CO2 capture and storage

Fossil combustion mainly contributes to global warming and increases atmospheric CO 2 levels, an essential greenhouse gas and environmental risk. The atmospheric CO2 level increased, emphasizing the necessity to restrict the emission while maintaining it out of the carbon cycle. Various porous adsorbents were created as CO2 capture sorbents, but they have been just moderately successful and require upgrading with more efficient porous adsorbents to address global climate issues caused by CO2. Due to their tunable pore sizes, high chemical stability, superior adsorption selectivity, and large surface area, zeolite-based adsorbents are considered promising materials for CO2 capture. Their framework structures allow for molecular sieving, ion exchange, and surface modifications, further enhancing their adsorption efficiency and regeneration capability.

The mineral carbonation, a process of converting CO 2 into stable minerals (mineralization), has been studied extensively to capture and store CO 2. However, most of the mineral carbonation studies have been largely investigated at lab scale. Preliminary and pilot scale studies for accelerated mineral carbonation (AMC) were conducted at one of the largest coal-fired power plants (2120 MW) in the USA by reacting flue gas with fly ash particles in a fluidized bed reactor. In the preliminary experiments, flue gas CO 2 and SO 2 concentrations decreased from 13.0 to 9.6% and from 107.8 to 15.1 ppmv, respectively during the first 2 min. of reaction. The flue gas treatment increased mercury (Hg) concentration in fly ash (0.1 to 0.22 mg/kg) suggesting that fly ash particles also mineralized flue gas Hg. From these results, we designed and developed pilot scale process skid consisting-a moisture reducing drum (MRD) (0.9 m ĭ × 1.8 m), a heater/humidifier (0.9 m ĭ × 1.8 m), and a fluidized bed reactor (FBR) (0.9-1.2 m ĭ × 3.7 m) to capture and mineralize flue gas CO 2. Flue gas was withdrawn from the stack and was fed to the MRD at about 0.094 m 3 /s. The MRD and the heater/humidifier pretreat flue gas before it enters the FBR. The MRD captures droplets of water entrained in the flue gas to protect the blower placed between the MRD and the heater/humidifier. The heater/humidifier enables control of flue gas moisture and temperature. Approximately 100-300 kg of fresh fly ash was collected from the electrostatic precipitator through ash hopper and placed in the fluidized-bed reactor. The fly ash particles were fluidized by flow of flue gas through a distributor plate in the FBR. The pilot scale studies were conducted at a controlled pressure (115.1 kPa) by controlling the flue gas moisture content. The flue gas was continuously monitored to measure flue gas CO 2 , SO 2 and NO x concentrations by an industrial grade gas analyzer, while the fresh and spent fly ashes were analyzed for calcium carbonate (CaCO 3), sulfur (S), and mercury (Hg) content. The pilot scale study results suggest that an appreciable amount of flue gas CO 2 and significant amounts of SO 2 and Hg can be directly captured (without separation) and mineralized by the fly ash particles.

A special display titled "Biodiversity of the Woods in the Nagoya University Campus" was held as one of the programs for the Homecoming Day 2009 on 24th October. The display introduced the biodiversity of the campus with special references on the woods, insects and birds, demonstrating that the university obtains natural environments and harbors a wide diversity of organisms for the campus located in urban district.

Việt Nam đã nhận được đầu tư trực tiếp nước ngoài đáng kể trong vài thập kỷ qua cùng với chính sách tăng trưởng xanh và phát triển bền vững đang được Chính phủ quan tâm. Tăng trưởng kinh tế (GDP), FDI, toàn cầu hóa (GLO) và tăng trưởng xanh (GG) có thể ảnh hưởng đến chất lượng môi trường. Nghiên cứu này nhằm mục tiêu đánh giá tác động của FDI, toàn cầu hóa, tăng trưởng kinh tế và tăng trưởng xanh đến lượng khí thải CO2 ở Việt Nam giai đoạn 1998-2022 bằng phân tích wavelet. Kết quả chỉ ra rằng FDI, GG và GLO tác động tích cực đến chất lượng môi trường ở các tần số và thời gian khác nhau. Đặc biệt, trong ngắn hạn và trung hạn, GDP ảnh hưởng tích cực đến lượng khí thải CO2, trong khi đó chúng lại ảnh hưởng tiêu cực đến lượng khí thải CO2 trong dài hạn. Nhìn chung phân tích wavelet cho thấy GLO, GG và FDI không cải thiện môi trường ở Việt Nam trong ngắn hạn. Vì vậy, Chính phủ nên cung cấp các biện pháp khuyến khích tăng trưởng xanh, toàn cầu hóa để tăng dòng vốn FDI sử dụng năng lượng tái tạo trong sản xuất.

Nghiên cứu này nhằm đánh giá tác động của FDI, đổi mới công nghệ (TEC), tài nguyên thiên nhiên (NAR), công nghiệp hóa (IDV) đến tăng trưởng kinh tế (GDP) tại Việt Nam giai đoạn 1986-2022. Để ước lượng mối quan hệ phức tạp này, mô hình hồi qui phân vị và kiểm định nhân quả quang phổ được sử dụng nhằm phân tích tác động của các biến độc lập lên biến phụ thuộc trên các điều kiện kinh tế và tần số khác nhau. Kết quả cho thấy, phần lớn phân vị của các biến nghiên cứu, FDI, TEC, NAR, IDV tác động dương đến tăng trưởng kinh tế tại Việt Nam. Hơn nữa, kiểm định nhân quả Granger cũng cho rằng tồn tại mối quan hệ hai chiều giữa các biến nghiên cứu trên các tần số khác nhau. Kết quả này cung cấp thông tin hữu ích cho nhà chính sách hoạch định chiến lược ngắn hạn và dài hạn nhằm đạt phát triển kinh tế ổn định.

One promising avenue for reducing CO2 emissions is through the use of carbon capture, utilization, and storage (CCU|S) technologies, which necessitate capital-intensive capture stage implementation. This study proposes implementing a cluster-based approach to its organization, which enables cost reduction through economies of scale achieved by integrating stationary emission sources into a single network with a shared infrastructure. To evaluate the economic effects of this organizational framework, an optimization model was developed utilizing algorithms (SLSQP, Nelder-Mead method, etc.) that account for: spatial distribution of emission sources, emission volumes, CO2 partial pressure in flue gas streams. The model was tested using data from 533 Russian industrial enterprises in the energy, cement, and ferrous metallurgy sectors, with aggregate annual emissions exceeding 0.5 billion tons of CO2. For a preliminary analysis of the spatial and technological data of these enterprises, a methodical approach was developed (based on the DBSCAN algorithm), which made it possible to identify 94 geographical areas of their increased concentration. Information about industrial enterprises forming six largest regions was utilized for modeling 90 configurations of carbon capture and transportation projects with shared infrastructure. The results demonstrated that the cluster-based approach reduced the cost of capture in the considered examples by 6.44-13.51 %, depending on the maximum radius of a cluster. An additional reduction in transportation costs due to the use of joint gas pipelines averaged 37.26 and 57.01 % for a 200 and 500 km distances, respectively. Under the same distances and with a maximum cluster radius of no less than 20 km, the average reduction in aggregate costs across the evaluated configurations amounted to 17.81 %. The results obtained confirm the importance of organizational solutions for scaling up CCU|S projects and establishing novel crosssectoral technological chains. The proposed methodologies can be effectively employed to identify promising areas for the implementation of CCU|S pilot projects and to design highly efficient local networks for CO2 capture and transportation with shared infrastructure.

Αυτή είναι μια ιστορία του Ινστιτούτου Γεωενέργειας (ΙΓ), ενός από τα νεότερα Ινστιτούτα του Ιδρύματος Τεχνολογίας και Έρευνας. Το Ινστιτούτο iδρύθηκε τον Ιανουάριο του 2019, αρχικά ως Ινστιτούτο Πετρελαϊκής Έρευνας (ΙΠΕ), και απέκτησε την τωρινή του ονομασία τον Δεκέμβριο του 2021. Το κεφάλαιο περιγράφει το ιστορικό και κοινωνικό πλαίσιο της δημιουργίας του Ινστιτούτου, δηλαδή την πιο πρόσφατη ανάδυση των ελληνικών πετρελαϊκών ερευνών από το 2010 και μετά. Επίσης αναδεικνύει τις συνέχειες με προηγούμενες ερευνητικές κατευθύνσεις του Ιδρύματος Τεχνολογίας και Έρευνας, ή ακριβέστερα, την προσαρμογή των παλαιών ερευνητικών κατευθύνσεων σε νέες, και απαιτητικές, ιστορικές συγκυρίες. Ιδιαίτερη έμφαση δίνεται στη γενεαλογική σχέση μεταξύ των μεθόδων ενισχυμένης ανάκτησης πετρελαίου και των πρόσφατων  ιδεών περί "δέσμευσης και αποθήκευσης διοξειδίου του άνθρακα", καθώς και στην ευρύτερη δέσμη μεθόδων και ιδεών που είναι γνωστή ως "γεωμηχανική" (geoengineering).

Strategic target commodity, Production trend, Hanging roof, Technical and financial support Due to poor agricultural production in Malawi, mining is the promising economic driver with coal as the strategic target commodity. The mining sector is in its infancy stage compared to other sub-Saharan countries. The paper discusses coal production trends and contributions to the overall economy of Malawi. Following analysis of problems in coal mines, a research investigating the effect of humidity on the strength properties of coal bearing rocks in Malawi is introduced. The aim is to improve the status of safety and risk management issues in underground coal mines. Method involves in-situ measurement of humidity, collection of rock samples and conduction of a multistage triaxial test for strength properties. The expected results are humidity variations in the sublevels, a weakening effect in the existing rupture surfaces in hanging roof and collapse. A conclusion can be drawn that technical and financial support brought to coal mines correlates with productivity.

Los sensores remotos, en combinación con métodos de análisis geoespacial, ofrecen herramientas importantes para la medición de variables biofísicas del bosque con costo menor que el inventario forestal tradicional y en escalas espaciales y temporales mayores. El objetivo de este estudio fue analizar la relación entre los datos del Inventario Nacional Forestal y de Suelos (INFyS) de México y datos espectrales provenientes de imágenes de la plataforma SPOT para estimar espacialmente el área basal, el volumen maderable y la cobertura arbórea traslapada en los bosques templado y mesófilo de Hidalgo, México. Cuatro enfoques de análisis se aplicaron para generar modelos que describen el inventario y la distribución de las variables de interés: 1) regresión lineal múltiple, 2) K vecino más cercano (K-nn), 3) estimadores de razón y regresión y, 4) inventario forestal tradicional. Las estimaciones derivadas de los tres primeros métodos se encuentran dentro del intervalo de confianza del 95 % del inventario forestal tradicional y los valores derivados mediante estimadores de razón y regresión produjeron los intervalos de confianza mas estrechos. El análisis de los resultados indicó la correlación significativa entre los datos del INFyS y las bandas espectrales del satélite SPOT, particularmente con la verde, el infrarrojo cercano e infrarrojo medio, así como con índices y cocientes simples basados en estas bandas. Palabras clave: sensores remotos, inventario forestal, área basal, volumen, cobertura arbórea traslapada. L a gestión de bosques requiere del conocimiento continuo de su dinámica natural que puede lograrse mediante el seguimiento espacio-

Electrolytic or solar-driven reduction of CO2 to CO using heterogenized molecular catalysts is a promising approach towards production of a key chemical feedstock, as well as mitigating CO2 emissions. Here, we report a molecular cobalt-phthalocyanine catalyst bearing four phosphonic acid anchoring groups (CoPcP) that can be immobilized on metal oxide electrodes. A hybrid electrode with CoPcP on mesoporous TiO2 (mesoTiO2) converts CO2 to CO in aqueous electrolyte solution at a near-neutral pH (7.3) with high selectivity and a turnover number for CO (TONCO) of 1949 ± 5 after 2 h controlled potential electrolysis at -1.09 V vs. SHE (~550 mV overpotential). In situ UV-visible spectroelectrochemical investigations alluded to a catalytic mechanism that involves non-rate-limiting CO2 binding to the doubly-reduced catalyst. Finally, the integration of the mesoTiO2|CoPcP assembly with a p-type silicon (Si) photoelectrode allowed the construction of a benchmark precious-metal-free molecular photocathode that achieves a TONCO of 939 ± 132 with 66% selectivity for CO (CO/H2 = 2) under fully aqueous condition. The electrocatalytic and photoelectrochemical (PEC) activity of CoPcP was compared to state-of-the-art synthetic and enzymatic CO2 reduction catalysts, demonstrating the excellent performance of CoPcP and its suitability for the integration in tandem PEC devices.

Solvent-based post-combustion carbon capture (PCC) with packed column is the most commercially ready CO2 capture technology. To study commercial-scale PCC processes, validated pilot scale models are often scaled up to commercial-scale using the generalized pressure drop correlation (GPDC) chart which requires assuming the column pressure drop. The GPDC method may lead to either over-estimation or under-estimation of the column diameter. In this paper, a new method for estimating the packed column diameter without assuming the pressure drop has been proposed and used for model scale-up. The method was validated by scaling between two existing pilot plant sizes. The CO2 capture process was simulated in Aspen Plus ® and validated at pilot scale. The validated model was scaled up to commercial CO2 capture plant capable of serving a 250 MWe combined cycle gas turbine power plant using the new method proposed in this study. The results obtained from the scaleup study were compared to those obtained when the GPDC method was used to design the same commercial CO2 capture plant. The results showed that the GPDC method overestimated the absorber and stripper diameter by 1.6% and 8.5% respectively. Process simulation results for the commercial-scale plant showed about 2.12% and 5.63% lower solvent flow rate and reboiler duty with the proposed method. Therefore, the capital and operating costs for the process using the newly proposed scale-up method could be lower based on our estimates of the column dimensions, solvent flow rate and specific reboiler duty.

Solvent-based post-combustion carbon capture (PCC) with packed column is the most commercially ready CO2 capture technology. To study commercial-scale PCC processes, validated pilot scale models are often scaled up to commercial-scale using the generalized pressure drop correlation (GPDC) chart which requires assuming the column pressure drop. The GPDC method may lead to either over-estimation or under-estimation of the column diameter. In this paper, a new method for estimating the packed column diameter without assuming the pressure drop has been proposed and used for model scale-up. The method was validated by scaling between two existing pilot plant sizes. The CO2 capture process was simulated in Aspen Plus ® and validated at pilot scale. The validated model was scaled up to commercial CO2 capture plant capable of serving a 250 MWe combined cycle gas turbine power plant using the new method proposed in this study. The results obtained from the scaleup study were compared to those obtained when the GPDC method was used to design the same commercial CO2 capture plant. The results showed that the GPDC method overestimated the absorber and stripper diameter by 1.6% and 8.5% respectively. Process simulation results for the commercial-scale plant showed about 2.12% and 5.63% lower solvent flow rate and reboiler duty with the proposed method. Therefore, the capital and operating costs for the process using the newly proposed scale-up method could be lower based on our estimates of the column dimensions, solvent flow rate and specific reboiler duty.

One of the major challenges facing the energy sectors in practically all developing countries worldwide is clean cooking. In Sierra Leone, only 1% of the population has access to clean cooking, making it one of the worst among the developing countries with clean cooking problems. Many people are switching to improved biomass cookstoves (IBCs), but the unprecedented production of charcoal-based IBCs and varied designs, particularly ceramic linings, make it dif icult for users to choose the right size. The study surveyed major IBC production and sales centres in Sierra Leone's western regions between 2021 and 2023, examining temperature pro iles of the metal stove (MS) and wonder stove (WS). The data showed that an average of 3352 MS and 1833 WS were produced and sold between 2021 to 2023. A water boiling test was adopted for IBCs testing and Testo 310 flue gas analyzer was used to track the temperature pro iles of the chosen IBCs. The indings suggest that WS could be able to generate and retain heat more quickly and sustainably than MS. Additionally, the recorded temperatures and timings of all IBCs were also subjected to a systematic correlational analysis. A simulation of the various temperatures and times was also plotted to ascertain the temperature-time graph differences. These results are relevant and could aid in the analysis of IBC emissions and thermal ef iciency. Thus, the results of the study could be utilized to offer policy recommendations for IBC production and sales centres in Sierra Leone and other developing countries.

This work is a continuation of our pilot study on the use of off‐center s‐type Gaussian functions in noncovalent interaction calculations. A grid of s‐type Gaussians surrounding the molecule is intended to substitute for the presence of diffuse basis functions, which are important for accurate description of noncovalent interactions. The advantage over the use of diffuse functions is reduction or elimination of linear dependency issues in the atomic orbital basis set, which often causes convergence problems. Placement of a grid of s‐functions on the surface of the molecule allows more favorable scaling of the total number of basis functions with the molecular size to be achieved. In this article, we present several innovations on the concept, namely the parametrization and assessment of grids with triple‐ζ quality basis set; use in post‐second‐order correlation treatment (methods such as Møller–Plesset third‐order or coupled‐cluster); and combination with modified virtual orbital ap...

This work investigates CO 2 dissolution and migration in a homogeneous aquifer through a vertical well at different water injection rate and ascertains the amount of CO 2 sequestered into the subsurface. Numerical simulation was done with Computer Modelling Group (CMG) simulator and builder used to write the dataset and validated with GEM.WINPROP was used to predict the thermodynamics properties using the Peng-Robinson 1978 EOS and sensitivity studies carried out with three different water injection rate (25, 50 and 75m 3 /day) and compared to a base condition of no water injection. Result indicates that after 196 years, mobile CO 2 gas cap formation was at the top of the formation with a saturation of 0.99 and length of 558.4753m, 75604384 moles of CO 2 dissolved and 18547034 moles of CO 2 trapped without water injection above the CO 2 injector. For 25m 3 /day of water injected, there was a 54 % decrease in the length of gas cap saturation, 17% decrease in the CO 2 dissolved and 28% decrease in the CO 2 trapped when compared with the base case model without water injection. 50m 3 /day scenario of water injected had 93% decrease in the length of gas cap saturation, 39% decrease in the CO 2 dissolved, and 63% decrease in the CO 2 trapped. Also, 75m 3 /day of water injected above the CO 2 injector shows no zone of mobile supercritical CO 2 formed at the top of the structure with 50% decrease in the CO 2 dissolved and 64% decrease in the CO 2 trapped .Result reveals that most of the injected CO 2 were completely dissolved in water and less trapped at different rate of water injection.

Aqueous phase salinity has a major effect on the quantity of carbon
dioxide trapped by solubility trapping and may also affect mineral
dissolution and precipitation. While carbon dioxide storage through
structural, residual, dissolution and partly mineral trapping modes have
a wide investigation, the mineral trapping potential and its influencing
factors have not been explored. In this work, the effects of variable aqueous
phase salinity on carbon dioxide mineralization were investigated.
Numerical simulations were done using a geochemical simulator and
three-dimensional homogeneous aquifer model of dimensions 30×30×10
(9000 grid blocks) and block width of 70 m was built. The generated grid
was populated with petrophysical, grid and rock properties .Four models
with similar rock and fluid characteristics were simulated for pure water
and different salinity of 0.01 wt (10000 ppm), 0.015 wt (15000 ppm) and
0.02 wt (20000 ppm) respectively. Result shows a decrease in the moles of
carbon dioxide solubilized with an increase in brine salinity level. Increase in
brine salinity decreases the moles of carbon dioxide converted to aqueous
ions and dissolution in resident brine. There was an increase in the rate of
Kaolinite precipitation, Calcite precipitation and a decrease in the rate of
Anorthite dissolution with increase in duration of carbon dioxide injection.
The mineral mole changes for Anorthite increases with level of salinity and
decreases with duration of carbon dioxide injection. Moreover, Calcite
and Kaolinite mineral moles changes decreases with level of salinity and
with duration of carbon dioxide injection. Calcite and Kaolinite decreases
as aqueous phase salinity increases. This work has shown that formation
minerals has different reactivity to salinity concentration which decides
carbon dioxide trapping and storage capacity

This work investigates the performance of two numerical solubility models for CO2 dissolution and trapping. Two geological models were developed for Li-Nghiêm's and Harvey's solubility models. Visualization of the CO2 plume's spatial distribution was conducted for 10-year injection period and plume migration monitored for 190 years under natural gradients. Both models successfully simulate the lateral migration of injected CO2 during the injection phase, followed by upward migration due to its lower density relative to formation water. The onset of the solubility trapping mechanism results in a greater concentration of CO2 at the bottom of the aquifer. There was structural trapping during the injection phase, followed by a slight increase and subsequent decline during the post-injection phase due to solubility trapping. Both models predict substantial CO2 solubility in water during injection, but Li-Nghiêm's model have higher solubility than Harvey's model.CO2 solubility trapping mechanisms increased the concentration of CO2 in the brine in the postinjection phase. it is evident that the choice of solubility model impact predictions of CO2 solubility and migration and should be evaluated for any CO2 storage Project. Hence, the selection should consider site-specific geological and fluid conditions.

Adequate geological storage of carbondioxide in saline aquifers is a function of several factors that requires understanding and examination. Previous works have argue that solubility of carbondioxide in brine decreases as the salinity of the brine increases, but it is unclear in the literature the impact of salinity on carbondioxide (CO 2) trapping during sequestration. This work adopt a simulation based approach to determine CO 2 dissolution and trapping at different salinities. A dataset was written and validated with CMG's greenhouse gases simulator and the thermodynamics properties calculation carried out with Peng-Robinson equation of state. Four sensitivity analyses was conducted with brines of no salinity (pure water), salinity of 100000ppm, 200000ppm and 300000ppm and model outputs compared for CO 2 sequestration. The result shows that CO 2 solubilised in water with zero level salinity, and a lower gas cap size was formed at the top of the structure. Later, gas cap size increases as the salinity level increases at the top of the structure. Also, the moles soluble in water decreases as the salinity level increases with the least moles for zero water salinity. Alternatively to the moles solubilised, the number of moles of CO 2 trapped increases with the salinity level. CO 2 storage in deep saline aquifers is the best storage techniques but its injection into aquifer of high salinity reduced its solubility.

In this work, a compositional simulator (CMG-GEM) was employed to model the flow behavior of two components (CO2 and H2O) in the context of carbondioxide(CO2) sequestration within a saline aquifer with infinite extent. A fluid model was built with the Peng Robinson EOS in a WINPROP and a base case model of limited extent aquifer with a range of volume modifiers assigned to boundary grid blocks as infinite was simulated. The amount of CO2 trapped, its maximum migration distance, and CO2 saturation distribution were analyzed for each of the aquifer volume considered.Pore volume modifiers of 10 3 , 10 4 , and 10 5 were sensitized. Results shows that saline aquifer of infinite extents complements the structural trapping of supercritical CO2 by limiting the ultimate migration distance of CO2 gravity currents. The quantity of trapped CO2 exhibited a rise as the pore volume of the boundary blocks increased from 10 0 (base case) to 10 3 , 10 4 , and 10 5 .For the base case,volume multiplier of 10 3 , 10 4 , and 10 5 , the amount of CO2 trapped were 59502925moles,88120568moles ,96803000moles, and 101404776moles showing an increase in moles as the volume increases. The base case model shows a CO2 lateral migration distance of 525ft along the aquifer length while pore volume of 10 3 , 10 4 , and 10 5 gives a lateral migration distance of 884ft, 985ft and 985ft respectively. The results indicate that the infinite volume effects have caused a dispersed distribution of CO2 trapped, contrasting with a concentrated distribution of mobile CO2 in a limited aquifer.

Ab initio molecular dynamics simulations of CH 4 and CO 2 on the calcite (104) surface have been carried out for the molecular level analysis of CO 2 -enhanced gas recovery process (EGR). This process takes advantage of the stronger interaction of CO 2 with the reservoir walls compared to CH 4 , therefore can improve the extraction of the latter, while at the same time sequestering the former underground. Pure and mixed gases were considered and the temperature effect on the systems behavior was analyzed. For pure gases, carbon dioxide shows great stability on the surface in the studied temperature range, while methane molecules start leaving the surface at 298 K. For gas mixtures, the reported results confirm that for low to medium concentrations, a temperature of 373 K could determine the best methane extraction efficiency, as CH 4 interaction with the surface is quite weak and carbon dioxide binds strongly on the surface. On the other hand, when full coverage is achieved, the best efficiency is reached for the highest temperature. Finally, when considered a 2:2 gas layer, carbon dioxide tends to adsorb preferentially to the surface while methane keeps floating above it, thereby reducing its chance to be adsorbed back. These results reveal nanoscopic details for the design of suitable EGR processes.

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Enhanced gas recovery methods such as foamed CO 2 are recommended for depleted gas reservoirs. Viscoelastic surfactant (VES) is a form of a surfactant used for forming CO 2 foam. In this study, the impact of VES on CH 4 and CO 2 retention and adsorption in calcite rock samples was studied. Crushed samples of Indiana limestone rocks of average particle size (125-250 μm) were used in the static adsorption experiments. To study the effect of VES on CH 4 and CO 2 adsorption, 50% of the crushed samples were conditioned in a solution of NaCl of 0.1 vol % surfactant. X-ray diffraction shows that the rock samples are 99.99% calcite and traces of quartz. The gas adsorption experiments were performed at different temperatures; namely; 50, 100, and 150 °C and at a pressure of 45 bar. At 50 °C, the plain calcite samples adsorbed more CH 4 and CO 2 compared to that treated with VES. However, at 100 and 150 °C, the plain sample adsorbed much less CH 4 and CO 2 than the treated sample. This means that at higher temperatures (100 and 150 °C) VES enhanced the adsorption of both CO 2 and CH 4 on the rock surface. Thermodynamic investigations showed that the process of gas adsorption in the plain samples was exothermic with ΔH ads of -13.5 and -16.7 kJ/mol for CO 2 and CH 4 , respectively, and at 50 °C the adsorption was spontaneous with ΔG ads of -0.425 for CH 4 and -2.599 for CO 2 . In contrast, at higher temperatures (100 and 150 °C), the adsorption of CO 2 and CH 4 on surfactant treated sample was spontaneous and endothermic with corresponding ΔH ads of 36.2 and 60.1 kJ/mol and ΔG ads of -4.701 and -0.581 for CO 2 and CH 4 , respectively. The adsorption of CO 2 was three times that of CH 4 because of the high affinity of calcite to CO 2 . Because of the multilayer adsorption on both samples, Freundlich isotherm was found to be the best model that fits the experimental data of calcite with both CO 2 and CH 4 at different temperatures. Dynamic adsorption experiments were carried out using gas coreflooding system with the same calcite cores used in the static adsorption experiments. The results of this study showed that carbonate rock samples conditioned in the surfactant solution have great adsorption potential for CO 2 and are excellent candidates for CO 2 sequestration. However, surfactant promoted high CH 4 adsorption at 100 and 150 °C, and this will reduce the natural gas recovery. In contrast, using viscoelastic surfactant at low-temperature reservoirs (50 °C) reduced CH 4 adsorption by blocking the active adsorption sites in the carbonate rock samples, and this will increase the gas recovery.

Increasing amount of CO2 in the atmosphere caused by human activities has quickly become one of the most urgent environmental issues. CO2 Capture and Storage (CCS) is a promising option as it can reduce the amount of CO2 emissions in the atmosphere. It is critical to develop an efficient separation technique for capturing CO2 from the gas streams. One of the technologies in CCS is utilizing a crystalline porous material called Metal-Organic Frameworks (MOFs). To take the advantages of MOF due to the ease of modification, we designed bio related ligand from natural products in the form of porous framework. Bio-MOFs discussed in this research is made from Chromium (III) Nitrate and Succinic Acid (C4H6O4) as ligand. The synthesis is carried out through hydrothermal reaction method using water as solvent. This research measured Chromium-Succinate MOF's porous properties, thermal stability, morphology, and chemical functionalities by performing various test such as adsorption/desorption of N2, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), scanning electron microscope (SEM), and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis. The results of this study show that this Bio-MOF based succinic acid (Cr-SA) has surface area of 233 m 2 /g with pore volume of 0.66 cm 3 /g. The porosity of Bio-MOF Cr-SA is comparable to other reported Bio-MOFs. Bio-MOF Cr-SA also has good thermal stability which can maintain its structure up to temperatures above 350 o C. From the Bio-MOF properties that have been investigated, it is expected that it would be a preliminary study for the use of succinic acid bio-ligands in MOF for CO2 capture application.

The long-term performance of wellbore cement in CO 2-rich environments remains a critical challenge for carbon capture and storage (CCS), carbon utilization and storage (CCUS), and CO 2enhanced oil recovery (CO 2-EOR) operations. Under downhole conditions, cement degradation primarily driven by carbonation and bicarbonation can lead to microcracking, increased permeability, and loss of well integrity. This review presents a comprehensive synthesis of degradation mechanisms, evaluating the interplay between CO 2 exposure, pressure, temperature, and curing conditions on cement properties. We critically examine both traditional and advanced cement systems, including Portland-based formulations, pozzolanic blends, calcium aluminate, geopolymers, and polymer-enhanced cements. Particular focus is given to experimental findings on mechanical property evolution (e.g., compressive, tensile, and bond strength) and transport behavior under simulated downhole conditions. Modern characterization techniques such as scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), computed tomography (CT), and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) are reviewed, alongside emerging machine learning approaches for predicting degradation and optimizing cement design. Despite decades of research, significant gaps remain in testing standards, long-term performance prediction, and integration of mechanical and chemical deterioration models. This paper identifies those gaps and proposes strategies to enhance cement durability, including the use of nanomaterials, particle-engineered systems, and tailored additives. Ultimately, this review serves as both a critical reference and a practical guide for developing robust, CO 2resistant cement systems capable of maintaining zonal isolation in high-stress, corrosive subsurface environments.

In this paper, a mathematical model is developed based on mass and momentum balance for carbon dioxide absorption into aqueous ammonia solution. The model is simplified based on the assumption that the CO2 absorption into aqueous ammonia is a pseudo-first-order reaction. Laplace transform method is applied in order to solve the partial differential model equation. Finally, the CO2 molar flux is expressed as a function of partial pressure of CO2, concentration of aqueous ammonia, temperature and gas-liquid contact area. Variation of CO2 molar flux with partial pressure of CO2 and temperature is discussed and a comparison is performed with experimental data from literature. Variation of CO2 molar flux is also shown with gas-liquid contact area. The calculated flux from the model follows the same trend as that of the experimental data reported in literature and the accuracy is within the accepted limit. The mathematical model is very helpful to predict the CO2 molar flux as a function ...

Hydrogen-enriched syngas(HESG), addresses two dominant energy and environmental issues: decarbonization and improved energy management. Reducing the CO 2 content of syn-gas widens our efforts to build a bridge to an ultra-low carbon world. With HESG, it becomes possible to reduce emissions, improve the efficiency of end-use equipment and lower the overall carbon intensity of syngas in the years to come. Higher CO 2 content in the syngas also lowers the calorific value. This work is aimed at reducing the CO 2 content in the syngas by absorption process. For this purpose we have taken the help of ASPEN PLUS simulator. The rate-based non-equilibrium, RateFrac, model is used for column design. Mono ethanolamine (MEA) is taken as liquid solvent and various parameters like flow rate and temperature of the solvent and number of segments of the absorption column were varied to test the CO 2 absorption efficiency of the solvent. Similarly CaO absorption efficiency was found by experimental m...

It is widely accepted today that global concentration of carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) in the atmosphere is increasing rapidly. The main method for separating this gas is the mineral carbonation process. In this process, hydrogen-rich stream is produced by the removal of CO 2 . A feasibility simulation study was conducted to evaluate the utilization of CaO used in the combustion of coal processing plant. The fluidized bed reactor of calcium looping process was simulated by Aspen Plus software. In addition, the evaluated of the energy and economic process was carried out with Aspen Energy Analyzer and Aspen Economics Analyzer, respectively. The results of the simulation show that the hydrogen purity can reach more than 84vol% and more than 98.96vol% of CO 2 along with combustion of coal is captured with calcium looping process. The results of the study with Aspen Economics Analyzer show that the operating cost of the process is about 914350$/year and the cost of utilities is about 5508.4$/h.

Concentration of CO2 in an indoor environment can be four to five times higher than the outdoor air. This higher indoor concentration of CO2 reduces the work efficiency of individuals working indoors and negatively impacts human health. However, the elevated concentration also makes it easier to capture CO2 from indoor air. This study examines the performance of monoethanolamine (MEA) and L-arginine (Arg) solutions for indoor carbon dioxide (CO2) capture through experimental screening. Key parameters evaluated include CO2 absorption and desorption capacity, absorption kinetics, and the impact on relative humidity (RH) and total volatile organic compound (TVOC) concentrations. Two solvent formulations were employed in this study: one utilizing pure water as the solvent and the other incorporating a water-glycol mixture. The aqueous Arg solution demonstrated minimal to no detectable increase in VOC levels and exhibited lower evaporation rates than the benchmark aqueous MEA solution. Microwave (MW) heating was utilized to facilitate rapid CO2 desorption from saturated solutions. The regeneration efficiency, solvent loss, and energy consumption were found to be dependent on the MW desorption time. Optimizing the desorption resulted in faster and almost complete regeneration, minimized solvent loss, and reduced overall energy consumption. The incorporation of glycol minimized evaporation during absorption, decreased the likelihood of complete drying during desorption, and improved solution regeneration. Cyclic absorption-desorption experiments were conducted to evaluate the long-term stability and kinetic performance of the solutions. While the aqueous MEA solution experienced significantly larger declines of 54.3% in CO2 absorption capacity and 34.24% in absorption kinetics, the water-PG-based Arg solution demonstrated promising performance, with a smaller reduction of 31.24% in CO2 absorption and a 2.13% decrease in kinetics after ten cycles. Additionally, the water-PG-based Arg solution resulted in lower volatile organic compound (VOC) levels and provided more effective control over relative humidity. These findings underscore the potential of the water-PG-based Arg solution for cyclic CO2 absorption and microwave-assisted regeneration processes

Deu to the importance of saffron as one of the Iran's export products,
as well as having diverse medicinal properties and its wide application
in the food industry, the evaluation of its physical properties and
microbial contamination is of particular importance. Therefore, in this
research, 25 saffron stigma samples from different regions of Iran
were prepared and their physical and microbiological traits were
measured in the first six months of 2024. The results showed that no
samples contained artificial colorants and foreign matter related to the
environment. In addition, Escherichia coli contamination was not
observed in any of the stigma samples. The total number of
microorganisms and molds in the stigma samples were much lower
than the prmitted amounts in the national standard of Iran.
Accordingly, all the examined samples were in full compliance with
the national standard NO.259-1 and ISO 3632-1 in terms of physical
characteristics and with the national standard No. 5689 in terms of
microbiological properties.

Conventional amine-based sorbents exhibit two major drawbacks: progressive structural deterioration under repetitive CO 2 adsorption-desorption cycling and diminished gas capture efficiency with extended cycle iterations. To mitigate these issues, a new amine-based deep eutectic solvent (DES) containing tromethamine (TrMA) salt as a sterically hindered amine and tetraethylenepentamine (TEPA) was prepared and incorporated into several mesoporous silica materials for CO 2 capture, including SBA-15, SBA-16, MCM-41, and KIT-6. In comparison to SBA-16 and MCM-41 materials, SBA-15 and KIT-6 could maintain their mesoporous structure after incorporation of 50% DES, as revealed by the N 2 sorption analysis. According to the findings, (50%) TrMA-TEAP (1 : 2)/SBA-15 had a higher CO 2 adsorption of 120.8 (mg g-1) than (50%) pure TEAP (1 : 2)/SBA-15 and the other hybrid amine-based DES/ mesoporous silica materials at 75 °C under 15% CO 2 balanced N 2. Furthermore, the adsorption index values for (50%) TrMA-TEAP (1 : 2)/SBA-15 and (50%) pure TEAP (1 : 2)/SBA-15 were 94.9% and 92.5%, respectively, demonstrating that amine-based DES showed superior cycle performance, albeit (50%) TrMA-TEAP (1 : 2)/KIT-6 showed an excellent cycling performance by maintaining the original CO 2 adsorption capacity of 97.3%, amongst the other sorbents. Pseudo-first order, pseudo-second order, Vermeulen, Avrami, and fractal-like exponential kinetic models were used to investigate the kinetic adsorption of hybrid sorbents, with the last kinetic model offering the best fitting. The DFT analysis demonstrated that the primary amine and hydroxyl (OH) groups site on the hydrogen bond donor/ acceptor (HBA) are more active site in DES, while the hydrogen bond donor (HBD) plays a dominant role in CO 2 adsorption due to possessing more amine active sites, particularly primary amine sites.

In this study, a self-biased bio-photoelectrochemical system (SB-BPES) was constructed using a bioanode and the g-C 3 N 4 /CdS heterojunction photocathode for nitrofurazone (NFZ) degradation under solar irradiation. The physio-chemical properties and optical performance of photocatalysts were characterized, and photo-electrochemical properties of various photocathodes were analyzed. Results showed that g-C 3 N 4 /CdS exhibited the broadest visible light absorption range (to 594 nm) and the most efficient e --h + separation; and its corresponding photocathode showed the highest photocurrent (9.8 μA), and the lowest charge transfer resistance (5.43 ☓ 10 3 Ω). In the solar-illuminated SB-BPES with g-C 3 N 4 /CdS photocathode, about 80% of NFZ removal rate was achieved within 10 h. More importantly, TOC removal of 62.6% was achieved in 24 h, which was 1.8 times of that from the open circuit SB-BPES, and 4.3 folds of that from microbial degradation; also, about 1.5 times of those from SB-BPES with g-C 3 N 4 and CdS photocathodes. Besides, reproducible current generations (∼1.0 mA) were produced. These verified that it was a self-sustained system for spontaneously pollutants degradation and electricity generation. Moreover, possible degradation mechanism and pathways were proposed according to the

The recycling of CO2 by photo-electrochemical reduction has attracted wide interest due to its potential benefits when compared to electro-, and photo-catalysis approaches. Among the different available semiconductors, TiO2 is the most employed material in photo-electrochemical cells. Besides, Cu is a well-known electrocatalyst for alcohols production from CO2 reduction. In this study, a photo-electrochemical cell consisting on a TiO2 photoanode Membrane Electrode Assembly (MEA) and a Cu plate are employed to reduce CO2 to methanol and ethanol continuously under UV illumination (100 mW•cm -2 ). A maximum increment of 4.3 mA•cm -2 in current between the illuminated and dark conditions is achieved at -2 V vs. Ag/AgCl. The continuous photo-electrochemical reduction process in the filter-press cell is evaluated in terms of reaction rate (r), as well as Faradaic (FE) and energy (EE) This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved. efficiencies. At -1.8 V vs. Ag/AgCl, a maximum reaction rate of r= 9.5 μmol•m -2 •s -1 , FE= 16.2 % and EE= 5.2 % for methanol, and r= 6.8 μmol•m -2 •s -1 , FE= 23.2 % and EE= 6.8 % for ethanol can be achieved. The potential benefits of the photoanode-driven system, in terms of yields and efficiencies, are observed when employing a TiO2-based MEA photoanode and Cu as dark cathode. The results demonstrate first the effect of UV illumination on current density, and then the formation of alcohols from the continuous photoreduction of CO2. Increasing the external applied voltage led to an enhanced production of methanol, but decreases ethanol formation. The system outperforms previous photoanode-based systems for the CO2-to-alcohols reactions.

Increasing the concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere has forced governments to place this issue among their most important problems. There are different methods to capture carbon dioxide. One of the most important ones is adsorption that employs adsorbents such as activated carbon, which can be synthesized from various bio-wastes. In this research, activated carbon was synthesized from Oleaster seed to adsorb CO2 by investigating various effective parameters as well as its stability during adsorption/regeneration cycles. The CO2 adsorption capacity of the adsorbents was investigated utilizing thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The adsorbent synthesized in the weight ratio of KOH: biomass as 2:1, with the adsorption capacity of 2.78 mmol/g was introduced as the selected sample. Results indicated that with the increase in temperature from 25 to 50°C, at CO2 concentration of 90%, the amount of adsorption decreased from 2.78 to 1.79 mmol/g, due to the endothermic nature of CO2 adsorption process. It was also found that by reducing the entering concentration of CO2 from 90 to 10%, the CO2 adsorption rate of the selected adsorbent decreased from 2.78 mmol/g to 1.03 mmol/g, regarding less contact between the adsorbent particles and CO2 molecules. It was concluded that the adsorbent synthesized from Oleaster seed shows an acceptable capability to adsorb CO2. This adsorbent also showed an excellent stability during the cycles, which makes us to introduce it as a good candidate for industrial applications.

八耳俊文：マンハッタン計画と水俣病―戦後20年日本地球化学史― ・・・・・・・・・・ 3
矢島道子：日本の古生物学の歩みをふりかえる ・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・ 11
Maddalena Napolitani: Earth science's visual culture in 19th century Europe ・・・・・・・・・・・ 14
原 郁夫：四国中央部三波川帯構造地質学の現在―論争の終焉 ・・・・・・・・・・・・・ 24
会田信行：寺田寅彦の日本海拡大説と松山基範 ・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・ 32
山田俊弘：ニコラウス・ステノ『サメの頭部の解剖』(1667)の翻訳と研究(その6) ・・・・ 36

Self-activation takes advantage of the gases emitted from the pyrolysis process of biomass to activate the converted carbon. Therefore, a high-performance activated carbon is obtained with no addition of activating agents. In this study, kenaf fiber was self-activated into activated carbon. The Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) specific surface area (SA BET ) of nonactivation and self-activation pyrolyzed at 1100 C for 2 h was analyzed and obtained as 252 and 1280 m 2 /g, respectively, with 408% difference. The results showed that the highest SA BET (1742 m 2 /g) was achieved when a kenaf fiber was pyrolyzed at 1100 C for 10 h. A linear relationship was shown between the ln(SA BET ) and the yield of kenaf fiber-based activated carbon through the self-activation process. The study also showed that the produced activated carbon with a 9.0% yield gave the highest surface area per gram kenaf fiber (80 m 2 /g kenaf fiber) and those with the yields between 7.2 and 13.8% produced 95% of the greatest surface area per gram kenaf fiber (76 m 2 /g kenaf fiber).

Se propone una aproximación sobre variables medioambientales mediante funciones de distribución dependientes del tiempo para simplificar un modelo de la dinámica del carbono orgánico en el suelo. El modelo se basa en el concepto de reservorios, que supone que los diferentes estados de la materia orgánica del suelo constituyen masas homogéneas. Este modelo se enfoca en el intercambio de materia orgánica entre dichas masas, estableciendo relaciones de contacto. Usando el modelo simplificado se calculó la acumulación de materia orgánica en el suelo y la emisión de CO2 desde un ecosistema de bosque de pino (Pinus elliottii) ubicado en Gainesville, Florida, EU. Se verificó la viabilidad de las aproximaciones en el modelo para estudiar la dinámica del carbono orgánico en suelos forestales. Se calculó la acumulación relativa de materia orgánica en el suelo. Con esto se obtuvo una estimación de la actividad del bosque de P. elliottii como secuestrador/ An approximation on environmental vari...

Due to the growing threat of climate change, the pressing need for carbon dioxide capture has become a global priority in the development of innovative technologies. Multipronged approaches and multifarious research efforts are underway to efficiently capture carbon dioxide (CO2) from emission sources, ambient air, and indoor air. Currently, absorption is the dominant industrial-scale process, using different solvents and their blends to lower the energy intensity of solvent desorption and regeneration. However, adsorption is emerging as a promising alternative due to its energy efficiency, eco-friendliness, and potential for large-scale applications. High-performance sorbents with large surface areas and bio-based materials exhibit high CO2 loading and selectivity in fixed-bed and fluidized-bed systems. Cryogenic CO2 capture systems, which do not require solvents or membranes, are optimized for energy through process integration. Researchers are investigating different membrane materials in hollow fiber membrane contactors for enhanced CO2 capture efficiency. Membranes that can selectively filter CO2 from gas mixtures are also being explored. Furthermore, hybrid technologies integrating different CO2 capture approaches are being developed to reduce costs and boost overall performance to curb rising atmospheric CO2 levels.

The Mississippian Cypress Formation (Chesterian) is 1 00 feet thick at Bartelso Field and comprises a section of shales and sandstones that has produced about 2.5 million barrels of oil from 76 wells since production first began in 1 936. The reservoir rocks are clean quartz arenites to subarkoses deposited under shallow marine conditions. Porosity ranges from 16% to 25%, and permeabilities range from 100 to about 500 millidarcies in the reservoir rocks. The Cypress Formation was subdivided into four intervals, each separated by shale layers. These four intervals were arbitrarily labeled, in ascending order, pink, purple, gray, and red. On the basis of wireline log correlations, subsurface mapping, and petrographic studies of well cuttings and core samples, the authors interpreted the environments of deposition for these intervals to be as follows: (1) pink intervalshallow subtidal influences in a delta-front setting; (2) purple intervalshoreface subjected to some tidal influence; (3) gray intervaltidal flat to lagoonal influences, possibly some lower coastal plain; and (4) red intervalupper shoreface subjected to strong tidal influences. These environments indicate that the pink, purple, and gray intervals were deposited in a prograding sequence, with the gray interval representing sediments deposited under the shallowest conditions. Sandstones within the red interval represent tidal ridges (tidal bars) formed in marine conditions during a transgressive phase that inundated the deltaic complex. Petrographic and mineralogic analyses revealed that silica is the primary cementing agent of Cypress sandstones at Bartelso. Most of the silica is in the form of quartz overgrowths, although minor amounts of chert are also present. Calcite cement is rare and is restricted to syntaxial cement around echinoderm fragments. Clay minerals constitute less than 2% of the total rock and comprise mainly kaolinrte with lesser amounts of chlorite, iron-rich chlorite, and illite. Porosity enhancement has resulted from the partial dissolution of potassium feldspars and calcium-rich plagioclases. Reservoir compartmentalization is a factor in recovery efficiency for the sandstones of the red interval. Currently, all sandstone reservoirs in Illinois are required to be developed on a 10-acre well spacing. The shingled bars separated by thin shales that characterize the red interval preclude effective drainage with a 1 0-acre spacing. The less heterogeneous sandstones within the purple and gray intervals, however, may be relatively well-drained by 1 0-acre well spacing. Sandstones within the pink interval contained no hydrocarbons at Bartelso, but correlative units may provide reservoirs in other areas of the basin.

India's urban infrastructure faces a critical gap in pedestrian and non-motorized transport facilities. While Concrete Paver Blocks (CPBs) are commonly used for this purpose, their production has significant environmental impacts. This investigation examines geopolymer concrete as a viable, sustainable substitute for conventional paver blocks. Geopolymer Paver Blocks (GPBs) are synthesized utilizing fly ash, Ground Granulated Blast furnace Slag (GGBS), and an alkaline activating agent. Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement (RAP) aggregates were integrated to augment sustainability further as a substitute for traditional aggregates. The study evaluated the mechanical, durability, and abrasion properties of the developed GPBs, comparing them to traditional CPBs. Incorporating Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement (RAP) aggregates contributed to a decrease in the workability of freshly mixed concrete. Empirical investigations demonstrated that integrating RAP aggregates led to a deterioration in the mechanical strength characteristics of Geopolymer Binders (GPBs); however, they still adhered to the requirements as per IS 15658: 2021. Notably, GPBs exhibited enhanced durability attributes compared to traditional concrete. Moreover, the research found that the abrasion loss of GPBs was less than that of CPBs, although an increase in RAP content was associated with heightened abrasion loss. The insights gained from this study reinforce the potential of incorporating RAP into GPBs as a significant step toward sustainable infrastructure development, thereby reducing the carbon footprint associated with conventional cement-based materials.

Landscape spatial analyses using Remote Sensing ( RS) and Geographic Information Systems ( GIS) has been scarcely used to indentify sites with dendrochronological potential. For this study, we designed a protocol to identify areas with climatically sensitive trees, based on the spatial analysis of landscape biophysical features. The protocol included the analyses of slope angles, slope aspect, and the distribution of Land Cover and Land Use ( LCLU) using RS and GIS tools. The protocol was validated through dendrochronological sampling in two adjacent sites. Analyses of tree ring widths were done using and dplR. Results suggest that sensitive trees grow in 18% of the Monarch Butterfly Biosphere Reserve. Trees from the two sites differed in age, diameter, and mean ring width. Our protocol allowed us to identify sites with long-lived and sensitive trees as represented by the high inter-annual variation found in tree ring widths. The spatial analysis of biophysical variables prior to sa...

Electrochemical CO 2 reduction reaction (CO 2 RR) holds a great potential for converting CO 2 into valuable carbon-based chemicals and fuels. A promising strategy for enhancing CO 2 RR performance is the deliberate structural design of electrocatalysts, which can maximize the utilization of inherent structural advantages. In this work, SnO 2 nanocubes (NCs) and nanorods (NRs) are synthesized using a surface energy-driven growth orientation method, where the stable (110) facet and the highly energetic (001) facet constitute the SnO 2 nanostructures. Leveraging the inherent structural merits of different facets on SnO 2 , theoretical calculations reveal that the (001) facet plays a primary role in inhibiting hydrogen evolution reaction (HER), while both (110) and (001) facets are highly favorable for CO 2-to-formate conversion under the external bias. As a result, SnO 2 NCs with a higher facet ratio of (001)/(110) achieve nearly 100% selectivity for the formation of carbonaceous products during CO 2 RR. More importantly, a maximum partial current density of about 1 A cm-2 with a formate Faradaic efficiency (FE) of over 90% is achieved in a flow cell, distinguishing it from most of the reported Sn-based electrocatalysts. These results highlight the strategic advantages of leveraging the inherent structure of nanomaterials for efficient CO 2 RR. 1. Introduction The electrochemical reduction of CO 2 (CO 2 RR) is being considered as a viable alternative to address the recent increase in CO 2

To reduce the greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions of plastics, fossil feedstocks need to be replaced by alternative carbon sources, such as recycled plastics, biomass, and captured CO 2. However, these alternatives do not necessarily result in a lower GHG footprint when the full life cycle of the products is taken into account. Here, we assess the potential life-cycle GHG reductions of polylactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA) produced with captured CO 2 and biomass, which can be used to replace fossil or biobased plastic bottles, mulch, and film. Using prospective life-cycle assessment (pLCA), we determine the full-life-cycle GHG footprint of 1 kg PLGA used in these applications while considering different CO 2 sources, GHG intensities of energy, and end-of-life scenarios modeled for the Netherlands. We compare the GHG footprints of PLGA to commonly used fossil and biobased plastics. In a future scenario with low-emission energy production, PLGA leads to GHG emission reductions between 11 and 70% compared to its fossil counterparts if end-of-life emissions are not captured and mostly higher emissions compared to biobased PE/PET. The use of PLGA as a plastic film in a multilayer food packaging provides the greatest reduction in GHG emissions, up to 70% compared to the use of conventional plastics.