History of Tourism

Winter tourism developed an enormous transformative power. The example of Austria's westernmost province of Vorarlberg is used in this article to highlight the changing role of ski lifts from three different perspectives: Firstly , an analysis of funding schemes for ski lifts reveals their economic vulnerability , which snowfall patterns augmented. Secondly, ski-lift entrepreneurs aimed to lower risks of insolvency by accelerating the uphill and downhill flows of people and by manipulating snow and topography. This, thirdly, was made possible by driving back private property rights in favor of the winter-tourism industry. Combining these three perspectives provides a deeper understanding of the transformation of landscapes in alpine regions between 1930 and 1970.

Why did thousands of nineteenth-century artists leave the established urban centers of culture to live and work in the countryside? By 1900, there were over eighty rural artists’ communities across northern and central Europe. This is the first book to offer a critical analysis of this important phenomenon on a Europe-wide basis. Nina Lübbren combines close visual readings of little-known paintings with an innovative multidisciplinary approach, drawing on sociology, geography, and theories of tourism.

Rural artists’ colonies have been unjustly neglected by an art history preoccupied with the urban avant-garde. Yet these communities hatched some of the most exciting innovations of late nineteenth-century painting. Moreover, the practices and images of rural artists articulated central concerns of urban middle-class audiences, in particular the yearning for a nostalgia-imbued life that was considered authentic, premodern, and immersed in nature. Paradoxically, it was precisely this perception that placed artists’ colonies firmly within modernity, mainly through their contribution to an emergent mass tourism.

Tourism is one of the largest industries in the world.  Yet leisure travel is not just economically important.  This pastime plays a vital role in defining who we are by helping to place us in space and time.  In so doing, it has aesthetic, medical, political, cultural, and social implications.  It was not always so.  Tourism as we know it is a surprisingly modern thing, both a product of modernity and a force helping to shape it.  A History of Modern Tourism is the first book to track the origins and evolution of this pursuit from earliest times to the present.  From a new understanding of aesthetics to scientific change, from the invention of steam power to the creation of aircraft, from an elite form of education to family car trips to see national “shrines,” this book offers a sweeping and engaging overview of a fascinating story not yet widely known.

". . . a very readable account of how tourism has developed since The Grand Tour of the 18th century. It looks at movers and shakers in the tourism sector - from Thomas Cook and George Pullman to Billy Butlin, Freddie Laker and even Adolf Hitler - and at how the industry has shaped globalisation and the modern world." (Adam Nebbs, South China Morning Post, 1 Nov. 2015)

This book is now available in hardcover, paperback, and electronic formats.  http://www.amazon.com/History-Modern-Tourism-Eric-Zuelow/dp/0230369642/ref=sr_1_4?ie=UTF8&qid=1433518027&sr=8-4&keywords=Zuelow.

Readers may also be interested in the supplementary website which contains bibliographies, lists of websites, teaching materials, and more: http://ericzuelow.com/ModernTourism/About.html

Publisher website: http://www.palgrave.com/page/detail/a-history-of-modern-tourism-eric-zuelow/?isb=9780230369641

In the aftermath of the battle of Waterloo, the British nobility expressed a great interest in the battlefield. This study analyses the experiences of these aristocratic visitors as compared to the interpretations of other British, Dutch, Prussian and French travellers. Being relatives and acquaintances of famous British officers, the nobility explored the landscape in search of personal glory and comfort. By hearing stories of soldiers and accessing the tangible past they could recall the military vigour of heroes such as the Duke of Wellington. Furthermore, the article provides insight into the aristocratic influence on Waterloo as a lieu de mémoire and tourist attraction in the nineteenth century. The British government and some noble families erected various monuments in honour of noble officers. As time passed by, however, visitors not only travelled to Waterloo to remember the nation’s heroes. They were also attracted to the places where famous writers such as Lord Byron and Victor Hugo had gone through special experiences.

Armas Asín, Fernando. Una historia del turismo en el Perú. El Estado, los visitantes y los empresarios (1800-2000). (Dos volúmenes). Lima: Universidad de San Martín de Porres, 2018. 570 pp. Es un hecho evidente que, en las últimas décadas, ha crecido en nuestro país el interés por el desarrollo de la actividad turística. Agencias estatales y de cooperación, así como una serie de actores empresariales a nivel nacional, regional y local, vienen destacando las posibilidades que, en un contexto globalizado, ofrece el turismo como herramienta de desarrollo social, al tiempo que identifican los desafíos que deben superarse a fin de lograr una gestión más eficiente y un mayor crecimiento del sector. Es a partir de esta constatación que la actividad ha comenzado a ser vista como un fenómeno sociocultural en sí mismo, con características propias, mereciendo diversos estudios. El mayor interés académico por el turismo, sin embargo, no ha ido de la mano de la producción de investigaciones de carácter histórico. Más allá de algunos manuales universitarios o investiga-ciones sincrónicas que ofrecen alguna información histórica específica, son pocos los investigadores que se han interesado en estudiar a los actores y las propuestas políticas y culturales a partir de las cuales fue construyéndose la oferta turística o institucionalizándose esta actividad en nuestro país. En este sentido, cobra especial relevancia el libro de Fernando Armas Asín, Una historia del turismo en el Perú, un esfuerzo por llenar este vacío historiográ-fico a partir de un trabajo que analiza el desarrollo de este sector desde la construcción de los tempranos imaginarios turísticos, a inicios del siglo XIX, hasta la institucionalización de las políticas públicas y la consolidación de los sectores empresariales vinculados al rubro, a finales del siglo XX. Armas Asín hace un esfuerzo por vincular los grandes hitos de la historia del turismo-sociedad de masas, revolución del transporte, expansión de las clases medias y del consumo-con los procesos históricos que fueron definiendo las particularidades que ha tenido esta actividad en nuestro país-desde la Ilustración tardío-colonial, pasando por los proyectos moderniza-dores decimonónicos, la expansión urbana o la violencia política reciente-. Así, el texto establece una primera periodización de la historia del turismo Apuntes 87, 255-257 © Creative Commons Attribution 3.0

This book argues that from the moment that skiers took to the Alps of Central Europe around 1880, the interaction between skiers and the Alps proved transformative: the Alps modernized skiing, and skiing modernized the Alps. The unique terrain of the Alps demanded that skiers alter their equipment and their practice of the sport. In the process, skiers elaborated an ideology called Alpine modernism that synthesized the Romantic devotion to nature with the modernist celebration of speed, technology, and spectacle. As a result, Alpine skiing was uniquely attuned to the twentieth-century age of mass culture, and the sport of skiing both formed and reflected that era’s democratization, commercialization, and obsession with leisure. Alpine modernism was so enticing and skiing was so lucrative that businesses and governments transformed the Alps to appeal to skiers. Alpine skiing became the basis for a burgeoning leisure economy, and tourism interests developed transportation and accommodations infrastructure across the Alps to render the tourism industry profitable and reliable. This economic modernization affected the environment in important ways while paradoxically undermining the sport’s Romantic appeal. Before they came into contact, both skiing and the Alps were backwards and peripheral; as a result of their interaction in the twentieth century, each became at once modern in material and ideological terms and central to European concerns, to the delight and chagrin of Alpine skiers.

Este libro es una síntesis de la historia del turismo. En él se describen las formas en que los seres humanos se han enfrentado al fenómeno del viaje, hasta llegar al descubrimiento del placer de viajar y del viaje de placer. Se narran cronológicamente las prácticas de viaje que se han desarrollado a lo largo de la historia, partiendo de los antecedentes más directos del turismo. El foco geográfico del libro es Europa,  porque es en este continente donde ha surgido lo que se ha llamado «turismo de masas», aunque a veces haya referencias a otras partes del mundo.
Los anexos al final del libro, dedicados a la cultura visual del turismo, muestran un aspecto importante en la historia del
turismo de masas: el turismo, como fenómeno cultural, ha ido
creando sus propias imágenes mentales.

This paper analyses, using archive records and relevant literature, the application of technological advances in transport and tourism in South Croatia in the period that preceded cruisers with thousands of passengers, mass air transport, as well as the usage of computers reservation systems and credit cards that are used in tourism industry nowadays. Technology was intensively involved in the tourism industry in the past. The impacts of technology could be seen on the connectivity by railway as well as sea, land and air traffic. In addition to the mentioned factors of communicative tourism, its receptive factors – hotel industry, catering, marketing, cultural institutions, public services etc became more dependent on technologies in the interwar period. The connection between the advances in technology and the new growing service sector of tourism in the Croatian south was a prerequisite of the coming development of mass tourism. Therefore, the human need for rest, recreation and adventure while abandoning their permanent residence achieved its purpose – enjoyment and relaxation. Peripheral parts of the Croatian south outgrew into world tourist destinations due to the progress of both transport and communication technology in the first half of the 20th century.

Passenger Traffic at the Port of Tallinn in 1837-1860
The article focuses on the period 1837-1860. In those early years of steam shipping, regular connections were established and developed. Maritime historians traditionally research characteristics like gross tonnage and the number of ships in certain region or port. Those characteristics are very helpful in researching cargo shipping, but they are less useful in researching passenger shipping because they provide no information on numbers of passengers and personal mobility. Therefore the article is based on statistical reviews of passenger numbers from 1840-1860 and on two passenger lists from 1850s.
The first steamship connection calling at Tallinn was on the Stockholm-Åbo-Helsinki-Tallinn-St. Petersburg line established in 1837. In 1837-1843, the steamship's passenger numbers at the port of Tallinn were approximately 2,500 per year. In those first years of steamship, one of the attractions for passengers to take such voyages was the phenomenon of the steamship itself. For that reason, companies organised excursions from Tallinn to Helsinki and vice-versa. In 1844, a second steamship route St. Petersburg-Tallinn-Riga was established. Steamship owners were interested in profits and for that they needed larger numbers of passengers. Thus they started adding stops to the routes at attractive destinations like resorts, for example. In 1847, a stop at the coastal resort town of Haapsalu was added to the route St.Petersburg-Tallinn-Riga and passenger numbers at the port of Tallinn increased to 6,600. The reopening of ship connections after the Crimean War blockade (1854-1855) caused a rapid increase in passenger numbers. Along with growth in the number of passengers, new companies were established and competition between different companies increased the number of passengers to 14,000 in 1858-1859, which was the highest number of passengers in the period.
The main reasons for passenger travel were tourism (mainly to resorts) and vacations, official duties and studies. The advantage of the steamship over the sailing ship was its independence from the wind, and at the same time, the steamboat could offer much more comfortable conditions for a better price with shorter travelling time. Postal horses on roads traversing the same route were approximately four times more expensive than a steamship ticket, and a journey by sagecoach cost as much as a first class ticket on a steamer. The steamship was able to offer amenities in many ways. The amount of baggage allowed free of charge was five time larger than for road transport, and passengers were able to take refreshment during voyage, while on the road they had to make stops at inns for meal and an overnight stay, which meant additional time cost.

Este texto describe y analiza el nacimiento del turismo en el sitio arqueológico de Teotihuacan desde una perspectiva histórica vinculada al fenómeno mundial y a las aspiraciones nacionales. Las primeras visitas se vinculan con la curiosidad de los viajeros, más adelante las exploraciones buscaron las claves para entender su pasado indígena y pronto se transformaron en un estandarte de la grandeza mexicana vinculada a la construcción de la nación. Finalmente su exposición masiva dentro de las Olimpiadas de 1968 que daría inicio a la explotación turística de gran escala.
Se describen de igual forma los cambios espaciales y paisajísticos que ha sufrido este sitio en aras de la explotación turística que en muchos casos ha sido el modelo para los trabajos en la mayor parte de los proyectos turísticos en sitios arqueológicos mexicanos.

Kīlauea Volcano has attracted visitors to Hawaiʻi throughout the history of Hawaiʻi's tourism industry. From the 1870s to the 1910s, Kīlauea offered the experience of using volcanic heat and molten lava to cook food, melt postcards onto cavern walls, enflame items, and obtain souvenirs including scorched postcards, rocks, olivine, and Pele's hair. Writers shared their experiences in publications, and traveling presentations showed American audiences images of visitors scorching postcards at Kīlauea. Marketing campaigns on the U.S. Mainland promoted Hawaiʻi as a tourist destination and promoted cooking with Kīlauea's heat. In 1907, U.S. Congressmen toured Kīlauea Caldera, ate dinner cooked with Kīlauea's heat, and learned about Kīlauea's geodiversity. These experiences likely influenced Congress to establish the Kīlauea, Haleakalā, and Mauna Loa Volcanoes as the Hawaii National Park (now known as the Hawaiʻi Volcanoes National Park). Today, the U.S. National Park Service maintains the Hawaiʻi Volcanoes National Park, and it offers geological, biological, and cultural resources for recreation and education. For destination marketing, Kīlauea provided Hawaiʻi a comparative advantage for tourism.

Summary

The purpose of this book is to introduce the reader to problems and processes of the modern tourism market and to tendencies in the development of tourism at the beginning of the 21 st century. The passing of centuries always makes people think about the future. But the fact that with the ending of this century humankind will start the third millennium gives a special perspective. We must also remember that the twentieth century was very unique among others. It was the century of tremendous progress and development in all aspects of life. Tourism in comparison with other processes experienced particular speed of development. During only a few dozen decades it transformed from an elitist to a mass activity in which millions of people participated all over the world. At the same time it turned into a developed and progressive kind of world industry. What is more, the speed of development of world tourism is still increasing. All surveys show that in the next twenty years tourism will be the fastest growing branch of the world economy.

The dynamic growth of tourism is accompanied by deep changes in quality. They are seen as a matter of tourism demand as well as a matter of tourism supply. Fast changes in social, environmental and technological structure widely affect the tourism market. These diverse changes concern both tourists and tourism providers needs, motivations and preferences. We can notice wider and wider usage of the new technologies, especially as far as communication is concerned. The range of the transformation is so big that without any hesitation we can speak about a revolution which occurs in the whole world of travel and tourism in general. The new trends are very much connected and followed by geopolitical changes. The fall of communism and the democratisation of the postcommunist countries, as well as formation of the European Union, are only some of the most spectacular events.

We are speaking of changes which concern not only Europe, but also the rest of the world. Similar changes also took place in other parts of the world. Many new countries and regions entered the international tourist exchange. The result of these changes is the globalisation of tourism. The fading away of borders in international investment and the concentration of capital are some of the most important features of the world economy in the twentieth century. These tendencies are also typical in the tourist market, where big international companies compete successfully on new markets, and also promote new trends and standards which will be valid in the near future. Of more and more significance are the care of the natural and cultural environment, and the struggle to reduce unfavourable events which appear along with tourism. All these indicated problems show that tourism, like the whole civilisation at the end of the twentieth century, went through a period of rapid changes. What will life be like in the twenty-first century?

What will be the role of tourism? In this book the author tries to find the answer to these and many other questions which bother those who are interested in tourism. In the first chapter the author tries to answer the questions: ”What is tourism at the end of the twentieth century?” He shows the evolution of this phenomenon throughout the last century. This chapter shows what tools can be used to examine all of tourism problems and the effects which they have on social and industrial life. The author underlines the ambivalent character of modern tourism and its many functions. This along with a profile of ten basic functions of tourism reveals some realistic and potential disadvantages which are connected to the development of this branch of tourism industry. Thus the reader finds the answer to whether or not tourism is always a positive social phenomenon or if its role is sometimes overestimated.


The second chapter discusses factors which led to the great development of tourism in a relatively short time. This chapter consists of three subsections. The first describes factors which stimulated development of the tourism demand, the second profiles the most important elements of tourism supply, the third subsection concerns the problems and the development of tourism policy. The reason to show some history is to find some steady trends in development which help us to articulate some future tendencies in tourism, which are discussed in the second part of the book.

The third chapter explains some economic functions and growth of the tourism significance, which by many is considered to be the biggest industry in the world. The first part of the chapter defines the tourism industry and the range of its interests. The second part presents tourism as a part of economic connections among countries. It shows surveys of the size, dynamics and main sectors of the tourism industry. It also shows a balance of trade in the international tourism. This section pays special attention to the profiles and advantages of the so-called invisible exports in certain countries and regions.

The fourth chapter presents the most important dilemma connected to the development of tourism. Most problems are concentrated in cities, villages and regions which attract tourists, so this part focuses on social and financial aspects of tourism in regions of reception. It underlines disadvantages caused by uncontrolled development of tourism. Because of great differences between developed and developing countries this chapter consists of two parts, each of which presents suggestions of solutions in order to reduce some of these problems adequately in developed and developing countries. In the fifth chapter information about current trends on the tourism market may be found. The basis for it is the analysis of the most important financial and social tendencies which are called ”megatrends.” There is more particular information directly connected with tourism on this background. The problems connected with supply are described separately from the problems of demand, to show them more clearly. The most important trends are shown in tables built in a similar way to the idea of J. Krippendorf – “Hard & Soft Tourism”. These tables show differences appearing when we compare the most important features of traditional tourism (by the middle of the eighties) and modern, which started in the nineties and will continue into the beginning of the twenty–first century. A prognosis on the development in the first years of the twenty-first century is described in the sixth chapter. This prediction is based on three independent reports of the most important international tourist organisations: World Tourism Organisation, World Travel & Tourism Council and International Touring Alliance. This presentation is preceded by descriptions of predicting in tourism accuracy. To summarise this chapter, a very interesting table made by the futurologist Herman Kahn may be found. He was the first one to predict that at the end of the twentieth-century tourism would be the largest industry in the world. He based this famous table on original indexes and measures of different events connected to tourism. H. Kahn analysed the development of tourism from1929 to 2029. It seems to show the nature and structure of changes in tourism in the twentieth and in the first decades of the twenty-first century very accurately. In Annex it as placed The Hague Declaration on Tourism. The declaration is found as a document in which the most important problems of modern tourism and some postulates concerning its further development are enclosed.


“ ... We receive, what should be strongly underlined, the first in Poland so large compendium of knowledge on tourism, describing different aspects of the subject.”
(part of the foreword of Prof. K. Przecławski)

Questo lavoro è composto da una parte teorica in cui si affronta la storia dell’ospitalità e di una parte pratica in cui si analizza un case study in materia di Digital Marketing.
Nella prima parte si esamina cronologicamente la storia dell’ospitalità, dall’evo antico all’attualità, terminando con i due capitoli finali, il primo dedicato alla storia e all’ importanza del Marketing Digitale nel mondo dell’albergatorìa e l’ultimo in cui si affronta l’attuale crisi dovuta al Covid-19 e la risposta resiliente del turismo e degli alberghi, in cui il Digital Marketing gioca un ruolo di grande rilievo per il comparto turistico e alberghiero.
Si è deciso di analizzare brevemente l’evoluzione dell’ospitalità partendo dall’antica Roma e dall’antica Grecia, concentrando l’attenzione soprattutto sulla Roma antica.
Pompei, Ercolano, Ostia antica e Roma, vantavano diverse tipologie di alberghi e altre forme di ospitalità (gratuita, a pagamento e privata). Nel periodo romano esistevano già tabernae o locande, hospitium (alberghi), ma anche altre tipologie di alloggio come mansiones (manciones) o mutationes e stabolum.
Le persone abbienti o nobili possedevano ville oppure alloggiano presso ville di amici, parenti e conoscenti. Spesso in mancanza di questo preferivano accamparsi con ricche tende e servitù. In questo caso l'ospitante era detto patronus mentre chi veniva ospitato cliens e veniva siglato un contratto tra le due parti, oltre l'uso della tessera hospitalis, in questo modo ci si assicurava un soggiorno libero da pensieri.
Per quanto riguarda il periodo medievale, invece, (qui volutamente suddiviso in tre periodi: alto, pieno e basso), in riferimento all’alto Medioevo si sono analizzate sia le fonti letterarie come l’Edda Poetica e il Nibelungenlied, che quelle storiche e legislative relative al tema dell’ospitalità presso i popoli germanici. Diverso il caso del pieno Medioevo, in cui l’attenzione si è riservata soprattutto agli statuti come quello fiorentino del 1324, in cui finalmente fare l’albergatore viene riconosciuto come una professione. Finalmente si inizia a parlare di ars albergatorum. Nel paragrafo dedicato al basso Medioevo invece, si analizza la questione
dell’ospitalità nella Roma basso medievale, arrivando fino alla provincia di Viterbo e alla Toscana.
Si pone poi l’attenzione, nel capitolo sul Rinascimento e l’Età moderna, in prima analisi sui viaggiatori del Grand Tour. In questa sede ci è soffermati sulle camere-locande e sugli alberghi italiani in cui alloggiarono alcuni di questi “grand turisti”, focalizzandoci anche sul cibo italiano servito in questi alberghi. Si giunge quindi fino alla nascita dell’Hôtellerie di lusso: dal Grand Hotel fino alla costituzione delle catene alberghiere come Hilton e Best Western, senza dimenticare anche quella dei motel e la più moderna scena italiana come la Jolly Hotel.
I capitoli finali, sono dedicati alla contemporaneità, qui si pone l’accento, come già illustrato, sull’ormai imprescindibile binomio Digital Marketing – Albergatorìa, reso ormai indispensabile nel momento storico che stiamo attraversando, in cui le risorse digitali sono di estrema importanza.
Proprio per questo motivo si è deciso di portare a compimento un progetto, concepito prima della pandemia Covid-19 come un momento di dialogo tra l’ospite e l’addetto al ricevimento/concierge, poi reso fruibile per il digitale. Si è dunque realizzata una mappa interattiva del territorio della Tuscia e dell’Agro Falisco, dove sorge l’Aldero Hotel, prettamente un business hotel, soggetto di questo case study. Attraverso questo progetto si vuole prima di tutto, come nell’idea originale, far conoscere il territorio, ricco di arte, archeologia e natura e riuscire ad attrarre quindi un segmento aggiuntivo, ossia quello dei viaggiatori (o turisti) sia nel fine settimana che nei mesi estivi.

Palgrave Studies in the History of the Media publishes original, high-quality research into the cultures of communication from the middle ages to the present day. The series explores the variety of subjects and disciplinary approaches that characterize this vibrant field of enquiry. The series will help shape current interpretations not only of the media, in all its forms, but also of the powerful relationship between the media and politics, society, and the economy.

Hitchhikers once queued up along Australian roadsides; now they are rarely seen. Increasing car ownership, cheap air travel, and a growing ‘culture of fear’, reinforced by widely publicised rape and murder cases, have all played their part in this decline. The figure of the hitchhiker continues to have strong cultural resonance nevertheless, and the practice may yet see a resurgence. This paper examines some of the recurring motifs and paradoxes in the memoirs and anecdotes of American, European and Australian hitchhikers past and present. It focuses in particular on the way their sense of risk is mitigated by following certain ‘rules’, either their own or those passed on by other hitchhikers.

During the period 1870-1930, from the opening of the Suez Canal to the Great Depression, "European" hotels became a common fixture of the built and social landscapes of many colonial cities, and in particular of Colombo and Singapore, the two main ports-of-call along the Indian Ocean's navigational routes. Compared to travelers' lodgings previously available in the colonies, such hotels offered higher standards of comfort, and the possibility for their patrons to relive the metropolitan lifestyle, thus acting as localizers of modernity in the colonial milieu. Conversely, as sites of foreign capital accumulation that exploited indigenous labor, and as spaces of social definition where Westerners asserted their superiority over locals as much as class and national distinctions among themselves, hotels represented a microcosm of the colonial society. Colonial hotels were thus "comfort zones" as much as "contact zones" where different social, ethnic, and national groups interacted. Their history affords thus critical insights into not only the habits of consumption of a privileged colonial elite, but also the global circulation of consumer commodities and socio-cultural practices, as well as the daily interactions between colonizer and colonized, and between the different strata of the colonial society.

Resumo: Este artigo pretende analisar a relação do Automóvel Touring Club de Angola (ATCA) com a guerra colonial iniciada em Angola em 1961 e o seu posicionamento em relação à mesma, questionando as ligações entre turismo, automobilismo e guerra. É nosso intuito aferir como, através das atividades a que se dedica, o ATCA desenvolve um discurso e uma ação em favor da manutenção do império. Pretendemos fazer uma sistematização da forma de concretização desse projecto de invalidação da guerra, através da análise de dois aspetos: por um lado, os tons do discurso e o que é noticiado na sua revista, por outro, as atividades que desenvolve. A revista do ATCA será, assim, a fonte primordial.

U dosadašnjim istraživanjima o Splitu izostalo je ono koje se odnosi na razvoj turizma i turističku ponudu u Gradu.
Rad se temelji na istraživanju hrvatske, njemačke, talijanske i engleske literature, odnosno časopisa, knjiga, turističkih vodiča i reklama pojedinih destinacija ili ugostiteljskih objekata.
Kako bi se što kvalitetnije sagledao razvoj turizma u Splitu od sredine 19. stoljeća do 1918. na početku rada iznesen je osvrt na turističko gospodarske prilike na istočnoj obali Jadrana i  u Dalmaciji, što je služilo kao podloga za bolje razumijevanje promocije i turističke ponude. 
Svakako da rezultati turizma ovise o brojnim vanjskim i unutarnjim čimbenicima. Uzlet turizma u Splitu naglo je prekinut Prvim svjetskim ratom. / The paper is based on research of Croatian, German, Italian and English literature, ie magazines, books, tourist guides and advertisements of individual destinations or catering facilities.
In order to better understand the development of tourism in Split from the middle of the 19th century to 1918, at the beginning of the paper a review of tourist economic opportunities on the eastern Adriatic coast and in Dalmatia was presented, which served as a basis for better understanding of promotion and tourist offer.
Certainly the results of tourism depend on a number of external and internal factors. The rise of tourism in Split was abruptly interrupted by the First World War.

Major focus of this book concentrates on the development of tourism in Central and Eastern European region investigating challenges which constrains the sustainable growth. What are the challenges impeding growth and sustainable development of tourism in this particular region? What main challenges do “transformation” process and European integration pose to tourism development? Do political factors impede the development of heritage in CEE? How does historical evolution of tourism affect the current development in the region? The overall aim of this book is to advance understanding of the challenges to tourism development in CEE region. Moreover, in order to understand the environment that ‘hosts’ barriers to development it is felt necessary to gain insight into the development trends of tourism throughout its evolution history. Political issues that affect tourism in the region from various aspects are also inside the focus of this study.

La industria de los cruceros se halla inmersa en un contexto de cambio estructural, derivado principalmente por los efectos de la crisis económica. Tras años de crecimiento sostenido, el sector muestra claros síntomas de estancamiento. Esta situación, no obstante, no es nada nueva. A lo largo de su historia, la actividad crucerística ha experimentado muchos y repentinos cambios de tendencia, incluyendo una época de fuerte expansión durante los años de entreguerras mundiales y una coyuntura depresiva a comienzos del último cuarto del siglo pasado. Todo ello, y mucho más, se analiza en el libro La evolución de los cruceros marítimos en España, editado por el Servicio de Publicaciones de la Universidad de Valencia. La estructura del ensayo es cronológica, dividiendo éste en seis capítulos que abarcan cada una de las grandes etapas por las que ha transcurrido la historia del crucerismo en España.
Una de las virtudes del trabajo es que cada una de las secciones comienza con un acercamiento a las características del sector a nivel mundial, de manera que el lector no especialista en el tema puede situarse y comparar los desarrollos que estaban produciéndose en nuestro país con lo que estaba ocurriendo en el resto del mundo. El autor enfoca el estudio de cada fase histórica tanto desde la perspectiva emisora como receptora, así como desde la oferta y la demanda, y extiende el análisis a todas las variantes del turismo marítimo, desde las pequeñas excursiones a los grandes cruceros elitistas. Las principales aportaciones del libro se basan en el ingente trabajo de archivo que ha sacado a la luz importantes análisis y comentarios realizados en cada etapa por la prensa contemporánea, líneas argumentales de la publicidad de navieras y agencias de viaje, correspondencia de responsables políticos, normativas, documentación notarial, memorias de compañías transatlánticas, informes y balances de asociaciones empresariales, experiencias y crónicas de cruceristas, sin olvidar información y datos estadísticos disponibles.

Resumo: Publicado entre agosto de 1962 e junho de 1974, o semanário O Arquipélago-órgão informativo do Centro de Informação e Turismo-espelhou a intensa campanha de promoção turística de Cabo Verde realizada neste período, tendo editado mais de duas centenas de artigos alusivos ao tema. Neste texto, são recenseados os principais eixos temáticos da estrutura narrativa destes artigos e examinados os propósitos e as fragilidades do projeto turístico desenhado para o arquipélago no período tardo-colonial português marcado pela guerra e pela propaganda alicerçada na retórica luso-tropicalista. Pretendendo constituir um contributo para o estudo do turismo em Cabo Verde no período colonial, este artigo revela que o arquipélago foi, nesta fase, descrito como uma montra da "nação luso-tropical" e testemunho do pretenso "clima de paz" e de "harmonia racial" do ultramar português. Abstract: Published between August 1962 and June 1974, the weekly newspaper, O Arquipélago-run by the Centro de Informação e Turismo (the Information and Tourism Centre)-mirrored Cape Verde's intense campaign to promote tourism during this period, with over two hundred articles on the theme. After identifying the main thematic axes of these articles' narrative structure, my text examines the aims and weaknesses of the tourist project designed for the archipelago in the Portuguese late colonial period marked by war and propaganda grounded in luso-tropicalist rhetoric. Aiming to contribute to the study of Cape Verde tourism in the colonial period, this article shows how the archipelago was presented as a showcase for the "luso-tropical nation" and as proof of the supposed "peace" and "racial harmony" of Portuguese colonies..

This essay asks what can the scholarship analysing various tourism activities within the British Empire, during the Victorian and Edwardian eras (1837-1910), contribute to the historiographies of British tourism. Through compiling and comparing a variety of touristic activities within the Empire, it argues that those case studies reveal the importance of said Empire as a contributor to (and a beneficiary of) tourism as an industry.

It was the Age of Enlightenment when the culinary traditions of the Other
became the point of special attention and curiosity of travellers. In the second
half of the 18th century other nationsн cuisine ceased to be just a meal. For travellers
it was the food for thought as well с together with the climatic characteristics
and everyday life of the country they visited. Personal experience was a pretext
for reasoning about the national character с sometimes naive, sometimes surprisingly
original. The theme is based on the narratives of the British travellers who
included visit to the Russian Empire in their Grand tour.

The ‘age of empires’ closely overlaps the dramatic development of tourism from a largely European phenomenon to a global one. This round table discussion draws together six scholars to explore the relationship(s) between empire and tourism across time and place.

Il presente lavoro ha come oggetto di studio lo sviluppo dell'industria e del turismo congressuale dalle origini fino ai giorni nostri, in particolare negli Stati Uniti d'America e in Italia. Discussa il 23 novembre 2016 presso l'Università degli studi di Udine da Gaia Aurora Mattossovich.

P.S. Ricordatevi di citare la tesi nella vostra bibliografia se la utilizzate.

História do turismo no Brasil / Celso Castro, Valeria Lima Guimarães
e Aline Montenegro Magalhães (organizadores). – Rio de Janeiro : Editora FGV, 2013. 390 p. : il. - Inclui bibliografia.
ISBN:978-85-225-1307-9
1. Turismo – Brasil – História. I. Castro, Celso, 1963- . II. Guimarães,
Valéria Lima. III. Magalhães, Aline Montenegro. IV. Fundação Getulio Vargas.

Le sirene dell'Adriatico. Riti e miti balneari nei manifesti pubblicitari. Catalogo della mostra di Riccione. Milano, Federico Motta, 1995.
Antologia di immagini pubblicitarie 1850 - 1950 delle località turistiche della Riviera adriatica con una premessa storico sociologica sul turismo balneare dalle origini agli anni del boom del dopoguerra.

This discussion draws together six of the leading practitioners of hotel history in order to explore the state of the field and its larger relevance. Together they touch on questions related to imperialism and colonialism, science and technology, transatlantic connections, national distinctiveness (or lack thereof), as well as economic, social and cultural history.

Tourism has been frequently described as a commodified experience, but what characterizes this experience and how exactly is it commodified? This chapter first traces the historical processes that enabled the commodification of emotion, and specifically relaxation, by the tourism industry. These include the emotionalization of nature and the spatial and emotional differentiation between work and leisure. Considering these cultural conditions and based on a content analysis of contemporary vacationers’ reviews on tripadvisor.com the chapter examines three central mechanisms through which the Emodity of relaxation is co-produced in Club Med seaside resorts: (a) spatial contrasting to what is considered to be urban and stressful; (b) blurring of economic exchange and labor, especially through the all-inclusive logic; and (c) explicit encouragement of individualism, free choice and fulfillment of personal passions. By unraveling the process of emotional alternation expected in holiday-making this chapter helps to gain a deeper notion of tourism as an emotional industry and contributes to the study of the reciprocal relation between economy and emotion in late Capitalism.

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Dal Giornale di Arona del 10 gennaio 2020, rubrica "Alla (ri)scoperta di Arona".

Se pensiamo ai monumenti storici di Arona la mente corre subito alle belle chiese, all'imponenza della Rocca e da non molto tempo anche alle antiche mura che sono state riscoperte. Ma anche le strutture architettoniche più "recenti" hanno la loro storia da raccontare: è il caso della stazione ferroviaria.

Tourism on Bornholm ca. 1850 -1900. An example of how attitudes to modernism were reflected in the attitude to early tourism development on the Danish Island Bornholm. Chapter in the Nordic anthology: Turismhistoria i Norden, red. Wiebke Kolbe under medverkan av Anders Gustavsson, Uppsala: Kungl. Gustav Adolfs Akademien för svensk folkkultur, nr 150, p. 197 - 210.

"During the late seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries, pioneering books on art theory— by Richardson, Piles, Lairesse, and many others—formulated benchmark criteria to assess the quality of paintings and shaped a canon of favorite masters, schools, and subjects. Less is known about the actual appropriation of this high-brow canon by laymen art lovers, amateurs, and connoisseurs. Flemish and Dutch travel diaries are used in this article to unveil more details about these middlebrow art observations. Was a long and expensive Grand Tour the sole vehicle for close encounters with the arts? How did laymen's interest and discourse about the arts evolve over the long run? Finally, the study attempts to reconstruct the Netherlandish "common" taste for individual masters, schools, genres, and periods.
"

Tourism has been frequently described as a commodified experience, but what characterizes this experience and how exactly is it commodified? This chapter (German) first traces the historical processes that enabled the commodification of emotion, and specifically relaxation, by the tourism industry. These include the emotionalization of nature and the spatial and emotional differentiation between work and leisure. Considering these cultural conditions and based on a content analysis of contemporary vacationers’ reviews on tripadvisor.com the chapter examines three central mechanisms through which the Emodity of relaxation is co-produced in Club Med seaside resorts: (a) spatial contrasting to what is considered to be urban and stressful; (b) blurring of economic exchange and labor, especially through the all-inclusive logic; and (c) explicit encouragement of individualism, free choice and fulfillment of personal passions. By unraveling the process of emotional alternation expected in holiday-making this chapter helps to gain a deeper notion of tourism as an emotional industry and contributes to the study of the reciprocal relation between economy and emotion in late Capitalism.