Plastic Technology

Flinders University Professor of Archaeology Alice Gorman says: “Our aim is to show how plastics are more than just pollution – they’re a record of human behaviour in the contemporary world that extends from the deepest oceans to the furthest reaches of the solar system, everywhere that spacecraft have travelled. There are even plastics on the Moon.

3D printing, or additive manufacturing, involves creating three-dimensional objects layer by layer using various materials such as plastics, metals, and composites. In India, the application of 3D printing in agriculture has revolutionized the industry. The recent release of Apollo 350 SLS by Indian Institute or Science (IISC), Bengaluru, Karnataka State, India is not just a machine; it's a game-changer for India's polymer 3D printing industry. Apollo 350 SLS revolutionary 3D printer sets the stage for self-reliance and industrial transformation in India. Among the various innovations reshaping this industry, 3D printing stands out as a game-changer. 3D printing is a potential technology that can revolutionize the agriculture industry by impacting the design and performance of agricultural machinery, manufacture equipment and tools on-demand, water management, phenotyping, and pest control. 3D printing can offer cost reduction, availability, improvement, customization enhancement, and performance improvement for agricultural machinery, benefiting both farmers and consumers. On the other hand, 3D food printing also plays a beneficial role in food manufacturing. 3D food printing (3DFP) is a technology by which customized food items can be 'printed' layer by layer, as the nozzle releases the 'food ink' in a pre-programmed design. Foods can be digitally designed and physically prepared using the layer-by-layer deposition of food components, rewarding opportunities to deliver nutritionally personalized food. However, 3D printed food technology also faces challenges such as consumer acceptability, food safety and regulatory concerns. Possible adverse health effects due to over consumption or the ultra-processed nature of 3D printed foods are major potential pitfalls.

"Background: As plastics are now an essential part of daily life, their manufacturing has increased dramatically and is still growing. The aim of this study was to assess the level of knowledge and attitude towards plastic con-sumption and to determine the factors related to it amongst the general population in Ajman, UAE.
Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted using a validated self-administered questionnaire amongst 367 adults in Ajman, UAE. Ethical approval obtained from the IRB and informed consent was obtained from the partic-ipants before collecting the data. Data analysis was done using SPSS version 28. Chi-square test and binomial lo-gistic regression analysis were used for assessing the association and factors.
Results: Approximately half (49.9%) of participants demonstrated adequate knowledge about plastic pollution, while 50.1% had inadequate knowledge. Attitudes were nearly evenly split, with 50.1% showing a positive atti-tude and 49.9% a negative attitude toward plastic consumption. Males were 2.219 times more likely to have in-adequate knowledge compared to females (O.R. = 2.219, p = 0.001).
Conclusion: The public was not biased toward high awareness or strongly negative opinions regarding plastic consumption; rather, their knowledge and attitudes were evenly distributed. A negative attitude was described as a preference for convenience and a lack of concern for the environmental impact of plastic, whereas a positive at-titude was defined as pro-environmental activity, such as recycling and support for plastic alternatives. Local governments can help increase awareness through a variety of programs and campaigns and through the use of in-teractive programs and some informational tools like social media may also be effective."

It's simple, visible, and reassuring-a way for individuals to "do their part" against the plastic crisis. But where did this story come from, and whose interests does it serve? RECYCLING HAS BECOME A CORNERSTONE OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESPONSIBILITY.

Esta investigación analiza el uso de tejas plásticas de polipropileno reciclado como alternativa sostenible en la construcción del Atlántico, Colombia. A través de un enfoque mixto, estudia aspectos técnicos, económicos y ambientales, así como factores socioculturales y climáticos, para optimizar su diseño y fomentar el reciclaje, la economía circular y la mitigación del cambio climático en la región.

Indiscriminate disposal of beverage cans as waste poses a great threat to the environment, causing flooding, landfill, and blockage of drainages, leading to land pollution and sometimes accident. Hence, there is a need to design a system capable of converting these wastes into usable products. In this study, a simulation-based analytical design for aluminum recycling processing plant was carried out to ascertain the efficiency and reliability of the design before fabrication using finite element analysis (FEA) approach. The simulation results revealed a lesser maximum stress of 6.323 MPa for the furnace outer casing under the action of load with a displacement of 0.0795 mm. The stress of the machine components is less than the yield strength of the selected materials, making the machine fit and workable. The analytical results agree with the numerical analysis; hence the conceptual design is fit for fabrication based on the design analysis and evaluation. After the design analysis a...

Nanotechnology, today, characterizes medicine and food industry. It covers various aspects of food sector like fermentation, neutraceuticals but a greater influence has been observed in the sector of food safety. Nanoemulsions are being used in various fortification purposes such as calcium and rice bran oil. Nanotechnology has been extensively applied in transport vehicles using proteins and lipids to deliver bioactive nutrients. Various other sectors have been covered by this technology such as reinforcement and membrane formation processes which explores packaging area. It has also been found functional in the detection o toxic chemicals, heavy metals, pesticides and drug residues from food products. The present review articles focuses on the different areas of food sectors employing nanotechnology with its wide applications.

Plastics are versatile and cost-effective materials with a variety of functionalities. Their non-biodegradability, accumulation in landfills and natural habitats, physical problems for wildlife resulting from ingestion or entanglement in debris, leaching of chemicals and transfer to humans are concerns of greater magnitude, however. In this regard, plastic replacing materials are warranted. A possible respite is seen in agriculture that feeds the world but a significant portion of crops exists as biomass or the parts that can't be used as food by humans. Agriculture biomass such as corn stalk, wheat straw, rice straw and soy stalk offers a viable source of cellulose that has excellent potential to replace plastics. Herein, the benefits of agriculture biomass and its prospects for cellulose-based biodegradable products are highlighted. The use of agriculture biomass further offers a unique value-added proposition to the agriculture industry and farmers to capitalize on their byproducts to increase the profitability of their operations. The Earth, and its current and future generations, will benefit immensely with this cost-effective and environmentally sustainable solution to curb the ills associated with plastics.

Gear pump assisted extrusion is becoming popular in the plastics processing industries. The growth has been tremendous since 1980. In this study, the benefits of gear pump assisted extrusion, especially in single screw applications, is critically reviewed, and a method of predicting the operational conditions of the gear pump assisted extrusion system is discussed. Further, shortening the length to diameter ratio of the extruder in gear pump assisted extrusion was analyzed and found to produce a reduction in energy consumption, provided melting is completed.

There are countless cases of cooperate and government espionage, identity theft, sensitive information leaks. This all led to the need for government agencies, private and public institutions and even private individuals to protect their sensitive information and prevent it from falling into the wrong hands. The act of discarding whole, readable documents containing sensitive information poses huge risks to an individual or organization, as these documents can be retrieved from a trash bin and the information they contain easily accessed. This has led to a number of identity theft cases, where a crime is committed using the information of an unsuspecting individual. Although advancements in information technology have resulted in electronic transmission and storage of information, a good number is still communicated via paper. This newly designed paper shredding machine utilized chain and sprocket in the power transmission which offers a high transmission efficiency unlike some paper shredding machines that used belt and pulley which cause slip and transmission losses. The machine architecture is very compact with ergonomically suitable features, and the performance is high. The shredding efficiency was 94%.Improvement on further work to improve the shredding efficiency is required.

The design and production of a prototype cost-effective, energy-efficient, and portable jaw crusher for small-scale rock crushing addresses critical challenges in artisanal and small-scale mining (ASM). Conventional jaw crushers, while effective for industrial applications, are often expensive, energy-intensive, and immobile for ASM operations. This study presents a mechanically optimised single-toggle jaw crusher designed for accessibility, efficiency, and portability. Key innovations include a modular frame constructed from reinforced mild steel, reversible manganese steel jaw plates for extended wear life, and a dynamically balanced flywheel to reduce energy fluctuations. Finite Element Analysis (FEA) validated structural integrity under operational loads, with safety factors exceeding 1.3 for all critical components. Performance testing on granite, quartz, and iron ore demonstrated a crushing efficiency of 85% and energy consumption ranging from 1.67–5.00 kWh/ton, with quartz processing achieving the highest efficiency – 0.167 kWh/ton due to optimal breakage characteristics. Throughput varied from 400–1,200kg/hr, while reduction ratios of 7:1 to 10:1 were achieved. Comparative cost analysis revealed a 50–60% reduction in capital costs versus imported mini jaw crushers and 30–40% lower energy consumption than hammer mills. The crusher’s compact design (<450 kg) and bolt-together modularity enhance field mobility, making it suitable for remote operations. This study bridges the gap between manual crushing methods and industrial-scale equipment, offering a sustainable solution that aligns with Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) 9 – Industry, Innovation, and Infrastructure. Future work should explore hybrid power integration and automated feeding systems to further optimise performance.

The ban on plastic bags in Bali through Governor Regulation No. 97 of 2018 has had a major impact on the local economic sector. On the one hand, this policy has caused a decrease in income for small business actors such as plastic bag producers and small-scale Bottled Drinking Water (AMDK) industries. However, on the other hand, this policy opens up opportunities for the growth of environmentally friendly industries and strengthening sustainable tourism. This article comprehensively discusses the economic challenges and opportunities arising from this policy, as well as the importance of continued policy support to ensure that the transition to a green economy is fair and effective. Bali is now an important example of how environmental protection can be integrated with economic development if managed properly.

Welding is a process which helps to join metals by adding metals between weldments by diffusion process.. One of the process by which metals are joined by creating friction on metals. It is called solid state welding. A rotating hard cylindrical pin is pressed on metals to be welded by friction. In FSW, there are only three process variables to control: rotation speed, travel speed and pressure, all of which are easily controllable. Four rotational speeds were used keeping the feed rate constant. The plunge depth is related directly to the pressure was varied depend on the work material. Analysis was carried by measuring surface roughness (R A ), tensile, micro hardness and metallographic tests. At rotational speed of 1925 RPM, aluminum to aluminum welding had given ultimate tensile strength up to 86 percent. Copper to copper joint process resulted that at rotational speed of 2275 RPM is the best result. Tensile value of 74 % was obtained compared to copper base material. The surface roughness Ra value low compared to copper base metal. The Vickers hardness value was high compared to base metal. Aluminum to copper metal joint the best resulted at 2275 RPM. The result was the lowest compared to similar metal joints. The value of 427 MPa of ultimate tensile strength (UTS) was archived. The metallographic test showed that a crack occurred at the bottom of welding joint. The hardness test showed that the hardness at the joint increased drastically. At high rotational speed of 2975, low surface roughness was obtained in all the weldments at low feed rate and low plunge depth.

Salah satu kebutuhan yang sangat mendesak bagi manusia saat ini adalah teresedianya udara bersihkarena udara bersih adalah mutlak untuk kesehatan. Saat ini udara bersih merupakan suatu hal yang sangat langka. Partikel -partikel polutan dari asap kendaraan bermotor dan industri , debu dan asap rokok menyebabkan polusi udara. Dengan membuat rancangan pembangkit tegangan tinggi DC, akan dibangkitkan tegangan tinggi DC yang akan mampu mengendapkan debu secara elektrostatik. Perancangan alat pengendap debu meliputi pembuatan pembangkit tegangan tinggi searah (DC) menggunakan metoda penyearah pengali tegangan atau Walton-Cockroft pada keadaan hubung buka / tidak berbeban, pemilihan alumunium untuk filter dan pemilihan alat -alat pendukung yaitu kover akrilik dan kipas angin DC 12 Volt beserta sumber tegangan 12 VDC. Dalam makalah ini akan disajikan suatu metode untuk mengendapkan debu sebagai salah satu polutan dengan menggunakan medan listrik uniform.Pembersihan udara ini dilakukan dengan cara pengendapan elektrostatis dimana partikel-partikel bermuatan dipisahkan secara elektrostatis (muatan positip dan negatip saling tarik menarik) oleh medan listrik deretan pelat-pelat logam bermuatan listrik

The persistent accumulation of plastic waste in terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems poses a critical environmental challenge due to the non-biodegradable nature of synthetic polymers such as polyethylene (PE), polyethylene terephthalate (PET), and polystyrene (PS). In recent years, microbial approaches have emerged as promising strategies for mitigating plastic pollution through the biodegradation of plastics using naturally occurring or genetically engineered microorganisms. This paper explores the role of microbial enzymes-such as PETases, MHETases, and laccases-in breaking down complex plastic polymers into environmentally benign or reusable monomers. It further examines the genetic and metabolic pathways that underpin plastic degradation, emphasizing the role of metagenomics, enzyme engineering, and synthetic biology in enhancing microbial efficiency. The review also highlights recent biotechnological advancements, including CRISPR-Cas-mediated genome editing and systems biology approaches, to develop robust microbial strains capable of degrading high molecular weight plastics under environmentally relevant conditions. By integrating enzyme kinetics, microbial genomics, and bioprocess engineering, this study presents a comprehensive framework for the development of scalable and sustainable plastic waste management systems. The findings underscore the potential of microbial biotechnology as a pivotal tool in addressing the global plastic crisis while advocating for interdisciplinary innovation to bridge laboratory research and real-world application.

DOI: 10.35629/5252-0312812816 Impact Factor value 7.429 | ISO 9001: 2008 Certified Journal Page 812 Physical Methods of Nanoparticles Preparation – An Overview Surender, Ajay Gahlot 1. Assistant Professor, Maharaja Surajmal Institute of Technology(GGSIPU), Janakpuri, New Delhi-110058, India. 2. Associate Professor, Maharaja Surajmal Institute of Technology(GGSIPU), Janakpuri, New Delhi-110058, India.

The rapid advancement of additive manufacturing (AM) technology, combined with the growing accumulation of plastic waste, has generated significant interest in utilizing materials derived from plastic waste and their composites within the AM industry. This paper examines the methods and approaches currently employed in recycling and blending thermoplastic waste into additive manufacturing feedstocks, aiming to enhance understanding and guide future advancements in this field. A systematic literature review including 82 papers from 2014 to 2024 was performed using the Scopus and Web of Science databases. The review findings indicate that approximately 83 % of the research is concentrated in production of new materials combining various polymer waste with recycled bio-sourced materials, recycled fillers or other additives for property enhancement. The evaluation and characterization of these new materials was carry out mostly using 3D printing, predominantly employing fused filament fabrication technology (63 %). The remaining 17 % focus on the improvement of the printing quality and optimization, development or adaptation of 3D printers for the utilization of new materials, and material reprocessability. This review highlight the need of evaluating the behavior of recycled blends over multiple life cycles, the cost and environmental assessments, and primary end-use applications of these materials, including as well as further development and design of printers. propylene; rPS, Recycled Polystyrene; vPET, Virgin or commercial Polyethylene terephthalate; vPLA, Virgin Poly(lactic acid); μ-CT, Micro-computed tomography.

Reactive powder concrete (RPC) is one of the latest generations of concretes developed in early 1990's which possesses very high mechanical strength parameters. In the present research work an RPC in focused a utility of RPC and also to study the characteristic strength parameter with the incorporation of fibers such as sisal,coir,polypropylene and human hair as integral reinforcing material. RPC mixtures without reinforcing fibers were also studied.

Using novel treatments before lignin-containing nanocelluloses (LNCs) production from agricultural residues is a growing field of fondness due to environmental, economic, and biorefinery issues. So, in this study, cold caustic extraction (CCE) was utilized as a facile, low-thermal, bleaching-free, environmentally friendly, and light alkaline post-treatment of bagasse unbleached soda pulp before lignin-containing cellulose nanocrystals (LCNCs) and lignin-containing cellulose nanofibrils (LCNFs) manufacturing processes. The optimum conditions of CCE post-treatment of pulp were 10% sodium hydroxide at 20 °C for 60 min. The production of LCNCs was performed with an acid hydrolysis method using sulfuric acid (64 wt%), and LCNFs were manufactured via microfluidizer. Morphological analysis clearly indicated that the average diameter of LCNCs and LCNFs reduced after CCE post-treatment. Furthermore, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy confirms the reduction of hemicelluloses and lignin on the fiber surface after CCE post-treatment. X-ray diffraction results show that CCE post-treatment increases the crystallinity of LNCs. The thermal analyses also showed that the generated LCNCs and LCNFs from CCE post-treated pulps had obviously higher thermal stability than untreated ones. The manufactured nanofilms after CCE post-treatments also exhibited outstanding mechanical and appearance properties. In general, this study elucidates that the chemical, morphological, and thermal features of LNCs as well as mechanical and appearance properties of manufactured nanofilms can be significantly improved by CCE post-treatment of the unbleached pulp with an easy, affordable, and environmentally friendly method instead of bleaching or other expensive and non-eco-friendly methods, especially for heat-resistant nano biopolymers and composite applications. Keyword Lignin-containing cellulose nanocrystals (LCNCs) • Lignin-containing cellulose nanofibrils (LCNFs) • Cold caustic extraction (CCE) • Nanofilm • Soda pulp • Bagasse

Electricity is vital for modern society, powering homes, industries, hospitals, and transportation systems. It is the backbone of our daily lives, enabling convenience, fulfilling human basic needs, and crucial for the development and improvement of socioeconomic conditions. However, the Democratic Republic of the Congo faces a significant challenge with low electrification rates, where less than 10% of the population has access to electricity. Even the capital city, Kinshasa, with 17 million inhabitants, has only about 60% electricity access and struggles with massive municipal solid waste (MSW) generation. To address this issue, a plasma-based gasification technology is proposed as a suitable and eco-friendly solution. This technology involves treating the substantial volume of waste generated in Kinshasa and rural areas to increase power generation. The advanced System of Process Engineering (ASPEN Plus) was used to estimate that 208 tons of MSW as feedstock gasification produced 11.82 MW/h of electricity, significantly improving power access from 678 MW to 961.68 MW. Moreover, implementing plasma technology not only enhances electricity generation but also addresses waste management issues across the country, which are at their lowest point. Furthermore, it is crucial to enhance waste management policies in the DR Congo, particularly promoting different waste-to-energy (WTE) technologies, such as plasma, to fight increasing waste generation and greenhouse gas

This research is aimed at solving the problems of paper waste management in a developing country like Nigeria, at a cheap rate. Wood is rarely used as a material for constructing machine bodies. However, with advancements in wood products engineering, wood-based products can be easily engineered to desired specifications and can be useful for such applications. In this work, African Mahogany (Khaya ivorensis) was used for constructing the top cover and framework of the machine, while the body of the machine was constructed using High Density Fibreboard (HDF), in the replica of a 3D (Three dimensional) CAD (Computer Aided Design) designed by the researchers. Transmission system, cutting system and wood processing procedures were described in this work. The electric motor speed was 1450rpm before the gear ratio was introduced. Basic wood processing and metal machining processes were carried out during fabrication. The cutting blades of the machine was designed for cross cutting, which makes manageable sizes of shredded papers for ease of recycling and/or disposal. The components of the machine include: two shafts, 28 blades and spacers which were installed on one shaft, 29 blades and spacers on the other shaft, making a total of 57 blades for the cutting system of the machine. Wood and wood-based products served adequately as covering for the constructed machine with minimal noise at a cheap rate.

Distributed recycling and additive manufacturing (DRAM) offers a path to a circular economy. • Custom colors can increase value of DRAM polymers. optimal method, assessment criteria include the application of root mean square (RMS) and the color difference (ΔE CIE-2000). Three case studies were conducted, and the Nelder-Mead method was found to provide an optimal balance between the precision of color differences and the RMS, essential for producing high-quality colors. This research has provided a free tool that will now enable prosumers to convert their plastic waste into specific custom colors to enable DRAM.

Plastic litter pollution in the oceans, the land and freshwater rivers is increasingly emerging as a serious global environmental concern. Conventional plastics are fossil-based, made from non-renewable natural resources. A novel way out of the increasing rate of demand for plastic packaging is to adopt biodegradable plastics. Cannabis sativa (Hemp), sugarcane, cassava, and corn are some of the most popular plants utilized to produce bioplastics. Some biobased polymers are biodegradable. However, not all biobased plastics are biodegradable. It should be understood that similar to petroleum-based plastics, some bio-based plastics cannot be recycled. Consequently, many biodegradable bioplastics end up in landfills, which decompose gradually and produce methane gas. Biodegradable plastic that is commercially available has its own advantages and limitations respectively upon degradation in both freshwater and marine environments. The Indian bio plastics market is still in its early stages, with only a handful of companies currently operating in this segment. India has shown increasing interest in bio-plastics due to growing environmental concerns and a focus on sustainability. In terms of revenue, the biodegradable plastics market in India is likely to grow at a significant CAGR of 12.5% over the forecast period. India's significant agricultural sector provides a rich source of bio-based feed stocks for the production of bioplastics. Crops such as hemp, sugarcane, corn, and other biomass materials are utilized in Bio Plastics manufacture, contributing to the growth of the industry.

Concrete is one of the most widely used construction materials, yet it is prone to cracking, which compromises structural integrity and leads to costly repairs. Self-healing concrete is an innovative smart technology designed to enhance the durability and longevity of concrete structures by autonomously repairing cracks. This technology integrates biological, chemical, or mechanical healing mechanisms to restore structural integrity without human intervention. The most promising self-healing techniques include bacterial self-healing, where bacteria embedded in the concrete produce limestone to seal cracks, and capsule-based systems that release healing agents upon crack formation. Additionally, shape-memory materials and vascular networks mimic biological healing by supplying repair materials to damaged areas. Self-healing concrete significantly reduces maintenance costs, improves sustainability, and extends the lifespan of infrastructure. It has applications in roads, bridges, buildings, and underground structures, making it a revolutionary advancement in modern construction technology. This project explores the mechanisms, advantages, and potential challenges of self-healing concrete while highlighting its role in smart infrastructure development.

Made from a variety of natural sources, Nano Crystalline Cellulose (NCC) is a unique renewable nanomaterial with a wide range of applications due to its high stiffness and strength, low weight, biodegradability, and environmental benefits. Because of its special inherent qualities, NCC is one of the most renewable materials to be addressed by nanomaterials. The origins, manufacture, characteristics, and applications of nanomaterials, including NCC and nanofibers, have been extensively studied by a large number of researchers throughout the years. Strong chemical reactivity, crystallinity, strength and stiffness, biocompatibility, biodegradability, shape, and nanoscale dimensions are just a few of the remarkable properties that these nanomaterials have been shown to possess in countless investigations. These characteristics enable the application of these nanoparticles in a number of fields, including medicine. Among the most traditional and popular techniques. Electrospinning is one of the earliest and most popular techniques for producing nanofibers. This method works well and can be modified to produce continuous nanofibers. NCC-based nanofibers are novel materials in the biomaterials industry. Recent studies demonstrated that electrospun nanofibers could be efficiently loaded with a wide range of drugs, such as proteins, chemotherapeutic agents, antibiotics, and analgesics with anti-inflammatory qualities. One application of NCC and nanofibers in the medical field is drug delivery. This review highlights a number of issues related to NCC nanofibers and their use in drug delivery applications, beginning with discussing the various natural polymer types used in drug delivery applications, the physicochemical and biological properties of NCC, its various applications, its significance, and its preparation techniques.

The Code of Federal Regulations specifically adopts the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code as the standards for diving systems in US waters. Not all hyperbaric systems are made to ASME standards. This paper presents methods used successfully to obtain US Coast Guard and other jurisdictional approval of non-ASME pressure vessels for human occupancy.

A polyethylene terephthalate-Rice husk (PET-RH) composite was produced from waste plastic water bottle and rice husk. Burning rate test, scanning electron microscope (SEM), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential thermal analysis (DTA) were employed to study Original Research Article

This paper presents the design, development, and construction of an automated cane and bottle crusher. The primary objective is to create a portable and compact machine that can crush bottles and cans, facilitating recycling while minimizing human effort. The machine incorporates a single slider-crank mechanism, a fulcrum system, and basic automation features to achieve efficient crushing. This project also includes a comprehensive study of forces, design elements, and manufacturing processes, ensuring user ergonomics and ease of maintenance. Key components, such as pulleys, belts, an induction motor, and a speed reducer, are detailed. The paper concludes with the successful assembly and testing of the machine, demonstrating its effectiveness in recycling applications.

Storia di uno straordinario sardo che, trasferitosi a Milano, fu uno dei pionieri del settore materie plastiche, prima come trasformatore (stampaggio ad iniezione: 1945-1959; soffiaggio 1955-1958) poi come costruttore di macchine soffiatrici per corpi cavi (1959-1980), infine ancora come trasformatore (estrusione plastica espansa: 1980+). I suoi parenti non furono da meno nell'intraprendere.

Liquid-fed pyrolysis allows the conversion of contaminated postconsumer plastic waste into valuable resources, removing contaminants through wax dissolution and filtration. One of the main challenges is currently represented by the management of its main byproduct, the contaminant-rich retentate from the filtration process. New circular economy strategies are needed to use this waste plastic-based composite as secondary raw materials. Despite the increasing trend in using plastic and plastic-waste composites for the building sector, there are currently limited applications of industrial recycling waste as engineering construction materials, e.g., from pyrolysis. This study evaluates the suitability of contaminant-rich retentate from liquidfed pyrolysis of postconsumer multilayer packaging waste as novel composite materials for the building sector, taking advantage of its intrinsic composite nature. Thermogravimetric analysis was conducted to assess the composition of the retentate from filtration, a mixture of wax, polyethylene, polyethylene terephthalate, and aluminum. The compressive mechanical properties and densities were then evaluated on samples obtained through hot compression molding, using two batches to assess possible anisotropic behavior from the manufacturing process or the aluminum part orientation. The results indicate the suitability of the waste composite material for the building sector, reaching compression strengths (10-12 MPa) superior to construction bricks and brickworks (7 MPa), as well as 57 % lower density, 0.77 g/cm 3. The ductile fracture behavior indicates its potential use for applications requiring failure prediction and safety constraints. This high strength-to-weight ratio composite represents a valuable alternative to virgin materials, showing potential for structural and aesthetic applications, including lightweight bricks, interior textured panels, decorative facades, and customized pavement tiles and slabs. Hot compression molding of pyrolysis waste composite paves the way for the real use of plastic-based composites from mixed and contaminated industrial waste in the building sector, contrasting resource depletion. 1. Introduction Recent advancements in sustainable material technologies, e.g., green nanotechnology, recycling methods, and novel composite

The world production of plastic exceeded 360 million tonnes in 2020 alone, a considerable amount of which is not properly disposed of. The significant pressures and damages posed by conventional plastic to human and environmental health suggest that alternatives are urgently needed. One of them is “bioplastic”, which is defined as bio-based plastic that is (or not) biodegradable. This paper reports on a study on the perceptions of bioplastics among consumers in 42 countries to identify their levels of information and concerns. The results suggest that most respondents have positive expectations regarding the future of bioplastics to replace conventional plastics fully or partially, especially for food containers, kitchenware, and boxes and bags for packaging. They also reported that the low costs and increased availability of bioplastic products on the market are likely to be the main drivers for their wide-scale adoption. However, many participants are unsure whether they would buy...

Polymer matrix composites can reduce the structural weight and result in improved fuel efficiency and performance in transportation applications. Thermoplastic matrix composites have been used for semi-structural and engineering applications. In addition to the ease of fabrication using a wide range of forming processes, thermoplastic polymers are recyclable, which are the strong driving forces for their current and future applications. Rapid production of high quality components is the key to cost reduction in industrial applications. The present work is the first attempt of manufacturing syntactic foams, hollow particle filled lightweight composites, using an industrial scale Polymer Injection Molding (PIM) process. High Density Polyethylene (HDPE) is used as the matrix material and fly ash cenospheres as the filler. Development of syntactic foams with cenospheres serves dual purpose of beneficial utilization of industrial waste fly ash and reduction in the component cost. Pressure and temperature used in PIM are optimized to minimize cenosphere fracture and obtain complete mixing of cenospheres with HDPE. The optimized parameters are used for manufacturing syntactic foams with 20, 40 and 60 wt.% cenosphere without any surface treatment initially. With increasing cenosphere content, density and tensile strength reduce and modulus increases. A theoretical model based on a differential scheme is used to estimate the properties of cenospheres by conducting parametric studies because of inherent difficulties in direct measurement of cenosphere properties. Further, the influence of cenosphere surface treatment, functionalization of HDPE and blending method on tensile properties are investigated. Cenospheres are treated with silane and HDPE is functionalized with 10% dibutyl maleate. Tensile test specimens are cast with 20, 40 and 60 wt.% of cenospheres using injection molding. Modulus and strength are found to increase with increasing cenosphere content for composites with treated constituents. Highest modulus and strength were observed for 40 and 60 wt.% untreated mechanically mixed and treated brabender mixed cenospheres/HDPE blends, respectively. These values are 37 and 17% higher than those for virgin and functionalized HDPE. Theoretical models are used to assess the effect of particle properties and interfacial bonding on modulus and strength of syntactic foams. Brabender mixing method provided highest ultimate tensile and fracture strengths, which is attributed to the effectiveness of brabender in breaking particle clusters and generating the higher particle-matrix surface area compared to that by mechanical mixing method. Theoretical trends show clear benefits of improved particle-matrix interfacial bonding in the strength results. Effect of surface treatment and blending method on flexural properties is dealt next. Flexural test specimens are cast with 20, 40 and 60 wt.% of cenospheres using PIM. The flexural modulus and strength are found to increase with increasing cenosphere content. Particle breakage increases with the cenosphere content and the measured properties show increased dependence on processing method. Untreated constituents blended by mechanical mixing provide the highest benefit in flexural modulus. Modulus of syntactic foams is predicted by two theoretical models. Bardella-Genna model provides close estimates for syntactic foams having 20 and 40 wt.% cenospheres, while predictions are higher for higher cenosphere content, likely due to particle breakage during processing. The uncertainty in the properties of cenospheres due to defects contribute to the variation in the predicted values. Untreated constituents blended by mechanical mixing route as observed in tensile and flexural characterization registered higher tensile modulus and better flexural performance. Thereby, characterization of cenosphere/HDPE syntactic foams synthesized by mechanical mixing route for untreated constituents is dealt in the subsequent investigations. Quasi-static and high strain rate compressive response is investigated later. Thermoplastic matrix syntactic foams have not been studied extensively for high strain rate deformation response despite interest in them for lightweight underwater vehicle structures and consumer products. Quasi-static compression tests are conducted at 10 -4 , 10 -3 and 10 -2 s -1 strain rates. Further, a split-Hopkinson pressure bar (SHPB) is utilized for characterizing syntactic foams for high strain rate compression. The compressive strength of syntactic foams is higher than that of HDPE resin at the same strain rate. Yield strength shows an increasing trend with strain rate. The average yield strength values at high strain rates are almost twice the values obtained at 10 -4 s -1 for HDPE resin and syntactic foams. Further, HDPE matrix syntactic foams are characterized for their viscoelastic properties by dynamic mechanical analysis. Tests are conducted over 35-130°C temperatures and 1-100 Hz frequency range and combined using the time-temperature superposition principle to generate a set of isothermal master curves. Storage and loss modulus increase with increasing weight fraction of cenospheres, but with little difference between 40 and 60 wt.%, at all temperatures. The sensitivity of storage modulus to weight fraction of cenospheres increases with increasing frequency. Storage and loss modulus decrease with increasing temperature in the range of 35-130°C, while tan δ increases. The Williams-Landel-Ferry (WLF) constants are a linearly increasing function of cenosphere weight fraction. Structure-property correlations of all the investigated properties are presented with the help of exhaustive SEM images to understand underlying mechanisms. Finally, the potential for using the optimized parameters of injection molding process is demonstrated by casting several industrial components as a deliverable of this work.

Solar photovoltaic (PV) devices have excellent ecological footprints, but a substantial amount of embodied energy is due to their standard aluminum frames. Recycled polycarbonate (PC) has a high strength-to-weight ratio and superior resistance to corrosion, which makes it an attractive substitute for aluminum in the construction of PV module frames. This study investigates the feasibility of using virgin and recycled PC for PV module frames by 1) conducting finite element analysis to optimize dimensional designs of PC frames, ensuring sufficient structural strength and minimizing potential deformation while minimizing the weight; 2) performing materials economic analysis on that PC frames to compare them to Al and 3) a basic life cycle analysis to compare the environmental performance of the two frame materials. Two frame profiles are evaluated: downward fastened and C-shaped. Results show the use of lower-mass PC frames could enable installations that might otherwise be unfeasible due to necessary roof structural reinforcement. PC downward fastened frames are also less expensive than aluminum frames. The environmental impact results show recycled Al and recycled PC significantly outperform primary aluminum. Recycled polycarbonate, provides the most substantial reductions in both cumulative energy demand and carbon footprint, with nearly complete elimination of carbon emissions.

ประกาศนี้กำหนดมาตรฐานคุณภาพและความปลอดภัยสำหรับภาชนะบรรจุที่ทำจากพลาสติก เพื่อให้เหมาะสมกับการบรรจุอาหารและเครื่องดื่ม โดยระบุข้อกำหนดเกี่ยวกับวัสดุที่ใช้ในการผลิตภาชนะพลาสติก โดยมุ่งเน้นความปลอดภัยในการใช้งานสำหรับผู้บริโภค เป้าหมายคือการป้องกันความเสี่ยงด้านสุขภาพที่อาจเกิดจากภาชนะพลาสติก เช่น การปนเปื้อนหรือสารเคมีที่เป็นอันตราย นอกจากนี้ยังส่งเสริมให้มีการใช้แนวทางที่เป็นมิตรกับสิ่งแวดล้อมในการผลิตและการกำจัดภาชนะพลาสติก

Abstract

This announcement sets the quality and safety standards for plastic containers, ensuring they are suitable for packaging food and beverages. It outlines the requirements for materials used in manufacturing plastic containers, focusing on their safety for consumer use. The goal is to prevent any potential health risks from plastic containers, including contamination or harmful chemicals. The regulation also encourages the use of environmentally friendly practices in the production and disposal of plastic containers.

Nanofibers derived from cellulose have gained significant attention for their broad range of applications across industries, from environmental to biomedical fields. Waste paper, an abundant and underutilized cellulose source, offers a sustainable alternative to traditional raw materials in nanofiber production. This paper explores various methods for producing nanofibers from waste paper, including mechanical, chemical, and enzymatic techniques, and examines the structural, mechanical, and thermal properties of the resulting fibers. Additionally, the review addresses the environmental and economic benefits of utilizing waste paper, highlighting its potential contribution to circular economy models and resource conservation. Application areas such as water filtration, tissue engineering, and biodegradable packaging are discussed, along with emerging uses in electronics and energy storage. The paper also identifies key challenges in scaling up production and ensuring consistent quality, while outlining future research directions aimed at improving efficiency and integrating sustainable materials. Overall, this review demonstrates that waste paper-derived nanofibers represent a promising, eco-friendly solution to both waste management and advanced material development.

Organic chemical products provide a basis for many industries, including pharmaceuticals, agriculture, materials
science, and food processing. With the world turning towards sustainability and environmental consciousness,
the demand for organic chemicals is increasing radically. This research paper investigates the importance of
organic chemicals in the world market, their applications, advantages, and downsides, and the way these
products are shaping

Organic chemical products provide a basis for many industries, including pharmaceuticals, agriculture, materials
science, and food processing. With the world turning towards sustainability and environmental consciousness,
the demand for organic chemicals is increasing radically. This research paper investigates the importance of
organic chemicals in the world market, their applications, advantages, and downsides, and the way these
products are shaping

Green infrastructure and landscape architecture play vital roles in creating livable cities. Informed by established
theory and global case studies, the paper addresses how designing livable, sustainable urban areas with quality
green space mitigates negative environmental conditions, minimizes adversity, and creates well-being. This
paper identifies elements that contribute to making cities more livable through the development of urban
resilience via green infrastructure. etc……….

This paper explores the design, implementation, and efficiency of building services specifically HVAC (Heating,
Ventilation, and Air Conditioning), electrical, water systems and roof solar system with case study examples. With
the growing demand for energy efficiency, sustainability, and user comfort, the role of these systems has become
increasingly important in commercial spaces. Through an in-depth case study of a mall, the paper analyzes how these
systems are integrated to ensure optimal performance. The study examines the energy consumption, operational
challenges, and maintenance strategies employed. Furthermore, the paper discusses the role of innovative technologies
in enhancing system efficiency and reducing environmental impact. The findings provide valuable insights for facility
managers looking to optimize building services in commercial developments

The E-Waste Facility Locator is a web-based application designed to help users find authorized e-waste disposal and recycling
facilities nearby. By integrating geographic data and user inputs, it allows individuals and organizations to search for facilities
based on location, type of e-waste (e.g., mobile phones, batteries, computers), and operational hours. The platform will feature an
intuitive interface with filters for specific waste categories and provide real-time navigation. Facility data will be maintained in a
database, ensuring up-to-date information on certified locations. Additional features include educational resources, user reviews,
and incentives for recycling. This project aims to promote responsible e-waste disposal, contributing to a cleaner and more
sustainable environment.

Romania is still a landfilled-based country and is exposed to illegal dumping and open burning practices of plastic items, particularly in rural regions; therefore, recycling and source-separated waste collection schemes need to be further improved at the national scale. In this context, this work aims to examine the role of plastic waste trade in Romania and the repercussions to the environment associated with it, such as other domestic waste management deficiencies. Therefore, this study reveals the manner in which plastic wastes from abroad (i.e., plastic packaging, textile waste, plastic parts of e-waste, and end-of-life vehicles) pose additional threats to the environment under the prevalence of linear economy mechanisms and, also, how these waste streams appear to interact with both the formal and informal recycling sectors in Romania. The role of plastic waste trade in aquatic and terrestrial contamination should be further investigated in Romania.

Industrial systems engineering is undergoing a significant transformation driven by the advent of intelligent
technologies that enable smarter, more efficient, and sustainable operations. In the context of Industry 4.0,
advanced computational models are reshaping traditional methods, addressing challenges in scalability,
adaptability, and operational precision. This article explores the integration of data-driven solutions into industrial
processes, focusing on their impact on predictive analytics, autonomous production, and adaptive quality control
frameworks. From a broader perspective, the fusion of advanced technologies has elevated decision intelligence
across sectors. Predictive analytics has emerged as a cornerstone, utilizing machine learning techniques to
anticipate equipment failures, optimize resource allocation, and enhance supply chain efficiency. Autonomous
production systems leverage real-time decision-making through reinforcement learning and neural networks,
enabling cost reductions and scalable operations. Digital twin technologies, bridging the physical and virtual
realms, allow iterative design, testing, and scenario planning to reduce risk and improve resource utilization.
Narrowing the scope, adaptive quality control frameworks integrate computer vision and IoT-enabled systems to
identify defects and ensure consistency across manufacturing processes. Beyond individual applications, these
technologies foster cross-sector interoperability, creating resilient supply chains and supporting sustainable
practices. Challenges related to data integrity, transparency, and workforce integration are addressed, highlighting
the importance of ethical implementation and regulatory compliance. This comprehensive analysis underscores
the transformative potential of integrating intelligent systems into industrial operations. By emphasizing
collaboration, scalability, and sustainability, this article provides a roadmap for stakeholders to adopt forwardlooking strategies, enabling more innovative and responsible industrial ecosystems.

A solid manure injector was developed at the Department of Agricultural and Environmental Engineering, Federal
University of Technology, Akure. The machine was able to place solid manure uniformly beneath the soil surface and
cover the manure to reduce ammonia volatilization and odour emissions. The machine consists of the main frame,
hopper, pulverizer, conveyor, furrow opener, furrow coverer and instrumentation system. The drive shaft directly on
the wheel controls the pulverizer shaft and conveyor shaft via a chain and sprocket mechanism. The speed at which
the pulverizer and conveyor operates are synchronized with the speed at the wheels. The performance of the solid
manure injector was evaluated at three feed gate openings (6 cm, 12 cm and 18 cm), three forward speeds (0.66 m/s,
1.1 m/s and 1.54 m/s) and three depths (5 cm, 10 cm, and 15 cm). From the result, it was found that highest application
rate with a mean of 1667.9 kg/ha was obtained at 1.54 m/s speed, 18 cm feed gate opening and 5 cm depth. Field
capacity ranged between 0.28 and 0.74 ha/h while field efficiency ranged between 50% to 63% across soil depths and
tractor forward speeds. Effects of speed, feed gate openings and depth and their interactions were significant (p <
0.001) on application rate while speed and depth and their interactions were significant on field capacity and field
efficiency.

This article explores the critical role of mindfulness meditation in helping individuals break free from the
psychological burdens of the past and the future. Many people are trapped by painful memories, lingering
regrets, and worries about what has not yet occurred, leading to diminished quality of life and difficulty
experiencing peace in the present. Mindfulness meditation is introduced as a powerful and practical method for
liberating the mind and fostering full engagement with the present moment. An explanation of mindfulness
meditation and its transformative process is at the heart of the discussion. Mindfulness meditation focuses
entirely on the present, observing thoughts, emotions, and sensations with non-judgmental awareness. By
anchoring the mind in the "now," this practice helps individuals break free from cycles of negative thinking,
allowing them to find tranquillity and clarity in the moment.
The article further examines why the mind often gravitates toward the past and the future. The past is
frequently tied to painful memories, regrets, or perceived failures, while the future evokes uncertainty, anxiety,
and fear of the unknown. These mental fixations detach individuals from the present moment, where life
unfolds. This disconnection exacerbates stress and hinders focus, creativity, and emotional well-being. The
article also highlights the extensive benefits of mindfulness meditation for mental health and daily life.
Practicing mindfulness enhances emotional resilience, reduces stress, and improves concentration. It empowers
individuals to navigate life's challenges with a calm and steady mind. Mindfulness meditation fosters a deeper
connection to oneself and others by cultivating awareness, enriching personal relationships, and enhancing
overall life satisfaction.
In conclusion, the article emphasizes the transformative power of living in the present as a key to overcoming
mental limitations and achieving inner peace. Mindfulness meditation is a mental liberation technique and a
journey of self-discovery and sustainable happiness. In a fast-paced and uncertain world, grounding oneself in
the present moment offers clarity and resilience to face life's challenges. With each mindful breath, this journey
begins simply and holds the promise of profound and lasting change for anyone willing to take the first step.

The practice of incorporating plastic waste into pothole repair involves mixing plastic materials, such as bottles and bags, with
traditional road construction materials like concrete. This method aims to enhance the durability and longevity of road repairs,
reduce costs, and offer a sustainable solution for managing plastic waste. The effectiveness of plastic-based pothole repairs can
vary based on factors like the type of plastic used, local climate conditions, and the quality of the repair process. While
continuous research is underway to optimize this technique, it presents potential benefits such as improved road durability, cost
savings, and environmental advantages by reducing plastic pollution.