History of Tourism

Tourism is one of the largest industries in the world.  Yet leisure travel is not just economically important.  This pastime plays a vital role in defining who we are by helping to place us in space and time.  In so doing, it has aesthetic, medical, political, cultural, and social implications.  It was not always so.  Tourism as we know it is a surprisingly modern thing, both a product of modernity and a force helping to shape it.  A History of Modern Tourism is the first book to track the origins and evolution of this pursuit from earliest times to the present.  From a new understanding of aesthetics to scientific change, from the invention of steam power to the creation of aircraft, from an elite form of education to family car trips to see national “shrines,” this book offers a sweeping and engaging overview of a fascinating story not yet widely known.

". . . a very readable account of how tourism has developed since The Grand Tour of the 18th century. It looks at movers and shakers in the tourism sector - from Thomas Cook and George Pullman to Billy Butlin, Freddie Laker and even Adolf Hitler - and at how the industry has shaped globalisation and the modern world." (Adam Nebbs, South China Morning Post, 1 Nov. 2015)

This book is now available in hardcover, paperback, and electronic formats.  http://www.amazon.com/History-Modern-Tourism-Eric-Zuelow/dp/0230369642/ref=sr_1_4?ie=UTF8&qid=1433518027&sr=8-4&keywords=Zuelow.

Readers may also be interested in the supplementary website which contains bibliographies, lists of websites, teaching materials, and more: http://ericzuelow.com/ModernTourism/About.html

Publisher website: http://www.palgrave.com/page/detail/a-history-of-modern-tourism-eric-zuelow/?isb=9780230369641

Community-based tourism (CBT) is a model of community development which places the community at the centre of that development. It attempts to harness the effort of communities through their empowerment for the benefit of the community. This article develops a Community-based Visitors Affinity Index (CBTVAI) based on perusal of extant literature in which only secondary was used in terms of research methodology. The key contribution of this article is the development of a CBTVAI which is an instrument useful to owners/managers of CBT entities in evaluating their CBT businesses from a visitor perspective. The index does not include all possible items because CBT ventures exist in different contexts with different requirements. This index merely provides sample items related various basic aspects linkedto the attractiveness of CBT to visitors. As such, the index represents a flexible framework which can continuously evolve and be reformulated based on specific needs of a CBT entity. The CBTVAI has some strengths and weaknesses. Some of its strengths include the provision a visitor perspective grounded in real life experience; a framework for profiling CBT ventures; a platform for receiving visitor feedback in the form of immediate " post-trip " feedback; and a tool for assessing broad visitor/customer (dis)satisfaction with CBT offerings. The weaknesses include: failing to take into account the visitor " s demographics and psychographics; ignores prices per item; places an extra burden on communities to undertake technical data analysis which skills could be deficient in communities.

This article examines the growth of Community-Based Tourism within the broader discipline of tourism. New topics in the field have emerged such as responsible tourism, pro-poor tourism, sports tourism and moral impacts of tourism. This phenomenon also reflects the multi-disciplinarity of tourism. In this article, using the Title, Abstract and Keywords (TAK) for instances in which the words (Community-based Tourism, Community Tourism and Community-Based Eco-Tourism) to subsume Community-Based Tourism (CBT), a search was made in various databases and found that CBT as a sub-specialty of tourism started to emerge in the late 1970s and early 1980s. The number of articles published specifically on CBT has been growing phenomenally. The major contribution of this article is that we now know the evolution of CBT and we also now know its trajectory of growth which has been upward. While the number of articles on CBT is growing, there is no journal dedicated solely to CBT.

Community-based tourism (CBT) offers both opportunities and challenges in the quest
for holistic community development. The evolution and development of CBT projects
can follow different trajectories. This conceptual paper’s main contribution is the
formulation of a comprehensive model of the development of CBT. The model
suggests that CBT projects can be initiated from within and outside the community by
the private, public and non-governmental sectors or a combination of these using a topdown
or bottom-up approach. It also posits that CBT projects can take a formal or
informal character depending on the conditions leading to their initiation. The paper
highlights the benefits and constraints to the scaling up or down of operations linked to
informality. It supports further research in analyzing the various aspects associated
with the shift from formality to the informality of CBT projects and vice versa

Ce travail sur la mise en tourisme de l’Ardenne se veut une première pierre sur laquelle, nous l’espérons, des recherches ultérieures, relatives à l’Ardenne mais aussi à d’autres espaces, pourront venir s’appuyer mais aussi se confronter. Pour poser les fondements, il fallait tenir compte du système touristique dans son ensemble et l’attaquer sur plusieurs fronts : celui des représentations, de la perception, celui correspondant à la réalité plus physique du territoire, celui de ses acteurs et en particulier des touristes qui le pratiquent. C’est que nous avons tenté. Notre travail s’est prioritairement basé sur les ouvrages touristiques (guides touristiques, récits de voyage et leurs multiples combinaisons), source, injustement décriée par certains scientifiques mais pourtant incontournable pour le chercheur, pour autant qu’il s’attache à la questionner de manière approfondie et avec des outils renouvelés. Ces outils, nous les avons trouvés dans la cartographie numérique, empruntée à la géographie. Elle a ici été employée de manière innovante et dynamique pour traduire dans l’espace les données présentes dans les sources et ainsi clarifier, illuminer les processus et les transformations qui s’opèrent au sein des espaces considérés. Dans une perspective interdisciplinaire, notre approche historique, s’est nourrie d’autres disciplines pour aiguiser ses méthodes. Elle s’en est aussi inspirée pour structurer ce travail. Le concept de mise en tourisme, créé par les géographes, exprime le passage, pour un territoire, d’un état non touristique vers un état touristique. Nous l’avons combiné, de manière souple, au concept d’artialisation, conçu par le philosophe Alain Roger et qui exprime quant à lui le passage pour un espace de l’état de territoire à celui de paysage, soit grâce aux transformations, aux modifications physiques opérées sur le territoire lui-même par divers acteurs – on parle alors d’artialisation in situ –, soit grâce aux transformations opérées dans (et par) le regard collectif posé sur cet espace et induites par des modèles ou des schèmes de perception – l’artialisation est alors dite « in visu ». L’intérêt des deux concepts résidait notamment dans la place particulièrement significative que chacun d’eux accordent aux acteurs. Un cadre qui s’envisageait selon trois grands axes était ainsi donné à nos résultats : Le premier de ces axes est celui de la mise en tourisme in visu, qui correspond aux transformations opérées dans le regard collectif posé sur l’espace considéré, qui transforme cet espace en territoire touristique, à travers des modèles ou des schèmes de perception. Nous y avons analysé l’origine de l’imaginaire associé à l’Ardenne, son contenu et son évolution ainsi que la construction de l’espace touristique ardennais comme un espace cohérent à travers les représentations et perceptions qui lui sont associées dans une série de médias (ouvrages touristiques, peintures, photographies, etc.). Le second axe choisi est celui de la mise en tourisme in situ qui correspond aux modifications opérées de manière plus physique sur le territoire. Nous y avons privilégié une approche basée sur l’analyse approfondie des implantations hôtelières touristiques et de leurs exploitants, sur celle des curiosités touristiques et enfin, dans une moindre mesure de la résidence secondaire. De manière générale, cette partie insiste sur le caractère progressif et l’ancrage local des infrastructures touristiques ardennaises qui contrastent avec la mise en tourisme in situ de la côte belge, réalisée à coup de projets de grande ampleur avec des capitaux extérieurs. Le troisième axe correspond aux acteurs : ceux qui interviennent dans les processus décrits ci-dessus mais aussi et surtout les touristes. Nous nous sommes intéressée dans le dernier chapitre à leurs origines géographiques, à leur profil socio-économique (petite et moyenne bourgeoisie essentiellement), à leurs pratiques, etc. L’analyse de la source particulièrement exceptionnelle que constitue le livre d’or des grottes de Rochefort a notamment permis de mettre en évidence, aux côtés d’une sociabilité familiale classique, la présence en nombre de touristes (environ 30% des visiteurs de la grotte) venant par le biais de diverses associations créées dans le but d’encadrer les loisirs mais aussi de protéger et consolider les fondements de la nation. Elles constituent l’une des bases sur lequel s’appuie le tourisme en Ardenne mais aussi, pour certaines, les prémices d’un tourisme social. Notre étude sur la mise en tourisme de l’Ardenne belge s’attache donc à expliquer comment ce territoire devient progressivement synonyme d’espace touristique, d’espace culturel et de loisirs. Elle en donne le sens. Elle permet sans aucun doute de mieux comprendre la genèse du tourisme en Ardenne, les liens profonds qui existent entre cette nouvelle activité et le territoire dans lequel elle s’insère. Elle lui donne un cadre spatial et explicite les processus actifs en son sein. Elle permet également certainement de mieux comprendre l’articulation et les différences entre le champ des représentations et celui des pratiques et de leurs infrastructures. Elle s’est intéressée de près aux acteurs de ces différentes sphères. A une autre échelle, elle éclaire une facette particulière de l’histoire de la Belgique.

"During the late seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries, pioneering books on art theory— by Richardson, Piles, Lairesse, and many others—formulated benchmark criteria to assess the quality of paintings and shaped a canon of favorite masters, schools, and subjects. Less is known about the actual appropriation of this high-brow canon by laymen art lovers, amateurs, and connoisseurs. Flemish and Dutch travel diaries are used in this article to unveil more details about these middlebrow art observations. Was a long and expensive Grand Tour the sole vehicle for close encounters with the arts? How did laymen's interest and discourse about the arts evolve over the long run? Finally, the study attempts to reconstruct the Netherlandish "common" taste for individual masters, schools, genres, and periods.
"

Major focus of this book concentrates on the development of tourism in Central and Eastern European region investigating challenges which constrains the sustainable growth. What are the challenges impeding growth and sustainable development of tourism in this particular region? What main challenges do “transformation” process and European integration pose to tourism development? Do political factors impede the development of heritage in CEE? How does historical evolution of tourism affect the current development in the region? The overall aim of this book is to advance understanding of the challenges to tourism development in CEE region. Moreover, in order to understand the environment that ‘hosts’ barriers to development it is felt necessary to gain insight into the development trends of tourism throughout its evolution history. Political issues that affect tourism in the region from various aspects are also inside the focus of this study.

Il presente lavoro ha come oggetto di studio lo sviluppo dell'industria e del turismo congressuale dalle origini fino ai giorni nostri, in particolare negli Stati Uniti d'America e in Italia. Discussa il 23 novembre 2016 presso l'Università degli studi di Udine da Gaia Aurora Mattossovich.

P.S. Ricordatevi di citare la tesi nella vostra bibliografia se la utilizzate.

French rule over Syria and Lebanon was premised on a vision of a special French protectorate established through centuries of cultural activity: archaeological, educational and charitable. Initial French methods of organising and supervising cultural activity sought to embrace this vision and to implement it in the exploitation of antiquities, the management and promotion of cultural heritage, the organisation of education and the control of public opinion among the literate classes. However, an examination of the first five years of the League of Nations-assigned mandate, 1920-1925, reveals that French expectations of a protectorate were quickly dashed by widespread resistance to their cultural policies, not simply among Arabists but also among minority groups initially expected to be loyal to the French. The violence of imposing the mandate 'de facto', starting with a landing of French troops in the Lebanese and Syrian coast in 1919 - and followed by extension to the Syrian interior in 1920 - was met by consistent violent revolt. Examining the role of cultural institutions reveals less violent yet similarly consistent contestation of the French mandate. The political discourses emerging after World War I fostered expectations of European tutelages that prepared local peoples for autonomy and independence. Yet, even among the most Francophile of stakeholders, the unfolding of the first years of French rule brought forth entirely different events and methods. In this book, Idir Ouahes provides an in-depth analysis of the shifts in discourses, attitudes and activities unfolding in French and locally-organised institutions such as schools, museums and newspapers, revealing how local resistance put pressure on cultural activity in the early years of the French mandate

`This excellent study is a welcome addition to the scholarship on the inter-war mandates of Syria and Lebanon. Ouahes focuses on the cultural institutions through which the French authorities imposed their rule, ably demonstrating the ways in which the mandate system was transformed into a political and cultural framework akin to colonialism. While tracing the disillusion and contestations that ensued, he nonetheless discusses the impact and disparate legacy of the period on both the French and the diverse populations of the two mandates.' - Patricia M.E. Lorcin, Professor of History and Samuel Russell Chair in Humanities, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, `Resisting the imposition of French imperial control in 1920s

'Syria was never solely a matter of violent opposition. Ranging from classrooms and museums, to archaeological sites and vernacular journalism, in this richly evocative text Idir Ouahes reveals how Syrians contested the imposition of French Mandate rule in the realms of cultural heritage, educational provision and print media.' - Martin Thomas, Professor of Imperial History, University of Exeter

"Backpacker tourism is now common across much of South-East Asia with key destinations such Bangkok’s Khao San Road or the Perhentian islands of Malaysia attracting significant numbers of young tourists. The region hosts the longest-established, and arguably largest, backpacker trail in terms of numbers travelling. This paper - based upon fieldwork in the region since the mid 1990s - examines this niche form of international tourism and begins by introducing the scale and scope of backpacker tourism. First, the origins are discussed, particularly the overland trail to India in the 1960s and 1970s, and the link to the subsequent emergence of backpackers in the 1980s and their diffusion across South-East Asia.

The main part of the paper considers the economic development impacts of hosting backpacker tourism in South-East Asia including economic leakage and linkages, employment, local ownership and participation. Brief case studies of the local development of backpacker tourism are presented from Indonesia and Malaysia, before the paper ends by examining recent changes to the backpacker market, the implications for host countries in South-East Asia, and further research challenges."

During the period 1870-1930, from the opening of the Suez Canal to the Great Depression, "European" hotels became a common fixture of the built and social landscapes of many colonial cities, and in particular of Colombo and Singapore, the two main ports-of-call along the Indian Ocean's navigational routes. Compared to travelers' lodgings previously available in the colonies, such hotels offered higher standards of comfort, and the possibility for their patrons to relive the metropolitan lifestyle, thus acting as localizers of modernity in the colonial milieu. Conversely, as sites of foreign capital accumulation that exploited indigenous labor, and as spaces of social definition where Westerners asserted their superiority over locals as much as class and national distinctions among themselves, hotels represented a microcosm of the colonial society. Colonial hotels were thus "comfort zones" as much as "contact zones" where different social, ethnic, and national groups interacted. Their history affords thus critical insights into not only the habits of consumption of a privileged colonial elite, but also the global circulation of consumer commodities and socio-cultural practices, as well as the daily interactions between colonizer and colonized, and between the different strata of the colonial society.

Few air travellers along Britain’s Empire air routes in the 1930s were intentional holidaymakers. Survey data, and passenger profiles culled from other contemporary sources, show that most commercial airline passengers flew on work assignment. High fares deterred leisure travel by air, but air passengers flying long-distance on paid business or public service errands incidentally became tourists by virtue of the slow, low altitude, daylight flights that stopped frequently for refuelling: infant aeronautical technology and air travel economics created tourism of sorts along new routes. Sightseeing from the air and on the ground was integral to Empire air journeys. Unpredictability added to the adventure value of flying; the novelty of aerial views added to its scenic value. Airline publicity, documentary films, and passenger accounts and diaries, stressed this in-flight and en-route experience: flying was a new way of seeing and experiencing foreign and historic places and landscapes, and for spotting game. Flying was not just a way of reaching a destination.

Why did thousands of nineteenth-century artists leave the established urban centers of culture to live and work in the countryside? By 1900, there were over eighty rural artists’ communities across northern and central Europe. This is the first book to offer a critical analysis of this important phenomenon on a Europe-wide basis. Nina Lübbren combines close visual readings of little-known paintings with an innovative multidisciplinary approach, drawing on sociology, geography, and theories of tourism.

Rural artists’ colonies have been unjustly neglected by an art history preoccupied with the urban avant-garde. Yet these communities hatched some of the most exciting innovations of late nineteenth-century painting. Moreover, the practices and images of rural artists articulated central concerns of urban middle-class audiences, in particular the yearning for a nostalgia-imbued life that was considered authentic, premodern, and immersed in nature. Paradoxically, it was precisely this perception that placed artists’ colonies firmly within modernity, mainly through their contribution to an emergent mass tourism.

Vroegmoderne reisverhalen bestaan in allerlei maten en gewichten: van prachtige boekbanden verguld op snee en in stijlvol handschrift to slordige aantekeningen in de marge van een beduimelde almanak. Sommige reizen lieten ook hun sporen na in brieven en dagboeken, in kurkdroge kwitanties, in genealogieën of in de materiële cultuur. Op basis van deze bronnen speurde Verhoeven naar evoluties in de reiscultuur van Hollandse en Brabantse elites. Verhoeven verklaart waarom men de klassieke Grand Tour naar Italië langzaam inruilde voor kortere plezierreisjes in de Nederlanden of de buurlanden. Hij laat zien welke sociale groepen de koets namen naar Parijs, Rome of Berlijn en wat hen motiveerde om te reizen. En hij tracht te achterhalen waarom ze zich onderweg blind staarden op Italiaanse schilderijen, waarom ze veldslagen en belegeringen herdachten, door baroktuinen slenterden of een massa spulletjes kochten in de Parijse boetieks.

RESUMEN Los adversos efectos socioeconómicos, psicológicos y ambientales del turismo convencional, o de masas, provocaron la aparición de nuevas formas de turismo como el turismo comunitario. Esta forma de turismo presenta características prometedoras y alternativas como el empoderamiento de la comunidad y la sensibilidad medioambiental que podrían aplicarse a los sistemas de clasificación (rating/grading) turísticos. Este artículo presenta un nuevo e innovador sistema de clasificación turística inspirado por estos principios del turismo comunitario. El artículo se basa en trabajos previos de los autores y en ideas provenientes de la literatura especializada y su contribución principal es una propuesta de modelo de clasificación turística que, inspirada en el turismo comunitario, incorpora aspectos como la equidad, la educación, el empoderamiento, el carácter endógeno y la sensibilidad ambiental como pilares y criterios para la clasificación turística. La aplicación de este sistema de clasificación requeriría de incentivos oficiales ya que la mayor parte de estos sistemas son de carácter voluntario.

ABSTRACT The adverse socioeconomic , psychological and environmental impacts of conventional/mass tourism prompted the emergence of new forms of tourism such as community-based tourism. This form of tourism manifests promising and progressive characteristics such as community empowerment and care for the environment with potential of these characteristics to be harnessed for rating/grading of facilities. This article presents a novel and innovative rating/grading system which leverages these CBT principles. The article is based on previous work and insights on grading systems from the extant literature. The major contribution of this article is the E-based model of facility classification system. The proposed classification system incorporates aspects such as Equity; Education; Empowerment; Endogenous; and the Environment as pillars/criteria for grading facilities. The operationalisation of this grading system has policy implications in that it requires incentives from the government given that most grading systems are voluntary. PALABRAS CLAVE sistemas de clasificación turística | turismo comunitario KEYWORDS classification | grading | rating system | community-based tourism

Kitap Bölümü
Kitap: İlkçağlardan Modern Döneme Tarihten İzler
Bölüm Adı: Turizm Sektörünün Gelişimi Üzerine Bir  Değerlendirme İlk Çağdan 19. Yüzyıla
Editör: Prof. Dr. Osman Köse
Yayınevi: Berikan Yayınev
Ankara, 2018
ISBN: 978-605-7501-09-7

Rising from the banks of the Tigris like a modern-day ziggurat, Babylon Hotel in Baghdad establishes a direct transhistorical link between Iraq’s ancient past and its modern identity. Its history, however, traces a more convoluted line, pointing to the uncanny mobility of architectural design and its paths through the networks of the Non-Aligned Movement. The hotel was originally designed in the early 1970s by the Slovenian architect Edvard Ravnikar for the booming tourist industry on the Adriatic coast of socialist Yugoslavia. After the project fell through, however, the design was sold to the Iraqi government, which aimed to open it on the occasion of the Seventh Summit of the Non-Aligned Movement, scheduled for 1982. On its completion, the hotel came to be operated by the Indian luxury chain Oberoi. The paper analyzes Babylon Hotel as a case study in the internationalization of the building culture during the Cold War, revealing a recurrent conflation of tourism industry and political representation. It challenges the assumption that architectural modernity “flows” unidirectionally from the West to the East and from the North to the South, and points to more convoluted routes.

Creative cities and early modern travel behaviour (16th -18th centuries) "I understand, my noble pupil, that you are craving for Italy. For sure, this pleases me, as I'm aware that this desire is innate only to the most noble or supreme minds. Low or run-of-the-mill men are homebound, they stick to the earth, yet, he, who is guided by the Heavens and takes pleasure in travelling, is more divine." (Wegh-wyser 1657)

The view of tourism’s past for Greece is dominated by narratives of early travelers who recorded their experiences punctuated by reference to Greek archaeological treasures, the natural history and the population, and portrayed Greece as a place of difference. Based on these accounts, this study undertakes a typological approach as a crucial element of understanding early Greek travelers’ interests. A typological interpretation of early travel accounts has resulted in six groups of travelers, namely the antiquaries, the collectors, the philhellenists, the artists, the environmentalists, and the professional travelers. These types are compared with modern tourism in an attempt to identify similarities and differences that will help to establish continuity between early and modern traveling.

Keywords: early travelers, travel accounts, modern tourists, typology, Greece

How did Calvinist travellers behave when they ventured into the lion’s den of Catholicism? Were Protestants on Grand Tour bound to ignore Popish sanctuaries, and – so it seemed – false relics, excessive processions, obscure rituals, and foolish idolatry or superstition? Did they mock or slander French or Italian Catholicism? According to textbook wisdom, these cross-confessional encounters on Grand Tour were seldom warm-hearted. Drawing on well-known travelogues from English Grand Tour travellers these religious contacts are mainly cast in black-and-white. Anglican noblemen and officials were envisaged as merciless critics of Italian Catholicism, seizing every opportunity to denounce the foulest popish defects. Using a body of unpublished travel books from the Netherlands, this paper tries to refine (or reconsider) this traditional conflict hypothesis. Despite profuse anti-popish propaganda in pamphlets, popular songs, and weekly sermons Dutch burghers seemed to behave rather ecumenically on their journey through France, showing a lively interest, restrained respect or leniency towards Catholic ceremony, sacred objects and Popish sanctuaries. It will be argued that this broad-mindedness was triggered by practical considerations and a strong humanist imperative. Our aim, however, is to take the discussion somewhat further, as Dutch reformed travellers seemed to invent their own sort of pilgrimage in the early seventeenth century. La Rochelle, Charenton, Montauban, Geneva and other ‘hallowed’ places were soon integrated in the Dutch Grand Tour. Commemorating the Wars of Religion and Huguenot martyrdom, or personal religious deepening became part of the journey too.

Margarita Dritsas (2013): ‘Tourism during Economic and Political Crisis in Greece. 19th – 20th Centuries’, in Margarita Dritsas (ed.) Tourism and Crisis in Europe XIX-XXI centuries. Hitorical, National, Business History Perspectives.pp.82-95.

This article explores the link between the proliferation of skyscrapers and hotel establishments. In the Middle East, particularly in Qatar, the skyline is replete with tall buildings that serve multiple functions: hotels, residences, offices, and combinations of these. This article uses relevant secondary data to analyze how Doha and Abu Dhabi transformed their built environment through the construction of skyscrapers as a symbol of their wealth, of their participation in the world's informal skyline competition and their national pride. Tourism growth in these two cities— both of which have invested in urban planning and have made deliberate efforts to develop tourism as a means of diversifying an oil-based economy—has been phenomenal. Skyscrapers have become a tourist attraction in themselves, and tourism growth has spurred the construction of more skyscrapers for multiple purposes. Thus contemporary architecture has transformed these cities into world-class tourist destinations. Heritage and contemporary architecture arguably have equal power to attract tourists. By using architecture to influence tourism outcomes, Doha and Abu Dhabi have succeeded in transforming themselves into formidable global players in tourism, offering not only the traditional three S's (Sea, Sun, and Sand) in the Emirates but also skyscrapers and shopping as attractions. The article recommends that a skyscraper should ideally be multipurpose in order to cater for a wide variety of client needs. Cet article examine la relation entre la prolifération des gratte-ciel et les établisse-ments hôteliers. Au Moyen-Orient, en particulier au Qatar, l'horizon est saturé par de grands bâtiments aux multiples fonctions : hôtels, résidences, bureaux et toutes les combinaisons de celles-ci. Cet article utilise des données secondaires pour analyser comment Doha et Abu Dhabi ont transformé leur environnement bâti par la construction de gratte-ciel, présentés comme des symboles de leur richesse, de leur participation à la compétition informelle mondiale autour des skylines et à leur fierté nationale. La croissance du tourisme a été phénoménale dans ces deux villes, qui ont toutes deux investi dans l'urbanisme et ont agi fortement pour développer le tourisme afin de diversifier leur économie pétrolière. Les gratte-ciel sont devenus une attrac-The Arab World Geographer / Le Géographe du monde arabe Vol 20, no 1 (2017) 42-65

EPIZOD "MAGICZNEJ" PODRÓŻY Rankiem 21 września 1583 roku z wioski Mortlake położonej na południowym brzegu Tamizy nieopodal Londynu wyruszyła niezwykła kompania podróżnych z zamiarem dotarcia do Krakowa 1 . Jeden z jej uczestników, John Dee, dokonał wówczas ostatniego przed trzyletnią przerwą zapisu w służących mu za diariusz efemerydach Jana Stadiusa: "a zatem Lord Albert Lasky, ja, Mr. E. Kelly, nasze żony, moje dzieci i familia, pojechaliśmy do oczekujących na nas dwóch statków, jakieś siedem czy osiem mil poniżej Gravesend" 2 . Ów Albert Lasky to polski magnat Olbracht Łaski, wojewoda sieradzki, jedna z najpotężniejszych postaci na ówczesnej scenie politycznej Rzeczypospolitej 3 . W wyniku hulaszczego 1 Nie wzmiankują o tej wyprawie polskie opracowania na temat dziejów turystyki i literatury podróżniczej, z których szczególnie znakomite i godne polecenia są książki Antoniego Mączaka, Życie codzienne w podróżach po Europie XVI i XVII wieku, Warszawa 1978 i Peregrynacje, wojaże, turystyka, wyd. 2 popr., Warszawa 2001. Ponieważ niewiele mamy podobnych źródeł dotyczących przejazdów szesnastowiecznych "turystów" przez Poznań i Wielkopolskę, ta dosyć enigmatyczna, ale z wielu różnych względów fascynująca relacja z pewnością zasługuje na uwagę. 2 James Orchard Halliwell (wyd.), The private diary of Dr. John Dee and the catalogue of his library of manuscripts, London 1842, s. 21 (we went from Mortlake, and so the Lord Albert Lasky, I, Mr. E. Kelly, our wives, my children and familie, we went toward our two ships attending for us, seven or eight myles below Gravessende). Edycja diariusza Johna Dee przygotowana przez Halliwella powszechnie uważana jest za mało wiarygodną. Pewne fragmenty pomijał, niektóre słowa błędnie odczytywał, ale pozostaje edycją standardową. Przydatne jest jednak porównanie z The diaries of John Dee wydanymi przez Edwarda Fentona (Charlbury, Oxfordshire 1998), który często uzupełnia Halliwella, ale też obejmuje Libri mysteriorum i późniejsze diariusze wydane przez Johna Eglingtona Bailey jako John Dee. Diary for the years 1595-1601 (edycja prywatna w 20. egzemplarzach, 1880). Poniżej będę podawał odsyłacze do obu edycji, tutaj Fenton, s. 100. Krytyczną edycję diariuszy z efemeryd planował pod koniec lat 1990 William H. Sherman, autor m. in. John Dee: The politics of reading and writing in the Renaissance, Amherst, MA 1995, ale jak dotąd ta edycja się nie ukazała. Oryginał znajduje się w: Oxford, Bodleian Library: Ashmole MS. 487 i 488, dwa tomy in quarto. 3 Aleksander Kraushar, Olbracht Łaski wojewoda sieradzki. Wizerunek historyczny na tle dziejów Polski XVI wieku, t. 1-2,

In post-Stalin Eastern Europe, international tourism occupied a paradoxical position. For practical and ideological reasons, socialist states continued to implement stringent passport regimes and strictly regulated the movement of people to and from their territories. At the same time (and for similar reasons), socialist entities were also compelled and enticed, albeit with hesitations, to allow their citizens and foreigners to temporarily move across their borders. Examining the tension between these policies and practices, this article explores how political and tourist institutions in Tito's Yugoslavia negotiated and engaged with mobility by Yugoslav citizens and visitors, gradually leading to the country's " open-door policy " of the 1960s. This policy—and with it, international tourism—became a trademark of sorts for Yugoslavia's atypical socialism and, as Yugoslav officials and tourism experts often claimed, served both as a reflection of and a channel for the expression of the country's distinct foreign policy and socioeconomic agenda. Though Yugoslavia's engagement with global tourism was hardly unique during the Cold War, the country's rapid transformation to a relatively successful and recognized tourist destination in the 1960s was remarkable and typically a step ahead of other socialist states. The article argues that this transformation occurred through the enaction of liberal mobility policies that intelligently intersected with the country's foreign policy. Through this, it asserts, Yugoslavia set itself apart in many respects, particularly in terms of its mobility and tourism practices, which were, for the most part, in tune with Western standards.

The existence of urban tourism as historical phenomenon can be seen as a function of changing consumer demand. The city is consumed as 'tourist product', meaning that out-oftown visitors with a surplus in money and time are drawn to certain places for their combined, bundle of characteristics. As cities tend to differ from each other, so do their 'product traits': natural properties (a nearby river, a steep topography), cultural ones (a clustering of museums, architecture, universities), even intangible assets (like 'beauty', a certain 'atmosphere', and so on). The way cities are perceived and appreciated by tourists is highly individual and subjective, yet their popularity can also be quantified and measured by their draw or attraction: the more tourists, the more popular a destination.

Não obstante a sua proximidade com Lisboa e a sua importância a nível nacional, a Costa da Caparica não tem sido estudada na sua evolução histórica como centro balnear de turismo e de veraneio no século XX, ao contrário da sua congénere Costa do Sol. Contudo, sabe-se hoje que além de se ter tornado como que uma “praia favorita” dos lisboetas, representando um modelo de veraneio de cariz mais popular (em contraposição aos Estoris), foi também um elemento importante na transformação entre um modelo tradicional de praia, associado às elites e centrado no Norte do país, para outro modelo diferente e que hoje conhecemos.
É o objectivo deste artigo demonstrar como as praias da Costa da Caparica terão sido precursoras, a partir dos anos 20, de um novo tipo de turismo balnear em Portugal. Este seria representado por um novo paradigma de praia, “quente” e “lúdica”, voltado para a cultura ar-livrista, para o sol e para a exposição do corpo, que só teria a sua plena expressão a nível social como turismo de massas a partir dos anos 60, com o desenvolvimento do turismo nas praias algarvias.
Com este objectivo, reuniu-se um conjunto de materiais empíricos, tais como relatórios, inquéritos e comunicações da época, fotografias, panfletos e brochuras turísticas, obras de cariz memorialístico ou literário, imprensa local e entrevistas com banhistas e habitantes da Costa da Caparica, a fim de se procurar atingir um quadro da evolução da actividade e das práticas turísticas nesta zona balnear.
O artigo enfocará três níveis de análise: a evolução da Costa da Caparica como estância de turismo entre os anos 30 e os anos 60, tendo em conta o desenvolvimento infraestrutural, a iniciativa privada e a intervenção dos poderes públicos; o tipo de grupos sociais que frequentavam a Costa e que relações desenvolviam com os habitantes da localidade; e que importância tiveram estas praias para as transformações na maneira de encarar o lazer e o corpo em Portugal, nomeadamente no que respeita à exposição do corpo e aos benefícios do sol e do desporto.

La seguente tesi vuole dare gli strumenti per comprendere il fenomeno del turismo balneare nell'Alto Adriatico. In particolare, il terzo capitolo ripercorre la storia della località di Albarella, evidenziandone le criticità post-progettuali e, antiteticamente, lo sfruttamento positivo della sua posizione geografica, in un contesto naturale di autentico pregio.

To cite this article: Oliver Mtapuri & Andrea Giampiccoli (2013) Interrogating the role of the state and nonstate actors in community-based tourism ventures: toward a model for spreading the benefits to the wider community, South African Geographical Journal, 95:1, 1-15,

in the last decades the visual element has emerged with increasing strength in historiographical production, which has been dominated for centuries by narrative texts, and simultaneously acquired full value as a historical source, as evidenced by the everincreasing attention to the visual history. In this framework to analyze the evolution of the iconography of the landscape, and media that support it, allows us to understand how societies interpret their relationship with the
world and how much and what ethical, cultural, economic, aesthetic those societies assign to items that are the environments in which they live and work.

This article is conceptual based on a perusal of academic journal articles and books on matters related to Community-based Tourism (CBT). It contends that CBT is a very important tool for local economic development, community development, empowerment and the attainment of social justice. It observes disparities between rich and poor countries in terms of endowments and how the multiple dimensions of poverty can confound how tourism can be experienced in different contexts. It posits an eight Es model which represents the fundamental pillars upon which to judge a CBT for purposes of support, monitoring and evaluation. The eight E are Endogenous (emphasising a reliance on local resources); Environment – (reflecting the importance of caring for the environment, and broader environmental conditions and infrastructure); Education – (to advance skills and education); Empowerment – (which embraces economic, psychological, social and political empowerment); Equity – (for equitable distribution and redistribution of both benefits and resources); Evolving – (always improving and changing to take advantage of dynamic opportunities); Enduring – (for long term sustainability) and supporting Entrepreneurship – (for innovation, creativity and viability). The framework/model is also significant as it provides a common ground upon which the understanding of CBT could be carried at international and national level. The model can be customised to take into account local conditions; it is flexible and all-encompassing with potential to be used for rating facilities.

La reproduction ou représentation de cet article, notamment par photocopie, n'est autorisée que dans les limites des conditions générales d'utilisation du site ou, le cas échéant, des conditions générales de la licence souscrite par votre établissement. Toute autre reproduction ou représentation, en tout ou partie, sous quelque forme et de quelque manière que ce soit, est interdite sauf accord préalable et écrit de l'éditeur, en dehors des cas prévus par la législation en vigueur en France. Il est précisé que son stockage dans une base de données est également interdit.

The ‘age of empires’ closely overlaps the dramatic development of tourism from a largely European phenomenon to a global one. This round table discussion draws together six scholars to explore the relationship(s) between empire and tourism across time and place.

Before the mid-twentieth century, cruises were largely the preserve of elites. However, by 1970 there was a dramatic shift toward a predominantly middle-class customer base; this change generated a need to revamp menus to satisfy the tastes of a new type of client. The mass-market cruise lines that dominate the modern era of cruising—from 1970—increasingly offered passengers cuisine marketed as exotic—in ways that evoked ethnic or geographic 'Others'. Companies used food as a way of mediating encounters between passengers and foreign cultures. Marketing plays a key role in determining the place of a dish in the familiar/exotic binary. In mediating cultural encounters, cruise lines demonstrate how they want passengers to conceptualise racial, social, and cultural Others. Today, cruise ships contain ethnically themed foods, spaces of consumption, and culinary service. Cruise lines offer these immersive ethnic themes to tourists on platforms that are constantly mobile, resulting in a fundamentally unique business model. In performing this combination, companies encourage tourists to immerse themselves in as many different cultures as possible, though in expedited ways that are inherently and intensely mediated.

Esta comunicação pretende apresentar a Sociedade Propaganda de Portugal (SPP), primeiro organismo, fundado em 1906, que se dedicou à criação e promoção de um projecto turístico para o país, a partir da perspectiva das relações entre Estado e privados na actividade turística. Começaremos por analisar o projecto pioneiro da SPP, revelador de uma consciência da necessidade de articular vários agentes (transportes, serviços, publicidade) para promover o turismo. Sublinharemos o carácter de modernidade de que os planos e os discursos da SPP se revestiam, uma modernidade definida em função do desenvolvimento económico e cultural e de acordo com o paradigma europeu. A questão da articulação de agentes na actividade turística leva-nos à observação da articulação entre Estado e privados. A SPP constituiu-se como associação de particulares, vendo a iniciativa privada como algo de benéfico e o turismo como área preferencialmente da sua competência, que não deveria caber ao Estado. No entanto, pela sua configuração associativa, a SPP iria procurar no Estado o seu principal parceiro: muitos dos seus planos não poderiam ser concretizados sem o auxílio dos poderes públicos, detentores de uma efectiva capacidade de acção, o que muitas vezes criou entraves à SPP. Ou seja, desenvolvimento e modernidade são associados a uma iniciativa privada saudável, mas a qual não pode vingar sem um Estado colaborante. Com este trabalho pretendemos, assim, apresentar alguns resultados da nossa dissertação de mestrado sobre a SPP e trazer alguns contributos para o estudo do papel do Estado e dos privados no turismo em Portugal.

Hay dos propósitos en este trabajo. Por un lado, se intenta hacer una estimación del impacto económico del turismo sobre el negocio ferroviario en la segunda mitad del siglo XIX. Para la compañíaNorte, pero sólo para ella, ese efecto parece haber sido bastante significativo. En segundo lugar, trata de averiguar hasta qué punto el ferrocarril condicionó el desarrollo del sector y, en particular, el éxito o fracaso de determinados destinos turísticos. En general, los ferrocarriles satisficieron una demanda latente, pero no tuvieron efectos hacia delante en el sector turístico. Por eso no fueron un factor determinante en la localización de los principales destinos.

The canals of Venice, lost under mass-tourism, have re-appeared at the interior of a hotel and shopping centre in Las Vegas. But a huge American-style shopping mall, with new medieval towers and Renaissance facades, has appeared near Florence and attracts a lot of its overseas visitors. Italian Renaissance festivals with knights and tournaments are a big hit in the meadows of the central U.S. states, but are a growing phenomenon even in small Italian towns, where the pride for history and local authenticity has produced an increasing number of history-themed festivals. Roman gladiators have crossed the Ocean, have arrived at Hollywood and have even helped to fight McCarthyism. But now they have rediscovered Rome and populate the Colosseum area and two movie and history themed parks near the town.
Much time has passed since the glorious age of the eclectic Hearst castle in San Simeon, California, or the Renaissance mansions in Newport, Rhode Island. Heritage is no longer only a tool to invent or enhance the past of the “new world”; it is an instrument to culturalize shopping experiences also in the “old Europe” and almost everywhere is an effective means used to give authenticity to many consumption experiences. Models and copies, going to and fro across the Atlantic Ocean, have blended in new practices intertwining tourism, leisure, shopping and education. Globalization and the spreading of new markets (and new tourists) have much complicated what once was a simple bilateral relation: recently Venice canals and Michelangelo’s David’s statues have appeared even in China.
But what does heritage really mean for the new global trans-Atlantic market? And on which idea of the past are based the new fluid relationships? Post-modernity, globalization and consumerism have not only changed consumers’ and tourists’ behaviour; they have also created new relations with history and education, where de-intellectualization, leisure and edutainment play an important role, worthy of being explored and studied.

Tourism is one of the most important industries in the world and it occupies a vital place in the modern experience. This class examines the evolution of tourism from the eighteenth century to the present, while critically engaging with tourist practices and tourist sites. After establishing a clear history of global tourism, the class will conclude with an extended consideration of the "heritage industry."

Journael van de reys na Flaederen -literally, the journal of a trip to Flanders -is an unremarkable travel journal, barely six folios in length and written in a clumsy, childish hand. It was found together with the last will and other papers of Johan Vultejus, bailiff of Liesveld and IJsselstein, and tells the story of an anonymous Dutch boy, who embarked on a summer trip to the Austrian Netherlands in 1731. At first sight, it is a highly conventional narrative, with bland descriptions of the cathedral in Ghent, the archducal court at Brussels, and the lace-shops in Antwerp, yet, it is, in a sense, also unique, as the journael provides a rare insight into the travel experience of an early modern child. 1 Moreover, it hints at the emergence of a new travel culture that was as different to a traditional Grand Tour as chalk from cheese. Experts have only recently begun to trace the rough outlines of these emergent travel patterns, that were, slowly but surely, taking shape in the eighteenth century. New destinations cropped up, as London, Paris, and Amsterdam -and, on a lower level, Berlin, Dresden, Brussels or Nancy -became favourite termini for small leisure trips, 2 while a cours pittoresque (a picturesque journey) along the Rhine also became fashionable. 3 Domestic travel was also on the rise. During the eighteenth century, British travellers discovered Wales, Scotland and the Lake District; a similar trend reshaped French, German, Dutch and Flemish travel behaviour. 4