Journalism History

RESUMEN
Esta investigación se propone identificar cómo surge y evoluciona el periodismo de datos dentro del escenario del periodismo digital en Ecuador. Para ello, se propone caracterizar esa modalidad como fenómeno particular en los medios tradicionales digitalizados y los medios nativos digitales
ecuatorianos. Un propósito que además ofrece un análisis de ese quehacer periodístico que se nutre de diversas condiciones profesionales, empresariales, contextuales, económicas y políticas.
Conjuntamente se realiza un estudio comparativo al observar dos casos en concreto: por un lado El Comercio, un medio tradicional digitalizado con su sección El Comercio Data; y por otro, el nativo digital Plan V, un prestigioso cibermedio de investigación.
Palabras clave: periodismo digital; medios tradicionales; medios nativos; medios ecuatorianos; El Comercio; Plan V

además del área fisica, hay que tener en cuenta todo lo que interesa a la gente de una zona concreta. Palabras Clave: Prensa de proximidad. Publicaciones periódicas de los pueblos. Funciones. Contenido. Medios de comunicación comarcales. C'est au cours des années 70 que la presse de proximité et l'information des villages commença à jouer un rôle au sein l'état. Au cours des dix années qui suivirent, le phénomène de la presse locale prit une plus grande importance et Euskal Herria fut le témoin de cet épanouissement. L'information de proximité ne paraît pas seulement dans la presse locale. Les grands quotidiens se sont également rendu compte de la nécessité de la proximité du lecteur. Pour cette raison, au moment de définir l'espace de proximité il faut tenir compte, en plus de l'espace physique, de tout ce qui intéresse les gens dans une zone concrète. Mots Clés: Presse de proximité. Publications périodiques des villages. Fonctions. Contenu. Moyens de communication régionaux.

Yoruba newspapers writers are language artists of a kind because of the way and manner they exploit the paralinguistic resources of the language. The malleability of the language exploitation is achieved through the symbiotic relationship between the language structure and language function. Employing the theory of foregrounding as analytical template, this study discusses graphological patterning of Yoruba newspapers writers, as communicative tools. The study contends that the graphological techniques have pragmatic forces which are stylistically contrived by the writers to capture readers' attention and interest with a view to entertaining and informing them. The paper concludes that the techniques are products of intention.  Keywords : Graphology; Yoruba Newspapers; Stylistics; Foregrounding.

Rachel Brill Ezekiel, my great-grandmother, was a lifelong women’s rights worker who entered the suffrage movement when it was small and continued for decades as it ballooned to millions of members. She then worked for several offshoots of the movement and for the Daughters of the American Revolution (DAR). She occupied prominent positions, includ-ing setting up and running the Washington D.C. headquarters of the Na-tional American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA) and coordinat-ing their massive national petition campaign. Yet she remains invisible in historical accounts.

Tugas ini menganalisis peran vital jurnalis dan pers dalam mengawasi sistem pemerintahan demokrasi, dengan mengambil studi kasus liputan Tim Mata Najwa di Lapas Sukamiskin pada Juli 2018. Investigasi ini menemukan bahwa narapidana kasus korupsi, termasuk Setya Novanto, mendapatkan fasilitas mewah dan perlakuan khusus. Temuan ini merusak reputasi petugas lapas , serta menimbulkan tekanan publik dan menurunnya kepercayaan masyarakat terhadap institusi hukum. Secara keseluruhan, kasus ini membuktikan bahwa pers berfungsi sebagai watchdog yang esensial dalam menjaga akuntabilitas dan transparansi dalam demokrasi.

In March 1927, the Communist Party's newspaper, The Daily Worker, published a poem, "America" by David Gordon, that compared the United States to a "neat whore house." For more than a year, state and federal prosecutors pursued obscenity cases against Gordon, the paper and its editors, which resulted in the paper paying a $500 fine, Gordon's being sentenced to an indefinite term in the state reformatory, and two editors spending time in jail. The saga demonstrates the legal persecution that the Communist Party faced in the 1920s, and the way that the organization defended itself. It also allows us to examine how the obscenity laws were used to pursue political prosecution, and, finally, offers a glimpse at early Communist aesthetic approaches.

In March 1927, the Communist Party's newspaper, The Daily Worker, published a poem, "America" by David Gordon, that compared the United States to a "neat whore house." For more than a year, state and federal prosecutors pursued obscenity cases against Gordon, the paper and its editors, which resulted in the paper paying a $500 fine, Gordon's being sentenced to an indefinite term in the state reformatory, and two editors spending time in jail. The saga demonstrates the legal persecution that the Communist Party faced in the 1920s, and the way that the organization defended itself. It also allows us to examine how the obscenity laws were used to pursue political prosecution, and, finally, offers a glimpse at early Communist aesthetic approaches.

HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access archive for the deposit and dissemination of scientific research documents, whether they are published or not. The documents may come from teaching and research institutions in France or abroad, or from public or private research centers. L'archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, émanant des établissements d'enseignement et de recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires publics ou privés.

The tendency for the colonialists, imperialists, empire-builders, and those who ruled over others want to whitewash their past. Why do they want to whitewash-meaning removing the statues, portraits, and many artefacts that depict their reigns, including those images candidly presents the other side of their rule-oppressive and wretched rule. Portraying the statues or images of those who were subjected to be their slaves during their reigns did add glory and triumph. At the same time, it may also be viewed as stern warning for the victims.

Turkish workers who emigrated from their country to Germany could reunify with their families; and now their descendants live there as German citizens. During turmoils and wars in The Middle East, Africa and Bosnia and Herzegovina many people fled their countries and immigrated to Germany as refugees and asylum seekers. Most of the refugees were Muslim and they all built their own communities, mosques and businesses as Turks had done before. They are Muslims; however, they have different cultures, languages, and denominations. They have had differences among themselves, moreover after decades of living in Germany their successful integration is still a question. We present a historical overview of the integration of Muslims in Germany, discuss the reasons for its failure and highlight the fears that non-Muslims and Muslims face in an increasingly Muslim society. We argue that in the future, society will have to face these fears, not to suppress them, but to take them seriously and find ways to allay them and thus ensure peaceful coexistence between people of different worldviews in a Western multicultural society.

Entrepreneurship is of great importance with its contribution to the economy, is employment-increasing effect and the increase in technological developments. Solving the problems of entrepreneurs is necessary for the economy, employment and development. One of the problems experienced by entrepreneurs is the problem of financing sources. There are traditional and alternative solutions to solve the financing source problem. One of the alternative methods that have emerged in recent years as a solution to the financing problem of entrepreneurs is crowdfunding. Crowdfunding in Turkey has an 11-year history. Until 2021, there were only reward-based crowdfunding platforms in Turkey for official reasons. With the removal of official obstacles in 2021, equity crowdfunding started in Turkey. Equity crowdfunding, which started in 2021, is a solution to the financing source problem of entrepreneurs and contributes to entrepreneurship in Turkey. The goal of the study is to examine the equity crowdfunding system from its beginning to the present, to see which sectors are more suitable for crowdfunding, and to show the situation of equity crowdfunding from past to present. The study was conducted using the document analysis technique, one of the qualitative research techniques. In the study, data were collected and analyzed from 4 equity and 1 award-based platforms operating in Turkey. In the study, It has been observed that startups in the fields of software, education, electrical-electronics and artificial intelligence prefer crowdfunding more. Since startups in the fields of biotechnology, electrical-electronics, energy, finance, agriculture, and artificial intelligence have 100% success, startups in these areas are thought to be suitable for crowdfunding. Agriculture is the area where the highest funds are collected. The study showed that the use of equity crowdfunding is increasing every year. In light of this data, it is estimated that its use will increase regularly in the future.

Public relation atau kendali penerangan di masa penjajahan Belanda untuk
menyalurkan ide kebenaran menurut vergenten colonial.belanda juga mengatur
berita yang boleh dibagikan dan tidak berbahaya bagi pemerintah.pemerintah
belnda membaginya menjdai dua jenis yaiyu resmi dan tidak resmi salah satu
tujuanya untuk menghindari kritik yang beredar melaui media cetak yang dapat
mengancam keberadaan belanda oleh karena itu belanda membuat propaganda
dan kritik dari pribumi.dan melakukan pemanfaatan radio untuk saluran berita dan
mempengaruhi cara kinerja dinas penerangan pada penjajahan jepang juga
melakukan Sendenbu mengendalikan saluran komunikasi melalui majalah Djawa
Baroe, pamflet hingga isi siaran radio. Selain media cetak, Sendenbu juga
menguasai produksi film.

ocupa un lugar importante su dedicación al Periodismo como articulista habitual de diarios italianos y como autor de reportajes novelados. En éstos, Sciascia indagaba en torno un determinado episodio histórico, más o menos reciente pero siempre de algún modo oscuro o de sentido confuso y, con toda la documentación a su alcance y el empleo de técnicas narrativas, construía un relato de investigación para esclarecer los hechos. Este artículo expone las características distintivas del racconto-inchiesta como subgénero del periodismo literario, mostrando la confianza del autor italiano en restablecer la verdad de los acontecimientos a través de una escritura híbrida entre el periodismo y la literatura.

Identificar as bases genéticas na caracterização dos cenários e dos personagens da peça A noite, de José Saramago, é um percurso que agregará aos quase inexistentes estudos sobre esse drama saramaguiano que se atentam à transposição ficcional das experiências do autor e dos muitos relatos de jornalistas que viveram a tensão do 25 de Abril de 1974 dentro das redações de jornais. No entanto, veremos, neste artigo, que, apesar do alto grau de aproveitamento da matéria biográfica e jornalística para a feitura desse drama de 1979, aspecto sensível em diversas estruturas de sua mimese, Saramago aponta para um projeto dramatúrgico que se pretende não plenamente mimético-realista por prezar as conexões literárias advindas de suas experiências, bem como da experiência de outros jornalistas que viveram os mesmos embates ideológicos que se passaram na fictícia redação de jornal representada na peça.

The traditional media sector is currently being faced with the unprecedented digitization that is affecting the way the current generation is used to reading news. With increasing advertising revenues being channeled to digital platforms rather than print media, diminishing reader engagement has resulted in print media publications feeling the heat to transform their business models or perish. The present paper looks at a few tactics that have been employed by print media companies who have digitally oriented the era of the digitalfirst in order to remain successful in the market. Among other strategies, the research focuses on the analysis of the impact of the paywall, the relationship with online platforms, the various content, and multimedia elements it introduces and and what it looks like. The paper points out the manner that quality journalism, cost minimization, and consumer behavior change are encour(g)ing the print media industry either to remain or to become insufficient. This encompassing investigation revolved around the various worldwide instances and industry developments with the primary focus on representing some possible strategies for print media companies to survive and necessitate in a more digital world.

In 1995, hegemonic identity discourses were centred on the market economy and nationalism. Neoliberal market hegemony was primarily (re)produced by elites and remained unchallenged by popular discourses, which generally took market reasoning and meritocratic justice for granted. Instead, public concerns focused on increasing social status stratification and the welfare state, with democracy often assessed on the basis of socio-economic outcomes rather than formal parliamentary institutions and being identified more strongly than the elite with traditions, conservative values and rural life.
Nationalism functioned as a true ‘collective identity’, shared and positively valued by both elites and the masses. In particular, ethnic and cultural nationalism served as a filter through which contemporary and past periods of independence, as well as the most relevant historic Others (Imperial Russia and Baltic Germans), were evaluated.
This national identity report was completed as part of the Making Identity Count (MIC) Estonia project (PRG1052 – National Identity and Estonian-Russian Relations: A Longitudinal Study of Elite and Mass Discourses). The sampled material was coded using the standard MIC procedure (Allan 2016). The full collection of MIC Estonia national identity reports is available at: https://hdl.handle.net/10062/108183.

Resumo: O presente artigo pretende contribuir com as discussões que envolvem a representatividade feminina e os seus espaços que são destinados às mulheres no gênero textual biografia, pensando esse tipo de texto especificamente como um dos elementos que auxiliam na construção de perspectivas e visões de mundo, premissa básica de todo e qualquer texto literário. Propõe-se a discutir o texto biográfico como uma fonte relevante para debater questões relacionadas a gênero, já que ele é uma das melhores formas de representação da memória social. A problematização da temática dá-se aqui por meio de uma revisão de literatura feita com base em teóricos que investigam os assuntos gênero e biografia.

For the first time, this book makes accessible to the public a selection of photographs from the hundreds of albums held at the Jubilee Palace in Addis Ababa, the last residence of Emperor Haile Selassie. This remarkable visual archive provides a striking insight into the life of the sovereign and the representation of the Ethiopian nation in the 20th century. Texts by leading scholars document and contextualize these rare historical photographs.

Pour la première fois, ce livre rend accessible au public une sélection de photographies issues des centaines d’albums conservés au Palais du Jubilé à Addis-Abeba, la dernière résidence de l’empereur Hailé Sélassié. Cette remarquable archive visuelle offre un aperçu saisissant de la vie du souverain et de la représentation de la nation éthiopienne au cours du 20ème siècle. Des textes rédigés par des chercheurs de renom documentent et contextualisent ces photographies historiques rares.

Komentar i podvrste komentara su veoma značajne forme novinarskog izražavanja. U njima autor analizira, argumentuje, vrednuje, tumači akutelne događaje i pojave, ukazujući publici na uzroke, posledice i dalji razvoj događaja. Osnovni ciljevi u ovom radu su utvrditi, analizom sadržaja, u kojoj meri dnevni listovi "Danas" i "Blic" zadovoljavaju formu komentara prema literaturi, odnosno pravila pisanja komentara i njegovih podvrsti, kao i njihovu zastupljenost u dnevnim listovima. Na osnovu dobijenih rezultata utvrđeno je da su komentar i njegova podvrsta-kolumna zastupljeniji u dnevnom listu "Danas" za razliku od dnevnog lista "Blic", dok nijedan uvodnik nije identifikovan u analizirnim listovima. Analizom sadržaja je utvrđeno da je u komentarima "Blica" delimično ispoštovana zahtevana forma komentara. Ono što u većini komentara "Blica" nedostaje je argumentacija, dokumentacija, jasno definisana tema komentara i podrobnije vrednovanje i tumačenje. U komentarima "Danasa" autori se koriste činjenicama, tumače, analiziraju i društveno vrednuju događaje i pojave. Takođe, autori komentara u "Danasu" iznose u većoj meri argumentaciju i dokumentaciju, i gotovo u svim komentarima je prisutan angažovan stav autora. Teme su obrađene nedvosmisleno, a poenta komentara je jasno vidljiva. U pojedinim komentarima "Danasa" i "Blica" uočena je hibridna forma između klasičnog komentara i kolumne. Naime, pojedinim komentarima (koji su izdvojeni u listovima pod "komentar"), nedostaje dokumentacija, argumentacija i zaključak sa prognozom. Autori u navedenim komentarima komentarišu pojave ili događaje iz krajnje ličnog ugla, bez argumentovanja za ili protiv, tumačenja i analize.

Għal aktar minn żewġ deċennji, ili nħoss interess profond u dedikazzjoni kontinwa lejn id-dinja affaxxinanti tal-fotografija Vintage u l-figuri storici li taw kontribut sinifikanti f'dan il-qasam. B'mod naturali, l-ambitu ewlieni tar-riċerka tiegħi huwa l-fotografija Maltija, u, kontinwament, insib ruħi fi tfittxija attiva, mhux biss għal immaġni tal-passat, iżda wkoll għal informazzjoni dwar fotografi lokali li forsi ġew minsija jew mhumiex magħrufa biżżejjed.

The written press in the Argentine province of San Juan is celebrating its bicentennial this year, having first appeared in 1825 when the printing press was introduced during the liberal government of Salvador María del Carril. This research project aims to investigate the influence of liberal ideology on the enlightened young members of the local elite. The study will cover the period from 1825 to the reissue of the newspaper El Zonda in 1861, just a few months before Domingo Faustino Sarmiento assumed the governorship. The ideological debate in the press is important for identifying the different factions within the provincial elite, as the aforementioned liberal sector was opposed by a more conservative faction that emphasized colonial traditions and the Roman Catholic religion. Likewise, the liberal and conservative sectors represented the Unitario and Federal parties respectively. During the first half of the 19th century, these parties engaged in a fierce struggle for political power throughout the Argentine Confederation. Liberal ideas were noticeably influenced by their counterparts in the United States and Europe. This ideology sought to modernize society and put an end to conservative ideas representing Spanish heritage, caudillos and backwardness. Therefore, this paper proposes to take a look at the print media in San Juan during the first half of the 19th century.

A karikatúra, mint elsődlegesen vizuális forrás elemzése során a legtöbb munka a képi megjelenítés jellegzetességeivel foglalkozik, a szöveges tartalmat, illetve a teljes karikatúrát jellemző tematikát a képi megjelenítés kiegészítőjeként vizsgálják. A vizuális elem fontosságát nem kétségbe vonva azonban kijelenthetjük, hogy a politikai karikatúra ereje nem csak annak vizualitásában rejlik. A karikatúra közlése, mint egyfajta „puha”, vagy rejtett politizálás, már a témaválasztás révén befolyásolja a fogyasztók gondolkodását. Témaválasztása a közbeszéd, (a „köznevetés”) tematizálásával fontos közvélemény-formáló, tehát már önmagában véve is propagandisztikus szerepet tölthet be.
A tanulmány a Ludas Matyi 1945 és 1990 közötti címlapkarikatúráit elemzi  egy eddig elsősorban a politikatudományban használt kategóriarendszer, a közpolitikai kódok (CAP – Comparative Agendas Project használatával.
Az elemzés újdonsága abban rejlik, hogy a közpolitikai kódolás révén a Ludas Matyi által kifejtett politikai propaganda párhuzamba állítható az egyes történelmi korszakok általános politikai folyamataival, az egyes politikai aktusok közpolitikai tartalmával, illetve a (kifejezetten politikai) sajtó tartalmával is. A Ludas Matyi címlapkarikatúráinak közpolitikai kódok mentén történő elemzése révén kiválóan látható a Rákosi- és a Kádár-korszak eltérő közbeszéd-tematizálási igénye, a Rákosi-korszak társadalmi mozgósítási, majd a Kádár-korszak lecsendesítő, konszolidáló, a társadalomnak az operatív politikától való eltávolítását célzó propagandatevékenysége.

Este texto examina las trayectorias del pluralismo informativo en la producción científica indexada entre 2019 y 2025. A través de un enfoque mixto de tipo concurrente, que combina análisis bibliométrico (con 20.000 artículos de Scopus procesados mediante VOSviewer) e interpretación crítica de literatura especializada, se identifican cinco núcleos temáticos: ideología y ciudadanía, salud y género, gobernanza mediática, epistemología crítica y tecnologías emergentes. Los resultados muestran una tendencia creciente hacia enfoques inter y transdisciplinares, con énfasis en justicia digital, ética algorítmica y sostenibilidad. Se concluye que el pluralismo informativo trasciende la diversidad de medios, integrando dimensiones estructurales, éticas y tecnológicas que deben considerarse en los marcos regulatorios y democráticos contemporáneos.

Desde que se elegeu Presidente da república, Jair Bolsonaro aborda um discurso negacionista de ataque aos jornalistas que são responsáveis pela sua cobertura oficial no Palácio do Planalto como uma estratégia intencional de desmobilização das agendas jornalísticas e, por consequência, dos temas que fazem críticas à sua gestão. Ao mesmo tempo, as organizações jornalísticas contra-atacam com várias estratégias de resistência desde o aprofundamento do jornalismo investigativo até a crítica política para reenquadrar a sua própria agenda de informação diante dos ataques. Este artigo aborda algumas situações de insultos contra várias equipes de jornalismo ocorridas no período de outubro de 2019 a 30 de abril de 2020 e para a análise, são utilizadas a noção de campo de Pierre Bourdieu para caracterizar os espaços sociais diferenciados de ação que geram os conflitos pela busca de poder na perspectiva analítica de Maria Ceci Misoczky, as categorias da dinâmica de desmobilização tal como propostas por Daniel Reis Silva e as categorias de análise crítica do discurso (ACD) de Normam Fairclough. Palavras-Chave: Liberdade de informação. Liberdade de imprensa. Categorias de desmobilização. Análise Crítica do Discurso.

Sports teams increasingly use nostalgia-based marketing to spark fan engagement and boost merchandise sales. Yet these efforts can also provoke backlash, especially when they resurrect contested imagery. This article examines how one such campaign-the New York Islanders' 2015 revival of their controversial fisherman logo-was framed across team broadcasts and interpreted by fans on social media. Drawing on a qualitative textual analysis of television and radio coverage alongside a quantitative content analysis of 563 tweets, the study reveals a divide between institutional messaging and grassroots reaction. While team broadcasts emphasized charity and sentimental appeal, fan discourse was notably more critical, mocking the jersey's design and recalling past failures. By positioning nostalgia not only as a branding asset but as a reputational risk, the article contributes a novel perspective to debates about commercialization, mediatization, and fan co-production in sports. It also demonstrates the value of mixed methods for analyzing how branding narratives are negotiated in real time.

O aumento da violência contra a imprensa de referência 3 no mundo e no Brasil é uma realidade que tem trazido à tona várias questões sobre a garantia do exercício do jornalismo como uma das atividades/profissões mais importantes do planeta para a manutenção e a consolidação da democracia e do Estado de direito e, por consequência, para a liberdade de imprensa e de expressão. As ameaças e os abusos de poder que estão no centro dessa violência surgem de todos os lados e envolvem desde representantes do

Routledge's collection "Modern and Contemporary Dramatists", whose general editors are Maggie B. Gale and Mary Luckhurst, intends to provide readers with quality introductions both to well-known and not-so-well-known playwrights. As the outstanding publishing house declares, "[e]ach volume provides detailed cultural, historical and political material, examines selected plays in production, and theorises the playwright's artistic agenda and working methods, as well as their contribution to the development of playwriting and theatre" (). After Federico García Lorca and J. B. Priestley, the third release of the series delves into less scoured territory with Susan Glaspell (1876-1948) and Sophie Treadwell (1885-1970). 1 As befits Routledge's quality standards, the volume is complete with useful chronologies of both playwrights, a bibliography, and an index for quick reference. Endnotes are well chosen, useful, and, on top of that, in a reasonable amount (I personally prefer footnotes, though). But, precisely on account of the innovative theatrical focus of the whole series, it is impossible not to regard as a serious flaw the scarce number of (black-and-white!) plates (10 altogether) and their limited quality. Arguably, with more and better photographs the price would have soared, but I see no other way if the focus is really to be what plays look like on a stage.

contrapuesto hoy día a la inteligencia artificial (IA) que se yergue ante el sujeto humano con su presunción de sabelotodo. De ahí que la pregunta difícil sea si la IA provocará o no una revolución intelectual tan profunda como la Ilustración que tuvo lugar en la Europa del siglo XVIII. E, independientemente de la respuesta, ¿qué implicará su evolución? La Ilustración. La Ilustración-nombre que los historiadores dieron a la conmoción intelectual que azotó el mundo europeo en el Siglo de las Luces no solo ilusionó a sus seguidores, pues sembraba la esperanza de que se avecinaba toda una Era de la Razón per se, sino que también los llevó a ver su momento histórico como parte de una evolución hacia un futuro radicalmente diferente y mejor.

Аннотация: В статье рассматривается эпизод, характеризующий особенности взаимодействия власти и журналистики в ходе Русско-турецкой войны 1877-1878 гг. Отправной точкой для предпринятого в статье анализа источников, в том числе неопубликованных, является формирование в период Русско-турецкой войны 1877-78 гг. новой «специализации» отечественных журналистов-военного корреспондента, находящегося в действующей армии и отправляющего репортажи в периодическое издание. Конфликт, вызванный неподписанной публикацией в газете «Голос» о событиях в действующей армии, нашел отражение в телеграммах главнокомандующего армией на Балканах великого князя Николая Николаевича Старшего, министра внутренних дел А.Е. Тимашева и в письмах редактора газеты А.А. Краевского. Среди результатов этого конфликта-высылка всех корреспондентов газеты «Голос» из армии на Дунае, требование обязательной подписи под корреспонденциями с войны и косвенно-признание властью ключевой роли прессы в формировании общественного мнения. Упомянутые телеграммы и письма впервые вводятся в научный оборот. Рассматриваемый в статье конфликт ярко демонстрирует парадоксальное взаимоотношение высших властных структур и журналистики в описываемое время. Особое внимание уделяется роли цензуры. Газета «Голос» лидировала по интенсивности преследования со стороны властей, однако, как показывается в статье на основе анализа неопубликованных эпистолярных источников, А.А. Краевскому в итоге удалось оправдаться перед властями и избежать приостановки издания.

The article covers an episode that reveals some specific features of the
interaction of the state power and journalism during the Russo-Turkish War of 1877–
1878. The starting point for the undertaken analysis of sources, including unpublished
ones, is the formation of a new “specialization” of national journalists during the
Russo-Turkish War of 1877–1878 — a war correspondent who stays with the combat
arms and sends reports for a periodical. The conflict caused by an unsigned publication
in the newspaper “Golos” (“The Voice”) on the state of affairs in the Russian army was
reflected in telegrams of the commander-in-chief of the army in the Balkans, Grand
Duke Nikolai Nikolaevich, Minister of Internal Affairs A.E. Timashev and in letters
of the editor of “Golos” A.A. Kraevsky. Among the results of this conflict was the
expulsion of all war correspondents of the newspaper from the army on the Danube,
the requirement for all printed war correspondences to be signed, and indirectly —
the recognition by the authorities of the key role of the press in forming the public
opinion. The telegrams and letters in question are being published for the first time.
The conflict considered in the article clearly demonstrates the paradoxical relationship
between the highest power structures and journalism in the described time. Particular
attention is paid to the role of censorship. The newspaper “Golos” was the leader in
terms of the intensity of persecution by the authorities, however, as shown by the
analysis of unpublished epistolary sources, A.A. Kraevsky eventually managed to
justify himself before the authorities and avoid the suspension of the newspaper.

Als die wöchentliche Kolumne A Carteira von Antônio Pedro de Figueiredo (1814-1859) auf der ersten Seite der Tageszeitung Diario de Pernambuco im September 1855 zu erscheinen beginnt, blickt dieser bereits auf eine Karriere als Lehrer, politischer Autor, Übersetzer, Publizist und Intellektueller zurück. Von europäisch-afrobrasilianischer Herkunft und aus bescheidenen ländlichen Verhältnissen kommend, war ihm diese Laufbahn nicht in die Wiege gelegt. Über Umwege kam er als Jugendlicher aus dem Umland an das Karmeliterkloster Convento do Carmo nach Recife, die Hauptstadt des Bundesstaats Pernambuco im Nordosten Brasiliens. Dort vertiefte er sich in der Bibliothek in die Lektüre englischer und französischer Literatur wie Philosophie. Ohne je ein Diplom zu erlangen, nimmt er aufgrund seiner autodidaktischen Bildung und Belesenheit Förderer für sich ein, die ihn mit Lehrstellen am örtlichen Gymnasium betrauen oder die journalistische Zusammenarbeit mit ihm schätzen. 1 Wöchentlich auf der ersten Seite des Diario de Pernambuco mit der eigenen Kulturkolumne zu erscheinen, ist für Figueiredo aufgrund der Verbreitung nicht von geringer Bedeutung. Mit einer Auflage von 4000 Exemplaren ist der Diario damals das Presseorgan Nordbrasiliens, erreicht das gesamte Amazo-