Judicial review of administrative actions

Resumo: O presente artigo é fruto de pesquisa iniciada no ano de 2009 e finalizada em 2010, com financiamento do PIBIC/CNPq, a qual teve por objetivo principal analisar o atual sistema de controle de constitucionalidade das leis no Brasil, especialmente depois da Emenda Constitucional nº 45/04, refletindo sobre as suas potencialidades e limitações. Não menos importante foi a análise da atuação do Tribunal de Justiça do Estado do Maranhão, em sede de controle de constitucionalidade. De acordo com o que foi mostrado, o controle judicial de constitucionalidade corresponde a uma forma bastante específica de retirar a vigência de leis ou atos normativos em desconformidade com a Constituição, seja ela federal ou estadual. Quanto aos estados-membros, a possibilidade de garantir a harmonia do ordenamento jurídico, tendo como parâmetro a sua própria Carta Política, decorre dos princípios mais basilares do federalismo.

This research paper provides a comprehensive analysis of the Canadian administrative legal system, examining its foundational principles, the evolution of judicial oversight, and the key challenges it faces today. The report traces the development of judicial review standards through landmark cases like Dunsmuir and Vavilov, highlighting the ongoing debate regarding the consistent application of a "robust reasonableness" standard. It identifies a persistent access to justice crisis, which disproportionately affects self-represented and vulnerable individuals, and explores how emerging technologies present both opportunities for greater efficiency and significant risks to fundamental fairness. While the success of British Columbia's Civil Resolution Tribunal demonstrates the potential of online dispute resolution, the opaque use of automated decision-making systems in other areas, such as immigration, raises profound questions about transparency, accountability, and the right to a human decision. The paper concludes with a blueprint for reform that calls for a multi-faceted approach, including a new regulatory framework for artificial intelligence, an expansion of user-centered digital services, and a renewed emphasis on strengthening the independence and perceived importance of administrative tribunals as a cornerstone of a fair and accessible legal system.

Sound governance is indispensable for sustainable development in a period of growing environmental challenges. The system of environmental federalism in India, whereby central and state governments cooperate to preserve the environment, is examined in this paper. It looks at how the Indian Constitution divides the several duties for environmental protection and what laws and court rulings have done to mold this intricate but cooperative system. The study reveals some important prospects, for example the ability for distributed decision-making that fits the very varied local ecosystems of the nation. However, it also highlights some major issues, such as the regular overlaps of jurisdiction that can impede what should be seamless paths for decisive action and the necessary clear fiscal picture for any effective federal effort. This paper adds to the current debate on Indian federalism

This volume, Judicial Review: Scope, Limitation and Overreach, is a timely and incisive contribution to the ongoing global discourse on the role of the judiciary in a constitutional framework. It does mention a lot on Indian context. Subsequently, it brings together a collection of scholarly essays that interrogate, interpret, and illuminate the multiple dimensions of judicial review—its theoretical foundations, its practical evolution, its virtues, and its vulnerabilities. This is an edited book, and the book seeks not merely to describe the state of judicial review, but to question its trajectories, test its assumptions, and assess its boundaries.
The uniqueness and the strength of this volume lie in the depth and diversity of its contributors. Among them, the doctoral scholars have particularly distinguished themselves through the originality of their insights, the analytical rigour of their research, and their capacity to engage with complex jurisprudential questions. Their work demonstrates a remarkable maturity of thought and a commitment to scholarly integrity that deserves special recognition. My special appreciation is for all the Ph.D scholars and young law professors for their vibrant insights.

Неразвијеност културних права, а пре свега права на
културно наслеђе оставља превелику слободу маневрисања,
пре свега државама, али и другим актерима, те коришћења
сивих зона и правних празнина. Културна апропријација једна је
од последица наведених мањкавости. Узима различите,  више
или мање штетне облике, а погађа како материјално, тако и
нематеријално културно наслеђе. Неспојива је са адаптацијом,
инспирацијом, синтетисањем, спајањем и другим појмовима
коришћеним да се за њу нађе оправдање и избегне одговорност. У
раду се полази од тога да право на културно наслеђе индиректно
омогућава експлоатацију као облик културне апропријације, чиме
утиче и на опстанак самог наслеђа. Употребом позитивноправног
метода постојећа правна решења ће се анализирати, указати
на латентне пропусте и разлоге правно-политичке природе
који су до њих довели, а све уз помоћ адекватних примера из
праксе. Делује да државе вођене својим интересима, под велом
најбољих намера, присвајају елементе туђих култура користећи
се околношћу да творци међународних конвенција нису ни имали
у виду ове врсте повреда. Експлоатисањем се наслеђе губи или у
најмању руку неповратно мења, а уколико његови твроци реше
да га прихвате назад, губе део себе, али опстају под новим,
туђим условима.

Starting from the fact that heavy forms of crime have a great impact on the society as a whole, states are expected to administrate an adequate response. An apparent precondition for swift response at the appearance of heavy crimes is to gain an accurate and deep understanding of these phenomena. In this regard, authors point out that an approach based on strict separation and isolation between criminal doctrines in dealing with the subject of its study is considered to be outdated, i.e., multidisciplinarity and interdisciplinarity arise as a necessary approach. The authors suggest that, as knowledge of different sciences is required within the common problem formulation, it is necessary for experts in individual disciplines to work together while retaining their disciplinary approaches and views. This approach is believed to be successful in enabling comprehensive consideration of the problem and leading to its solving. When it comes to heavy forms of crime, it is clear that this type of social problem will not be solved without transdisciplinary cooperation, and there is no dilemma that these criminal phenomena should be viewed and studied with the integration of all knowledge of criminology, criminallaw (material, procedural and executive), as well as forensic science. Overcoming disciplinary restrictions in responding to severe forms of crime through a multidisciplinary and interdisciplinary approaches will lead to the improvement of theoretical and practical principles of responding to severe forms of crime. Authors have analyzed the assertion that problems of contemporary society that are too complex for one discipline, that they require the connection of various sciences and scientific disciplines in the entire process of acquiring knowledge about heavy forms of criminality, on the one hand, and its resistance, on the other.

Novom sudskom praksom, Apelaciono upravno vijeće Suda Bosne i Hercegovine u pravni poredak Bosne i Hercegovine uvodi objekiivni upravni spor, odnosno utvrđuje da je Upravno odjeljenje Suda Bosne i Hercegovine, osim odlučivanja o zakonitosti pojedinaćnih upravnih akata, nadležno i za ocjenu zakonitosti općih normativnih akata - propisa. Uspostavljanje nove prakse ne zasniva se na važećem Zakonu o upravnim sporovima Bosne i Hercegovine, već na ključnom argumentu da nadležnost upravnog odjeljenja, u postupku ocjene zakonitosti općeg akia, proističe iz Zakona o Sudu Bosne i Hercegovine, kao lex specialis propisu u odnosu na Zakon o upravnim sporovima Bosne i Hercegovine, kao i na odluci Ustavnog suda Bosne i Hercegovine iako eksplicitan stav Ustavnog suda po tom pitanju ne postoji.

هدفت الدراسة إلى تحليل الشروط القانونية والقضائية المنظمة للطعن في القرارات الإدارية بدعوى تجاوز السلطة (دعوى الإلغاء)، في النظام القانوني الموريتاني، ومقارنتها بنماذج قانونية في كل من (مصر، فرنسا). وباستخدام المنهج التحليلي المقارن؛ تم جمع البيانات وتحليل الوثائق القانونية، ونصوص التشريعات، والأحكام القضائية، والآراء الفقهية ذات الصلة؛ للوقوف على نقاط القوة والقصور وأفضل الممارسات. وتكونت الدراسة من ثلاثة مباحث رئيسة: (1) ضرورة توفر الصيغة الإدارية من حيث الشكل والمضمون في القرار المطعون فيه، (2) صور القرار الإداري سواءً الصريح أو الضمني، و(3) الشروط القانونية المتعلقة بالسلطة التي تصدر عنها القرارات، وقابليتها للرقابة القضائية، ووجوب ترتيبها لأثر قانوني. وكشفت النتائج عن وجود قصور ملحوظ في وضوح معايير اتخاذ القرارات الإدارية وفي نطاق السلطة التقديرية للقضاء. وأوصت الدراسة بإجراء إصلاحات تشريعية تعزز من عدالة وشفافية إجراءات دعوى الإلغاء، كما دعت إلى تطوير أدوات الرقابة الإدارية، وتحسين الصياغة القانونية، وتبني المعايير الفقهية في التفسير القضائي./// The study aimed to analyze the legal and judicial conditions governing appeals against administrative decisions for abuse of power (annulment appeal) within the Mauritanian legal system, with comparative references to the legal frameworks of Egypt and France. Using a comparative analytical methodology, data were collected and analyzed from legal documents, legislative texts, judicial rulings, and relevant jurisprudential opinions to identify strengths, weaknesses, and best practices. The study consisted of three main axes: (1) the necessity of the administrative form in terms of both structure and content of the contested decision, (2) the forms of administrative decisions, whether explicit or implicit, and (3) the legal conditions related to the authority issuing the decisions, their judicial reviewability, and their legal impact. The findings revealed a noticeable lack of clarity in the standards for issuing administrative decisions and in the scope of judicial discretion. The study recommended legislative reforms to enhance the fairness and transparency of annulment proceedings, the development of administrative oversight tools, improved legal drafting, and the adoption of jurisprudential standards in judicial interpretation.

Судскомедицинско вештачење представља незаменљиву доказну радњу у кривичним поступцима у којима је за утврђивање или оцену чињеница потребно стручно знање из области медицинских наука. Обављање вештачења за потребе кривичног поступка, лекара као судског вештака ставља у другачију позицију у односу на његово уобичајено вршење лекарске делатности. Због тога, услуге судскомедицинског вештачења у кривичном поступку представљају предмет анализе овог рада. Аутор у раду одређује појам судскомедицинског вештачења, те објашњава начин одређивања и поступак вештачења у кривичном поступку. Потом, аутор се бави питањем ко може бити вештак у кривичном поступку, анализирајући притом одредбе Закона о судским вештацима и одредбе Законика о кривичном поступку. Последњи део рада посвећен је анализи обавезе лекара да сазнања до којих је дошао у поступку лечења, али и чињенице које је сазнао у току вештачења, мора чувати као професионалну тајну. На самом крају, аутор даје закључна разматрања на ову тему.
Кључне речи: судскомедицинско вештачење, вештак у кривичном поступку, Закон о судским вештацима, лекар као вештак, лекарска тајна.

Este artigo aborda as vantagens de incorporar nos procedimentos adjudicatórios administrativos princípios relacionados ao devido processo legal, como tradicionalmente o faz o Poder Judiciário para resolver conflitos. O estudo concentra-se nos procedimentos jurídicos adotados pelos EUA e pelo Brasil na gestão de disputas entre a Administração Pública federal e os cidadãos. Ao analisar as distinções presentes nos dois ordenamentos, a pesquisa visa esclarecer as diferentes estratégias adotadas em ações administrativas e judiciais durante os processos de adjudicação, mesmo quando confrontadas com desafios legais semelhantes. Os resultados sugerem que as discrepâncias nas metodologias legais dos EUA e do Brasil decorrem de diferenças estruturais de cada sistema, em particular quando se trata de garantir o acesso à justiça em procedimentos adjudicatórios administrativos.

The administrative dispute is an extremely important legal and functional mechanism in every democratic state as a guarantee of legality of public administration actions. The development and strengthening of the rule of law imposed as an imperative the existence of an efficient system of judicial control of the administration, which will provide citizens with broad legal protection in administrative matters. The Constitution of Bosnia and Herzegovina incorporated the European Convention of Human Rights into the legal system of Bosnia and Herzegovina, as a fundamental legal instrument for protection of human rights. The Convention’s Protocol 11, established the European Court of Human Rights as the exclusively responsible body for the inter- pretation of the Convention. The rich practice of the European Court has significantly contributed to the protection of rights in the domain of administrative adjudication. The aim of this paper is to analyze the compliance of the legal framework...

Le dissertazioni puramente teoriche hanno indubbiamente il loro pregio, ma, se non vogliano restare pure esercitazioni accademiche bisogna che muovano da quegli elementi obiettivi che loro presta la vita reale del diritto così meravigliosamente ricca e feconda di forme istituzionali tendenti ad adattare i principi astratti alla necessità dei rapporti sociali e al sempre mutevole stato della coscienza giuridica. (V. E. Orlando 1895-1898) 1. Una parte minoritaria della odierna dottrina nazionale, nonostante le evidenze contrarie che offre il panorama degli altri ordinamenti, continua a riproporre, quasi come un disco incantato, una serie di argomenti favorevoli all'avvento della giurisdizione unica, senza, a ben vedere, aggiungere nulla di nuovo, se non forse una nascosta ratio autoritaria e non più liberale, rispetto a quanto avevano già sostenuto i propugnatori dello stesso modello nel corso del secolo decimonono. Ma ciò che soprattutto difetta è la considerazione dei percorsi del nostro pensiero giuridico tra la seconda parte dell'ottocento e gli inizi del novecento, dove, proprio in Italia, si ebbe l'occasione eccezionale di vagliare l'alternarsi di monismo e dualismo non più sul piano del solo confronto concettuale, bensì e soprattutto alla luce della resa concreta in termini di effettività della tutela. Significativo è in tal senso l'itinerario di Vittorio Emanuele Orlando e di Lodovico Mortara, entrambi accademici, avvocati, politici, con incarichi parlamentari e di governo, e il secondo anche magistrato. Si tratta di due esempi assai rappresentativi per diverse ragioni: l'autorevolezza degli studiosi, da un lato, il più grande maestro del diritto pubblico, d'altro lato, uno dei maestri del diritto processuale civile, attento alle problematiche della giustizia nei confronti dell'amministrazione; la complementarietà del loro apporto dai rispettivi angoli di visuale, uno pubblicistico, l'altro civilistico; il loro pieno coinvolgimento nella vita pratica dell'ordinamento, Orlando principe del foro e Mortara avvocato e poi giudice, nonché presidente della Corte di Cassazione. Entrambi appartennero ad una generazione -Orlando nasce nel 1860, Mortara nel 1855-che informò devotamente la sua formazione al mito della giurisdizione unica, così come si era consolidato nella prevalente cultura giuridica italiana dopo la legge abolitiva contenzioso del 1865, sicché l'evoluzione del loro pensiero è, ai fini del nostro discorso, di particolare significato. 2. Nel suo primo importante lavoro del 1888 1 , sulla Teoria giuridica delle guarentigie delle libertà, Orlando mostra inequivocabilmente la sua piena adesione dottrinaria al modello della giurisdizione unica. In termini generali il Maestro non ha tema di affermare immediatamente che "una giurisdizione amministrativa in senso proprio, cioè una giurisdizione appartenente al potere esecutivo come tale, non può esistere", semmai "la qualificazione 'amministrativa' …, aggiunta a giurisdizione non ha né può avere altro * Il presente scritto è destinato agli Scritti in onore di Vincenzo Cerulli Irelli. La scelta del tema non è casuale, da un lato, rispondendo ai miei interessi scientifici, d'altro lato, e soprattutto, costituendo il modo per rendere più appropriato il senso di un omaggio a Vincenzo Cerulli Irelli, che, nella sua variegata e incessante produzione scientifica, ha anche fornito, già da giovane studioso, uno dei più importanti contributi alla complicata questione del riparto di giurisdizione e degli sviluppi del nostro ordinamento tra monismo e dualismo, mostrando con ciò l'importante qualità di un'immediata e viva attitudine alla ricostruzione sistematica: Il problema del riparto delle giurisdizioni. Premesse allo studio del sistema vigente, Pescara, 1979. Ricordo ancora come la lettura di questa monografia mi rese chiara, tra l'altro, la distinzione tra elementi discrezionali della fattispecie e fattispecie discrezionale, consentendomi di riflettere sulla impossibilità di articolare la tutela delle due giurisdizioni in relazione alla tipologia dei vizi. 1 V. E. Orlando, Teoria giuridica delle guarentigie delle libertà, Torino, 1888, specie p. 54 ss.

Списак публикација 2024 Л. А. Зашљапина (предавач на Руском државном универзитету правде по В. М. Лебедеву, Санкт-Петербург). Список публикаций 2024 года Л. А. Зашляпина (преподавателя Российского государственного университета правосудия имени В. М. Лебедева, Санкт-Петербург)

waarin die rasionaliteit van die COVID-19 grendeltyd-regulasies bevraagteken is bespreek. Derhalwe word die teenstrydighede in die De Beer en die Fair Trade Independent Tobacco uitsprake ten aansien van die rasionaliteitstoets uitgelig en word meer rasionele benaderings tot die rasionaliteitstoets voorgestel.

Kewajiban Mahkamah Konstitusi untuk memberikan putusan atas pendapat DPR bahwa Presiden dan/atau Wakil Presiden diduga telah melakukan pelanggaran hukum dan/atau tidak lagi memenuhi syarat sebagai Presiden dan/atau Wakil Presiden yang telah di atur secara limitatif dalam pasal 24C ayat 2 UUD 1945 memberikan implikasi terhadap pengaturan pranata Impeachment . Proses tersebut bukan merupakan proses biasa karena harus melalui 3 Lembaga Negara sekaligus, yaitu DPR, MK dan MPR. Mekanisme Impeachment di MK merupakan proses pertanggung jawaban hukum dimana MK akan membuktikan apakah Presiden dan/atau Wakil Presiden melanggar konstitusi atau tidak. Ada 3 jenis putusan yang dapat dijatuhkan oleh MK dalam perkara tersebut. Pertama, apabila Mahkamah Konstitusi berpendapat bahwa permohonan tidak memenuhi syarat sebagaimana dimaksud dalam Pasal 80, amar putusan menyatakan permohonan tidak dapat diterima. Kedua, Apabila Mahkamah Konstitusi memutuskan bahwa Presiden dan/atau Wakil Presiden terbukt...

Kewajiban Mahkamah Konstitusi untuk memberikan putusan atas pendapat DPR bahwa Presiden dan/atau Wakil Presiden diduga telah melakukan pelanggaran hukum dan/atau tidak lagi memenuhi syarat sebagai Presiden dan/atau Wakil Presiden yang telah di atur secara limitatif dalam pasal 24C ayat 2 UUD 1945 memberikan implikasi terhadap pengaturan pranata Impeachment . Proses tersebut bukan merupakan proses biasa karena harus melalui 3 Lembaga Negara sekaligus, yaitu DPR, MK dan MPR. Mekanisme Impeachment di MK merupakan proses pertanggung jawaban hukum dimana MK akan membuktikan apakah Presiden dan/atau Wakil Presiden melanggar konstitusi atau tidak. Ada 3 jenis putusan yang dapat dijatuhkan oleh MK dalam perkara tersebut. Pertama, apabila Mahkamah Konstitusi berpendapat bahwa permohonan tidak memenuhi syarat sebagaimana dimaksud dalam Pasal 80, amar putusan menyatakan permohonan tidak dapat diterima. Kedua, Apabila Mahkamah Konstitusi memutuskan bahwa Presiden dan/atau Wakil Presiden terbukt...

Скоро педесет година је прошло откако је Европски суд
за људска права (Европски суд, ЕСЉП), донео пресуду у предмету
Голдер против Уједињеног Краљевства. Пресуда у овом предмету
сматра се једномод прекретница у пракси Европског суда: предмет
спора је било право које није изричито нормирано чланом6. став 1.
Kонвенције за заштиту људских права и слобода (Европска
конвенција, ЕКЉП), па суметоде тумачења ЕКЉПбиле екстензивно
ангажоване у образложењу пресуде. Међутим, почев од ове пресуде
Европски суд је проширио списак процесних гаранција које нису
изричито обухваћене правомна правично суђење подводећи их под
право на приступ суду. Устав Србије не нормира право на приступ
суду, па и судска пракса лута у коначном одређењу појма права на
приступ суду, мада и поред тог недостатка у бити пружа
одговарајућу заштиту лицима којима је повређено ово право.
Разматрајући развој праксе од случаја Голдер, ауторка сматра да
право на приступ суду ваља тумачити у ужем и у ширем смислу,
узимајући у обзир да ограничења и повреде овог правамогу потећи
из материјалног и процесног права и да могу резултирати у
арбитрарности рада домаћих судија, због чега би релевантне
законодавне одредбе домаћег права којима се гарантује право на
приступ суду требало да уваже све наведене аспекте.

The administrative dispute is an extremely important legal and functional mechanism in every democratic state as a guarantee of legality of public administration actions. The development and strengthening of the rule of law imposed as an imperative the existence of an efficient system of judicial control of the administration, which will provide citizens with broad legal protection in administrative matters. The Constitution of Bosnia and Herzegovina incorporated the European Convention of Human Rights into the legal system of Bosnia and Herzegovina, as a fundamental legal instrument for protection of human rights. The Convention’s Protocol 11, established the European Court of Human Rights as the exclusively responsible body for the inter- pretation of the Convention. The rich practice of the European Court has significantly contributed to the protection of rights in the domain of administrative adjudication. The aim of this paper is to analyze the compliance of the legal framework...

O Tribunal de Contas da União, órgão auxiliar do Poder Legislativo no exercício do
controle externo da administração pública, possuí suas competências plenas
delimitadas nos artigos 70 e 71, da Constituição Federal de 1988. Caracterizado por
sua independência em relação aos demais Poderes de Estado, verifica-se que
dentre as suas atribuições constitucionais expressas, não se insere o exercício do
controle de constitucionalidade de leis e atos normativos do Poder Público. Todavia,
a Súmula nº 347, do Supremo Tribunal Federal, editada no ano de 1963, confere à
Corte de Contas da União, o poder de analisar, nos casos sujeitos à sua
competência, a análise de conformidade à constituição de leis e atos praticados pela
Administração Pública. Nesse passo, levando em consideração a superveniência de
nova Lei Fundamental após a edição da mencionada Súmula, a presente monografia
tem por finalidade analisar se o Tribunal de Contas da União, no exercício de suas
atribuições legais e constitucionais, continua a deter legitimidade para exercer o
controle de constitucionalidade de leis e atos do Poder Público, sendo certo que, no
atual momento constitucional brasileiro, diversas vozes levantam-se contra a
possibilidade da Corte de Contas exercer tal atribuição, sobretudo em vista do
alargamento do rol de legitimados pelo art. 103, da Constituição Federal, para a
provocação do Supremo Tribunal Federal no controle concentrado de leis e atos
normativos.

Upravni spor izuzetno je važan pravni i funkcionalni mehanizam u svakoj demokratskoj državi kao garancija zakonitog postupanja tijela javne uprave. Razvoj i jačanje vladavine prava nametnuli su kao imperativ postojanje efikasnog sistema sudske kontrole uprave, koja će omogućiti građanima široku pravnu zaštitu u upravnim stvarima. Ustav Bosne i Hercegovine inkorporirao je Europsku konvenciju za zaštitu ljudskih prava i sloboda u pravni sistem Bosne i Hercegovine, kao temeljni pravni instrument zaštite ljudskih prava. Konvencijom, odnosno Protokolom 11. uspostavljen je Europski sud za ljudska prava kao isključivo odgovorno tijelo za interpretaciju Konvencije. Bogata praksa Europskog suda značajno je doprinijela zaštiti prava i u domenu upravnog sudovanja. Ovaj rad upravo ima za za cilj analizirati usklađenost zakonskog okvira upravnog sudovanja u Bosni i Hercegovini sa Konvencijom, sa osvrtom na praksu Europskog suda, ali i Ustavnog suda Bosne i Hercegovine. Autori će pokušati odrediti pravce reforme i europeizacije upravnog sudovanja, u skladu sa temeljnim europskim upravnim načelima i pod pretpostavkom da Bosna i Hercegovina svoje upravno sudstvo treba urediti po francuskom modelu kao jednom od najboljih mehanizama kontrole legaliteta nad radom javne uprave.

Ključne riječi: upravno sudovanje, sudska kontrola, upravni spor, Europska konvencija za zaštitu ljudskih prava i sloboda, europeizacija

Postojanje efikasne sudske kontrole javne uprave neizostavan je mehanizam u svakoj pravnoj državi, kako bi se građanima pružila što bolja i šira pravna zaštita u upravnim stvarima. U Bosni i Hercegovini, kompleksnost njenog ustavnog uređenja reflektuje se i na kategoriju upravnog sudstva i rješavanje upravnih sporova. Tako, na državnom nivou, upravne sporove rješava Upravno odjeljenje Suda Bosne i Hercegovine. U entitetima, upravne sporove rješavaju kantonalni, odnosno okružni sudovi, a u Brčko distriktu Bosne i Hercegovine Osnovni sud Distrikta. Uopćeno se može kazati da je rješavanje upravnih sporova u Bosni i Hercegovini povjereno redovnim sudovima. No, brojne evropske države poput Francuske, Italije, Njemačke, Hrvatske, Švedske, Finske i dr. predviđaju poseban sistem upravnih sudova. U teoriji, često se ističe da države koje sudski nadzor uprave povjeravaju specijaliziranim upravnim sudovima, slijede tzv. „francuski model“, jer je, historijski gledano, upravo Republika Francuska imala odlučujuću ulogu u razvoju upravnog sudovanja. Kada se analiziraju pravni sistemi u kojima egzistiraju specijalizirani upravni sudovi, često se može izvesti zaključak da ovakav način sudovanja doprinosi povećanju legitimnosti, efektivnosti i odgovornosti uprave. Ovaj rad ima za cilj analizirati komparativne sisteme upravnog sudstva, ukazati na nedostatke postojećih zakonskih rješenja u Bosni i Hercegovini, te u konačnici pokušati odrediti pravce reforme upravnog sudovanja u Bosni i Hercegovini u kontekstu institucionalizacije specijaliziranih upravnih sudova.

Ključne riječi: posebni upravni sudovi, specijalizirani, upravni spor, sudska kontrola, uprava

This article presents the outcomes of analysis of the conformity of public administration judicial control models in the Visegrad Group countries with the standards arising from the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms and its derivative acts. It specifically considers whether the structure of the judiciary systems in the V4 countries that deals with administrative matters aligns with the directives contained in Recommendation No. 20/2004 on judicial review of administrative acts. The starting point for this analysis is the assertion that the contemporary understanding of the right to a fair trial is determined by the standards established in the European legal culture, which is largely the result of judicial dialogue. This dialogue needs the convergence of the institutional frameworks of the European judiciary structures.

Rad predstavlja osvrt na razvoj kažnjavanja za krivična dela i instituđje zatvora na tlu Srbije u širokom vremenskom rasponu od XIII do početka X X velca. Polazeći od opšteg i šireg konteksta ove problematike u Zapadnoj Evropi i Vizantiji, kasnije u Osmanskom carstvu, ukazaćemo na ključne pojave i procese kaznene problematike, nastanka i razvoja institucije zatvora, koliko nam to dozvoljava obim članka.

Administrative acts are evaluated by dividing them into as individual and regulatory acts. While regulatory acts are abstract, rulemaking/normative and addressee of which are not defined by name, individual acts are concrete, exhaustible once applied and addressee of which are defined by name. Apart from these two administrative acts, the existence of a third type of administrative act which has some characteristics of both types of transactions is accepted. Although there are different nomenclatures, it is called as "general decision" by the majority of the doctrine. General Decisions are similar to individual acts in terms of being related to concrete situations and are similar to regulatory acts in terms of non-definability of the addressee of the action. However, the distinction does not end with a simple characterization or definition, and the legal regime of this sui-generis administrative act needs to be determined. As a matter of fact, this study is generally dedicated to this effort. In this context, first of all, the issue of distinction of the general decisions from the individual and regulatory actions/acts is discussed and then a legal regime is tried to be determined and put forward by taking the decisions made by the judicial authorities into consideration.

1 (Kirk) is an important decision of the Full Bench of the High Court which provides guidance on the proper interpretation of the Occupational Health and Safety Act 2000 (NSW) (OHS Act 2000), and has implications for the continuing work of the Industrial Court of New South Wales in this important area of law. The decision is also important for administrative lawyers. This note, however, focuses primarily on the implications of the decision for the area of occupational health and safety law. Administrative law issues are likely to be explored in greater depth in other comments. 2

HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access archive for the deposit and dissemination of scientific research documents, whether they are published or not. The documents may come from teaching and research institutions in France or abroad, or from public or private research centers. L'archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, émanant des établissements d'enseignement et de recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires publics ou privés.

Аннотация. Административные органы, действуя по усмотрению, имеют определенную свободу, выбирают вариант решения, но эта свобода никогда не является полной, она в определенной степени ограничивается законодательством. Тем не менее суды, проверяя дискреционные административные акты, часто сталкиваются с проблемой оценки их законности. В статье представлены критерии такой оценки. При этом демонстрируются решения, вынесенные в разных странах. Поскольку аргументация судов в отношении дискреционных актов во многом совпадает, такие решения допустимо сравнивать друг с другом. Также однотипная аргументация позволяет сформулировать базис «общей теории административного усмотрения». Во многих правовых системах он будет похожим, но в каждой национальной системе формулируются и отличительные черты этой теории. Среди критериев оценки выделяются соблюдение норм права (законность), достижение управленческой цели, соблюдение требований процедуры, а также материальных оснований. Оценивая дискреционные административные акты, суды пользуются приемами юридической техники. Иногда органы власти публикуют «эталонные решения», которые могут служить ориентирами для административных органов, вынужденных применять свое усмотрение. Ключевые слова: административное усмотрение, административный акт, судебный контроль, административные процедуры.
Abstract. When administrative authorities exercise discretion, they have a
kind of freedom to choose one decision. Such freedom however has never
been complete due to the fact that laws have limited it. Thus, courts are often faced with the problem of assessing the legality of such decisions. The article has presented the criteria for such the assessment. However, this article demonstrates decisions from different countries. Since their judicial reasoning is largely similar, such judgments can be compared with each other. Similar reasoning also allows to formulate the foundation of a “general theory of administrative discretion”. This foundation is the same for many legal systems, but each contains distinctive features of this theory. Among the evaluation criteria, compliance with legal rules, (legality), achievement of governance goals, compliance with procedural requirements, as well as material grounds are highlighted. To evaluate discretionary acts, courts must use legal techniques. Authorities sometimes published “reference solutions” that can serve as guidelines for administrative authorities who are forced to exercise their discretion.

La influencia del Derecho italiano sobre el Derecho público económico español es relevante y, en gran medida, se debe a las obras traducidas de Massimo Severo Giannini. Gran parte de los fenómenos anunciados por Giannini en relación a la intervención de los poderes públicos en sociedades complejas están sucediendo. Por ejemplo, los paralelismos entre las constituciones económicas de España e Italia se han visto reforzados por el proceso de integración europea.

The private security sector in Serbia is gaining more and more importance in terms of overall security. A smaller segment of private security consists of private detective services. In the paper, the authors explore the specifics of the supervision of private detective activities by the police in Serbia, using the normative and observational methods. Analyzing the domestic and foreign literature in this area, the authors give an overview of the concept and types of supervision of private detective’s activity based on inspection supervision, and in the following they explore the supervision procedure itself. A special segment consists of the analysis of documents that are created during the supervision process and that are issued to a private detective. It is concluded that the supervision of private detective activity represents a special type (sui generis) of supervision carried out by the police, who in that procedure have the right to apply administrative and factual coercion (force) as ultima ratio. The report on supervision is a public document and is the most important procedural document that is drawn up in the procedure of supervision of private detective activity.

Within a public employment setting, both administrative and labour law jurisprudence continue to advance the fundamental rights and protections afforded to individuals by the Constitution under section 23 and 33. Although the Constitutional Court (arguably) seems to favour the determination of one right over another, there exists no legal basis – other than a policy basis – for such a direction. In the context of the employment of public officials, the Constitutional Court side-lined administrative law jurisprudence. The purpose of this dissertation is to explore whether public sector employees are still able to bring an application in a court of law under administrative law even when such is to be applied to quintessential labour cases. This dissertation has analysed the meaning of administrative action under section 33 and PAJA in Chapter 2 and, in Chapter 3, how the courts have approached administrative law within labour cases, uncovering important judicial arguments and direction. This leads to Chapter 4 where since Gcaba, case law and academic arguments have shown that the extent to which section 33 and PAJA apply to public-sector employment depends primarily on how one pleads.  The research methodology used in advancing these objectives has comprised solely of desktop literature review of case law, statute, various text books and academic journal articles. In the absence of legislative intention to deny public sector employees their right to administrative justice, it is shown that it is not uncommon for more than one constitutional right to apply to one set of facts. It is argued that three causes of action exist under PAJA, the LRA and legality and that these causes of action are still available to litigants, even though the court in Gcaba provided the general rule that administrative law no longer applies. The Constitutional Court’s explicit recognition on pleadings has resulted in lower courts providing protection to public sector employees by hearing matters pleaded under PAJA or the principle of legality as the chosen forum. A new direction of administrative law jurisprudence is being realised by lower courts in labour cases, which correctly balances the intention of the legislature and favourably adds to the notion that rights are cumulative and complimentary of each other. Chapter 5 concludes all the relevant literature as well as providing several recommendations. Although PAJA and legality are applicable, the LRA should be the first port of call.  It would be beneficial for the Constitutional Court to re-look at this area of law with the aim of advancing fundamental rights.

Il tramonto dottrinario del mito della giurisdizione unica alla luce dell'esperienza tra Orlando e Mortara * Le dissertazioni puramente teoriche hanno indubbiamente il loro pregio, ma, se non vogliano restare pure esercitazioni accademiche bisogna che muovano da quegli elementi obiettivi che loro presta la vita reale del diritto così meravigliosamente ricca e feconda di forme istituzionali tendenti ad adattare i principi astratti alla necessità dei rapporti sociali e al sempre mutevole stato della coscienza giuridica. (V. E. Orlando 1895-1898) * Il presente scritto è destinato agli Scritti in onore di Vincenzo Cerulli Irelli. La scelta del tema non è casuale, da un lato, rispondendo ai miei interessi scientifici, d'altro lato, e soprattutto, costituendo il modo per rendere più appropriato il senso di un omaggio a Vincenzo Cerulli Irelli, che, nella sua variegata e incessante produzione scientifica, ha anche fornito, già da giovane studioso, uno dei più importanti contributi alla complicata questione del riparto di giurisdizione e degli sviluppi del nostro ordinamento tra monismo e dualismo, mostrando con ciò l'importante qualità di un'immediata e viva attitudine alla ricostruzione sistematica: Il problema del riparto delle giurisdizioni. Premesse allo studio del sistema vigente, Pescara, 1979. Ricordo ancora come la lettura di questa monografia mi rese chiara, tra l'altro, la distinzione tra elementi discrezionali della fattispecie e fattispecie discrezionale, consentendomi di riflettere sulla impossibilità di articolare la tutela delle due giurisdizioni in relazione alla tipologia dei vizi. 1 V. E. Orlando, Teoria giuridica delle guarentigie delle libertà, Torino, 1888, specie p. 54 ss.

This article reflects on the transformative nature of South Africa's Constitution, looking at the past 20 years of a widely celebrated democracy. The article discusses the successful entrenchment of institutional framework and challenges facing transformative constitutionalism (TC). South Africa's history for the better part of the 20th century reveals a variety of historical phenomena ranging from colonisation, unjust legal systems and other discriminatory practices. This bred a society of extreme imbalances and socioeconomic inequalities. Post 1994, a reconstruction and development agenda became a priority, resulting in TC, a project which adopted the stance of transforming the society by redressing the injustices of the past, to create a much just society grounded in law. It has a foundational mandate to heal the wounds of the past. This entails that the societal challenges can best be addressed using the supreme law in the Constitution, as the basis for societal transformation. The 1994 dispensation has had to embrace the notion of democracy, culture of human rights according to established international norms and standards, and uphold the rule of law. While South Africa has made notable progress in many respects, the country faces new challenges that threaten the prospects of the TC. Hence, the survival of TC depends largely on the political will to address these challenges. It is also indispensable to propagate for citizenry education to foster active participation and understanding of democratic system for the sustenance of transformation ideals of the Constitution. Further that the success of TC depends on government's absolute support for chapter 9 institutions and preserving judicial independence.

The notary public service is a special public profession that has a specific role not only to establish legal security but also to strengthen the existing one. The Law on Notary Public opted for the so-called Latin type of notary because it was a natural ways of the historical roots of the Austro-Hungarian monarchy in our area. In step with this reform project, the necessary changes in civil and procedural law were entered. The concept of notary public was to be implemented in the entire civil law system. One of the reasons for the introduction of the institute of the notary public was to make courts more effective in the matter in which this is possible. Our legal system has joined many European legal systems which, in order to respect the principles of procedural economics and speed up the provision of legal protection in civil court proceedings, provide for the possibility of entrusting the conduct of court proceedings to a notary public. The notary public acts like a judge when ...

In addition to the differences that exist between the issues they regulate and the goals they strive for, labour law and criminal law do have common points where they meet. This is primarily manifested in legal consequences of a crime commited at work or in relation to work. It represents a valid ground for dismissal, without a prerogative of employer to independently evaluate if the conduct of an employee constitutes the act of committing a crime, and to dismiss him/her for failing to comply with workplace discipline, if it is established that his/her conduct constitutes the act of committing a crime, in a accordance with “blanket reference” technique in the definition of a disciplinary offences. On the other hand, relationship between labour law and criminal law is examined in the light of functions of criminal santions in the world of work, as well as in the light of the EU standard of effective, proportionate and dissuasive sanctions. Finaly, the authoress sheds light on the ex lege termination of employment when an employee is sentenced to jail or some other criminal sanctions, as well as on the issue of convictions with specific sentences or for specific crimes as obstacles to employment.

Ius puniendi представља једно од обележја државног суверенитета. Отуда је и кривично право, као нормативни механизам путем којег држава врши своје "право кажњавања", уско везано за учење о државном суверенитету. Ипак, та веза више није толико крута као у традиционалном систему кривичног права, а један од чинилаца који је томе допринео јесте принцип универзалног важања кривичног законодавства. У овом раду настојали смо да појаснимо принцип универзалног важења кривичног права и то како је исти омогућио да државни судови његовом применом пређу границе заштите сопствених, тј. националних вредности, добара и интера. Наиме, универзални принцип пружа могућност да државни судови штите одговарајућа наднационална добра, вредности и интересе, која представљају заједничку тековину човечанства, односно цивилизације у којој живимо. Штитећи та добра, вредности и интересе државни судови постају нешто више од нациоланих државних органапостају својеврсни "органи међународне заједнице". До оваквог закључка дошли смо пратећи генезу универзалног принципа, а нарочито анализирајући одговарајуће међународне докуменате који су овај принцип уобличили. У раду смо се осврнули и на упоредноправну регулативу универзалног принципа. Иако се исти од државе до државе различито уређује, утисак је да постојећа регулатива универзалног принципа законодавстава којих смо се дотакли пружа могућност адекватне заштите најзначајнијих добара човечанства.

حدد قانون انضباط موظفي الدولة رقم 14 لسنة 1990 المعدل جملة من المحظورات على الموظف العام مع انها لم ترد على سبيل الحصر لاختلاف طبيعة المخالفة الادارية عن الافعال الجرمية التي يلزم تحديدها نصا لخضوعها لقاعدة لاجريمة ولاعقوبة الا بنص يحدده القانون،لذا كان على الموظف الاطلاع على حدود التزاماته الوظيفية وآلية فرض العقوبة الادارية والاثار المترتبة عليها وكيفية التخلص من اثارها وتبعاتها