Petrochemical industry

El fenómeno de la desactivación catalítica es un problema crítico en procesos industriales debido a la formación de depósitos indeseados, como coque, en la superficie de los catalizadores. Este ensuciamiento afecta la actividad y selectividad catalítica al reducir la superficie activa disponible. El estudio discute las principales causas, como la quimisorción de carbono, la acumulación en poros y la formación de múltiples capas. Factores como la temperatura, la alimentación y las condiciones operativas influyen significativamente en la formación de coque, que puede clasificarse en sensible e insensible según su capacidad de eliminación. Además, se presentan métodos para mitigar el ensuciamiento, incluyendo técnicas de gasificación, reformado con vapor y regeneración de catalizadores. También se examinan los mecanismos de formación y desactivación de catalizadores metálicos y de óxidos metálicos, destacando cómo las propiedades del catalizador y las condiciones operativas afectan la naturaleza y los efectos del ensuciamiento. Como conclusión se resalta la importancia de optimizar el diseño de catalizadores, implementar técnicas de regeneración y reducir la formación de depósitos para mejorar la eficiencia y sostenibilidad de los procesos industriales, reduciendo costos y el impacto ambiental asociado al descarte de catalizadores desactivados.

Bien que les études qui plaident explicitement pour une histoire environnementale des désindustrialisations soient rares, ce texte propose une synthèse historiographique et identifie des pistes de travail pour prolonger les enquêtes environnementales sur les processus marqués par la "ruinification".

Objective
In today's turbulent and rapidly changing world, adopting effective governance practices leads to improved organizational performance. Currently, organizations are influenced by several factors, including inflation, international and national instability, and the risk of diseases such as COVID-19. These factors contribute to the political, structural, and dynamic complexity of organizational growth and their surrounding environments. Achieving an organization’s vision and the realization of its strategies is not possible without prioritizing governance approaches. Managers must therefore regard governance as a central pillar for achieving organizational goals. As a result, various successful governance models have attracted the attention of researchers. The aim of this research is to identify the components of multi-level governance in complex organizations.
Methods
This research was conducted as a developmental study using documentary methods, content analysis, and meta-synthesis. The documentary and content analysis methods were used to explain the key components of multi-level governance in complex organizations. In the documentary methodology section, notes were taken from research sources related to the topic of multi-level governance. For the content analysis, existing studies and literature in this field were reviewed and organized with the input of researchers. Subsequently, a meta-composite method a qualitative synthesis technique was applied. A total of 361 articles related to multi-level governance were reviewed, and 67 sources (54 articles in English and 13 in Farsi) were selected for final analysis. To extract concepts and key components of multi-level governance, the traditional seven-step model of meta-synthesis proposed by Sandelowski and Barroso was used. These steps include: (1) setting the research question, (2) conducting a systematic review of the literature, (3) searching and accessing relevant sources, (4) extracting information from sources, (5) analyzing and synthesizing findings, (6) conducting quality control, and (7) presenting the findings. In the second phase of the research, Shannon's entropy was used to explain the significance and weight of the calculated components

Every plastic product has a backstory that starts in oil fields and gas wells. The extraction of fossil fuels for plastic is resource-intensive and environmentally destructive. Once extracted, crude oil and natural gas are transformed into plastic resins in petrochemical facilities, a process that releases toxic chemicals and poses serious health risks. Most plastic products are designed for a short, single use, which stands in sharp contrast to the centuries it takes for plastic to degrade in nature. When mismanaged, plastic waste escapes into nature, breaks down into microplastics, and enters the food chain. The life cycle of plastic is a story of extraction, transformation, rapid use, and slow decay. Addressing plastic pollution requires intervening at every stage, not just at the point of disposal.

Cet article revient sur la pandémie de Covid et, s’inspirant de textes et concepts inscrits dans la mouvance de l’auto-défense sanitaire, défend l’assimilation de la perspective des communs négatifs avec un communisme du désastre ou du soin. La pandémie interroge selon nous l’exposition des travailleur-euses à un risque léthal du fait de la contrainte de subsister en travaillant pour des organisations. À l’instar du propos d’Yves Citton dans ce même numéro, cet état de fait invite à imaginer d’autres modèles de protection sociales adaptés à une économie du soin des communs négatif. Revenant sur la pandémie, à partir du concept de « diagonalisme » proposé par William Callison et Quinn Slobodian, il apparaît que c’est le défaut d’une telle économie qui contribua à pousser des foules de free-lances à se radicaliser sur YouTube ou Twitter, sur un mode conspiritualistes, alors que les cadres pouvaient télétravailler via Zoom ou Teams. Une économie de l’incurie s’est ainsi substitué à une économie du soin.

Pollution prevention and abatement handbook, 1998: toward cleaner production / in collaboration with the United Nations Enviromnent Programme and the United Nations Industrial Development Organization. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references. ISBN 0-8213-3638-X 1. Factory and trade waste-Management. 2. Pollution prevention.

The purpose of this research is to identify the key components of the evaluation of knowledge technology from the experts' point of view. This research was carried out under the positivism paradigm. In order to collect information, library and field methods have been considered. First, knowledge audit components were obtained by Delphi method. Then, to compare these components, data was collected through AHP questionnaire. Questionnaire was distributed among faculty members and doctoral students of information science and epistemology of Tehran state universities and AHP method was used for data analysis. In order to analyze the data, Spss 52 and Expert Choice 11 software were used for data analysis. In the Delphi phase,11indicators including the financial component, system quality, system infrastructure, knowledge technology service quality, knowledge technology architecture, user interface, user satisfaction about the system, the value of work results, perceived benefits and benefits From the system, upto-dateness and 93 items were identified. Each of these indicators also has its own sub-indicators, whose degree of importance has also been examined. Based on the hierarchical analysis method, the financial

This article reviews the application of Fenton process to treat wastewater from the petrochemical industry. The reaction mechanism is briefly described, and the main variables that influence the efficiency of this process are analyzed (oxidizing agent and catalyst level, temperature, pH, reaction time, type of pollutant and the presence of anions). Additionally, several studies evaluating the feasibility of the Fenton system in the degradation of oil-derived substances are described, as well as Fenton process’ limitations and future perspectives.

Pinch technology is one of the most powerful methodologies of process integration that allows industries to increase their profitability through reductions in energy, water and raw materials consumption. In this study, reduction in the total annual cost of heat exchanger network (HEN) of Fluid Catalytic Cracking (FCC) unit in Kaduna Refining and Petrochemical Company (KRPC), Kaduna was determined. With the help of pinch technology, the reduction was achieved by first determining optimum minimum temperature difference by trading off energy cost and capital cost targets as a function of minimum temperature difference. Thereafter, the total annual cost obtained at the optimum minimum temperature difference was compared with total annual cost of existing design. The results of the analysis showed that the optimum minimum temperature difference was 12℃, the total annual costs of the existing design and the optimum-minimum-temperature-difference based cost were $8.7 and $7.1 Million respectively. This amounted to percentage reduction in the total annual cost of 18.4% which means that about $1.6 Million would been saved annually using the optimum minimum temperature difference to design the HEN of the FCC unit.

Pinch technology is one of the most powerful methodologies of process integration that allows industries to increase their profitability through reductions in energy, water and raw materials consumption. In this study, reduction in the total annual cost of heat exchanger network (HEN) of Fluid Catalytic Cracking (FCC) unit in Kaduna Refining and Petrochemical Company (KRPC), Kaduna was determined. With the help of pinch technology, the reduction was achieved by first determining optimum minimum temperature difference by trading off energy cost and capital cost targets as a function of minimum temperature difference. Thereafter, the total annual cost obtained at the optimum minimum temperature difference was compared with total annual cost of existing design. The results of the analysis showed that the optimum minimum temperature difference was 12℃, the total annual costs of the existing design and the optimum-minimum-temperature-difference based cost were $8.7 and $7.1 Million respectively. This amounted to percentage reduction in the total annual cost of 18.4% which means that about $1.6 Million would been saved annually using the optimum minimum temperature difference to design the HEN of the FCC unit.

Introduction. The article is relevant because the number of company bankruptcies increased, especially in capital-intensive industries such as construction. This creates the need to develop and apply effective methods for the early detection of financial problems, which makes the topic particularly relevant.
The article aims to analyze models for identifying companies approaching bankruptcy.
Materials and methods. The materials were articles in peer-reviewed journals on finance and economics devoted to the analysis of financial ratios and bankruptcy prediction. Research methods included calculating financial coefficients based on financial reporting data and statistical analysis.
Results. A primary duty of an arbitration administrator in the insolvency (bankruptcy) procedure is to conduct a financial analysis of the debtor’s activities. The study of the debtor’s financial condition was carried out by the approved Rules for performing financial analysis by the arbitration administrator using the coefficient method of economic analysis. The analysis results can be used to substantiate the possibility or impossibility of restoring the debtor’s solvency, and the expediency of introducing subsequent procedures used in bankruptcy proceedings.
Conclusion. With the development of technologies such as machine learning and big data, new opportunities are opening up for deeper and more accurate analysis of financial ratios. This allows us to develop more complex bankruptcy prediction models, which makes the topic relevant for researchers and practitioners.
The prospects also lie in the possibility of integrating the analysis of financial coefficients with other methods, such as the analysis of external factors (economic, political, social) and qualitative analysis.

Sulla base di un’etnografia svolta tra il 2020 e il 2022 a Gela, città della costa meridionale
della Sicilia, le trasformazioni cui è andato incontro il senso del luogo e il suo racconto
tra illusioni di grandiosità veicolate dall’industria, ruderi della modernità che permeano
lo spazio urbano, sentimenti nostalgici e reperti archeologici. L’apertura di un impianto
petrolchimico negli anni Sessanta da parte dell’Eni ha trasformato Gela da piccola realtà
agricola in snodo dell’industrializzazione del meridione italiano, offrendo alla città un
inedito senso di centralità e avanguardia. La recente dismissione dell’impianto ha tuttavia
lasciato un territorio contraddistinto da inquinamento, abusivismo edilizio e incertezza
del futuro. Il testo analizza il lento processo di rovinamento che caratterizza tanto i ruderi
industriali quanto il tessuto urbano contraddistinto da edifici abbandonati, palazzi incompiuti
e progetti mai completati. Da un lato, mette in luce il tentativo di rimuovere questa
materialità in disfacimento per reimmaginare lo spazio urbano. Dall’altro, sottolinea
come il racconto delle rovine della modernità fondi un senso di intimità e appartenenza. Il
paesaggio di rovine si lega, inoltre, a un nuovo immaginario che, evocando nostalgicamente
il passato rurale e i segni dell’antica colonia greca, cerca di fondare un nuovo senso della
località più in linea con i paradigmi di sviluppo turistico. L’articolo dimostra, infine, come a orientare l’immaginario rurale e pre-industriale e le annesse fantasie di grandeur turistica
sia proprio l’introiezione di quelle rappresentazioni grandiose del sé veicolate dalla stagione
del petrolchimico che oggi si vorrebbe dimenticare

Heat Exchanger (HE) merupakan suatu alat yang digunakan dalam proses perpindahan panas untuk mentransfer energi dari fluida panas ke fluida dingin, ataupun sebaliknya, tanpa terjadi perpindahan massa didalamnya dan dapat digunakan sebagai pemanas maupun pendingin untuk memenuhi luaran yang ditentukan. Permasalahan pada heat exchanger yakni terbentuknya fouling. Fouling adalah deposit yang tidak diinginkan pada permukaan heat transfer yang menghambat proses perpindahan panas heat exchanger. Fouling merupakan masalah yang tidak dapat dihindari, tetapi dapat diminimalkan dengan menentukan geomteri heat exchanger yang optimal. Beberapa penelitian yang telah dilakukan adalah menganalisa fouling akibat kondisi operasi dan desain heat exchanger. Pada kondisi operasi yakni fouling diakibatkan oleh perubahan temperatur dan laju aliran massa. Pada proses desain heat exchanger yakni dengan konstanta yang nilainya ditetapkan dahulu kemudian menentukan geometri heat exchanger, tanpa memperhatikan rangkaian seri atau paralel pada heat exchanger tersebut. Hubungan seri atau paralel ini menyebabkan perubahan temperatur dan flowrate yang berbeda pada setiap heat exchanger. Perubahan temperatur dan flowrate pada heat exchanger akan menyebabkan terbentuknya fouling yang berbeda beda. Dalam penelitian ini,rangkaian seri seri merupakan rangkaian terbaik dibandingkan dengan yang lain. Optimisasi xii dilakukan untuk menentukan geometri shell and tube heat exchanger pada rangkaian seri seri sehingga diperoleh fouling resistance minimal. Optimisasi dilakukan dengan menggunakan beberapa metode stokastik. Variabel yang dioptimisasi adalah diameter dalam shell (Ds), diameter luar tube (do), dan jumlah baffle (Nb). Dari hasil optimisasi Rain Water Optimization didapatkan bahwa pada rangkaian seri seri nilai fouling resistance pada sisi shell (Rfs) untuk HE yang pertama berkurang 15% dan untuk HE yang kedua berkurang 14%, sedangkan fouling resistance pada sisi tube (Rft) untuk HE yang pertama berkurang 7% dan HE yang kedua berkurang 1%.

Kajian ini mengkaji perkembangan terbaru dalam teknologi pengeringan kertas, dengan penekanan pada kemajuannya. Pengeringan kertas adalah tahap penting dalam pembuatan kertas, yang berpengaruh besar terhadap kualitas produk dan penggunaan energi. Dengan menganalisis beberapa penelitian utama di bidang ini, kajian ini menekankan strategi untuk mengoptimalkan pengering cilinder konvensional berbasis uap, inovasi dalam teknik pengeringan alternatif, serta kemajuan dalam cara meningkatkan efisiensi energi. Hasil menunjukkan bahwa peningkatan dalam profil kelembapan, penyempurnaan sistem uap, dan penerapan sistem kontrol modern telah menghasilkan penghematan energi yang signifikan tanpa mengorbankan atau bahkan meningkatkan kualitas kertas. Teknologi baru seperti pengeringan impuls dan pengeringan melalui udara menunjukkan potensi untuk penggunaan tertentu, meskipun pengeringan silinder konvensional masih menjadi pilihan utama dalam operasi bisnis. Kajian ini menjadi dasar untuk pengembangan penelitian di masa depan dalam teknologi pengeringan kertas yang berkelanjutan.

In today's world, with the increase in the occurrence of disruptions and risks in organizations, preventing their recurrence or dealing with them has become increasingly important. With the concept of business continuity management, which is an inseparable part of risk management, a solution can be identified and implemented to recover critical processes or prevent long stops and interruptions for organizations. This research aims to identify factors affecting the business continuity value in the pharmaceutical industry, examine the relationships between business continuity management factors and business continuity value, and provide operational solutions based on the BCM assessment framework, focusing on the most important pharmaceutical risks. Business continuity management factors and risks in the pharmaceutical industry were identified using Grounded Theory and Delphi methods. Experts were selected from 5 pharmaceutical companies using the snowball technique to distribute and complete the Delphi questionnaires. The identified factors were confirmed in two Delphi rounds, and the Kendall coefficient was used to reach a consensus among experts. The collected data were analyzed descriptively and inferentially, and the Friedman test was used to examine the ranking of business continuity management factors, and the Spearman test was used to examine the research hypotheses. The BCM assessment framework was also implemented in 5 companies, and its data was examined for all companies. The findings of the Spearman test showed that there is a positive relationship between business continuity management factors and BCV, and an inverse relationship between pharmaceutical risks and BCV. The findings of implementing the business continuity management framework in pharmaceutical companies showed that controlling and reviewing programs and procedures, business continuity planning, business continuity culture, risk management, and resource management are the most important factors in the success of BCM, and the most important pharmaceutical risks are supply chain risk, product quality risk, microbiology risks, and research and development risks. The implementation of the framework in pharmaceutical companies showed that companies with higher BCV values have greater ability to cope with risk and process continuity, and will suffer fewer losses.

Objective
According to the literature on management accounting, various constructs influence the financial performance of companies. One of these constructs is the evolution and transformations within the network of actors driving innovations in management accounting, which continuously occur in the commercial environment surrounding companies. The primary objective of this research is to examine the impact of these actor networks related to management accounting innovations on the financial performance of companies, considering both Eastern and Western perspectives. This study aims to identify the most effective approach to management accounting innovations in both the West and the East for enhancing performance. It does so by analyzing the evolution of management accounting across different periods and examining the methods implemented in various years to apply management accounting.
Methods
The statistical population of this study consists of companies listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange and the Iran over-the-counter (OTC) market during the financial period from 2011 to 2022. Based on the mentioned criteria, 215 companies (2,580 company-years) were selected over a 10-year period, and data analysis was conducted using structural equation modeling.

Objective
Given the dependencies of key economic sectors, the global steel demand is expected to increase. Therefore, pursuing multiple strategies and aligning with global market developments is essential to enhance and achieve competitiveness in this industry. One of the development approaches in the steel industry, like other technology-based industries adapting to advancements in new technologies, is using a technology transfer approach. This industry is one of the largest and most important industries in the world and plays a very important role in many economic sectors. It can be significantly recognized in global markets as one of the main and powerful players by improving its competitiveness. The main objective of this research is to evaluate the competitiveness model in the steel industry with a technology transfer approach.

This article analyzes factors which, in light of the classical industrial location theory, account for the location of manufacturing industries in Colombia. The document shows how it is that agglomeration economies represent the paramount determiner which explains ...

The impact of economic, financial, and political risks on the knowledge-based economy varies across countries and depends on several factors, including the level of economic development, political stability, and the regulatory framework. The knowledge-based economy is highly dependent on economic, financial, and political factors. Managing these risks is essential to ensure the growth and sustainability of the knowledge-based economy. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to examine the impact of economic, financial, and political risks on the knowledgebased economy index in Iran over the period 2000 to 2023. The time series generalized method of moments (GMM) was used to analyze the relationships between variables. This method was selected because of its ability to control variance heterogeneity and solve the endogeneity problem. The results of the study show that economic risk, including factors such as inflation and exchange rate fluctuations, has a negative and significant impact on the knowledge-based economy index. Also, financial risk, which includes credit constraints and capital market fluctuations, hinders the growth of knowledge-based companies. In addition, political risk, including instability in government policies and changes in laws, has reduced investment and slowed the development of the knowledge-based economy. These results indicate the need to formulate sustainable economic and financial policies to reduce the effects of these risks and create a suitable environment for the development of the knowledge-based economy.

Emerging global governance issues include economic, social and environmental problems. The COVID-19 pandemic and policies such as EU Green Deal and Brexit have led to great concerns about supply chains. Proactive strategies, adaptation and resilience are issues of significant importance for companies regarding seizing opportunities for business transformation. The evolution of crises associated with supply chains has been complex and resulted in widespread problems. Companies have enormous opportunities to revisit their business model and their strategic investment decision-making practices to play an active role in society. Industry 4.0 mechanisms, including big data, artificial intelligence, and advanced analytics, have brought unprecedented standards of ethics, governance, accounting, and accountability to the new era of supply chains. Successful strategic investment decision-making practices require a proper understanding of stakeholders' interests and expectations. Such understanding enables organizations to achieve effective planning and control of organizational and policy resources and successful value creation. Business model transformation towards a circular economy enables companies to achieve potential objectives, including increasing production efficiency, productivity, and quality, supplementing operational flexibility, contributing to safety issues and operational sustainability, and amalgamating the production system with stakeholders. The increasing concern about supply chain issues has raised a call for boardrooms to revisit their strategies toward sustainable supply chains. This paper aims to shed light on the contextual factors surrounding the new era of strategic investment decision-making practices in UK companies towards green sustainable supply chains and sustainable performance maximization. The methodology underlying this study is

Background: The petrochemical industry is hazardous, in part because of the inherently dangerous nature of the work conducted, and incidents frequently result in significant financial and social losses. The most common immediate cause of incidents and injuries in this industry is unsafe worker behaviour. Identifying the factors encouraging unsafe work behaviours is the first step in taking action to discourage them. The aim of this study was to (a) explore workers’, supervisors’ and safety managers’ attitudes and perceptions of safety in a petrochemical company in Iran, and (b) identify the factors that discourage safe work behaviours. Methods: A qualitative study was conducted by following analysis steps described by Graneheim and Lundman (2004). Eighteen participants were recruited from an Iranian petrochemical company using purposive and snowball sampling techniques. Individual face-to-face and semi-structured interviews were conducted to gain an in-depth understanding of factors...

The terms “biodegradable plastic” and “degradable plastic” have led to much confusion and ambiguity over the years, so this paper focuses on “compostable plastics” as defined by the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) D6400 standard. Compostable plastic bags, whether certified to American or European standards, have negligible heavy metal concentrations. A composting study found that four out of five polylactide acid (PLA) compostable plastic products along with the two positive controls of cellulose paper and Kraft paper composted to ASTM D6400 specifications under three different composting environments. Although compostable plastics seem like a good idea based on these two criteria the picture is far from complete. The higher energy demand required in compostable plastic manufacture and the higher resultant GHG emissions when compared with conventional plastics more than offsets the above-mentioned positive characteristics. Based on the current patterns of energy us...

Merger is actually a type of change considered for moving from the current state to the desired one. Instead of being a singled-out deal, merger is an integrated process requiring management. As its foundation, process management requires knowledge and understanding of the associated components as well as the factors affecting them. On the other hand, the challenges and issues in the merger process of Iran's government organizations indicate the deviation of many of these mergers from their original goal and path. The present study considers these challenges as its basis. The aim of this review study is to achieve a comprehensive and deep understanding of the research process and new issues in

Purpose: Given the rapid and widespread changes in today's academic environment, universities are under increased pressure to ensure accountability, transparency, and conduct quality assessments while guaranteeing excellence. University governance, with benefits such as flexibility in securing financial resources, high-quality education and research, and the ability to attract top talent, can become a driving force for economic and social development in society. Therefore, this study aims to explore the themes of university governance.
Research Method: This study is a qualitative and applied research that utilizes the content analysis method, conducted using the MAXQDA software.
Findings: Research findings revealed over 150 initial codes related to university governance, which were classified into 26 sub-themes. Six themes pertained to the foundations or drivers of university governance, 12 themes were related to university governance context, and 8 themes were related to the outcomes of university governance.
Conclusion: Universities should make decision-making processes transparent and accountable through evaluation and monitoring mechanisms, while enhancing their independence by attracting financial resources and involving all stakeholders (students, professors, staff, and the community). The establishment of formal structures such as university councils, rule of law, fair distribution of resources, equity, balance, and capacity building through the improvement of the quality of education and research will contribute to the realization of university governance. The use of information technology and the utilization of digital systems, online platforms, and drivers will enhance outcomes such as increased educational equity, equal access to educational and informational resources, and participation in university educational and administrative processes.

ABD, 2024 yılında 29,2 trilyon dolarlık GSYİH, 2,06 trilyon dolarlık ihracat ve 3,36 trilyon dolarlık ithalat ile dünyanın en büyük ekonomisi ve pazarıdır. Açıkça görülmektedir ki ABD pazarına erişim bir ayrıcalıktır. ABD dünyanın en açık ekonomilerinden birine ve dünyanın en düşük ortalama tarif ABD'nin 20 ülkeyle kapsamlı serbest ticaret anlaşmaları yürürlükte. Bunlar: Avustralya, Bahreyn, Kanada, Şili, Kolombiya, Kosta Rika, Dominik Cumhuriyeti, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, İsrail, Ürdün, Kore Cumhuriyeti, Meksika, Fas, Nikaragua, Umman, Panama, Peru ve Singapur. ABD'nin, Japonya ile kritik minerallerin serbest ticaretine odaklanan bir anlaşması yürürlükte, Ukrayna ile de müzakereler kesintiye uğrasa da devam etmektedir. Ayrıca 119 gelişmekte olan ülkeye Genelleştirilmiş Tercihler Sistemi kapsamında bazı ürünlerde tarife indirimi uygulamaktadır. ABD, 2024 yılında toplam dış ticaretinin yaklaşık yüzde 41’ini (ihracatın yüzde 46,5’ini ithalatın da yüzde 37,4’ü) ticaret anlaşması yaptığı ülkelerle gerçekleştirmiştir.
Başkan Trump, uzun yıllar ABD ticaret politikasının "karşılıklı" ticaret vaadi üzerine inşa edildiğini, ancak günümüzde bunun hiç de böyle karşılıklı olmadığını ve ABD’nin küresel ticarette kaybettiğini ifade etmiştir. Başkan Trump ABD’nin rekabet gücünü artırmak, egemenliğini korumak ve ulusal ve ekonomik güvenliğini güçlendirmek İçin Ulusal Acil Durum ilan etmiştir. Bu kapsamda 185 ülkeye tarife artırımına gitmiş, bunlardan 60 tanesi için tarifeleri yüzde 11-50 aralığında arıtırken, 125 tanesine ise yüzde 10’luk temel bir tarife oranı hedefe koymuştur. Böylece ABD dış ticaret açığı azalacak (ithalat azalacak ve karşı taraf bu tariflerin azalması için ABD ihraç ürünlerine karşı kolaylaştırıcı bir eylem izlerse de ABD ihracatı artacaktır), yurt dışında faaliyette bulanan ABD’li firmalar yurtiçinde imalata başlayacak, orta vade de işsizlik ve enflasyon azalacak.
ABD, 2024 yılında 3,36 trilyon dolarlık ithalat yaparken, bunun yüzde 15,2’sine denk gelen 510 milyar dolarını Meksika’dan, yüzde 13,8’lik kısmına denk gelen 462,6 milyar dolarını Çin’den ve yüzde 12,6’lık kısmına denk gelen 422,2 milyar dolarlık kısmını ise Kanada’dan yapmıştır. ABD, 2024 yılında Türkiye’den 17,8 milyar dolarlık ithalat yaparken bu ithalat toplam küresel ithalatının yaklaşık yüzde 0,53’üne denk gelmiştir. ABD’nin en çok ithalat yaptığı ilk üç ülke toplam mal ithalatının yaklaşık yüzde 41,5’ini oluşturmuştur. ABD, 2024 yılında 2,06 trilyon dolarlık ihracat yaparken, bunun yüzde 16,9’una denk gelen 348,5 milyar dolarını Kanada’ya, yüzde 16,2’lik kısmına denk gelen 334 milyar dolarını Meksika’ya ve yüzde 7’lik kısmına denk gelen 143,5 milyar dolarlık kısmını ise Çin’e yapmıştır. ABD, 2024 yılında Türkiye’ye 15,3 milyar dolarlık ihracat yaparken bu ihracat toplam küresel ihracatının yaklaşık yüzde 0,7’sine denk gelmiştir. ABD’nin en çok ihracat yaptığı ilk üç ülke toplam mal ihracatının yaklaşık yüzde 40’ını oluşturmuştur.
ABD 2024 yılında 18 ülkeye karşı dış ticaret açığı vermiştir. Bu ülkelerden toplamda 2,7 trilyon dolarlık ithalat yapılırken, 1,35 trilyon dolarlık ihracat yapılmış ve toplamda 1,33 trilyon dolarlık dış ticaret açığı verilmiştir. ABD, 2024 yılında en çok dış ticaret açığını 319,1 milyar dolar ile Çin’e karşı verirken, bu ülkeyi 176 milyar dolarlık açık ile Meksika ve 129,4 milyar dolarlık açık ile Vietnam izlemiştir. ABD ile Türkiye’ye karşı 2,5 milyar dolarlık dış ticaret açığı vermiştir. Tabloda yer alan ülkeler içinde Türkiye, ABD’nin en fazla dış ticaret açığı verdiği 17. ülke olmuştur. ABD, 2024 yılında AB ile olan dış ticaretinde 246,8 milyar dolarlık açık vermiştir.
Başkan Trump, diğer ülkelerin ABD’ye karşı uyguladığı haksız tarife farklılıklarına ve tarife dışı engellere karşı koyarak Amerikan şirketleri ve çalışanları için eşit şartlar oluşturmaya çalıştığını belirtmiştir. Başkana göre, tarifeler ulusal çıkarları korumak için güçlü ve kanıtlanmış bir kaldıraç kaynağıdır. Başkan Trump elindeki araçları kullanarak Amerikalıların güvenliğini ve ulusal güvenliğini ön planda tutan kararlı adımlar atmaya başlayacağını belirtmiştir. Trump öncesi yönetimlerin, Amerika'nın olağanüstü gücünü ve dünya ticaretindeki eşsiz rolünü, Amerikan halkının güvenlik çıkarlarını ilerletmek için kullanmada başarısız olduğunu, onların aksine Başkan Trump’ın bunu tersine çevirmeye çalıştığı ileri sürülmektedir.
ABD Başkanı Donald Trump, 2 Nisan Çarşamba açıkladığı karşılıklı tarife listesinde ticaret ortaklarının mevcutta ABD ihracatçılarına uyguladığı tarifeleri, tarife dışı engelleri ve yerel paralarını ABD dolarına karşı düşük tutarak (düşük reel efektif döviz kuru) ABD’den ithalatı azaltıcı ABD’ye ihracatlarını ise arttırıcı bir politika izlediğini düşünerek ticaret açığı verdiği ülkelere bu hesaplanan oranların yarısına kadar bir tarife oranı uygulayacağını tüm dünyaya beyan etmiştir. 
Başkan Donald Trump azalan imalat sanayi endeks değerleri ve artan işsizlik karşısında ABD ekonomisinde acil durum ilan etmiştir. Tüm ülkelere karşı en az %10 oranında temel gümrük vergisi uygulanacağını duyurmuş, ABD’nin yüksek ticaret açığı verdiği 60 ülkeye ve ticaret anlaşması yaptığı bazı ülkeler için tarife oranlarını arttırmıştır. Yabancı otomobillere de gümrük tarifesi getirilmiştir. Türkiye yüzde 10’luk tarife uygulanacak ülkeler listesinde yer almıştır. Bu yüksek tarife oranı ile karşılaşacak AB ve Çin firmaları karşısında ABD pazarında Türk ihracatçılarına önemli bir fırsat yaratacaktır.
ABD, 2024 yılında Türkiye’den ithalatında yaklaşık 576,9 milyon dolarlık tarife geliri elde ederken ortalama ticaret ağırlıklı tarife oranı ise yüzde 3,24 olmuştur. ABD, 2024 yılında Çin’den ithalatında yaklaşık 11,7 milyar dolarlık tarife geliri elde ederken ortalama ticaret ağırlıklı tarife oranı ise yüzde 2,52 olmuştur.
ABD, 2024 yılında Türkiye’den yaptığı ithalata en yüksek tarife oranını yüzde 28,8 ile ‘Tütün” mamulleri sektöründe uygularken, bu sektörü yüzde 11,7 ile ‘Hazırgiyim ve Konfeksiyon’, yüzde 6,6 ile ‘Deri ve Deri Mamulleri’, yüzde 5,6 ile ‘Hububat, Bakliyat, Yağlı Tohumlar ve Mamulleri’,  yüzde 5,54 ile ‘Tekstil ve Hammaddeleri’ ve yüzde 5,46 tarife oranı ile ‘Mücevher’ sektörü izlemiştir.
ABD’nin Çin’e karşı tarifeleri yaklaşık yüzde 54 arttıracağı düşünülürse Türk ihracatçılarının başta  ‘Hazırgiyim ve Konfeksiyon’ sektörü olmak üzere birçok sektörde Çinli firmalara karşı ABD pazarında fiyat avantajı yakalayacağı açıkça görülmektedir.

Introduction. The relevance of the research topic is that financial stability is the basis for long-term sustainability and development of the organization. Good economic performance significantly increases confidence in the organization and facilitates access to capital. Companies with high financial stability can effectively face competitors as they can invest in innovation, development of new products, and expansion of business operations.

The article analyzes the factors that affect a business organization’s financial stability and efficiency.

Materials and Methods. The materials of the present study were articles from periodicals. Comparative, general scientific, and factor analysis were used as research methods in the complex approach to the study of reporting data.

Results of the study. Compared to solvency assessed about current assets and long-term liabilities of the organization, financial well-being is determined based on the relationship between different types of monetary sources and compliance with their composition. The ability of the enterprise to make timely payments and finance its activities on an extended basis indicates its stable financial condition. The study of financial stability of organizations offers a broad perspective in conjunction with new technologies, social factors and changing economic conditions, making it critical to the future of business.

Conclusion. The system of fundamental indicators characterizing the financial condition of an economic entity includes the following: indicators of liquidity and solvency; indicators of financial stability; indicators of funds turnover; indicators of profitability of the enterprise; indicators of composition and dynamics of financial results; indicators of changes in the sources of equity capital; indicators of analysis and cash flow.

The limitation of resources has made increasing the productivity of all factors of production the most important strategy for countries seeking to achieve continuous and stable economic growth. In recent years, economic diplomacy has emerged as a crucial tool for implementing industrial policies, enhancing the efficiency and effectiveness of economic activities, and boosting the productivity of all factors. This study aims to investigate the impact of the components of economic diplomacy—namely, facilitating foreign trade, attracting foreign capital, acquiring foreign technology, enhancing national branding, and attracting foreign tourists—on the productivity of total factors in two groups of selected developing and developed countries during the period from 2011 to 2020. Utilizing the generalized method of moments, the results indicate that the components of facilitating foreign trade, attracting foreign capital, and obtaining foreign technology positively affect the productivity of total factors in both groups of selected countries, albeit with varying estimated coefficients. However, while the influence of national branding and foreign tourist attraction on total factor productivity is also positive, it lacks statistical significance in both groups.

This paper reports on the implementation of an advanced safety culture in a major oil and gas multi-national. The original proposal came from the company after it had become clear that expectations had been raised after the successful implementation of Health, Safety and Environment (HSE) Management Systems subsequent to the Piper Alpha disaster. The proposal made by the company, to develop a workforce intrinsically motivated for HSE, was operationalised as the development of an advanced safety culture after a review of the literature on motivation. The model used was the HSE Culture Ladder that had become the industry standard accepted by the OGP (International Association of Oil and Gas Producers). This model was intended to show that there were considerable opportunities for improvement even after HSE-MS had been implemented and that the more advanced cultures were ones people felt were desirable and achievable for themselves. Once top management had provided the initial support for the development of a more advanced safety culture, a number of supporting tools were developed, under the Hearts and Minds brand, and a strategy for implementation was developed that relied more on bottom-up 'pull' rather than topdown 'push' -the standard implementation model for new initiatives. The tools were designed to provide a clear direction, a road map to an advanced culture defined in terms provided by people within the industry, to support lasting changes in attitudes and beliefs, to promote an increased feeling of control when solving HSE-specific problems -all components of a more advanced culture. The tactics employed, using a pull rather than a push approach, had to allow for local variation within the general limits set by the strategy that eventually became a mixed top-down and bottom-up approach. Next there is a discussion of the current status and the lessons to be learnt from the implementation so far: moving away from command and control is hard for large organizations; such programs have to be driven by different performance indicators; managers have to

Huge inventory of explosives is accumulating as a consequence of military downsizing. Traditional “open burning” is rather simple and the destruction cost is minimum, but huge quantities of dangerous combustion products are released into atmosphere. Therefore, a ban on open burning forces the military to improve the combustion, to cleanup the flue-gas or to search for other disposal methods. The simplest way to eliminate an explosive material seems to be also its detonation in open atmosphere, under water, or under the ground, but a relatively large part of toxic materials become dispersed into the soil and the flue-gas problems remain the same. Since 1993 we have been involved in GlidArc-assisted cleaning of flue gas from combustion of conventional munitions [1]. Additionally, thousands tons of obsolete (but still extremely dangerous) chemical weapons are stored throughout the world and become very unstable with age. Nowadays, ECP has been associated with an even more ambitious pro...

Abstrac t: Very simple process based on GlidArc plasma reactor considerably reduces the nui- sances of waste explosives combustion processes in which soot, VOC, PAH, NOx, CO, and other toxics are present in the flue gas. Similar GlidArc-based Oxidizer is already commercially used to completely decontaminate the gas issued from a controlled detonation of old chemical weapons in Japan and in Belgium.

This study applies the Holland RIASEC model using the FIKR (facet, insight, knowledge and resilience) profiling assessment tool to a sample of 100 respondents to assess their suitability for roles as researchers and CEOs within the petrochemical industry. The analysis focuses on identifying individuals whose personality traits align with the demands of these positions, particularly emphasizing the Investigative (I), Realistic (R), Enterprising (E) and Conventional (C) dimensions. The findings reveal that individuals with high Investigative and Realistic scores are best suited for research roles. In contrast, those with high Enterprising and Conventional scores, combined with strong Realistic traits, are ideal candidates for leadership positions. These insights are crucial for developing targeted talent management strategies that align personal strengths with professional roles in the petrochemical industry.

Drying of solids is of great significance in fertilizer industry as the quality of final product should meet the commercial required standards. A rotary dryer which has been investigated in the present study is used in ammonium nitrate (AN) plant located at Shiraz Petrochemical Complex (SPC). This plant is designed to produce 650 metric tons of final products in a day. In this work, mathematical modeling of the concurrent rotary dryer for AN including heat and mass transfer equations between solid and air was developed. New correlations were proposed for AN equilibrium moisture and drying rate which were used in the modeling. The model was checked against the industrial data which showed a good agreement. The model predicts air and product moisture and temperature depending on working conditions of the rotary dryer. Regardless of the slope and speed of the dryer, inlet AN moisture and air temperature have been shown to be the variables that have the greatest effect, on the outlet moisture content of the product.

P á g i n a 7 | 50 2013. De manera similar, la producción de gas aumentó de manera considerable al pasar de 200 GPC a cerca de 430 giga pies cúbicos de gas en el mismo período de tiempo (panel D, gráfica 2. Gráfica 2: Reservas y producción de petróleo y gas (2003-2013) Fuente: ANH. En relación con este crecimiento de producción, es importante mencionar que en buena parte se debe a la adición de pequeños campos y de una explotación más intensiva de los ya existentes, ya que en la práctica no se ha dado un descubrimiento de un yacimiento de gran envergadura. El fuerte incremento de la producción del petróleo en el período 2003 -2013, consecuencia en gran parte del dinamismo del precio internacional, ha implicado un aumento de su participación dentro del PIB y las exportaciones nacionales. Sin embargo, el aumento de la importancia del sector de hidrocarburos en la economía no se da de forma homogénea. Por una parte, las características de A) Reservas probadas de Petróleo (Millones de barriles) B) Reservas probadas de gas (GPC)

Industrial ecosystem is an important approach for sustainable development. In an industrial ecosystem, a group of industries are inter-connected through mass and energy exchanges for mutual benefits. However, some mass and energy exchange activities may cause unexpected environmental impacts. Therefore, it is vital to evaluate the environmental impacts of the symbiosis in order to provide a clear guidance for the decision-makers and stakeholders. The agro-chemical complex in the Lower Mississippi River Corridor with thirteen chemical and petrochemical industries emits huge amount of carbon dioxide. A bi-level design methodology is used to reconfigure this complex for utilizing surplus carbon dioxide. By using a superstructure-based approach, a new design scheme for this industrial ecosystem is proposed. In this paper, an LCA-type environmental impact assessment of different design schemes for this complex is conducted using the software TRACI, a tool developed by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). This analysis compares various environmental impacts of different designs and identifies the potential trade-offs in different environmental impact categories. This information provides deep insight about the environmental sustainability of industrial ecosystems and facilitates the development of the most eco-effective symbiosis for recycle, reuse and resource conservation.

Superior Boiler tube concepts in the strategy of thermal power plant is currently becoming more important in our county. Many types of failure are occurring in tube; these failures affect the power plant working. Boiler tubes gone under different failure like fatigue, creep, steam side oxidation, fire side corrosion, erosion etc. For improved functionality of power plant, life evaluation of boiler tubes required at regular interval of time. The service temperature of tube never remains constant during a regular plant operation, due to that insulation can influence of steam side oxidation and fire side corrosion. Performance of high temperature steel 9-12% chromium martensitic steel have problem with cracking. Failure Examination indicate tube outflow due to stress corrosion cracking. The material selection for a new boiler tube, as the key player of supercritical and ultrasupercritical boiler tube design is described and showing good results on long period basis. Through the Analysis choosing best material. This literature study presents general terms the properties and requirements of materials selection for the high temperature region of different tube of supercritical boiler.

Objective: Today, how environmental policies are made, how effective they are, and how they can or should be improved is a matter of concern for governments. Therefore, the purpose of this research is to prioritize environmental policy issues of the Islamic Republic of Iran. Methods: The method of conducting this research is based on the analysis of mutual/structural effects. Also, the statistical population of this research consists of 10 experts in the field of environmental policies, consisting of professors of the Faculty of Management, Economics, Mathematical Sciences and Statistics of Semnan University, with the conditions of having a specialized doctorate in the field of public policy and policy and a ten-year scientific-research experience in The field of activities is the country's environmental policies. The data of this research was collected through semi-structured interviews and a qualitative questionnaire scoring from 0 to 3 according to the Micmac matrix. Also, the data analysis is based on the output of Mikmak software. Results: In the final ranking of Mi'kmaq's influence and dependence in the discussion of environmental influence or civic participation and the formation of the green economy, they were able to allocate the most influence among the issues, and the dynamism and agility of the administrative system has the least influence among the issues in the discussion of the dependence of environmental issues in the order of improving behavior Environmental citizenship and environmental civic participation had the most dependence or influence, and the agility of the administrative system had the least dependence among the issues. Conclusions: The implementation of environmental policies can help the country to participate and cooperate with other countries to deal with national and international environmental challenges. Environmental civil partnership works alongside the government's green economy formation in a synergistic and mutually reinforcing manner to support increased inclusion, transparency and accountability in environmental policy governance.

Background: The petrochemical industry is hazardous, in part because of the inherently dangerous nature of the work conducted, and incidents frequently result in significant financial and social losses. The most common immediate cause of incidents and injuries in this industry is unsafe worker behaviour. Identifying the factors encouraging unsafe work behaviours is the first step in taking action to discourage them. The aim of this study was to (a) explore workers’, supervisors’ and safety managers’ attitudes and perceptions of safety in a petrochemical company in Iran, and (b) identify the factors that discourage safe work behaviours. Methods: A qualitative study was conducted by following analysis steps described by Graneheim and Lundman (2004). Eighteen participants were recruited from an Iranian petrochemical company using purposive and snowball sampling techniques. Individual face-to-face and semi-structured interviews were conducted to gain an in-depth understanding of factors...

Ciencias Sociales y Humanidades-seri e Economia representan los primeros resultados obtenidos por un grupo de profesores-investigadores que ha desarrollado en la División el programa denominado; "Relaciones económicas oligopólicas y eslabonamientos productivos en América Latina". Dicho programa ha sido impulsado conjuntamente, a través de un convenio de colaboración académica celebrado en 1983, por

The present research studies and explains the role of technological challenges in the stagnation process of industrial enterprises, whose spatial territory is Kermanshah Province. The research method was based on the exploratory mix approach; first, to collect data, sampling, judgment and snowball methods were used to achieve theoretical data saturation through in-depth interviews with 31 people. Second, the data was collected through interviewing 97 people using a questionnaire and by stratified sampling method. The results showed that the paradigm model is classified in the form of causal, intervening and contextual conditions and different consequences can be proposed for it. Testing to explain the role of technological challenges showed that this factor, as one of the sub-categories of contextual conditions, has a significant impact on model strategies and includes the following concepts: low level of technologies in the process of production, distribution and sale of products, inconsistency of production cycle technologies, and non-compliance of product technology with market changes.

The paper presents recently published literature research on the tightness and strength of flange joints. These could influence both the calculation and the maintenance of flange joints. Some of the research results have been compared to normative stipulations currently used in the calculation of flange joints. The presentation covers: – the influence of sealing gasket design and screw load on sealing; – the influence of creep on screw relaxation, and thereby on gasket sealing; – cracking in flange joints; – the influence of an additional axial force of flange joints on the rotation and on the deformation of flange joint components; – flanges without sealing gasket; – the influence of the method of flange joint bolt tightening on the uniformity of bolts loading and tightness.

Esta publicación se presenta al público con la enorme satisfacción del trabajo cumplido. Recoge los resultados finales de las investigaciones desarrolladas por los docentes y estudiantes vinculados a los grupos de investigación del Centro de Estudios e Investigaciones en Desarrollo Regional (CEIDER) de la Facultad de Ciencias Económicas y Empresariales de la Universidad Santiago de Cali, con la colaboración de otros investigadores externos. Los temas institucionales, empresariales, y económicos, son abordados desde diferentes enfoques, enriqueciendo las temáticas y generando espacios para la discusión y el debate.

Abstrak- pt. kaltim Parna Industri (KPI) merupakan pabrik ammonia dengan kapasitas 1.500 MPTD. Kemurnian produk yang dihasilkan sebesar 99,95% berat. Proses yang digunakan pada PT. KPI adalah Haldor Topsoe Process. Bahan baku yang digunakan untuk memproduksi ammonia adalah gas alam (sebagai sumber H2) dan udara (sebagai sumber N2). PT. Kaltim Parna Industri memiliki dua unit utama yaitu unit proses produksi dan utilitas. Dalam unit proses produksi terdapat beberapa unit utama yaitu unit desulphurizer, reforming system terdiri dari primary dan secondary reformer, unit CO Converter yang terdiri dari High & Low Temperature CO Converter (HTS & LTS), unit CO2, unit methanator, dan ammonia converter. Pada unit utilitas memiliki unit-unit utama yaitu unit sea water intake, unit desalinasi, demineralisasi, daerator, Package Boiler, Water Heat Boiler, sea water cooling tower, waste water treatment system, klorinasi, STG dan emergency diesel denerator, N2 generator, instrument air, dan storag...

The petrochemical industry is an important sector of the global economy. Today it is undergoing a major structural change. There is an ongoing energy transition that is closely linked to a deeper transformation of petrochemical products. Demand is shifting to developing countries, particularly the Asia-Pacific region and India. The Eurasian region’s geographical proximity to the large emerging Asian markets offers great opportunities. If these opportunities are properly exploited, production and exports of commodity polymers could more than triple by 2035. However, our diagnostic has identified certain challenges and constraints. Addressing these will require an integrated approach. The main ways to unlock the potential of the petrochemical industry include the following: (1) creating petrochemical clusters in attractive centres; (2) focusing on innovative and low-tonnage production; (3) using circular economy mechanisms; (4) designing transport and logistics solutions to deliver polymer products to emerging markets; and (5) using the international status of multilateral development banks to attract investment capital to the industry. If the region’s existing potential is fully harnessed, the petrochemical industry can become a powerful tool for breaking out of the inertial development rut.

This paper analyses the competitive advantages of Saudi Arabia in the global petrochemical industry. Porter's model is used for this purpose. Saudi Arabia, a leading producer of oil, is also the largest worldwide producer of a number of petrochemical products. Competitiveness in the global market demands an examination of comparative advantages and is the reason why Saudi Arabia is yet to succeed in the global market. This paper is an attempt to analyse the industry and to provide strategic alternatives.

This essay and mapping exercise emerged from the conversations and visual research of the Carbon Aesthetics group, which consists of artists and scholars exploring carbon and its relations in the artistic research project of the "Carbon Catalogue." Focusing on whales-and the way whales are considered as an environmental archive and "no-tech" carbon storage by marine biologists and sustainability economists alike-the group reflects on the natural-cultural history of these creatures whose non-human bodies allow for thinking across di erent aesthetic and epistemic registers. Following the essay is a reflection by Bernadette Bensaude-Vincent on how carbon's ubiquity, connectivity, and scalability allow its aesthetics to open up a new way of "being in-the-world." Dear reader, for the best experience of this contribution, please play the following audio recording as you read.