Chemical Process Safety

The global shift toward clean energy has increased the adoption of hydrogen, ammonia, and carbon neutral fuels as integral components of decarbonization strategies. However, these technologies introduce significant safety, operational, and environmental challenges throughout their facility life cycles. Current risk management practices often lack a unified, lifecycle based approach that incorporates measurable performance indicators tailored to the distinct nature of clean energy systems and stepwise guide for digital integration. This study presents a comprehensive, index based Key Performance Indicator (KPI) framework for life cycle risk management in clean energy facilities. Addressing gaps in prior research which typically focus on isolated phases or generic process safety tools. The proposed framework adopts a risk informed, systems engineering approach. It spans all project phases (concept design, construction, commissioning, operations, maintenance and decommissioning) and integrates dynamic risk quantification with international standards, including ISO 31000, IEC 61511, and CCPS guidelines. The proposed framework enhances the ability to identify, monitor, and mitigate risks through quantifiable metrics that support real time decision making and continuous improvement. Key outcomes include improved process safety culture, alignment with Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) performance goals, and greater regulatory compliance transparency. Designed for adaptability, the framework can be applied across diverse clean energy value chains, facilitating benchmarking, risk informed planning and operational optimization. Additionally, it provides a foundation for future integration with digital twin technologies, enabling predictive risk analytics and supporting the evolution of safety standards and policies for hydrogen and ammonia infrastructure.

It would not have been possible to write this dissertation without the help and support of the kind people around me. First and foremost, I offer my sincerest gratitude to my supervisor, Dr. Masdi bin Muhammad, who has supported me throughout my dissertation with his patience and knowledge whilst allowing me the room to work in my own way. His invaluable constructive comments and suggestions throughout the whole eight (8) months duration of the Final Year Project have contributed to the success of this research. I wish to express my sincere thanks to Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, and its staff, particularly the faculty members of Mechanical Engineering Department for providing the necessary academic and technical support for this research. Thank you for giving me the amazing opportunity to learn and grow during my five (5) years of study in the university. I am indebted to Head of Mechanical Engineering Department, AP. Ir. Dr. Masri bin Baharom and all the lecturers for always teaching with sincere hearts and for pushing the students to be better, both academically and spiritually. I would like to take this opportunity to dedicate my deepest appreciation to my friends and colleagues for the continuous support, guidance and encouragement. Thank you for being there through thick and thin. Last but not least, I would like to thank the most important people in my life, my parents and siblings for the endless love, support and patience. Thank you for always believing in me and for making me become what I am today. I cannot find words to express my gratitude to my family for everything that they have given me. I owe all of my achievements to them.

Worldwide, climate change adaptation (CCA) is part of a complex setting that also needs to take sustainable development (SD) and disaster risk reduction (DRR) into account (IPCC, 2012). The uncertainties associated with managing climate change are high. Developing the capacity to reduce the risk associated with disasters (e.g. floods and droughts) is a central theme in water management. Scientific insights, data and practical experience in the form of integrated knowledge when made available to practitioners at the appropriate level, and using the appropriate language and format can contribute to better solutions for DRR and CCA. To this end, the CATALYST project (www.catalyst-project.eu), uses innovative approaches including a virtual platform together with face-to-face workshops as part of a think tank process to create exchange among scientists and practitioners, and identify potential means of communicating new scientific insights in and approaches to DRR/CCA. Participants in th...

Article Recommendations M any industrial chemical incidents happen around the world every year, causing fatalities, property damage, and disrupted supply chains. For example, the Tianjiayi Chemical explosion in Jiangsu, China, on March 21, 2019, at a plant producing chemical intermediates caused 78 fatalities, 76 severe injuries, 640 hospitalizations, and an estimated direct economic loss of $300 million. 1 An explosion at AB Specialty Silicones in Waukegan, Illinois, on May 3, 2019, killed four workers. 2 More recently, on July 27, 2021, an explosion at the Chempark complex in Leverkusen, Germany, caused seven fatalities and left 31 injured. 3 While these were local events, process safety incidents like these can have international consequences. For example, the Tianjiayi explosion caused disruptions for many global chemical and pharmaceutical companies who were buyers of the company's products. Systematically studying process safety performance and learning from the past is an effective way to prevent such incidents. 5 But improving process safety does not mean we need to wait to learn when the next explosion, death, or injury occurs. Instead, research that contributes to preventing process safety incidents from ever occurring is regularly published in several journals, including Organic Process Research & Development (OPR&D), ACS Chemical Health & Safety (ACS CHAS), and the Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries (JLPPI). These three journals have now pooled their efforts to publish a joint Virtual Special Issue, "Process Safety from Bench to Pilot to Plant." This unique collaboration between American Chemical Society and Elsevier journals highlights work that merges natural, social, management, and engineering sciences. The scope and audience of each journal can be found online. Briefly, OPR&D publishes research on industrial process chemistry to enable safe, environmentally benign, and ultimately economical manufacturing of organic compounds in larger quantities. ACS CHAS publishes work on current and emerging technical, human, and organizational factors affecting chemical risk management, safety information, regulatory updates, effective chemical hygiene practices, safety training, and hazard assessment tools. JLPPI publishes on technical, human, and organizational process safety measures to prevent and mitigate process-related injuries and damage arising from fire, explosion, and toxic release during the use, storage, manufacture, handling, and transportation of hazardous materials. Process safety starts with students, as they are the foundation Biographies ACS Chemical Health & Safety pubs.acs.org/acschas

Article Recommendations M any industrial chemical incidents happen around the world every year, causing fatalities, property damage, and disrupted supply chains. For example, the Tianjiayi Chemical explosion in Jiangsu, China, on March 21, 2019, at a plant producing chemical intermediates caused 78 fatalities, 76 severe injuries, 640 hospitalizations, and an estimated direct economic loss of $300 million. 1 An explosion at AB Specialty Silicones in Waukegan, Illinois, on May 3, 2019, killed four workers. 2 More recently, on July 27, 2021, an explosion at the Chempark complex in Leverkusen, Germany, caused seven fatalities and left 31 injured. 3 While these were local events, process safety incidents like these can have international consequences. For example, the Tianjiayi explosion caused disruptions for many global chemical and pharmaceutical companies who were buyers of the company's products. Systematically studying process safety performance and learning from the past is an effective way to prevent such incidents. 5 But improving process safety does not mean we need to wait to learn when the next explosion, death, or injury occurs. Instead, research that contributes to preventing process safety incidents from ever occurring is regularly published in several journals, including Organic Process Research & Development (OPR&D), ACS Chemical Health & Safety (ACS CHAS), and the Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries (JLPPI). These three journals have now pooled their efforts to publish a joint Virtual Special Issue, "Process Safety from Bench to Pilot to Plant." This unique collaboration between American Chemical Society and Elsevier journals highlights work that merges natural, social, management, and engineering sciences. The scope and audience of each journal can be found online. Briefly, OPR&D publishes research on industrial process chemistry to enable safe, environmentally benign, and ultimately economical manufacturing of organic compounds in larger quantities. ACS CHAS publishes work on current and emerging technical, human, and organizational factors affecting chemical risk management, safety information, regulatory updates, effective chemical hygiene practices, safety training, and hazard assessment tools. JLPPI publishes on technical, human, and organizational process safety measures to prevent and mitigate process-related injuries and damage arising from fire, explosion, and toxic release during the use, storage, manufacture, handling, and transportation of hazardous materials. Process safety starts with students, as they are the foundation

Background: Fire and explosion in process industries can have catastrophic consequences. The frequency of these accidents has led safety experts to underscore the importance of conducting thorough risk analysis studies to implement effective control measures. Materials and Methods: A tank gas leak was initially selected as a scenario for probable explosion risk assessment. The bowtie technique was utilized to analyze the potential causes and consequences of the selected incident. A fuzzy logic approach was used to quantify the probability of essential events, and the Bayesian network (BN) was employed for dynamic risk analysis. Results: Using the bowtie method, 24 fundamental causes were identified for tank gas leaks (main scenario). Moreover, 4 safety barriers against the prevention of the selected scenario were identified, and evaluation of the success and failure of these safety barriers led to the identification of 5 potential consequences. According to the BN and fuzzy analysis, the inappropriate installation was the most influential event, with a near miss identified as the most likely consequence of the central event. Conclusion: The results demonstrate that applying fuzzy logic and BNs could solve the uncertainty and static nature of traditional quantitative risk analysis studies.

Crude oil tank fire and explosion (COTFE) is one of the main risks to the occupational safety of oil storage tanks. Aiming to identify and assess the risk of COTFE, this article proposes a novel method of fuzzy fault tree analysis (FFTA) combined with experts' interview. In this methodology, diverse probable causes of the COTFE are identified and a COTFE fault tree is constructed. To overcome the inconvenience from the lack of exact probability data for the basic events (BEs), a fuzzy set theory is employed and the probability data of each BE is treated as trapezoidal fuzzy numbers. In addition, a new approach for combining the different opinions of experts is also introduced in this article to reduce the error during the aggregation process. An in-depth quantitative analysis of the FFT, namely structure importance and Fusselle Vesely importance for BEs and the minimum cut sets importance, is given to assess the COTFE risk and obtain more details about the fault tree. A case study and analysis are provided to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed method, in addition to a comparison with an in-literature case study using an established FFTA. Some suggestions are given to take preventive measures in advance, to avoid COTFE accidents and assist in setting priorities at improving safety procedures.

ISO-Chem 19810: Risk Management in the Chemical Industry 1. Scope This standard provides a structured framework for managing risks in the chemical industry, focusing on chemical production, storage, handling, transportation, and disposal. It helps organisations mitigate risks related to human health, safety, environmental protection, and regulatory compliance while optimizing operations and promoting sustainability.

When a loss of primary containment of liquefied natural gas (LNG) occurs on the ground, a pool, that simultaneously spreads and vaporizes, is formed posing cryogenic, asphyxiating, and flammable hazards to its surrounding. Determining the pool size and vapour generation upon release play key roles in the accuracy of dispersion and consequence models. This work focuses on LNG source term model validation through the evaluation of an existing model with a newly generated data.

Petroleum refineries are multifaceted and complex systems that perform multiple phase operations characterized by a high level of risk. The size and complexity of petroleum refinery, together with the nature of the products handled, require Hazard and operability (HAZOP) methodology. HAZOP is one of the best tools used in various oil refineries globally based on guidewords for all hazardous conditions with strong recommendation. The application of HAZOP has been demonstrated in the condensate oil exploration unit, based in Sindh. In this research paper about 12 deviations were documented with 34 possible causes and 46 predicted consequences. However, to make the system hazard free 3 nodes were selected on the piping and instrumentation diagram of condensate splitter, based on selected nodes 48 actions were proposed in counter of the deviations.

Safety Data Sheets (SDS), crucial for chemical hazard communication and risk assessment under the Globally Harmonized System (GHS), exhibit significant variability in quality despite regulatory mandates. This study provides an extensive review of SDSs, encompassing their historical development, regulatory frameworks, structural elements, creation procedures, and practical applications, aiming to enhance comprehension and effective utilization across industrial and environmental domains. Despite their pivotal role in chemical safety, SDSs encounter challenges such as regulatory adherence, data accuracy, accessibility, interpretation complexities, and adequacy of training, necessitating targeted improvements for optimizing their role in safeguarding human health and the environment. Pivotal in chemical safety management, SDSs confront various limitations that can compromise their efficacy. This study explores avenues for enhancing SDSs by focusing on improving data precision, enhancing user comprehension, standardising regulations, and enhancing accessibility. Addressing these aspects promises to significantly elevate the utility and impact of SDSs in protecting human health and environmental integrity.

This paper deals with the safety aspects of a 500 kW th (thermal power) biomass gasification plant coupled with a 125 kW e (electric power) molten carbonate fuel cell. In particular, it describes the procedure for assessing the explosion risk in presence of hydrogen-rich syngas and compares the results given by the application of technical standards with those obtained by the implementation of a fluid dynamic model for the potential emission scenarios.

Unlike onshore plants, where the risk of a hazardous release may be dominated by the initial event consequences, the risk profile in offshore plants can also include a significant escalation element. As a result, when considering the potential for escalating events and the impairment of safety critical equipment such as critical structures, escape routes or the temporary refuge, it is necessary to compute the variation of release rate with time, as impairment criteria are time-based. The first stage is to predict the mass flow from an inventory, and model how this will decay against time, taking account of isolation and any depressurisation.

In an era, typical of globalization and corporatization, the need for the introduction and practice of safe systems of work in organizations activates the necessity for an effective Permit to Work (PTW) system in organizations to ensure that risks associated with job functions in organizations are reduced to a level as low as reasonably practicable. The study is a descriptive survey and makes use of primary source of data collection. Pearson Product Moment Correlation (PPMC) statistics was used to answer one null hypothesis. The study tested the relationship between permit to work system and management of Hazards in Integrated Data Services Limited (IDSL). The study confirms that there is a significant moderate positive relationship between permit to work system and management of hazards in organizations. IDSL is committed to their health, safety and environment policy nay elimination of injuries, occupational illnesses and have done creditably well in occupational hazard management owing to the practice and use of permit to work system.  It is therefore recommended by this study that for successful management of hazards in organizations, the permit-to-work has to be followed up practically, by the joint co-operative actions of the competent personnel, inclusive of all work crew, permit to work operations authority, performing authority and relevant work supervisors. 

Keywords: Permit-to-work, Occupational Hazard, Organization, Risk,
Safety, Employee, Accident

Chemical Engineering students rely on various software tools in accomplishing their term projects, final year design projects and graduate thesis, which are quite exhaustive and must be produced in timely manner.  Various tools such as POLYMATH, MATHCAD, MATLAB, and simulation tools as Hysys, Pro/II, ProMax, Chemcad, and so on have been employed in process modeling, simulation and optimization of chemical processes.

This two-volume set for the first time provides the most popular commercial design tools/software package in the market to chemical and process engineers.  We believe that this will be hands-on-tools for students and working professionals in learning process simulation software and the use of Microsoft Excel spreadsheet, which is readily available for students and professionals.  This is also a useful text for university instructors who conduct lectures on process modelling and simulation.

Volume 1

Numerical methods Physical properties
Fluid flow Equipment and instrument sizing
Pumps and compressor Mass transfer

Volume 2
Heat transfer Process integration
Process safety Chemical kinetics, reactor design
Engineering economics Optimization
Epilogue


These two volumes are packed with fundamental theories, nomographs, figures, tables, snapshots of simulator and software and process incidents, which would enable students and professionals to assimilate the various designs methodology and technology used in the chemical process industry.

Indonesian Navy ships (KAL) is one element of the Integrated Fleet Weapon System (SSAT), which plays an important role in carrying out tasks in the defense field. So, we need an optimal KAL readiness to support the passage of the operation to be carried out successfully and smoothly. One of the ways used to prepare KAL is to carry out routine maintenance through the docking process. However, in practice there are accidents  suffered by workers.This research was conducted using the HIRARC method. HIRARC is a method of hazard identification, risk assessment and risk control measures that are used for this method is considered moreappropriate and more accurately where the dangers that arise in the process described docking of any work activity. In this method also provides appropriate control measures for each hazard. Based on the results of the HIRARC analysis, each suction work activity of docking based Risk Ranking will be sorted according to the level of Risk Matrix and will be dis...

Algeria occupies an important place in all oil-producing countries. However, in recent years, industrial establishments have experienced a rapid increase in the number of major industrial accidents, where fires and explosions cause serious impacts on people, systems and the environment. In order to avoid these dangerous phenomena, industrialists are obliged to put in place risk control measures whose role is to prevent the occurrence of such phenomena or to limit their consequences. Thus, and because of the unsatisfactory safety results achieved during the past period, The Algerian hydrocarbons company (Sonatrach) has tried to reinforce the security barriers at these industrial sites. From there the objective of this paper appears that is the evaluation of these safety barriers by checking their performances through the development of quantitative or semi-quantitative approaches. This work is devoted to the application of a combination of three methods: HAZOP, ADE and LOPA at the level known as the "Stripper" of the TFT industrial zone. The collection of information on the Stripper system is ensured by the two methods HAZOP and ADE. However, the LOPA method is used to evaluate protective layers whose objective is to control and improve the system's security barriers against future aggressions and undesirable incidents.

The purpose of this study is to observe and analyze the potential hazards that can cause accidents in the activity of lifting building materials using Tower Crane on a construction project. The method used in this research is Hazard Identification, Risk Assessment and Risk Control (HIRARC). By using this method, it is hoped that it can reduce the number of accidents that occur, find out the causes of accidents, and establish control measures. The results of the study indicate that there are 11 risks in activities that have the potential to cause accidents. Where 2 risks have an "Extreme" level of danger, namely an accident with more than one person and the status is "Urgent" so that it needs immediate treatment, 4 risks are classified as "High" which need serious attention and 2 risks are "Medium" which requires special attention. The conclusion of the research is that companies must establish and maintain procedures to carry out hazard identification, risk assessment, and risk control as needed by removing water in the basement, grinding protective pairs, using earplugs, making SOPs, using scaffolding, installing covers holes, put up warning signs, cut metal out of the floor, used personnel protective equipment (PPE), and provided a first aid kit. It is recommended that the company immediately recruit HSE experts on each project so that the company's Quality Health Safety Environment (QHSE) Department only receives reports and proposals which will later be used as SOPs for the next construction project.

The purpose of this study is to observe and analyze the potential hazards that can cause accidents in the activity of lifting building materials using Tower Crane on a construction project. The method used in this research is Hazard Identification, Risk Assessment and Risk Control (HIRARC). By using this method, it is hoped that it can reduce the number of accidents that occur, find out the causes of accidents, and establish control measures. The results of the study indicate that there are 11 risks in activities that have the potential to cause accidents. Where 2 risks have an “Extreme” level of danger, namely an accident with more than one person and the status is “Urgent” so that it needs immediate treatment, 4 risks are classified as “High” which need serious attention and 2 risks are “Medium” which requires special attention. The conclusion of the research is that companies must establish and maintain procedures to carry out hazard identification, risk assessment, and risk cont...

An alarm management methodology can be proposed as a discrete event sequence recognition problem where time patterns are used to identify the process safe condition, especially in the start-up and shutdown stages. Industrial plants, particularly in the petrochemical, energy, and chemical sectors, require a combined approach of all the events that can result in a catastrophic accident. This document introduces a new layer of protection (super-alarm) for industrial processes based on a diagnostic stage. Alarms and actions of the standard operating procedure are considered discrete events involved in sequences, where the diagnostic stage corresponds to the recognition of a special situation when these sequences occur. This is meant to provide operators with pertinent information regarding the normal or abnormal situations induced by the flow of alarms. Chronicles Based Alarm Management (CBAM) is the methodology used to build the chronicles that will permit to generate the super-alarms ...

Recent LNG facilities projects have grown in size and complexity (e.g., larger capacities, remote sites and modularized construction), thus requiring larger investments. This trend has not only increased the investment costs but also added further difficulties to project management during the design phase (e.g., large, joint venture organizations for both, Owner and Contractor, that combine partners with different company cultures, personnel hired specifically for the project, complicated contract formations and splits of work, and extensive and complex government permitting and approval requirements). In addition, the project schedule is also usually very tight in order to start up the facilities sooner. Recent projects apply a risk-based approach in defining and ensuring a safe design, rather than using the traditional deterministic approach. This formalized process (accountability, identification and demonstration for hazard and risk) has started since the Seveso Disaster, and has provided a new regulatory framework for the work place health and safety in Great Britain and Europe as the Safety Case Regulation following the Piper Alpha incident. However, due to the increasing project complexity, a riskbased approach and decisions based on a probabilistic cost-benefit analysis becomes inherently difficult. They require obtaining a firm output from various analyses and studies, which in turn, require firm design data that is only available at the latter stages of the design phase. Delays in HSE input to design may result in major schedule delays in project execution. The application of the risk-based approach has been the first step toward improving process safety, the next step, which is discussed in this paper, is to establish the Management System in order to effectively implement the risk-based approach in the current complex project environment and execution. Typical problems observed in such complex projects are differences in problem statements and optimal outcomes when there are multiple stakeholders, different philosophies, insufficient coordination and inefficient design change control, all leading to inconsistencies in HSE design. The HSE management system (HSE MS) typically focuses on site occupational HSE. However, due to the increased difficulties in engineering execution and project management in recent projects, detailed planning of how to handle Technical HSE aspects in engineering is becoming more and more important, and therefore, the traditional application of the HSE MS for occupational safety and for preparing HSE procedures and organizing and managing HSE studies (e.g., HAZID, HAZOP and SIL) do not suffice. Detailed consideration of how to handle and manage the Technical HSE aspects in engineering is critical for its successful implementation. This paper discusses a framework for the effective management of HSE MS in the design phase, and it provides some key considerations (e.g., philosophy of safety in engineering, project environment evaluation method, HSE organization and the recommended scheme for improving motivation for safety).

Pembangkit listrik tenaga uap (PLTU) merupakan pembangkit listrik yang banyak digunakan di Indonesia. Salah satu bagian dari sistem PLTU yang memiliki risiko bahaya tinggi adalah boiler, oleh karena itu diperlukan adanya analisis bahaya dan safety system sebagai langkah pencegahan bahaya pada boiler. Analisis bahaya dalam penelitian ini dilakukan menggunakan metode HAZOP. Node yang dipakai adalah economizer, steam drum, superheater, dan reheater yang merupakan komponen utama penyusun boiler. Guide word dan deviasi ditentukan berdasarkan control chart yang dibentuk oleh data proses masing-masing komponen selama bulan Maret 2013. Estimasi likelihood dilakukan berdasarkan data maintenance PT YTL selama 5 tahun, sedangkan estimasi consequences dilakukan berdasarkan kriteria risiko yang ditimbulkan serta berdasarkan control chart. Hasil perkalian likelihood dan consequences dengan risk matrix menghasilkan kriteria risiko dari komponen. Berdasarkan hasil analisis, diperoleh hasil bahwa komponen yang memiliki risiko bahaya paling besar adalah level transmitter steam drum, yaitu dengan kriteria risiko extreme. Selain itu, riiko extreme juga terdapat pada pressure transmitter outlet superheater. Untuk menurunkan risiko, maka dilakukan perawatan dan kalibrasi secara rutin, serta penambahan redundant transmitter. Bahaya paling besar pada seluruh node adalah adanya kebakaran. Oleh karena itu, dilakukan analisis emergency response plan untuk kebakaran yang mencakup peta evakuasi, tugas dan tanggungjaab tiap personel, langkah pencegahan, serta langkah penanganan.

Abstrak-Steam turbine beroperasi pada temperatur dan tekanan uap yang tinggi sehingga keamanan proses harus dijaga agar tidak terjadi bahaya yang menimbulkan risiko. Untuk analisis dan identifikasi bahaya digunakan metode HAZOP yang selanjutnya melakukan manajemen resiko berupa emergency respon plan berdasarkan bahaya yang mungkin terjadi pada PLTU. Identifikasi bahaya dengan metode HAZOP dilakukan dengan penentuan 4 node pada steam turbine yaitu HP Turbine, IP Turbine, LP Turbine 1 dan LP Turbine 2, penentuan guideword dan deviasi berdasarkan control chart data proses transmitter di setiap node, dan untuk estimasi likelihood berdasarkan nilai MTTF tiap transmitter. ERP pada steam turbine dibuat untuk kejadian kebakaran karena berisiko tinggi dan kemungkinan besar terjadi serta dapat menyebabkan bahaya lain seperti ledakan dsb. Dari penelitian ini diketahui kondisi yang paling berbahaya pada steam turbine adalah kondisi high pressure yang diketahui dari risk matrix pressure trasnmitter pada 4 node yang bernilai high dan ekstrim yang dapat menyebabkan turbin mengalami overspeed. Rekomendasi untuk menanggulangi bahaya tersebut antara lain pemasangan pressure alarm, simulasi automatic turbine test, pemeriksaan turbine overspeed protection serta kalibrasi maupun pengecekan pada pressure trasnmitter tersebut. Kata Kunci-Steam turbine, hazop, guideword, emergency respon plan, high pressure.

I declare that the PhD thesis, An optimised model for the regulatory management of human-induced health and safety risks associated with hazardous facilities in South Africa, is my own work. It has not been submitted previously for any degree or examination at any other university. All the sources I have used or quoted have been indicated and acknowledged as complete references. I furthermore cede copyright of the thesis in favour of the University of the Free State.

The infamous Bhopal incident – is a case of Reactive Chemical Hazard; reactivity of isocyanates in general and Methyl Isocyanate in particular with water. Chemical reactions are the very breath of life of the chemical industry. The capability of chemical substances to undergo reactions, or transformations in their structure, is central to the chemical processing industry. Safely conducting chemical reactions has to be and is the core competency of the chemical manufacturing industry

The European Commission's Joint Research Centre has developed a number of methods and tools that contribute to better resilience of urban regions. Although the tools originally have not been conceived to improve resilience, they can make essential part of a resilience tool suite for national authorities, critical infrastructure owners and other relevant stakeholders. The tools are currently only partly or not connected to each other and the outputs of one cannot be used as input for the other since resilience assessment was not among their primary scope. This is a disadvantage of many available tools worldwide. One of the recommendations for the future is to develop such tools with the scope to fit suitable resilience frameworks that can ensure their connectivity and harmonized interaction. 13 th International Conference on Applications of Statistics and Probability in Civil Engineering, ICASP13 Seoul, South Korea, May 26-30, 2019 2 Throughout its history the Joint Research Cent...

Recently companies and corporations are increasing the use of analytical techniques to identify, assess and address risks, starting from the early stages of a project until the operation and production stage. This work is done with the intent to avoid deviations or minimize the impact if such deviations could occur in systems, processes, equipment and facilities. The hazard and operability study-HAZOP is a technique for identifying inductive risks based on the premise that accidents occur as a result of the deviation of process variables in contrast of the standard operating parameters. In this work, it is suggested the general methodology for applying the HAZOP technique within the industry through a structured process that can be followed easily by people who are interested in starting to use this technique to improve the security environment within the institution or when is required by regulatory agencies.

PT. Cahaya Baru Shipyard is a company engaged in ship repair. Activities in shipyards have various risks, one of which is work accidents. The research aims to determine the risk of work accidents from shipbuilding activities, risk control and suggestions for improvement. This study identifies risks using the Job Safety Analysis (JSA) method and assisted by the Hazard And Operability Study (HAZOP) method to control potential hazards and recommendations for new safety systems to minimize work accidents. The research method used is qualitative. The results of the study show that most work accidents occur in welding and cutting activities with a percentage of 23.3%. Providing personal protective equipment and workers reminding each other to use safety equipment and to remain careful in doing their work, implementing standard operating procedures (SOPs) and existing work instructions can be a way that can be done to minimize work accidents.

Superstructure work of the toll flyover construction is one of the works that have a high level of risk, especially when the erection girder work passes over the existing toll road. This study aims to identify hazards on erection girder work using the HIRARC and HAZOP methods. Using these two methods requires the implementation of questionnaire and surveying, using at least 30 respondents with 34 respondents is successfully gathered. The results showed that there were 36 possible hazards where 11 hazards were identified as moderate risk and 25 hazards identified as low risk. Then an interview was conducted with occupational health and safety (OHS) experts on site to validate the results of this research. Efforts are being made to carry out inspections of heavy equipment before use, only operators who have SIO that are appropriate and competent to do, conduct toolbox meetings, install warning signs, use PPE, and coordinate and cooperate with existing toll owners.

Quality management is the attribute of successful companies who decided to implement a system able to grow and maintain consistent quality products and services in order to increase customer satisfaction, thereby increasing the company's profitability. The quality and consistent products is not sustainable unless it is supported, implemented unified and correlated with other quality management systems in the areas of occupational safety and health (OSH), environment, human resource, financial, project management that are related to important standards. Modern organizations’ processes are based on the implementation of the norms and standards related to quality, occupational safety and health and environment. These three pillars are strong manage by actual modern approaches in the field of risk management and this is defined by an integrated management approach. The aim of this article is to present a comparison of the quality system (defined in accordance with ISO 9001), with th...

The learning from operational incidents plays a key role in improving the performance and safety of the chemical process plants. In this article, the incidents occurred during January 2011 to April 2012 in different sections, that is, Ammonia, Urea, and Utility Units of fertilizer sector in Pakistan have been analyzed using Why Tree analysis. The aim is to identify the failures in the safety management system to prevent the incidents. One thousand and fifteen, root and contributing causes identified in investigations strongly assert that improvement in safety management systems could have prevented or mitigated the intensity of many of the occurred incidents/accidents. The flaws in mechanical integrity, maintenance procedures and operating procedures, and job risk assessment are the most common recurrent as root cause failures of safety management system. © 2014 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Process Saf Prog 33: 399–404, 2014

Advanced distributed communication technologies play an important role today in the control and maintenance of safety-critical systems. However, the excessively optimistic reliance on the new technology without recognizing the threats against its successful functioning, being able to maintain barriers or/and eliminate or reduce the risks may result in impairments compromising the opportunities. At the current state of knowledge it is even unclear whether we can develop trustful causal paths between hazards of different natures and their consequences. Hazard identification and risk analysis have proved to be effective tools in developing more reliable and robust systems. As technology is developing fast though, a new need for an effective hazard identification methodology has emerged. To enhance the predictive performance of hazard identification in advanced distributed communication systems, we have envisioned and currently developing a multilevel-multidimensional HAZOP methodology....

Chemical engineering subjects like reaction engineering, transport phenomenon, mass transfer and optimization contain very rigorous numerical and analytical data and equations. Many times the calculation from the equations and actual practical results are verified for consistency. Solving these equations manually is time-consuming and impractical. Many software tools are available for solving these problems. Unisim, MATLAB, Simulink, HYYS are few such tools. Simulation and optimization of the data can be carried out by using the mathematical concepts combined with these tools. The current review summarizes research and studies on the application of computer and software in chemical engineering practice and teaching.

En el desarrollo de proyectos en la disciplina de la Ingeniería de Control e Instrumentación de Procesos Industriales (Instrumentation y Control, I y C), el ingeniero de especialidad trabaja sobre documentos provenientes que, en etapas iniciales de un proyecto, vienen de la fase de Ingeniería Conceptual. Uno de los documentos primordiales para esto es el diagrama de flujo del proceso (Process Flow Diagram, PFD), el cual a su vez, se empleará para el diseño del PyID (Piping and Instrument Diagram). De esta forma, una de las tareas primarias para el Ingeniero de IyC es recoger la información de requerimientos para el sistema de control desde el Ingeniero de Procesos. Sin embargo, hay requerimientos que no son de fácil detección, dado que son transversales a muchas de las disciplinas involucradas en el desarrollo de la Ingeniería, donde se superponen especialidades. En este artículo, se aborda el Análisis de Operación y Riesgos (Hazop), como una da las herramientas fundamentales que de...

Oxidizing gases Cat 1 Gases under pressure Compressed Gas Liquefied Gas Refrigerated Liquefied Gas Dissolved Gas Flammable liquids Cat 1 Cat 2 Cat 3 Cat 4* Flammable solids Cat 1 Cat 2 Self-reactive substances and mixtures Type A Type B Type C & D Type E & F Type G Pyrophoric liquids Cat 1 Pyrophoric solids Cat 1 Self-heating substances and mixtures Cat 1 Cat 2 Substances and mixtures which, in contact with water, emit flammable gases Cat 1 Cat 2 Cat 3 Oxidizing liquids Cat 1 Cat 2 Cat 3 Oxidizing solids Cat 1 Cat 2 Cat 3

Natural Gas (NG) is receiving increased attention as world energy source due to its low environmental impact compared with other fossil fuels. NG is commonly shipped between continents as super-cooled liquid known as Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG). In over forty years of LNG shipping between continents, no carrier has experienced a total loss of containment. Notwithstanding, it is paramount to understand and predict the consequence of a spill either due to accidental spillage or deliberate sabotage. Several models have been developed that describe the LNG spill scenario both on land and water. Spills on water generally result in larger pools than land spills because they are mostly unconfined. Modeling of LNG spills on water is inherently difficult because the phenomena is very complex and the experimental basis is acutely limited. The complexity is particularly apparent when estimating the evaporation rate of LNG released on water. Most of the proposed models are hugely simplified, for instance, many overlook the influence of turbulence effects; consequently, unable to adequately capture real-life scenarios. In this work, we proposed a model that describes LNG spill on water that also accounts for the effects of turbulence. Simulation studies of LNG (50,000 kg) indicates a maximum pool radius of 80m in 95 seconds assuming 'calm' conditions; while the pool completely vaporized in 125 seconds, corresponding to a heat transfer coefficient of 465 W/m 2 K. Considering the turbulence effects, the pool vaporized in 60 seconds and heat transfer coefficient of 215 W/m 2 K, indicating about 50% overestimation of vaporization time. In the model validation, an average of 10% deviation in LNG mass boil-off of our simulation from experimental data was obtained, thus signifying a good agreement between the simulation and experimental data.

The need of ensure the safety in the realised industrial processes results directly from their negative influence both on environment and workers’ health, and, as a result – the associated material losses. Safety management must be based on the risk management, results of which are the basis of risk acceptability assessment and taking action of the systemic character directed on risk minimisation. Those actions should guarantee technical condition of the used technological installations and monitoring and control equipment as well as organisational solutions, which in the effective manner are going to minimise the probability of occurrence of environmental and occupational accidents, and – in the case of their occurrence – minimise the influences. Therefore research on the practical solutions of process safety assurance, both in the regular conditions of work and in the time of the emergency are of the crucial meaning. That is why the value of the paper is being constituted by the a...

Este artículo presenta un aplicativo desarrollado como una alternativa de solución propuesta al problema que representa detectar y controlar el ambiente al interior de la mina de carbón subterránea para la comunidad minera internacional. Esta alternativa puede evitar situaciones que colocan en peligro la vida de los mineros e incluso la seguridad general de la mina, como es el caso de una concentración de gases que llegue a ser explosiva. El aplicativo se fundamenta en los métodos: triangulo de Coward y diagrama de Bureau of Mines, al cual se le adiciona un módulo de muestreo y captura de concentraciones al interior de la mina, para concluir en tiempo de ejecución si la mezcla es explosiva o no. Los resultados arrojados por el uso del aplicativo demuestran que es una alternativa de bajo costo y que puede ser usada ampliamente. Palabras clave: monitoreo de atmósferas explosivas, triangulo de Coward, diagrama explosividad Burea Mines, control de atmosferas explosivas, programación estructurada, minería ilegal