Population History

L'objectiu del treball és presentar totes les xifres i tots els noms de la població de Sant Just Desvern a llarg de dos-cents anys, els que van entre mitjan segle XIV i mitjan segle XVI. És l'època dels fogatges, un impost creat l'any 1358 durant el regnat del comte-rei Pere III el Cerimoniós que, per extensió, ha donat nom als recomptes de població, nominals o numèrics, que calia fer per aplicar el dit impost.

El poblament rural a l’ager baetulonensis (Hispania Tarraconensis), va ser estudiat durant la dècada del 1970, i es va complementar amb actuacions puntuals en urbanitzar‑se part del solar de Can Peixau (1996) o en construir‑se el cinturó de la B20 (1990). Recentment, el resultat de dues actuacions properes a la ciutat de Baetulo (Badalona), van permetre una millor comprensió de l’ocupació i el poblament de l’ager amb una cronologia de fins al segle vi d. de la n. e.
L’Estrella (2012, 2018 i 2023), va comportar l’excavació en extensió per primera vegada d’un establiment rural complex. Coll Pujol (2019), va aportar informació rellevant de la Via Augusta, i la urbanització dels seus espais propers. Les dades obtingudes caracteritzen clarament l’horitzó cronològic dels segles iv i v d. de la n. e, i obren una nova perspectiva per a revisar les intervencions i els estudis previs, i obtenir una visió actualitzada del poblament i l’ocupació del món rural a la Tarraconensis durant el baix Imperi.

Reduced representation sequencing is a practical approach for obtaining genetic variations from a random subsample of the genome. RADseq (Restriction Site-Associated DNA Sequencing), as one of the more popular reduced representation approaches, is currently being used in a wide array of applications including marker development, phylogenetics, and population genomics. A crucial step in designing a RADseq experiment is the selection of one or a pair of restriction enzymes (RE) that will result in sufficient density of loci to meet the objectives of the study, which is not straightforward because of difficulties in obtaining a standard set of REs that can generally be applied to RADseq experimental designs. Here we present RApyDS, a simulation tool that provides users with evaluation metrics to aid in choosing suitable REs based on their target RADseq design. RApyDS can perform simulations for single- or double-digest RADseq, preferably with a supplied reference genome. The tool outpu...

El presente trabajo tiene como objetivo analizar la configuración del ayuntamiento colonial de Ciudad Real de Chiapa, el cual estuvo controlado por unas pocas familias, entre las que destacan los Velasco y Tovilla, a través de una metodología prosopográfica y de redes sociales familiares. Estos dos linajes monopolizaron el sistema
administrativo local, heredándose o transmitiendo los cargos como si de un bien familiar se tratase, como parte de su patrimonio, de tal modo que hicieron todo lo posible por mantenerlo, o recuperarlo en los momentos en los que lo perdieron. Por ello, la importancia de establecer diferentes redes sociales entre éstos

The barn swallow (Hirundo rustica) poses a number of fascinating scientific questions, including the taxonomic status of postulated subspecies. Here, we obtained and assessed the sequence variation of 411 complete mitogenomes, mainly from the European H. r. rustica, but other subspecies as well. In almost every case, we observed subspecies-specific haplogroups, which we employed together with estimated radiation times to postulate a model for the geographical and temporal worldwide spread of the species. The female barn swallow carrying the Hirundo rustica ancestral mitogenome left Africa (or its vicinity) around 280 thousand years ago (kya), and her descendants expanded first into Eurasia and then, at least 51 kya, into the Americas, from where a relatively recent (<20 kya) back migration to Asia took place. The exception to the haplogroup subspecies specificity is represented by the sedentary Levantine H. r. transitiva that extensively shares haplogroup A with the migratory Eur...

Trace element fingerprints of edge and core regions in otoliths from 260 specimens of Patagonian hoki, Macruronus magellanicus Lönnberg, 1907, were analyzed by LA-ICPMS to reveal whether this species forms one or more population units (stocks) in the Southern Oceans. Fish were caught on their spawning grounds in Chile and feeding grounds in Chile and the Falkland Islands. Univariate and multivariate analyses of trace element concentrations in the otolith edges, which relate to the adult life of fish, could not distinguish between Atlantic (Falkland) and Pacific (Chile) hoki. Cluster analyses of element concentrations in the otolith edges produced three different clusters in all sample areas indicating high mixture of the stocks. Cluster analysis of trace element concentrations in the otolith cores, relating to juvenile and larval life stages, produced two separate clusters mainly distinguished by 137 Ba concentrations. The results suggest that Patagonian hoki is a highly mixed fish stock with at least two spawning grounds around South America.

On the basis of currently available data, two main mammalian faunal complexes can be recognised in Sardinia from the Pliocene to the Late Pleistocene-Holocene: the "Nesogoral" a n d " M i c r o t us (Tyrrhenicola)" faunal complexes. Notable faunal renewal characterises the transition between the two major complexes, while individual appearance and disappearance bioevents permit the recognition of less important renewals, which however allow one to distinguish, in the sphere of the two major complexes, subcomplexes of biochronologically-distinct fauna. The occurrence of endemic bovids, suids and archaic micromammals typified the earliest Sardinian LFAs. This faunal complex was present during the Pliocene and the beginning of the Early Pleistocene and was probably characterised by local evolution of some lineages, by a reduced extinction rate and by a moderate immigration rate. Two subcomplexes may be detected within this complex. In the earliest Mandriola faunal sub-complex, descendants from endemic pre-existing taxa (Tyrrhenoglis) are associated with new settlers that entered during the Messinian (murids, suids and bovids) and micromammals suggesting an early Middle Pliocene age. Very modest faunal renewal marks the transition to the following faunal subcomplex ("Capo Figari/Orosei 1") (late Middle?, Late Pliocene-Early Pleistocene). The latter is typified by the occurrence, among others, of micromammals which evolved from pre-existing taxa, of an endemic predator, the Hyaenidae Chasmaporthetes melei, and strongly modified bovids, possibly present in Sardinia from the late Messinian, as well as mustelids that may have entered Sardinia during the Middle Pliocene regression. Marked faunal renewal indicates the transition to the subsequent Microtus (Tyrrhenicola) faunal complex (?latest Early Pleistocene/Early Holocene), within which two faunal subcomplexes can be recognised. In the older "Orosei 2" faunal subcomplex (latest Early Pleistocene/early Middle Pleistocene), an archaic endemic vole (Microtus (Tyrrhenicola) sp.), Cynotherium sp., a large megalcerine ("Praemegaceros" n. sp.) and possibly a new caprine first occurred, together with some pre-existing taxa such as Rhagamys minor. The younger "Dragonara" faunal sub-complex (latest Middle Pleistocene-Early Holocene), corresponding to classic endemic Sardinian fauna, is characterised by the presence, among others, of advanced voles (Microtus (Tyrrhenicola) henseli) and murids (Rhagamys orthodon), Cynotherium sardous, megacerines more or less reduced in size ("Praemegaceros" c a z i o t i) and, occasionally, endemic elephants (M a mmuthus lamarmorai). These faunal complexes testify to the evolution of mammalian fauna in the Sardinian insular domain towards progressively more unbalanced and impoverished fauna, and document colonisation phases from the mainland and faunal turnovers/renewals, followed by periods of more noteable insularity conditions.

This paper formally describes some cranial and postcranial remains of young and adult fossil suids retrieved from Monte Tuttavista karst fissures (Orosei, western Sardinia). The material is herein attributed to the Sardinian species Sus sondaari Van der Made, 1999. Features of skulls, mandibles, some milk teeth, definitive canines, and thus far unknown post-cranial elements of Monte Tuttavista suids significantly integrate our knowledge of the endemic species Sus sondaari . An emended diagnosis is here proposed, including some new diagnostic features such as lower canine with scrofic section, and oval shape of scapular glenoid fossa. Finally, the challenging evolutionary relationships of Sus sondaari are briefly discussed.

This work describes a new bovid, Asoletragus gentryi n. gen. et sp., from the late Pliocene/early Pleistocene fossiliferous fissure fillings (Cava VI,3) in the karst network at  Monte Tuttavista (Sardinia, Italy). It differs from other genera in its straight, almost conical, horn-cores, which diverge slightly from the sagittal plane, are very close together at their bases and slant strongly backwards (nearly parallel to the glenoid surface of the temporal bone). The very peculiar shape and position of these horn-cores render their phylogenetic relationship with other taxa from the Miocene of Europe and other circum-Mediterranean countries uncertain. Given the global features of the horn-cores and the absence of any alcelaphine-like tooth in the Monte Tuttavista samples, the hypothesis that Asoletragus belongs to an archaic "Caprinae" cannot be ruled out, despite the presence of quite a large frontal sinus rising through the pedicel and at least one-third of the horn-core p...

Following the opening of the political and intellectual space in Iran in the 1320s, various political parties emerged with their different ideologies and programs. One of these parties was “the "Association for the Freedom of the Iranian People” (Jamʿiyyat-e Azadi-ye Mardom-e Iran), which began its activities around the same time as the nationalization of the Iranian oil industry. This article aims to explain the ideology and the political, social and economic goals of “the "Association for the Freedom of the Iranian People” based on a descriptive-analytical method using primary sources. The party, based on its own analysis, saw Iranian society on the verge of social transformation and promoted agendas based on a specific ideology to realize this transformation. The basis for this ideology was theistic socialism, i.e. a combination of socialism and Islamic religious identity, on the basis of which the party pursued its goals. Among the most important goals pursued by the party were the protection of Iran's independence and territorial integrity, the creation of a democratic national government, the nationalization of natural resources and their exploitation on the basis of a national socialist ideology, the development of mechanization, the cession of agricultural land to farmers, the extension of property rights, the nationalization of heavy industry, the provision of public health care and cultural products, the fight against materialistic and superstitious ideas, the support of Islamic principles to strengthen faith, intellectual and moral growth in society, the guarantee of women’s rights and the strengthening of the family structure.

An attempt to prepare a comprehensive graphically clear tables of the largest cities in Europe and its regions from 1100 to 1800 (with its population). The tables results from many years of synthesis of thousands of data from many sources (e.g. Bairoch, Buringh, De Vries, Russel, Malanima, Cesaretti ... and many others).

Este ensayo realiza una lectura crítica de Los tres reinos de la naturaleza: Museo pintoresco de Historia Natural (1851), una obra emblemática del siglo XIX que refleja los postulados del racismo científico en pleno auge del colonialismo europeo. A través del análisis de fragmentos seleccionados, se examinan discursos que deshumanizan y jerarquizan a los pueblos no europeos, justificando la esclavitud, el colonialismo y el colorismo. El trabajo muestra cómo estas ideas —presentadas entonces como ciencia— siguen influyendo hoy en estereotipos culturales, racismo estructural y prejuicios cotidianos. Como mujer mestiza de raíces afrodescendientes, la autora reflexiona también desde su experiencia personal sobre cómo estos discursos continúan operando, de forma a veces sutil, en las sociedades contemporáneas. La memoria crítica se plantea aquí como herramienta indispensable para desmontar los legados coloniales y construir narrativas más inclusivas.

Conandron ramondioides with actinomorphic flower in Gesneriaceae is an endemic species distributed in Taiwan, Southeast of China and Japan. Populations are usually small and isolated in typically fragmented habitat. Based on SNPs of Gcyc1 (Cycloidea), a TCP gene known in patterning the floral dorsoventral asymmetry, we have explored the molecular evolution and genetic differentiation of Gcyc1 at population level, and the population history of C. ramondioides populations distributed in SE China. Eighteen SNPs are detected in 774-bp of the gene, of which eleven are non-synonymous. However, morphological observation of flowers shows that there is no visible differentiation in shape and size across the dorsoventral axis within each whorl. None of the eighteen SNPs is by all shared the eleven populations. Population differentiation is significant. These results reveal that evolution of Gcyc1 at population level is well in accord with the neutral theory. Our study indicates that the SNPs of developmental genes are also useful molecular markers for exploring the genetic differentiation and population history in nonmodel organisms.

In mathematics, physics, and science in general, vectors are quantities that contain multiple numbers (scalars). They are elements of vector spaces and, for example, points of metric spaces. The following topics provide interpretations of vectors, starting with the states of quantum systems and then extending to other natural phenomena in the direction of (my) information theory.

O tema deste artigo é a escravidão, em relação à qual desejamos responder duas questões: qual a importância da escravidão na formação da freguesia de Porto Alegre?  Como africanas, africanos e descendentes se relacionaram com a escravidão, fossem eles livres, libertos ou escravizados?  Em nosso entendimento, a multiplicidade de experiências de africanos e descendentes em Porto Alegre pode ser melhor analisada ao correlacionarmos três conjuntos de relações sociais: a sociedade estamental, a escravidão e a comunidade de matriz africana. O texto é dividido em cinco etapas. Na primeira, abordaremos os conjuntos de relações sociais nos quais mulheres e homens africanos e seus descendentes se envolveram. Na segunda, analisaremos a dimensão da população negra. Na terceira, abordaremos alguns aspectos da formação da escravidão na localidade. Na quarta, trataremos das condições de ascensão social por
parte de pardos e pretos libertos e livres. Por fim, abordaremos a formação de
comunidades de matriz africana.

This study focuses on the gross anatomy, anatomic relations, microanatomy, and the meaning of three enigmatic, geographically patterned, and quasi-continuous superstructures of the posterior cranium. Collectively known as occipital superstructures (OSSs), these traits are the occipital torus tubercle (TOT), retromastoid process (PR), and posterior supramastoid tubercle (TSP). When present, TOT, PR, and TSP develop at posterior cranial attachment sites of the upper trapezius, superior oblique, and sternocleidomastoid muscles, respectively. Marked expression and co-occurrence of these OSSs are virtually circumscribed within Oceania and reach highest recorded frequencies in protohistoric Chamorros (CHamoru) of the Mariana Islands. Prior to undertaking scanning electron microscopy (SEM) work, our working multifactorial model for OSS development was that early-onset, long-term, and chronic activity-related microtrauma at enthesis sites led to exuberant reactive or reparative responses in...

Archaeological investigation of the Jomon Culture is extensive and well supported among the Japanese public. The distinct pottery that characterizes the Jomon has been well documented and physical anthropological description of skeletal remains in Japan has a long and extensive history. However, questions remain of Jomon peoples origins, biological contribution to modern Japanese and biological relationship to the agriculturalist people associated with the Yayoi culture. Morphological analyses of Jomon skeletal material have suggested ambiguous origins and inter-regional heterogeneity has been observed based on craniofacial variation. Ancient DNA of skeletal remains associated with the Jomon Culture indicates possible distinct genetic lineages associated with various locations throughout greater East and Southeast Asia. Here, we review the relevance of using ancient DNA and morphometrics to answer some of the above questions and challenge models based on the assumption that archaeological culture is equal to a shared biological history. Recent literature is reviewed and summarized in order to give the reader an idea of how basic assumptions of biological ancestry can be questioned using
these new data. We end our discussion by suggesting further avenues of study and prospective research questions that could be asked in light of these new technologies.

Investigating the four mountains: field research methodology by the MIND project in Friuli context - The paper presents the path conducted by the Operational Unit (UO) of the University of Udine of Prin MIND to identify a methodology of field research that was effective and functional both in terms of comparability with other UOs and in terms of sustainability actions in the peculiar mountain context of Friuli. From the experience of the Residential Workshop “Mountains in the middle: Territorial systems and co-evolutionary dynamics” held in Agnone, fertile insights emerged that, comforted by the analysis of relevant literature and an initial phase of survey on policies and services, guided the Friulian UO in defining the research questions and allowed the definition of the methodological tools,
targets and case studies.

A complicated history of isolation between Fueguian and Patagonian groups (originated by the appearance of the Straits of Magellan) as much as differences in population structure and life strategies constitute important factors in the clustering pattern of those groups. The aim of this work was to test several hypotheses about population structure and history of Fueguian‐Patagonians to propose a model that incorporates predictions for future studies. R matrix methods and matrix permutation analyses were performed upon a data matrix of craniofacial measurements of 441 skulls divided into nine samples pertaining to six Patagonian and three Fueguian populations. Association of biological distances with three matrices representing several settlement patterns was tested using matrix permutation tests. Results of R matrix study show that the minimum genetic distance obtained confirms separation between Fueguians and Patagonians. Moreover, an analysis of residual variances from the expecte...

The B07 Tour will meet at Catania Airport at 10: 00 am on Monday 16th August. The meeting point is in the "Arrivals" hall (look out for people holding up "B07 Excursion" signs; they will direct you to a bus). We will leave for Siracuse, visiting the "Paolo Orsi" Archaeological Museum. Lunch at Siracuse before going on to Spinagallo Cave. Overnight stay at Taormina. DAY 2 Full day excursion to Taormina and Acquedolci -S. Teodoro cave. Overnight stay at Palermo. DAY 3 Full day excursion to Monte Pellegrino and Alcamo. Overnight stay at San Vito Lo Capo. DAY 4 Full day excursion to the neighbourhood of San Vito Lo Capo. In the afternoon transfer by bus to Palermo Airport. Sicily is the largest island in the Mediterranean, very well known all over the world for its beautiful landscapes, its very complex geological framework and its huge palaeontological heritage, preserved in the numerous cave deposits. Five Pleistocene vertebrate complexes have recently been recognized on the island, differing as to composition and degree of endemism. Each complex corresponds to different dispersal events, of various provenance (African and/or European), and has been controlled by fi ltering barriers of varying intensities. Variation in palaeogeography caused by tectonics and glacial and eustatic marine cycles have controlled the processes and timing of Middle Pleistocene and Late Pleistocene vertebrate faunal dispersion in Sicily, through temporary connections via the Straits of Messina and the Catanzaro isthmus (Southern Calabria). The fi eld trip will illustrate the palaeontological and geomorphological evidence of variations in the palaeogeography of Sicily during the Pleistocene. At Acquedolci (North Eastern Sicily), where the very large S. Teodoro cave is also located, thousands of remains of the endemic hippo Hippopotamus pentlandi, associated with a few remains of other taxa, are displayed in the excavation trenches within a lacustrine deposit. Late Pleistocene deposits will also be seen in the excavation trenchs in the S. Teodoro cave. Quaternary terraces in North Eastern and Western Sicily constitute very spectacular landscapes. Elephas mnaidriensis Sus scrofa Equus hydruntinus Cervus elaphus siciliae Bos primigenius siciliae Erinaceus cf. europaeus Crocidura cf. sicula Apodemus cf. silvaticus Microtus (Terricola) ex gr. savii Chiroptera Birds Podarcis sp. Gekkonidae Testudo sp. Anura Hyla gr. H. arborea Rana sp. Bufo cf. viridis Canis lupus Vulpes vulpes Equus caballus Equus hydruntinus Sus scrofa Cervus elaphus Bos primigenius Erinaceus europaeus Crocidura cf. sicula Microtus (Terricola) ex gr. savii Apodemus sp. Lepus europaeus Birds Volume n° 1 -from PR01 to B15

Más de tres siglos después de la gran sublevación india que se produjo en 1712 en San Juan Evangelista Cancuc en la región de los Zendales de la provincia de Chiapas, aún se narran una serie de historias acerca de esta Rebelión. Algunas de estas narraciones se centran en un personaje en particular: Juan López, un jefe y capitán mestizo que lideró a los rebeldes y que éste, además, gozaba con grandes poderes mágicos.

En este artículo comparamos y confrontamos las historias que se siguen narrando actualmente en la región con los testimonios escritos que dejaron las autoridades españolas. Este primer intento de análisis nos permitirá hacernos una idea de cómo la tradición oral de los tseltales ha reelaborado algunos hechos históricos para revestirlos de
nuevos significados.

Jusqu’à la fin du XIXe siècle, le concept de « civilisation » n’apparaissait pas dans le milieu des intellectuels confucéens vietnamiens. Ce n’est qu’au début du XXe siècle que ce concept a commencé à être débattu, dans des revues comme Dong DuongTap Chi (Magazine indochinois) et Nam Phong notamment. Vers la fin du XIXe siècle, les confucéens vietnamiens étaient pleinement conscients de la pénétration d’une civilisation entièrement différente de la leur. Ils ont perçu l’introduction au Vietnam de quatre éléments associés à l’Occident : la science et la technologie, le catholicisme, le mode de vie occidental et le QuocNgu (écriture de la langue nationale). On peut supposer que, pour les intellectuels vietnamiens de la fin du XIXe siècle, la civilisation occidentale se limitait à ces quatre facteurs. Ils n’avaient pas encore identifié des aspects plus subtils de la culture occidentale comme l’esprit d’indépendance, l’esprit critique, le rationalisme et l’individualisme. La plupart d’entre eux mettaient le confucianisme au centre de leur raisonnement et le prenaient comme le principal point de référence pour évaluer les éléments propres à la civilisation occidentale. Pourtant, les intellectuels progressistes, au-delà des quatre éléments mentionnés, ont également reconnu le rôle de l’éducation occidentale dans la modernisation du pays. Ils avaient été éduqués dans le confucianisme mais ils étaient conscients des progrès apportés par l’éducation occidentale.

A la fin du XIXe siècle, les intellectuels confucéens se divisaient en deux groupes ayant des attitudes opposées : ceux qui critiquent et refusent la civilisation occidentale et ceux qui reconnaissent les progrès faits après l'importation des éléments occidentaux et proposent de s’en servir pour réformer le pays.
Commençons par examiner l’attitude des intellectuels qui s’opposaient à la civilisation occidentale.

Purpose: Saguenay-Lac-Saint-Jean is a region located in the northeastern part of the Province of Quebec, Canada, and is characterized by a founder effect. In this region, it has been documented that the incidence of cystic fibrosis reached 1/902 live births between 1975 and 1988, three times higher than the average incidence of 1/2500 live births reported in other Caucasian populations. This corresponds to a carrier rate of 1/15. Methods: Using genotyping data from the Canadian Consortium for Cystic Fibrosis Genetic Studies, this article describes the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator profile of the cystic fibrosis population living in the Saguenay-Lac-Saint-Jean region and compares it with cystic fibrosis populations living in three other regions of the Province of Quebec. Results: Significant differences in allelic frequencies of common mutations (as ‚F508, 621 ϩ 1GϾT and A455E), and in percentage of covered allele with three or six mutations, were found in Saguenay-Lac-Saint-Jean compared to other regions. Based on this result, two mutation panels exceeding 90% sensitivity threshold are now proposed for cystic fibrosis carrier screening in this region. Conclusion: The implementation of the proposed carrier screening program could diminish the incidence of this disease in this region and allow future parents to make informed decisions about family planning.

Fujian Province is the most concentrated area of She population in China, and the way of life of the She people in southern Fujian has been gradually sinicized through frequent exchanges with the local Han people, but the architectural layout is more simplified than that of the Han dwellings. In this paper, we selected the two cities of Quanzhang, the core area of southern Fujian, as the scope of investigation, and collected data on the well-preserved historical architectural features of She villages in Quanzhang through field surveys, aerial photography by drones, and on-site surveying and mapping, etc., and screened typical residential cases and drew the architectural floor plans. In this paper, we use the classification method to extract the two basic plan composition elements of Minnan She dwellings, namely, “one-word style” and “patio style”, and simulate the evolution of architectural plan with these two basic elements to summarize the spatial combination forms of She dwellings in Minnan area, trying to find the most suitable plan composition of local She dwellings and the most suitable plan composition of local She dwellings. The two basic elements are used to simulate the evolution of architectural planes, summarize the spatial combination of She dwellings in Minnan area, and try to find the general rules of the planes of She dwellings in Minnan area, as well as clarify the reasons for the differences between the She dwellings and Han dwellings, so as to provide a classification reference for the protection and research of the ethnic minority villages in China in the future.

In this article we 'read against the grain' of the archive to explore the sound world of an Indigenous rebellion against Spanish colonial rule in Chiapas in 1712. Although this topic has often interested historians and anthropologists, none of them explicitly engage the rebellion's sonorities. Contending that a focus on sound may allow new features of the rebellion to come to light, we explore the use of sonorous objects and musical instruments in the rebels' religious worship and military practices. Building on this analysis, we emphasize the place of ideas about 'quietude' within practices for violently reasserting colonial power. In 1716 the priest Jacobo Álvarez de Ulloa wrote to the President of the Audiencia de Guatemala, Toribio de Cosío, to thank him for carrying out reducciones among the Indigenous Tzeltal people of the province of Chiapa, where Álvarez de Ulloa was based. 1 These reducciones were a vicious campaign of reprisals for the 1712 Cancuc uprising, which had taken place throughout the province four years prior, through which for a brief few months colonial authority had been overthrown, replaced by a political order created by Indigenous peoples speaking Tzeltal, Tzotzil, and Ch'ol and which was centred on the town of San Juan Cancuc. Prior to the uprising, the priest wrote, Tzeltales had been 'ferocious wolves': disobedient, unwilling to work, foul-mouthed, andabove allloud. 'In all of these Towns,' he said, 'anything that the Passengers asked in exchange for money, they would give many shouts, calling the eldest or the

Review of S T R A UMAN N ( S . ) , SC HWAR Z ( P . -A. ) Insulae in Context.
Proceedings of the International Colloquium in Basel and Augusta
Raurica, September 25th – 28th 2019. (Forschungen in Augst 57.)
Pp. 328, b/w & colour ills, b/w & colour maps. Augst: Augusta
Raurica, 2023. Cased, CHF80. ISBN: 978-3-7965-4848-2. This volume presents the proceedings of a symposium held in 2019 in Basel and Augusta Raurica. The aim of these meetings was to take a global approach to insulae and to consider concrete questions in order to produce a synthesis of current knowledge through several case studies and to open up new perspectives for research. Participants were expected not only to present a site in terms of their own issues, but also to consider answers to a series of pre-defined questions. These questions were divided into four groups, dealing respectively with: (1) Planning-Development-Construction; (2) Architecture-Structure-Organisation; (3) Space-Characteristics-Function; and (4) Location-Circulation-Urbanism. A preliminary definition of what the authors define as an 'insula' is provided in the introduction. The authors describe it as a residential and commercial district 'enclosed by a street grid that was usually orthogonal' (p. 12). More broadly, the term insula is used to denote a multi-storey building with workshops and shops (tabernae) on the ground floor and rented apartments on the upper floors. There are fourteen contributions, covering a synthesis of the legal framework and thirteen case studies on sites in Italy and the western provinces. The volume concludes with a general summary in English and then in German. The volume is carefully edited and illustrated with photographs and plans, many in colour. The double-page map (pp. 16-17) is very helpful, showing all the sites mentioned in the volume, with cross-references to the corresponding pages. This didactic effort to guide readers through the volume as effectively as possible is much appreciated. The initial contribution, by J.M. Rainer, is concise and provides crucial clarifications on legal matters pertaining to insulae. These include the ownership of land and walls, as well as the legal framework for the activities that took place there. Legal models for renting are also discussed, as are ownership relationships and the respective rights of lessees and lessors. This is followed by Straumann's contribution on Augusta Raurica's insula 30, which served as the starting point for the symposium. In the context of the book's structure, it was therefore logical to present it as the first case study. Straumann precisely follows the framework announced in the introduction, responding to all the questions stated there. This meticulous presentation of the results of his research enables him to present the various facets of the interaction between insula 30 and its urban environment, as well as its internal organisation, from a diachronic perspective. A. Gering's article is the first of four studies based on the Ostia site. Gering presents the recent results of the Ostia Forum (OFP) research programme, which has restored the original layout of the insulae in Ostia's city centre. The focus is on the initial planning and subsequent development of Ostia's first network of insulae. A. Coralini's contribution is one of two published here on Pompeii. This presentation offers a historiographical review of insulae studies in Pompeii since the 1970s, when this type of investigation began to take off. The most significant research programmes are presented, along with their methods of analysis. Coralini's principal focus is on the evolution of research issues. J. Bermejo Tirado uses 'Space Syntax Analysis'an approach combining computer and THE CLASSICAL REVIEW 596

Die beiden Editorinnen legen einen Reader zur griechischen Soziolinguistik vor, der Artikel zu verschiedenen Aspekten der Kommunikation im Neugriechischen bringt und offenbar für den Universitätsbetrieb bestimmt ist. Georgakopoulou ist bisher mit einer Monographie zur rezenten oralen Narrativistik hervorgetreten (A.

O estudo que apresentamos centra-se na análise da evolução e dos comportamentos demográficos da freguesia de Picote, concelho de Miranda do Douro, entre 1796 e 1900. Os registos paroquiais constituíram o principal suporte documental desta investigação e permitiram a análise das diferentes variáveis que influenciam as dinâmicas das populações: nupcialidade, natalidade e mortalidade. Picote é uma freguesia rural rica em tradições e protagonista de uma história demográfica ditada pelo isolamento e localização geográfica; é, também, essa história feita à cadência da vida das mulheres e homens daquela comunidade, que esperamos que este trabalho consiga transmitir.The study presented on this document focuses on the analysis of demographic behaviors and population evolution between 1796 and 1900 of Picote parish, in Miranda do Douro County. The parish records represented the main documental support for this investigation and allowed the analysis of demographic variables which influenced th...

Asia has served as a focal point for human migration during much of the Late Pleistocene and Holocene. Clarification of East Asia's role as a source and/or transit point for human dispersals requires that this region's own settlement history be understood. To this end, we examined variation at 52 polymorphic sites on the nonrecombining portion of the Y chromosome (NRY) in 1,383 unrelated males, representing 25 populations from southern East Asia (SEAS), northern East Asia (NEAS), and central Asia (CAS). The polymorphisms defined 45 global haplogroups, 28 of which were present in these three regions. Although heterozygosity levels were similar in all three regions, the average pairwise difference among haplogroups was noticeably smaller in SEAS. Multidimensional scaling analysis indicated a general separation of SEAS versus NEAS and CAS populations, and analysis of molecular variance produced very different values of F ST in NEAS and SEAS populations. In spatial autocorrelation analyses, the overall correlogram exhibited a clinal pattern; however, the NEAS populations showed evidence of both isolation by distance and ancient clines, whereas there was no evidence of structure in SEAS populations. Nested cladistic analysis demonstrated that population history events and ongoing demographic processes both contributed to the contrasting patterns of NRY variation in NEAS and SEAS. We conclude that the peopling of East Asia was more complex than earlier models had proposed-that is, a multilayered, multidirectional, and multidisciplinary framework is necessary. For instance, in addition to the previously recognized genetic and dental dispersal signals from SEAS to NEAS populations, CAS has made a significant contribution to the contemporary gene pool of NEAS, and the Sino-Tibetan expansion has left traces of a genetic trail from northern to southern China.

Sri Lanka must bridge the gap between academia and industry by encouraging professionals to pursue doctoral studies. This will drive innovation, strengthen policymaking, and boost economic growth. A Key Performance Indicator (KPI) should track the contribution of doctorate holders in industry for national progress.

The history of the Principality of Transylvania is one of the most popular topics in Hungarian historiography and is also of great international interest. Although our understanding of the principality has significantly improved in recent decades, the overall perception of the subject has not fundamentally changed. The studies aimed at achieving a deeper and more comprehensive understanding of the nations and communities of Transylvania have a long history; however, our knowledge remains incomplete in many respects. While we have detailed descriptions of the social structure of Transylvanian society and its unique self-organizing communities during the Middle Ages, there is a notable lack of analysis concerning social relationships in the centuries following the Battle of Mohács. This is particularly true regarding the structural composition of rural society. This paper aims to analyse the structural characteristics of rural society and conduct a comparative examination of its composition in Cluj and Turda Counties during the early decades of the eighteenth century. By analysing the relevant data, we can gain a detailed understanding of the social relations within the rural communities of the period, while also providing a terminological framework for examining the conceptual development of given social categories.

The analysis of ancient human DNA from South America allows the exploration of pre-Columbian population history through time and to directly test hypotheses about cultural and demographic evolution. The Middle Horizon (650-1100 AD) represents a major transitional period in the Central Andes, which is associated with the development and expansion of ancient Andean empires such as Wari and Tiwanaku. These empires facilitated a series of interregional interactions and socio-political changes, which likely played an important role in shaping the region's demographic and cultural profiles. We analyzed individuals from three successive pre-Columbian cultures present at the Huaca Pucllana archaeological site in Lima, Peru: Lima (Early Intermediate Period, 500-700 AD), Wari (Middle Horizon, 800-1000 AD) and Ychsma (Late Intermediate Period, 1000-1450 AD). We sequenced 34 complete mitochondrial genomes to investigate the potential genetic impact of the Wari Empire in the Central Coast of Peru. The results indicate that genetic diversity shifted only slightly through time, ruling out a complete population discontinuity or replacement driven by the Wari imperialist hegemony, at least in the region around present-day Lima. However, we caution that the very subtle genetic contribution of Wari imperialism at the particular Huaca Pucllana archaeological site might not be representative for the entire Wari territory in the Peruvian Central Coast.

In this dissertation I examine population history and structure in the Maya area during the Classic period (A.D. 250-900). Within the Maya area, archaeologists have identified regional variation in material culture between archaeological zones. These cultural differences may correspond to biological differences between Classic Maya populations. I test the hypothesis that Classic Maya population structure followed an isolation by distance model. I collected dental nonmetric and metric traits on 977 skeletons, from 18 Classic period sites, representing seven different archaeological zones. I corrected the data for intraobserver error. For the dental nonmetric data, I developed a Maya-specific trait dichotomization scheme and controlled for sex bias. I tested the dental metric data for normality and age affects. I imputed missing dental metric data for some traits and the remaining set of traits was Q-mode transformed to control for allometric factors. I analyzed the dental nonmetric and metric datasets with both univariate and multivariate tests. I found, with a log likelihood ratio, that 50% of the nonmetric traits exhibited statistically significant differences between Maya sites. I performed a Mean Measure of Divergence analysis of the dental nonmetric dataset and found that majority of the resulting pairwise distance values were significant. Using cluster analysis and multidimensional scaling, I found that the dental nonmetric data do not support an isolation by distance organization of Classic Maya population structure. In the ANOVA and MANOVA tests, I did not find major statistically significant differences in dental metrics between Maya vii vii Young University (Piedras Negras); the Instituto de Antropología e Historia de Guatemala (Tikal, Petexbatun sites, Kaminaljuyu, Balberta, Montana Complex); Takeshi Inomata of the University of Arizona (Aguateca); Frederic Bove of the Universidad del Valle (Balberta,

This policy chapter analyses the evolution of the European Union’s industrial policy in the face of foreign competition from the 1960s to 2019 and the lessons to be drawn from this experience. The first part analyses the different EU instruments in terms of industrial policy vis-à-vis those of Japan and the United States in the 1950s and 1960s. It shows that the deficiency of the EU’s instruments compared to the two other economic powers during those decades led to a strengthening of the competitiveness of Japanese and US industries at the expense of European high-tech companies. At the same time, the absence of an EU-wide industrial policy at the time for those sectors led to significant foreign technological dependency of European companies. The second part of this policy chapter analyses the response of EU institutions to US and Japanese industrial competition from the 1970s to the 1990s and its impact on the competitiveness of EU companies. It demonstrates that the strengthening of horizontal instruments in the 1980s and the strategy of promoting open markets led to the substantial growth of manufacturing output but failed to sufficiently materialise in terms of technological innovation and productivity growth. The main reasons for this were the late adoption of EU industrial policy instruments to improve the competitiveness of high-tech sectors and the lack of investment of European companies in plants and equipment. Finally, the EU’s horizontal and “open markets” strategy led to increasing foreign industrial and technological dependence of European companies. The third part of the chapter describes the EU’s industrial policy strategy and assesses its results in the face of increasing Chinese industrial competition from 2000 to 2019. It shows that the pursuit of the EU’s industrial policy strategy implemented during the 1980s and the 1990s did not enable European industry to meet the “Chinese challenge”. The main factors explaining this failure are, first, the lack of an EU approach to identify the strategies of other industrial powers and their companies on a longterm basis. Then, the absence of EU-wide instruments for effective coordination between the Member States forced European companies to make “intelligent” investments to improve the competitiveness of the EU’s industry. Finally, there are no effective tools at the EU level to efficiently mitigate foreign industrial and technology dependency. To solve these problems, we propose, first, to create an inter-DG task force to analyse competitors’ strategies and identify strategic vital industry processes to develop and protect EU competitiveness. Then, we propose to mobilise investment for European industry and coordinate business strategies to authorise the Commission to issue opinions and grant loans to increase the investment of European companies based on the new task force’s work. Finally, if the Commission continues to promote access to foreign markets and the fight against protectionist practices at a multilateral level, the institution should be able to automatically apply provisional reciprocity measures in the event of foreign protectionist actions. These reciprocity measures include the application of safeguard clauses and the blocking of problematic agreements between companies for EU economic security.

While other nations’ digital currencies are still in initial planning stages, China is at the forefront of monetary innovation with the launch of a digital yuan. Will it impact the United States’ control over the international payment system? And what are the geopolitical consequences of the EU not opting for a digital euro?

Multiple lines of genetic and archaeological evidence suggest that there were major demographic changes in the terminal Late Pleistocene epoch and early Holocene epoch of sub-Saharan Africa1–4. Inferences about this period are challenging to make because demographic shifts in the past 5,000 years have obscured the structures of more ancient populations3,5. Here we present genome-wide ancient DNA data for six individuals from eastern and south-central Africa spanning the past approximately 18,000 years (doubling the time depth of sub-Saharan African ancient DNA), increase the data quality for 15 previously published ancient individuals and analyse these alongside data from 13 other published ancient individuals. The ancestry of the individuals in our study area can be modelled as a geographically structured mixture of three highly divergent source populations, probably reflecting Pleistocene interactions around 80–20 thousand years ago, including deeply diverged eastern and southern ...

1. The assessment of species extinction risk has been well established for some time now. Assessing the potential for recovery in endangered species is however much more challenging, because complementary approaches are required to detect reliable signals of positive trends. 2. This study combines genetics, demography and behavioural data at three different time-scales to assess historical and recent population changes and evidence of reproductive synchrony in a small population of olive ridley sea turtle Lepidochelys olivacea. Lepidochelys is considered as the most extraordinary example of reproductive synchrony in reptiles, yet to date, it has only been reported in large populations. 3. Using Bayesian coalescent-based models on microsatellite nuclear DNA variability, we demonstrate that effective population size in olive ridleys nesting in French Guiana has dramatically declined by 99% over the last 20 centuries. This low current population size is further illustrated by the absence of genetic mitochondrial DNA diversity in the present nesting population. Yet, monitoring of nesting sites in French Guiana suggests a possible recovery of the population over the last decade. 4. Satellite telemetry shows that over the first 14 days of their 28-days inter-nesting interval, i.e. when eggs maturation is likely to occur, gravid females disperse over the continental shelf. They then gather together with a striking spatiotemporal consistency close to the nesting site, where they later emerge for their second nesting event. 5. Our results therefore suggest that reproductive synchrony also occurs in small populations. Olive ridleys may ensure this synchrony by adjusting the duration of the second half of their internesting interval prior to landing, possibly through social mediation. 6. Such reproductive synchrony may be related to the maintenance of some species-specific strategy despite former collapse and may contribute to the present population recovery. The gregarious behaviour of reproductive individuals close to shore where human-induced perturbations occur is however a cause for conservation concern for this still poorly known species.

La historia está plagada de ejemplos de injusticia sistémica y violencia basada en la raza, la etnia y otras diferencias. Es crucial reconocer estas atrocidades para aprender de ellas y trabajar por un futuro más equitativo. Por ejemplo: El proceso de injusticia en la historia del mundo, esclavitud, nazismo, segregación en EEUU, guerra de los Balcanes, falsos positivos en Colombia, pueden ser una tesis doctoral sobre la superioridad blanca que necesita decretar la inferioridad de otros grupos humanos. Los nazis aprendieron de las

Latin America has tried to cope with ethnicity and race issues since the beginning of the colonization process till current days, therefore, how to collect this information is also a sensible point on census matter. Additionally, different countries build their racial and ethnical identity based on different criteria. From that we built an analysis of the criteria used by the last two Censuses round of Argentina, Brazil, Colombia, and Ecuador in South America. For that, initially, census criteria used to represent ethnic and racial categories in those four countries were assembled into a comparative table. Following it were assessed the constitutional and law changes concerning ethnical and racial issue, alongside the social movements/civil society demands for the same period. It made possible seeking the changes on census criteria for ethnic and racial data collection within and among those countries, highlighting the differences on how each country officially deal with their popul...

Summary: Genetic data obtained on population samples convey information about their evolutionary history. Inference methods can extract part of this information but they require sophisticated statistical techniques that have been made available to the biologist community (through computer programs) only for simple and standard situations typically involving a small number of samples. We propose here a computer program (DIY ABC) for inference based on approximate Bayesian computation (ABC), in which scenarios can be customized by the user to fit many complex situations involving any number of populations and samples. Such scenarios involve any combination of population divergences, admixtures and population size changes. DIY ABC can be used to compare competing scenarios, estimate parameters for one or more scenarios and compute bias and precision measures for a given scenario and known values of parameters (the current version applies to unlinked microsatellite data). This article d...

Systematik: Nacktsamer (Gymnospermae) -Föhrengewächse (Familie Pinaceae) -Föhren (Gattung Pinus) -Pinus cembra L.; nächste Verwandte: P. sibirica Verbreitung: Alpen, Karpaten Lebensraum: (supra)subalpine Höhenstufe, mit Lärche (Larix decidua) und Fichte (Picea abies); zumeist gut wasserversorgte, saure Rohhumusböden, vorwiegend Nord-und West-exponiert; meidet Muldenlagen Wuchsform: aufrecht, bis 25 m; oft mehrstämmig oder durch Schäden kandelaberförmig Alter: meistens bis max. 400 Jahre, «Methusalem»-Arven anekdotisch über 1000-jährig Fortpflanzung: einhäusig / getrenntgeschlechtig, mit weiblichen (Zapfen; Abb. 3a) und männlichen Blütenständen (Abb. 3b) auf derselben Pflanze; reproduktiv ab etwa 40 Jahren (in Kultur auch früher), Samenentwicklung zweijährig; reife Samen wiegen 150-270 mg Ausbreitung: Pollen durch Wind, Samen hauptsächlich durch Tannenhäher Erkennungsmerkmale: 5 Nadeln pro Büschel, die dreikantigen Nadeln auf 2 Seiten mit weisslichen Wachsstreifen, junge Triebe rotgelb filzig; geschlossene, violett überlaufene, selten grüne Zapfen mit ungeflügelten, hartschaligen Samen Vorkommen in der Schweiz: 5,7 Mio. Bäume (>12 cm Stammdurchmesser), 1,2 % der Stammzahl landesweit; 2,9 Mio m 3 (0,7 %) Holzvorrat; Zunahme beider Werte gegenüber LFI3 (2004-2006) um 9 % (Landesforstinventar LFI4, 2009-2017) Namen deutsch: Arve, Arbe, Zirbe, Zirbelkiefer, Zir(b)m; französisch: arole, arolle, pin cembro, pin des Alpes; italienisch: cirmolo, pino cembro; romanisch: gembru, gembra, (d)schember; englisch: Swiss stone pine, arolla pine Steckbrief Arve Abb. 4. Genetische Struktur der Arve in ihrem natürlichen Verbreitungsgebiet. Die Kreise markieren jeweils einen genetisch untersuchten Bestand, die Farben in den Kreisdiagrammen stellen die Zuordnungsanteile zu einer der fünf genetischen Verwandtschaftsgruppen dar. Kleine Karte: natürliches Verbreitungsgebiet der Arve in den Alpen und den Karpaten. Quelle: Gugerli et al. in review, kleine Karte: Euforgen.

Question stated -Little prospect of a determination of it, from the enmity of the opposing parties -The principal argument against the perfectibility of man and of society has never been fairly answered -Nature of the difficulty arising from population -Outline of the principal argument of the Essay CHAPTER 2 .