furthermore, the abstract highlights the potential environmental benefits associated with carbon sequestration efforts. It emphasizes the restoration and preservation of ecosystems, including reforestation and afforestation initiatives, as effective means to enhance carbon sinks. The abstract also acknowledges the co-benefits of these initiatives, such as biodiversity conservation, improved soil health, and enhanced water quality. Lastly, the abstract touches upon the challenges and considerations related to carbon sequestration. It discusses the need for sustainable land management practices, policy support, and international cooperation to facilitate large-scale implementation. The abstract also addresses concerns regarding the permanence and monitoring of carbon storage, as well as the costs and scalability of technological solutions.

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Carbon capture and storage update
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In recent years, Carbon Capture and Storage (Sequestration) (CCS) has been proposed as a potential method to allow the continued use of fossil-fuelled power stations whilst preventing emissions of CO 2 from reaching the atmosphere. Gas, coal (and biomass)-fired power stations can respond to changes in demand more readily than many other sources of electricity production, hence the importance of retaining them as an option in the energy mix. Here, we review the leading CO 2 capture technologies, available in the short and long term, and their technological maturity, before discussing CO 2 transport and storage. Current pilot plants and demonstrations are highlighted, as is the importance of optimising the CCS system as a whole. Other topics briefly discussed include the viability of both the capture of CO 2 from the air and CO 2 reutilisation as climate change mitigation strategies. Finally, we discuss the economic and legal aspects of CCS.

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Carbon capture and storage
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The Grand Challenges in Carbon Capture, Utilization, and Storage
Ah-Hyung Alissa Park

Frontiers in Energy Research, 2014

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Sustaining fossil fuel use in a carbon-constrained world by rapid commercialization of carbon capture and sequestration
Robert Socolow

AIChE Journal, 2007

We may consider more challenging technology, such as direct removal of atmospheric CO 2 , 17-21 and geo-engineering to modify the earths albedo. 22 † There are also suggestions to implement mineral sequestration, 23 although such proposals are at a relatively early stage, and the practicality of implementation has not yet been fully explored. *We assume 9 bb1 ¼ 1 ton (specific gravity of 0.7), and 6 MtCO 2 /yr emissions from a 1 GW coal plant.

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References (119)

  1. 4.6 Transportation ........................................................................ 2-12
  2. 4.7 Advanced Concepts ................................................................ 2-12
  3. 5 Alignment of Requirements to Capabilities (R&D Road Map) ................................................................................ 2-14
  4. 6 References ........................................................................................ 2-14
  5. OCEAN SEQUESTRATION .......................................................................... 3-1 3.1 Direct Injection of CO 2 ....................................................................... 3-3
  6. 1.1 Science and Technology Requirements ................................. 3-3
  7. 1.2 Current Scientific and Technological Capabilities ................. 3-4
  8. 1.3 Science and Technology Gaps ................................................ 3-8
  9. 1.4 Research and Development Plan ............................................ 3-9
  10. 2 Enhancement of Natural Carbon Sequestration in the Ocean ..................................................................................... 3-9
  11. 2.1 Science and Technology Requirements ................................. 3-11
  12. 2.2 Current Science and Technology Capabilities ........................ 3-11
  13. 2.3 Science and Technology Gaps ................................................ 3-12 3.2.4 Research and Development Plan ............................................ 3-13
  14. Longer-Term, Innovative Concepts for Ocean CO 2 Sequestration .................................................................................... 3-14
  15. 4 Conclusion ....................................................................................... 3-15
  16. 5 Acknowledgments ............................................................................. 3-16
  17. 6 References ........................................................................................ 3-16
  18. CARBON SEQUESTRATION IN TERRESTRIAL ECOSYSTEMS ...................... 4-1
  19. 1 Terrestrial Ecosystems: Natural Biological Scrubbers .......................................................................................... 4-3
  20. 2 Potential for Carbon Sequestration .................................................... 4-5
  21. 3 Current Capabilities .......................................................................... 4-8
  22. 4 Terrestrial Ecosystem Science and Technology Road Map ........................................................................................... 4-10
  23. 4.1 Objectives ............................................................................... 4-12
  24. 4.2 Strategies ............................................................................... 4-15
  25. 4.3 Research and Development Needs .......................................... 4-20
  26. 5 Summary ........................................................................................... 4-24
  27. 6 Acknowledgments ............................................................................. 4-26
  28. End Notes .......................................................................................... 4-26
  29. 8 References ........................................................................................ 4-27
  30. SEQUESTRATION OF CARBON DIOXIDE IN GEOLOGIC FORMATIONS ............................................................................................ 5-1 5.1 Sequestration in Geologic Formations Builds on a Strong Experience Base ............................................................. 5-1 5.1.1 Sequestration Mechanisms .................................................... 5-1 5.1.2 Sources and Forms of CO 2 ...................................................... 5-3 5.1.3 Capacity of Geologic Formations Suitable for Sequestration .................................................................... 5-3
  31. 1.4 Drivers for R&D ....................................................................... 5-3 5.2 Assessment of Current Capabilities and R&D Needs ......................... 5-5
  32. 2.1 Opportunities for CO 2 Sequestration in Oil and Gas Formations ............................................................... 5-6
  33. 2.2 CO 2 Sequestration in Brine Formations .................................. 5-8
  34. 2.3 Opportunities for CO 2 Sequestration in Coal Formations ..................................................................... 5-11
  35. 3 Cross-Cutting R&D Needs for Geologic Formations ........................... 5-13
  36. 3.1 CO 2 Trapping Mechanisms ...................................................... 5-13
  37. 3.2 CO 2 Waste Stream Characteristics .......................................... 5-13
  38. 3.3 Formation Characterization .................................................... 5-14 5.3.4 Injection, Drilling, and Well Completion Technology ............. 5-16
  39. 3.5 Performance Assessment ........................................................ 5-16
  40. 3.6 Monitoring ............................................................................. 5-16 5.3.7 Cross-Cutting Fundamental Research Needs ......................... 5-17
  41. 4 Advanced Concepts for Sequestration in Geologic Formations ........................................................................................ 5-18
  42. Overall R&D Priorities ....................................................................... 5-19
  43. 6 Works Consulted ............................................................................... 5-20
  44. ADVANCED BIOLOGICAL PROCESSES ...................................................... 6-1 6.1 Background and Rationale for Advanced Biological Processes to Sequester Carbon .......................................................... 6-1
  45. 2 Carbon Capture Technology Support ................................................. 6-2 6.2.1 Current Science and Technology Capabilities ........................ 6-2
  46. 2.2 Science and Technology Requirements ................................. 6-3
  47. 2.3 Research Implementation ....................................................... 6-4
  48. 3 Sequestration in Reduced Carbon Compounds ................................. 6-5
  49. 3.1 Current Science and Technology Capabilities ........................ 6-5
  50. 3.2 Science and Technology Requirements ................................. 6-5
  51. 3.3 Research Implementation ....................................................... 6-6 6.4 Increasing Plant Productivity ........................................................... 6-8
  52. 4.1 Current Science and Technology Capabilities ........................ 6-9
  53. 4.2 Science and Technology Requirements ................................. 6-13
  54. 4.3 Research Implementation ....................................................... 6-13
  55. 5 Alternative Durable Materials ........................................................... 6-14 6.5.1 Current Science and Technology Capabilities ........................ 6-14
  56. 5.2 Science and Technology Requirements ................................. 6-15
  57. 5.3 Research Implementation ....................................................... 6-16
  58. 6 Summary and Conclusions ............................................................... 6-16
  59. 7 References ........................................................................................ 6-19
  60. ADVANCED CHEMICAL APPROACHES TO SEQUESTRATION ..................... 7-1
  61. 1 Introduction ...................................................................................... 7-1
  62. 1.1 Introduction to the Problem and Solutions............................. 7-2
  63. 1.2 Potential Chemical Approaches to Sequestration ................... 7-2
  64. 2 Chemical Processes for Sequestration ............................................... 7-4 7.2.1 Inert Benign Long-Term Storage Forms .................................. 7-5
  65. 2.2 Products from Carbon Dioxide Utilization ............................... 7-8
  66. 3 Enabling Chemical Technologies ...................................................... 7-10
  67. 4 Summary ........................................................................................... 7-12
  68. End Notes .......................................................................................... 7-14
  69. 6 References ........................................................................................ 7-14
  70. DEVELOPING AN EMERGING TECHNOLOGY ROAD MAP FOR CARBON CAPTURE AND SEQUESTRATION ............................................................... 8-1
  71. 1 Introduction ...................................................................................... 8-1
  72. 2 A Carbon Capture and Sequestration System .................................... 8-1
  73. 3 Building an Emerging Technology Road Map ................................... 8-3 8.4 Building the Carbon Capture and Sequestration Road Map ........................................................................................... 8-4
  74. 5 Building the R&D Capacity ............................................................... 8-6 8.5.1 Advanced Sensors and Monitoring Systems ........................... 8-7
  75. 5.2 Carbon Processing Platforms .................................................. 8-9
  76. 5.3 Biological Absorption Platforms .............................................. 8-10
  77. 5.4 Engineered Injection Platforms .............................................. 8-10
  78. Next Steps ......................................................................................... 8-11
  79. STAKEHOLDER PERSPECTIVES: CARBON SEQUESTRATION STAKEHOLDERS WORKSHOP .................................................................... 9-1 9.1 Points Communicated to DOE at the Workshop ................................. 9-3
  80. Collaborative Programs ...................................................................... 9-3 Priority Setting .................................................................................. 9-3 A Systems Approach .......................................................................... 9-4
  81. 2 A Radical Approach to Global Warming ............................................. 9-5 Reports from the Plenary Sessions and the Breakout Groups ................................................................................. 9-8 The Plenary Speakers ................................................................................ 9-9 International Perspectives ................................................................. 9-9 Research Perspective ......................................................................... 9-11 Environmental Community Perspectives ........................................... 9-13 Energy Industry Perspective .............................................................. 9-14 Reports from Workshop Breakout Sessions ................................................ 9-17 Carbon Separation and Capture ........................................................ 9-17 Carbon Sequestration in the Oceans ................................................. 9-20 Carbon Sequestration in Terrestrial Ecosystems ............................... 9-23 Carbon Sequestration in Geologic Formations .................................. 9-26 Advanced Concepts for Carbon Sequestration ................................... 9-30
  82. FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS ..................................................... 10-1 10.1 Findings .......................................................................................... 10-2 10.2 Recommendations .......................................................................... 10-4 10.2.1 Beginning the R&D Program ................................................ 10-4
  83. 2.2 Developing the Road Map ..................................................... 10-6
  84. 3 Principal Focus Area Recommendations ......................................... 10-7 10.3.1 Separation and Capture of CO 2 ............................................. 10-7 10.3.2 Ocean Sequestration ............................................................ 10-7 10.3.3 Carbon Sequestration in Terrestrial Ecosystems .................. 10-8 10.3.4 Sequestration in Geological Formations ............................... 10-9
  85. 3.5 Advanced Biological Processes ............................................ 10-10 10.3.6 Advanced Chemical Approaches ........................................... 10-11
  86. 4 References ...................................................................................... 10-11
  87. Appendix A: CARBON SEQUESTRATION WORKING PAPER CONTRIBUTORS AND 1998 WORKSHOP ATTENDEES ....................... A-1
  88. Appendix B: DETAILED DESCRIPTIONS OF ECOSYSTEMS AND RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT NEEDS ........................................... B-1
  89. Appendix C: ATTENDEES AT DOE WORKSHOP ON RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT PRIORITIES FOR CARBON SEQUESTRATION............ C-1 TABLES
  90. 1 Global estimates of land area, net primary productivity (NPP), and carbon stocks in plant matter and soil for ecosystems of the world .......................................................................................... 4-4
  91. 2 The categorization of biomes used in this road-mapping exercise ....... 4-6
  92. 1 Range of estimates for CO 2 sequestration in U.S. geologic formations ............................................................................................ 5-5
  93. 2 R&D priorities for CO 2 sequestration in oil and gas fields .................... 5-9
  94. 3 R&D priorities for CO 2 sequestration in aqueous formations ................ 5-12
  95. 4 R&D priorities for CO 2 sequestration in coal formations ....................... 5-14
  96. 1 Prioritization of advanced biological options ....................................... 6-18
  97. 1 Thermodynamics of chemical/physical transformations involving CO 2 ....................................................................................... 7-4
  98. 2 Approaches to sequestration using chemical processes and examples of their use ........................................................................... 7-13
  99. 1 System technology platforms ................................................................ 8-6
  100. 2 System component technologies .......................................................... 8-7
  101. 3 Science and technology capabilities .................................................... 8-8
  102. 9.1 Sources of anthropogenic CO 2 emissions ............................................. 9-18
  103. 9.2 Example of proposed reporting of CO 2 separation and capture costs ($/ton) ............................................................................ 9-18
  104. 9.3 Suggested program structure for geologic sequestration ...................... 9-29
  105. 9.4 Priority of cross-cutting technologies .................................................. 9-29 1.6 REFERENCES DOE (Department of Energy) 1997. Carbon Management: Assessment of Fundamental Research Needs, USDOE/ ER-0724, Washington, D.C. EIA (Energy Information Administration) 1998a. Annual Energy Review 1997, DOE/EIA-0384(97), U.S. Department of Energy, Washington, D.C. EIA (Energy Information Administration) 1998b. Emissions of Greenhouse Gases in the United States 1997, DOE/EIA-0573(97), U.S. Department of Energy, Washington, D.C. Herzog, H. J., E. M. Drake, J. Tester, and R. Rosenthal 1993. A Research Needs Assessment for the Capture, Utilization, and Disposal of Carbon Dioxide from Fossil Fuel-Fired Power Plants, DOE/ER-30194, U.S. Department of Energy, Washington, D.C. Herzog, H., E. Drake, and E. Adams 1997. CO 2 Capture, Reuse, and Storage Technologies for Mitigating Global Climate Change: A White Paper, Massachusetts Institute of Technology Energy Laboratory.
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  119. WRI (World Resources Institute) British Petroleum, General Motors, and Monsanto 1998. Climate Protection Initiative: Building a Safe Climate, Sound Business Future. Washington, D.C. 1.7 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Special appreciation is due to Michael P. Farrell for providing the discussion of the global carbon cycle in Sect. 1.2.1 and to Marilyn A. Brown for translation of the Energy Information Adminis- tration (EIA) U.S. energy flow data into carbon equivalents in Fig. 1.3.

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    Arindam Modak

    Carbon Dioxide Chemistry, Capture and Oil Recovery, 2018

    The steady increase of anthropogenic CO 2 in ambient air, owing to the fossil fuel, power plants, chemical processing and deforestation caused by the usage of land, is a key challenge in the ongoing effort to diminish the effect of greenhouse gases on global climate change by developing efficient techniques for CO 2 capture. Global warming as a consequence of high CO 2 level in the atmosphere is considered as one of the major long lasting problems in the twenty-first century. Concern over these major issues with regard to severe climate change and ocean acidification motivated us to develop the technologies that capture the evolved CO 2 from entering into the carbon cycle. Therefore, CO 2 capture and storage technology is attracting increasing interest in order to reduce carbon level in the atmosphere which in turn mitigates global climate issues. In this regard, highly efficient adsorbents e.g.; zeolites, alkali metal oxides, activated carbon, porous silica show considerable progress in post combustion CO 2 capture. Recently, metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), porous organic polymers (POPs), porous clays, N-doped carbon etc. are explored as versatile and quite elegant way for next-generation CO 2 capture. In this chapter, we will discuss the broad prospect of MOFs, POPs, nanoporous clays and porous carbon for CO 2 storage and sequestration through utilization of their nanospace chemistry.

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