Introduction 1 Chapter 1 Overview of the Method and the Main Findings 5 Rapid Damage Assessment M... more Introduction 1 Chapter 1 Overview of the Method and the Main Findings 5 Rapid Damage Assessment Model 5 The Magnitude and Composition of Environmental Damage 9 The Roles of Different Sectors, Pollutants, and Fuels 10 Environmental Costs and Fuel Prices 15 Summary of Findings 22 Chapter 2 From Fuel Use to Exposure Levels 23 Emissions Inventory 23 Modeling Atmospheric Dispersion 23 Secondary particulates 24 From concentration to exposure 25 Results for the Six Cities 25 Chapter 3 The Health Effects of Air Pollution 29 Fuel Combustion and Health 29 Coarse and fine particulates 30 Exposure to sulfur dioxide 31 Aerosol acidity 31 Air Pollution Dose-Response Studies 31 Application to Developing Countries 33 Estimates for Mortality 36 Time-series studies 36 Long-term exposure studies 37 Pollution Management Series Environmental Costs of Fossil Fuels -A Rapid Assessment Method with Application to Six Cities The chosen valuefor mortality risk 38 Estimates for Morbidity 39 Summary of Health Impacts 40 Quantification of health effects for a particular area 40 Resultsfor the six cities 41 Chapter 4 Valuation of Health Effects 43 Mortality 43 Valuation of a statistical life 43 Age effects, underlying health conditions, and the VOSL 45 Disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) 46 Contextual effects, latency effects, and the valuation of changes in life expectancy 47 Morbidity 49 Valuation of chronic bronchitis 49 Valuation of acute morbidity effects 50 The private and the social costs of illness 51 Income Effects 51 International Comparisons of Health Costs and DALYs 53 Summary of Valuation Parameters and Results for the Six Cities 54 Chapter 5 Valuation of Nonhealth and Climate Change Effects 57
Proceedings of the 2016 workshop on Global Access to the Internet for All - GAIA '16, 2016
The Internet Exchange Point (IXP), an Ethernet fabric central to the structure of the global Inte... more The Internet Exchange Point (IXP), an Ethernet fabric central to the structure of the global Internet, is largely absent from community-driven collaborative network infrastructure. IXPs exist in central, typically urban, environments where strong network infrastructure ensures high levels of connectivity. Between rural and remote networks, separated by distance and terrain, no such infrastructure exists. In this paper we present RemIX a distributed IXP architecture designed for the community network environment. We examine this praxis using an implementation in Scotland, with suggestions for future development and research.
All rights reserved Manufactured in the United States of America First printing February 2000 Tec... more All rights reserved Manufactured in the United States of America First printing February 2000 Technical Papers are published to communicate the results of the Bank's work to the development community with the least possible delay. The typescript of this paper therefore has not been prepared in accordance with the procedures appropriate to formal printed texts, and the World Bank accepts no responsibility for errors. Some sources cited in this paper may be informal documents that are not readily available. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this paper are entirely those of the author(s) and should not be attributed in any manner to the World Bank, to its affiliated organizations, or to members of its Board of Executive Directors or the countries they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this publication and accepts no responsibility for any consequence of their use. The boundaries, colors, denominations, and other information shown on any map in this volume do not imply on the part of the World Bank Group any judgment on the legal status of any territory or the endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries.
Econometricians have begun to devote more attention to spatial interactions when carrying out app... more Econometricians have begun to devote more attention to spatial interactions when carrying out applied econometric studies. In part, this is motivated by an explicit focus on spatial interactions in policy formulation or market behavior, but it may also reflect concern about the role of omitted variables that are or may be spatially correlated. The classic models of spatial autocorrelation or
Technical Papers are published to communicate the results of the Bank's work to the development c... more Technical Papers are published to communicate the results of the Bank's work to the development community with the least possible delay. The typescript of this paper therefore has not been prepared in accordance with the procedures appropriate to formal printed texts, and the World Bank accepts no responsibility for errors. Some sources cited in this paper may be informal documents that are not readily available. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this paper are entirely those of the author(s) and should not be attributed in any manner to the World Bank, to its affiliated organizations, or to members of its Board of Executive Directors or the countries they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this publication and accepts no responsibility for any consequence of their use. The boundaries, colors, denominations, and other information shown on any map in this volume do not imply on the part of the World Bank Group any judgment on the legal status of any territory or the endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries.
This article proposes a new methodology for estimating the impact offuel price and tax changes on... more This article proposes a new methodology for estimating the impact offuel price and tax changes on the general price level and the distribution of income and applies a model to Thailand using data for 1975-76 and 1981-82. Because the model allows for pricing under international competition where tax increases must be partially absorbed in reduced factor income ratber than always being passed on in higher consumer prices, the results are significantly different from those generated by the more conventional cost-plus pricing rule. The inflationary impact of fuel tax changes is slight because of both the openness of the economy and the low energy intensity of manufacturing and other production in Thailand. In contrast, taxes on imports engender price increases not only for imports but also for goods which substitute for imports. The model also indicates that the net effects of taxes on petroleum products (other than kerosene) are progressive in their distributional impact, relative to a tax on imports or consumption. A main policy conclusion of the study is that fuel taxes could be used to increase both equity and allocative efficiency without inducing significant inflationary responses. It follows that in the current circumstances of falling world oil prices, developing countries could generate revenues needed for structural adjustment by increasing fuel taxes to maintain domestic petroleum price levels.
Pollution prevention and abatement handbook, 1998: toward cleaner production / in collaboration w... more Pollution prevention and abatement handbook, 1998: toward cleaner production / in collaboration with the United Nations Enviromnent Programme and the United Nations Industrial Development Organization. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references. ISBN 0-8213-3638-X 1. Factory and trade waste-Management. 2. Pollution prevention.
Recent World Bank Technical Papers No. 379 Shah and Nagpal, eds., Urban Air Quality Management St... more Recent World Bank Technical Papers No. 379 Shah and Nagpal, eds., Urban Air Quality Management Strategy in Asia: Jakarta Report No. 380 Shah and Nagpal, eds., Urban Air Quality Management Strategy in Asia: Metro Manila Report No. 381 Shah and Nagpal, eds., Urban Air Quality ...
This paper was presented at the CCRP Workshop on Water Regulation and Competition Policy held at ... more This paper was presented at the CCRP Workshop on Water Regulation and Competition Policy held at the Aston Business School in July 2009. It is based upon work that was commissioned by the World Bank for the Economics of Adaptation to Climate Change study with funds provided by the Governments of Netherlands, Switzerland and the United Kingdom. The analysis, results and views expressed in the paper are those of the authors alone and do not represent the position of the World Bank or any of its member countries. We are grateful to Urvashi Narain, Jim Neumann, Jason Price, and a referee for comments on earlier versions of this work. They are not responsible for any errors or opinions in this paper.
The author is grateful to Stephen Smith for comments on an earlier version of this paper, to Coli... more The author is grateful to Stephen Smith for comments on an earlier version of this paper, to Colin Baxter of the Scottish Office and Albert Tait of COSLA for information on local authority budgets for 1988/89 and 1989/90, and to the Department of Employment and the Office of Population Censuses and Surveys for access to the Family Expenditure Survey data for 1985. He is solely responsible for the use made of this data and for the analysis and views expressed in this paper. '600[ 500 * There may, however, be an issue of the incidence of the tax to the extent that landlords may not pass on reductions to tenants who pay a single amount to cover both rent and rates. ' The calculations allow for the rebates available under Housing Benefit and Income Support on the basis that there is a 100 per cent take-up of these rebates.
All rights reserved. 1 2 3 4 04 03 02 Technical Papers are published to communicate the results o... more All rights reserved. 1 2 3 4 04 03 02 Technical Papers are published to communicate the results of the Bank's work to the development community with the least possible delay. The typescript of this paper therefore has not been prepared in accordance with the procedures appropriate to formal printed texts, and the World Bank accepts n1o responsibility for errors. Some sources cited in this paper may be informal documents that are not readily available. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed here are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the Board of Executive Directors of the World Bank or the governments they represent. The World Bank cannot guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this work. The boundaries, colors, denominations, and other information shown on any map in this work do not imply on the part of the World Bank anyjudgment of the legal status of any territory or the endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries.
An approach to estimating the costs of adapting to climate change is presented along with results... more An approach to estimating the costs of adapting to climate change is presented along with results for major components of infrastructure. The analysis separates the price/cost and quantity effects of climate change. The first component measures how climate change alters the cost of a baseline program of infrastructure development via changes in design standards and operating costs. The second component measures the effect of climate changes on the long-run demand for infrastructure. The results indicate that the ...
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