Gender-Neutral Language

Large language models based on machine-learning technologies are reshaping linguistic contexts and understandings of language. We explore these reconfigurations by investigating discursive positionings of traditional institutional guardians of power in language in response to these changes. Focusing on the discourse of the Real Academia Española (RAE), we show how RAE's social functions, ways of asserting authority, and the nature, function, and rightful ownership of RAE's standard language have been reimagined. Crucially, RAE presents itself as a professional soft power that protects the rights of Spanish speakers. Drawing on tropes of authenticity and endangerment, it conceptualises language generated by machinelearning technologies as inauthentic and as destroying the authentic Spanish of human Spanish speakers. We argue that these discourses are indexical of a power struggle where the role of traditional language norming institutions is reshaped in the face of sociotechnical innovations that are in the hands of global commercial companies. (Standard language, AI technology, language academies, authority in language, big tech, Real Academia Española)*

Cilj rada je da analiziram upotrebu rodno osetljivog jezika (ROJ) u odabranim uputstvima za tehničku pripremu rukopisa za domaće naučne časopise iz društveno-humanističkih nauka (ukupno 8) i formulare za recenziranje (2) u skladu sa zahtevom za afirmacijom i većom vidljivosti naučnica u Srbiji danas, te da ponudim preporuke kako bih doprinela proceni stepena neposredne primene zakonske regulative. Metodološki okvir čine analiza diskursa i feministička analiza sadržaja i analiziram diskursne postupke u: 1. imenovanju i referisanju na autore/ke, recenzentkinje/e, urednike/ce i 2. navođenju literature i izvora. Rezultati pokazuju da: imenovanje autorki tekstova i recenzentkinja ili izostaje u potpunosti ili su prisutne velike nedoslednosti; ustaljena je praksa navođenja punog imena uz prezime u referencama. Zaključujem da u datom korpusu ne postoji jasan zahtev za upotrebom ROJ u tim domenima naučnog teksta, što ne doprinosi afirmaciji primene Zakona o RR, naprotiv zadržava nevidljivost naučnica kao akterki u izgradnji nauke danas kod nas. Ključne reči: naučnice, rodno osetljiv jezik, upotreba jezika u načunom tekstu, uputstva za pripremu rukopisa.

Već početkom druge polovine 20. veka pitanja povezana sa rodno osetljivim jezikom (ROJ)* tematizujemo u srpskohrvatskom/hrvatskosrpskom jeziku kada su pojedini gramatičari tražili odgovore na pitanja za neposrednu jezičku praksu: Kako pisati nova zanimanja žena ili kako oslovljavati žene u socijalističkoj zajednici: drugarica profesor ili drugarica profesorka? Početkom 80-ih godina ova praktična jezička pitanja i odgovore preuzele su feministkinje da pokažu nevidljivost žena u društvenoj zajednici, uz argumentaciju feminističkih teoretičarki uglavnom iz anglosaksonskog miljea kod kojih su domaće istraživačice bile na studijskom boravku. Tokom 90-ih sa rastakanjem jugoslovenskog prostora ova pitanja ostaju i u novoformiranim zajednicama, ali sa različitim tokom rešavanja: u hrvatskom jeziku je sada deo standardiziranog jezika, a u Srbiji eksplicitna standardizacija izostaje. Tačnije, ROJ postaje polje ideološke borbe za nacionalnu svest uz puno protivljenje afirmaciji ove naučne problematike u praksi službene upotrebe, što se posebno ispoljilo u Srbiji nakon usvajanja Zakona o rodnoj ravnopravnosti. Cilj je ovog izlaganja da pokažemo kako se postepeno tematizacija ROJ pomerala od periferije interesovanja ka centru osnovnih poprišta jezičke borbe u Srbiji danas, ne samo među onima koji sebe smatraju jezičkim znalcima. Ključne reči: standardizacija jezika, jezička politika, rodno osetljiv jezik, zajednički jezik *Rodno osetljiv jezik je ustaljen termin kod nas, ali su prisutni i rodno senzitivan jezik, rodno osvešćen jezik, rodno diferenciran jezik, rodno inkluzivan jezik, rodno nediskriminativan.

The objective of this paper is to conduct a comprehensive review of synonymous or quasi-synonymous terms related to the phenomenon of inclusive language. The paper defines the concept of linguistic inclusivity, enumerating the analysed terms, and aims to clarify the reasons for the proliferation of terminologies. Additionally, it examines eight techniques designed to avoid the use of generic masculine expressions. The paper takes an analytical approach to characterize nine terms that frequently appear in linguistic literature, identifying which practices may be encompassed within the specified terms.

RESUMO. O presente trabalho possui como objetivo verificar e analisar os usos de uma terceira marca de gênero no português brasileiro, realizado na utilização de neopronomes, como nos sistemas 'elu', 'ile', 'ilu' e 'el', e na ampliação de marcas distintivas de gênero na língua, tal como o uso do-e no final de nomes. A justificativa desta investigação é pautada na novidade do fenômeno na língua e, de forma consequente, nos estudos linguísticos, formando-se como uma nova problemática de investigação. Para tanto, lançamos mão de estudos sobre a categoria de gênero gramatical desenvolvidos por Câmara Jr. (1970), Rocha (1998) e Corbett (1991). Destacam-se também os estudos de Benveniste (1995) e Neves (2000) sobre a classe dos pronomes, com intuito de compreender a implementação dos neopronomes e a sua relação com um novo valor de gênero. Além do trabalho de Hall (2006) que permeia as questões de identidade dos sujeitos. Desse modo, a partir de uma coleta de dados realizada na rede social X, por meio de um procedimento de raspagem, foram analisados os usos dos neopronomes no português brasileiro. Nesse sentido, os 364 dados de neopronomes foram submetidos a uma análise estatística, utilizando a plataforma R, na qual foi observada a proporção de frequência de uso, o contexto semântico desses usos e o padrão de concordância nominal desencadeado pelos neopronomes. Assim, como resultado foi observado que o sistema 'elu' apresentou uma maior frequência de usos. Além disso, as utilizações de neopronomes apresentaram uma maior relevância para uma referência genérica dos sujeitos, recuperando identidades binárias e não binárias na língua, e pouco impacto no padrão de concordância da língua.

When considering the relevance of the debate around gender-inclusive language on language vitality, Catalan presents an interesting case. At the ten million mark, it is a medium-sized linguistic community with a substantial presence both within its historical territory and internationally. However, due to global processes, together with unreliable institutional support, its vitality suffers to the point of being disproportionately under threat. Against this backdrop, it is interesting to examine its users’ reaction to a linguistic innovation reflecting a societal debate, as it might have an impact on the viability of the language vis-à-vis satisfying its expressive and performative needs –the failure of which might add to its external pressures. In this chapter we examine Catalan’s proposals for so-called gender-neutral language (GNL), and we focus on the attitudes and opinions around them as seen on Twitter (re-named as X in 2023 but referred to by its long-established name in this paper). While some see GNL as a useful way to visibilise silenced identities and express one’s commitment for social equality, others resist it on the grounds of linguistic authenticity (related to the threat of assimilation into Spanish or the advance of English), as well as questioning the legitimacy of linguistic agency and authority. Finally, we emphasise the cost of not adopting this international trend for a minoritised bilingual community that is ever on the verge of language shift.

O panorama lingüístico galego vive unha situación precaria: as cifras de falantes novos descenden cada ano e os esforzos das familias e docentes non conseguen facer fronte a máis dunha década de reformas educativas que favorecen o uso do castelán como lingua vehicular. Para conseguir un aumento do número de falantes é necesario facer que máis persoas vexa o galego como un idioma propio, un idioma vivo que nomea todo tipo de realidades. Unha proposta sólida sobre o xénero neutro axudaría a amosar que o galego, como lingua viva, ten a capacidade de medrar e adaptarse ás persoas que o falan.
Nos últimos anos publicáronse diversos artigos, dentro e fóra da academia, sobre a linguaxe neutra en galego, pero non existe aínda un manual accesible ao público que facilite o uso correcto do xénero neutro, polo que o traballo de reclamar respecto aos medios e institucións acaba facéndose de xeito individual, sen unha base sólida. De aquí nace a necesidade de crear unha proposta gramatical para o xénero neutro en galego, baseada nos distintos textos publicados ata hoxe e en entrevistas a persoas que usan o xénero neutro no seu día a día.

Gender-inclusive language serves to recognize women and people with non-binary gender identities as part of the primary group, and it has been seen in various languages, including Arabic (Berger 2019), English (Berger 2019; Mathews 1995), Hebrew (Berger 2019), Portuguese (Secretaria
de Comunicação 2021), Spanish (Berger 2019; Guzmán Stein 2004), and Swedish (Berger 2019; Gustafsson Sendén et al. 2015), among others (Berger 2019). In Spanish, for example, speakers exchange
the generic masculine –o gender morpheme for morphemes like –@, –x, or –e. Through an analysis of the use of these morphemes in the word nosotros by Twitter users in or around Madrid, it is argued
that a language change based on analogy to non-gender-marked forms such as estudiante and inteligente is in progress (Campbell 2013; Gubb 2013; Moreno, p.c.; Pesce and Etchezahar 2019). Data
are manually extracted from tweets posted during the first through the tenth of each month in the years 2010, 2014, and 2018. The data reveal that no inclusive morphemes were used in 2010, but that by 2018, the most frequent gender-inclusive morpheme was –@, –x was the second-most frequent, and –e was the least frequent. The frequency of these morphemes corresponds with their novelty: –@ was created first, and –e is the most recent. Future studies should examine uses of gender-inclusive language in later years, as well as the demographic characteristics of the Twitter users.

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This master’s thesis adopts a theoretical framework consisting of sociolinguistics, queer linguistics, Critical Discourse Analysis and situated approaches with the aim of analysing the interviews held with three nonbinary English speakers reflecting on their linguistic, discursive and social experiences with existing in French. By focusing on their epilinguistic discourses and situated knowledges – regarding their self-trans/i/la/tion from gender neutrality to gender binary rather than their linguistic practices – the master’s thesis aims to provide a critical and queer comparison of their subjectivation processes in the two respective linguistic spaces stemming from the differences in grammatical gender in English and French as well as the overall culture and language ideologies inherent to France and English-speaking countries as perceived, experienced and identified by the interviewees. The prioritisation of the epilinguistic discourses and situated knowledges of the interviewees allows for a wide range of analysis points regarding linguistic and discursive gender expression as well as the discourse of the authorities in the French context regarding the pronoun iel. The master’s thesis also has the ultimate aim of querying the potential for a queer sociolinguistics by adopting a bottom-up approach that mobilises a specific combination of critical, situated and queer theories and methodologies.
Keywords: epilinguistic discourse, situated knowledges, queer sociolinguistics, queer linguistics, linguistic gender expression, critical discourse analysis, self-transilation, imaginaires linguistiques, abjection, exclusionary matrix

The EU has promoted gender-neutral language at all levels since its origins. However, the adherence to this language policy in the different mirror versions of EU law is a thorny issue. In fact, EU multilingual law-making is the result of structurally diverse languages undergoing a draftingtranslating-revision process that challenges some core tenets of Translation Studies, such as source vs. target text. This study investigates the integration of gender-neutral language policy into EU Directives in Italian and in English. Diachronic and comparative perspectives examine how EU gender neutrality has impacted the drafting of Directives over the time, and the differences and similarities in addressing this language policy. It is argued that existing asymmetries are due partly to the distinct morphological nature of the English and the Italian languages, partly to the complex political and ideological negotiations underlying the drafting of each Directive. Notwithstanding the diplomatic constraints, this study highlights that Directives related to gender equality are a privileged site to illustrate the close relationship between the EU hybrid drafting process and its underlying political tensions.

In the late 2000s, LGBTQ+ (lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer, and others) identities began to surface in Indian audiovisual marketing campaigns. By 2021, brands had produced at least 105 advertisements featuring LGBTQ+ identities. This research conducts an analysis of these campaigns, examining aspects such as their release date, featured characters, gender identity, sexual orientation, character age, narrative usage, genre, theme, and setting. The study reveals a substantial surge in advertising campaigns since 2018, with brands strategically launching them during Pride Month, Valentine's Day, and Women's Day. Characters embodying gay, lesbian, and transgender identities were most prevalent. Advertisements spotlighting gay, lesbian, or both gay and lesbian characters predominantly emphasised themes of love, featuring youthful characters and urban settings. In contrast, advertisements featuring transgender characters centred on human rights, with older characters and non-urban settings. Based on these findings, it is recommended that the number of LGBTQ+ marketing campaigns should continue to rise, diversifying character identities, ages, and settings while being released throughout the year.

Gender is a social framework through which people organize themselves-and non-human subjects, including robots. Research stretching back decades has found evidence that people tend to gender artificial agents unwittingly, even with the slightest cue of humanlike features in voice, body, role, and other social features. This has led to the notion of gender neutrality in robots: ways in which we can avoid gendering robots in line with human models, as well explorations of extra-human genders. This rapid review critically surveyed the literature to capture the state of art on gender neutrality in robots that interact with people. We present findings on theory, methods, results, and reflexivity. We interrogate the very idea that robot gender/ing can be neutral and explore alternate ways of approaching gender/ing through the design and study of robots interacting with people.

Based on our review of the issue ‘The Challenges of Inclusive Writing’ of the journal Le Discours et la langue edited by Alain Rabatel and Laure Rosier (2019), this article establishes that the term ‘inclusive French’ (Alpheratz 2019) is a ‘linguistic event’ (Guilhaumou 1996) linked to the advent of inclusiveness in the ideology of the 21st century. I reiterate the role played by gender non-conforming people in the creation of gender-neutral neologisms in ‘inclusive languages’ (Alpheratz 2019). It appears that linguistic inclusion corresponds to fundamental necessities such as self-expression, social functioning and mental health for these people (Provitola 2022). Gender-neutral words are a solution to the grammatical agreement of ‘iel’ (equivalent to singular ‘they’ in English) but cause linguistic and symbolic problems. Nonetheless, the Anglo-Saxon linguistic solution noted by Laure Gardelle (2019) to combat the multiple violences suffered by gender non-conforming people, and which consists of respecting others in a communicative situation, indicates that the social issue tends to prevail over the linguistic issue.
À partir de notre recension du numéro « Les Défis de l’écriture inclusive » de la revue Le Discours et la langue dirigé par Alain Rabatel et Laure Rosier (2019), nous établissons que la dénomination « le français inclusif » (Alpheratz 2018) est un « évènement linguistique » (Guilhaumou 1996) fondé sur l’évènement historique qu’est l’avènement de l’inclusivité dans l’idéologie contemporaine du XXIè siècle. Nous rappelons le rôle que jouent les identités de genre atypiques dans la production de néologismes neutres dans les « langues inclusives » (Alpheratz 2019). Ul en ressort que cette activité néologique correspond à des nécessités fondamentales comme l’expression de soi, le fonctionnement social, la santé mentale (Provitola 2022). Les mots de genre neutre sont une solution à l’accord de « iel » (équivalent du « they » singulier en anglais), mais causent des problèmes linguistiques et symboliques. Cependant, la solution linguistique anglo-saxonne relevée par Laure Gardelle (2019) pour lutter contre la violence subie par les personnes aux identités de genre atypiques, et qui consiste à respecter l’autre en situation de communication, indique que la problématique sociale tend à l’emporter sur la problématique linguistique.

Cet article synthétise la conceptualisation du « français, inclusif » comme ensemble de variations du français standard fondées sur, le genre et comme variété en usage dans plusieurs groupes sociaux ayant, pour point commun une conscience et/ou une politique de genre. Propre au, XXIesiècle, ce phénomène produit des observables que la recherche, linguistique peut se donner comme objet d ’étude. Sa description et sa, conceptualisation nous obligeaient à définir le cadre philosophique et la, communauté épistémique ayant présidé à son émergence mais aussi à,élaborer les outils et les termes métalinguistiques servant à son analyse.,Ainsi, « la variation diaéthique, l’épicénisation, l’écriture inclusive » ou,« double flexion partielle » et « l’hyperonymisation de genre » sont des, processus mais également de nouvelles ressources linguistiques permettant, d’étudier ces nouveaux usages. Certains énoncés peuvent relever d’une, catégorie grammaticale disparue en français : le genre neutre. No...

Public intellectual life is an area of inquiry that has not received a great deal of attention within the field of sociolinguistics. This article investigates the performative dimension of public intellectual engagement in the area of language and gender and, more specifically, how epistemic authority about gender-neutral language is constructed in public intellectual contributions in Catalonia, Spain. Adopting Arendt’s notion of truth claim and the Foucauldian concepts of regimes of truth and epistemic sovereignty, we empirically examine the mechanisms of reception and validation of the public engagements of one highly visible linguistic scholar. Our study shows the ways in which this intellectual figure strives to be recognised as having exclusive scientific authority about language. We argue that pursuing the allegedly impartial standpoint of epistemic authority about gender and language inevitably advances the interests of specific political actors and large media corporations of a conservative strand that fervently oppose gender-neutral language.

Gender plays an important role in language not only in a purely grammatical sense, as some languages like French or German have grammatical gender, but also in a personal sense. By using gendered pronouns, gendered adjectives or gendered verb forms, we allow for a greater understanding of the person we are talking about (be it ourselves or someone else). This relates to Butler's claim of gender being a performative act (1988). The presented case study compiles a small corpus of examples of the linguistic phenomena occurring in French: the Écriture Inclusive (Inclusive Writing) and the Écriture Neutre (Gender-Neutral writing) (the latter being more specific to the francophone queer and feminist community) based on the works by Alpheratz (2018, 2019) and Greco (2019). Its goal is to take an in-depth look at the meaning and implications of each of those writing forms, analysing it under the light of Butler's argumentation (1988) of gender as a performative act, as well as how they allow to put words onto a (social) reality.

Many languages have a grammatical gender system; Turkish is devoid of that; however, some words and expressions have assigned meanings related to an exact gender by the patriarchal society. Those meanings often despise women and show inequality towards them. The main aim of this study is to investigate gender inequality in Turkish; and society's awareness of it. Ten proverbs and five headlines in newspapers and magazines were selected, and it was asked to participants whether they notice any inequality in the meaning or not. The survey took place in Google forms; 22 males and 110 females participated. The study showed that the discrimination in the proverbs is detected easily if obvious; however, when the sexism is benevolent, vague, or has a specific target, for instance, a celebrity, the awareness rate took a sharp decrease.

Although utmost precaution has been taken in the creation of this book, the authors assume no responsibility for errors or omissions. Neither any liability is assumed for damages resulting in use of the information provided in the Book. However, readers are requested to bring any such error or omission to the author's notice.

In this paper we propose to address the problem of the traditional use of the masculine as 'unmarked' gender in Argentina, in relation to the urgent need to make visible those identities that self-perceive themselves sexually as non-binary, and that have the right to be recognized and named as such. For this purpose, we will put in dialogue hegemonic discourses, among which stands out that of the Real Academia Española [Royal Spanish Academy] (an institution that has openly and on more than one occasion pronounced itself against the use of inclusive language) with the theorizations of different authors who argue in favor of it and the importance of embracing a paradigm shift that leads us to position ourselves in a more inclusive way in the face of a reality in which we live with dissident identities that are outside the male/female binomial. Finally, we will propose a reflection on the importance of thinking about the transmission of knowledge in the educational field in ou...

Recent years have seen an increased visibility of non-binary people in public discourse. Accordingly, gender-fair language strategies that go beyond a binary conception of gender have been proposed. Such strategies pose a challenge for both translators and machine translation (MT), and gender-fair (machine) translation represents a relatively novel research field. With this survey and discussion, we hope to provide a starting point for this field and contribute a detailed overview of (machine) translation strategies to counteract the misrepresentation of an individual's gender. The results show that gender-fair translation studies (TS) approaches largely focus on media translation, such as subtitles or news articles, and the MT results show that the need to include non-binary debiasing methods is increasingly acknowledged, however, hardly ever implemented. Ideas on a closer mutually beneficial interaction between MT and translation studies are presented to advance multilingual gender-fair language use.

In Argentina, the so-called “inclusive language” aims at avoiding the bias for a particular sex or gender and objects to a grammatical binary system (feminine – masculine). Although in most Spanish-speaking countries, inclusive language has been limited to the realms of activism, gender studies and a certain type of public administration, in Argentina, its use has been extended to different social spheres, mostly urban. Considering such context, this work aims to investigate the inclusive language in Spanish and characterize its most relevant resources in a series of public texts that circulated in Argentina between 2018 and 2020. On the one hand, its origin is explained, differentiating it from non-sexist language and the different theoretical positions around inclusive language are exposed. On the other hand, from the Dialogical Approach to Argumentation and Polyphony, this paper proposes to address inclusive language resources as subjectivity and polyphony marks which evidence ce...

Neste artigo indago o canal do Youtube "Para Tudo" da drag Lorelay Fox, problematizando seu caráter político e comunicacional, uma vez que as tecnologias estão imbricadas às apropriações políticas juvenis operadas nas cartografias digitais. O objetivo é discutir como a performance e a estética de Lorelay Fox configuram seu ativismoe seu artivismo?-de gênero. A metodologia é a Etnografia: a "observação densa" dos vídeos e a entrevista em profundidade aplicada com Danilo Dabaguecriador da Lorelay Foxformatam o trabalho de campo. Palavras-chave: ativismo digital, artivismo digital, politicidades, estética drag, juventudes Página 563 1 Em 2017, quando da publicação do artigo na Revista Comunicação, Mídia e Consumo. v. 14, n. 40, 2017. hoje (30/11/2020), o canal consta com 829 mil inscritos. 2 Este artigo amplia consideravelmente as discussões presentes em comunicações feitas em dois congressos: 1-VI Congresso da Associação Portuguesa de Antropologia/Coimbra/Portugal; 2-ComuniCon 2016: Congresso Internacional em Comunicação e Consumo/ESPM/SP.

RÉSUMÉ.  L'Écriture inclusive est une forme d'écriture française suggérée par le Haut Conseil d'Egalité (HCE) qui vise à éviter la discrimination de genre ressentie principalement par les femmes en raison des connotations négatives des titres de poste féminins ainsi que du concept du masculin l’emporte sur le féminin dans la grammaire française. Cela a suscité des débats depuis que Hatier, éditeur de manuels d’école primaire, a décidé d’appliquer l’écriture inclusive dans son manuel (2017). Dans les débats, la participation des médias à la formation de l'opinion publique sur cette question a été observée. Cette étude vise à déterminer la position des médias français face au phénomène l’écriture inclusive à travers les écrits et la rhétorique des articles qu’ils publient. À l'aide de méthodes qualitatives, l'étude est menée sur la base de la théorie morphologique de Grevisse et des règles d'écriture inclusive présentées par HCE. Les résultats montrent que ...

Face à un constat d'andro-centrisme dans le genre grammatical et lexical, considéré comme le reflet d'un andro-centrisme sociétal, un certain nombre de réformes ont été proposées ces dernières années, au niveau institutionnel. On s'intéresse ici à l'anglais et au français, représentants des deux grands types de systèmes du genre dans le monde (système principalement sémantique / système largement formel, hautement grammaticalisé), en se concentrant sur les noms. Le constat initial est double : les stratégies divergent, de même que les succès (stabilisation relative, au moins pour le domaine public, en anglais ; non stabilisation pour le français, et fortes oppositions même chez des locuteurs qui considèrent l'asymétrie des représentations problématique). L'étude proposée ici vise à montrer qu'au moins une large partie des succès et écueils s'explique par des osbtacles linguistiques et cognitifs (liés alors au traitement du discours, en encodage et décodage), bien plus puissants que les questions de pertinence sociologique des réformes parce qu'ils dépassent très largement le cadre du genre dans les références aux humains : (anglais :) sémantisme lié au statut superordonné de noms, sémantisme lié au processus de composition ; (français :) Principe de Pertinence dans le traitement des messages ; ordre linéaire de la lecture ; existence nécessaire d'un genre par défaut, d'un genre « moins marqué » (pour les humains et bien au-delà). Le présent article conclut que les usages ne peuvent évoluer que s'ils ne connaissent pas de tels obstacles. C'est le cas en anglais de la stratégie d'indifférenciation. Cette stratégie ne pourrait s'appliquer de la même manière au français, le genre étant généralement visible dès le déterminant. Cela dit, l'indifférenciation apparaît bien comme une forme d'évolution naturelle en français informel (l'étude précise sous quelle forme), et les données conduisent à conclure que le doublet, malgré les préconisations, ne pourra devenir un mode unique d'évolution (il est en revanche approprié dans certains contextes). L'étude prône une diversification des moyens ; des exemples concrets sont donnés pour illustrer cette diversification dans différents types de textes.

His research interests include language policy in education, language and identity, and immigration. He is particularly interested in how different social, political, familial, and educational decisions position individuals in multilingual and multicultural environments. His current projects include how multilinguals use agentive practices and strategies to achieve their academic and social goals in higher education settings and how these practices are shaped by immigration and transnationalism.

As a morphologically rich Slavic language, Czech contains many possibilities for nonbinary language use. The broad aim of this article is to provide insights into existing and emerging nonbinary language strategies and the metadiscourses that surround them. After outlining the available means of gender-fair language, the analysis turns to possibilities for expressing nonbinarity, presenting emic insights regarding nonbinary community members' own language use, choices, innovations and metalinguistic reflections, as well as wider out-group responses. Discourses coming from the nonbinary community draw attention to less understood connections of language, self-expression, authenticity and social perception, whereas outgroup discourses draw on broad views of what is 'natural' in language and society. Emerging voices suggest that despite the general absence of debates surrounding nonbinary language in Czech academia and public discourse, much is happening 'underground' in personal language use and community interactions, reflecting the ongoing negotiation of tensions between gender-normative structures and the range of feasible agentive practices used to subvert them.

Gender is a primary characteristic by which people organize themselves. Previous research has shown that people tend to unknowingly ascribe gender to robots based on features of their embodiment. Yet, robots are not necessarily ascribed the same, or any, gender by different people. Indeed, robots may be ascribed non-human genders or used as "genderless" alternatives. This underlies the notion of gender neutrality in robots: neither masculine nor feminine but somewhere in between or even beyond gender. Responding to calls for gender as a locus of study within robotics, we offer a framework for conducting an open living review to be updated periodically as work emerges. Significantly, we provide an open, formalized submission process and open access dataset of research on gender neutrality in robots. This novel and timely approach to consensus-building is expected to pave the way for similar endeavours on other key topics within human-robot interaction research.

Cultural and ideological references in critical discourse analysis aim at reframing decisions with exploring the cultural as well as ideological perspectives of the familiar and idiosyncratic styles. The chapter focuses on the development of the ideological interaction theory for connecting the discourse with language and personal thought. The concern criteria are ideology and the other social components like people, status, economy, media, and politics with their connectivity to the global situational trends. Therefore, the chapter surveys the personal traits as psychology, sociological surrounding, and cognitive efforts for the development of social as well as cultural interaction with the perspectives of individual influences.

Gender is a social framework through which people organize themselves-and non-human subjects, including robots. Research stretching back decades has found evidence that people tend to gender artificial agents unwittingly, even with the slightest cue of humanlike features in voice, body, role, and other social features. This has led to the notion of gender neutrality in robots: ways in which we can avoid gendering robots in line with human models, as well explorations of extra-human genders. This rapid review critically surveyed the literature to capture the state of art on gender neutrality in robots that interact with people. We present findings on theory, methods, results, and reflexivity. We interrogate the very idea that robot gender/ing can be neutral and explore alternate ways of approaching gender/ing through the design and study of robots interacting with people.

Gender is a primary characteristic by which people organize themselves. Previous research has shown that people tend to unknowingly ascribe gender to robots based on features of their embodiment. Yet, robots are not necessarily ascribed the same, or any, gender by different people. Indeed, robots may be ascribed non-human genders or used as "genderless" alternatives. This underlies the notion of gender neutrality in robots: neither masculine nor feminine but somewhere in between or even beyond gender. Responding to calls for gender as a locus of study within robotics, we offer a framework for conducting an open living review to be updated periodically as work emerges. Significantly, we provide an open, formalized submission process and open access dataset of research on gender neutrality in robots. This novel and timely approach to consensus-building is expected to pave the way for similar endeavours on other key topics within human-robot interaction research.

Issues related to gender have always been present in our society. Gender is a socially assigned set of roles to the individuals; it is not an innate characteristic. Since a long period, three different forms of gender have been known and accepted, but only the two of them have been mainstreamed. Gender Sensitisation is a broad concept which not merely deals with creating awareness and promoting behavioural change amongst men and women towards respective genders, but also portrays the ways of mainstreaming the other gender communities present in our society. People need to change their mind-set and perspective not only towards the feminine gender but also towards the masculine gender and the transgender community. The problem of gender inequality, towards women and transgender, and gender-superiority, with respect to the masculine gender, are amongst the many reasons responsible for the dehumanizing and wild behaviours towards the socially defined inferior sexes in this patriarchal society. It's such an irony to see the males born out of women and eventually acting like a tyrant towards them. The deterioration in the women's condition worldwide due to the presence of social and more importantly the patriarchal evils needs to be ended.

Language and culture wars: the far right's struggle against gender-neutral language The far right has launched its own particular crusade against gender-neutral language (GNL). In this article, I examine how the parties Rassemblement National, in France, and Vox, in Spain, instrumentalise discursively their opposition to GNL as part of their overall political strategy of confronting social change. By using a culture war framework, I critically analyse the connections between the polarised representations of language and those of other fronts of cultural conflict that the far right directs against adversary groups. I show that both political parties have co-opted language into the culture wars they pursue on other fronts, albeit with significant differences. I argue that in addition to the idea of a single overall struggle based on moral differences and cultural cleavages, culture wars are also to be understood as interconnected fronts in different spheres of contention that the far right strategically exploits. Far right; gender-neutral language; culture war; language policy; France; Spain

Bases linguistiques de l'émancipation : système anglais, système français Au sens où le terme désigne les rapports sociaux de sexe 1 , le « genre » est un objet politique qui se manifeste aussi dans la langue et le discours : les politiques de lutte contre les discriminations, notamment celles qui se fondent sur l'orientation sexuelle et le sexe biologique 2 , impliquent la lutte contre une sous-catégorie de discriminations, les discriminations linguistiques. Celles-ci, parce qu'elles permettent différencier les sexes (non seulement par les pronoms comme he / she en anglais ou il / elle en français, mais aussi dans certaines langues par les marques d'accord, l'opposition orale entre la présence ou l'absence d'une consonne finale ou à l'écrit la présence ou l'absence d'un 1. Il s'agit d'un emploi récent en français. « Catégorie sociale liée au sexe », dit Le Petit Robert 2016, qui le range sous le sens général « Ensemble d'êtres ou d'objets présentant des caractères communs ». Pour ce dictionnaire, le terme désignerait donc les membres sélectionnés par le système, mais nous ne trouvons pas d'emplois français nets en ce sens (des exemples comme « une femme qui n'était pas son genre » dans Proust, sont peut-être des métonymies). Au sens de « catégorie sociale liée au sexe », il est défini comme anglicisme. C'est sans doute en raison de cet emprunt à l'anglais gender, et des résistances que le terme a suscité en France à partir des années 1980, que cette acception de « genre » est absente du dictionnaire en ligne du Centre national de ressources textuelles et lexicales (CNRTL). Sur l'évolution sémantique de genre en français et en anglais, voir Arrivé, 2008, p. 152-155. Sur l'histoire des usages contemporains du mot dans le discours féministe (1970-2010), voir Chevalier et Planté, 2014, p. 14-16. 2. L'article 1 de la loi n o 2008-496 du 27 mai 2008 modifié par la loi n o 2816-1547 du 18 novembre 2016, art. 86 définit ainsi la discrimination : « Constitue une discrimination directe la situation dans laquelle, sur le fondement de son origine, de son sexe, de sa situation de famille, de sa grossesse, de son apparence physique, de la particulière vulnérabilité résultant de sa situation économique, apparente ou connue de son auteur, de son patronyme, de son lieu de résidence, de son état de santé, de sa perte d'autonomie, de son handicap, de ses caractéristiques génétiques, de ses moeurs, de son orientation sexuelle, de son identité de genre, de son âge, de ses opinions politiques, de ses activités syndicales, de sa capacité à s'exprimer dans une langue autre que le français, de son appartenance ou de sa non-appartenance, vraie ou supposée, à une ethnie, une nation, une prétendue race ou une religion déterminée, une personne est traitée de manière moins favorable qu'une autre ne l'est, ne l'a été ou ne l'aura été dans une situation comparable ». À noter que la loi française distingue entre sexe, orientation sexuelle et identité de genre.

This paper aims to examine the use of inclusive French in the Internet publications of Paris universities on their social media. Three higher education institutions were selected: Paris Dauphine-PSL University, Gustave Eiffel University, and Sorbonne Paris North University. The publications were obtained from Facebook, Instagram, and LinkedIn. Firstly, the groups of people to whom the use of inclusive French referred were considered. The second question was about the practices used to make the French language inclusive. Eight practices were observed and are described in the paper. Also, the frequency of gender-neutral language was a point of interest. The research corpus is available online: https://tiny.pl/9rcdj.

This paper aims to examine the use of inclusive French in the Internet publications of Paris universities on their social media. Three higher education institutions were selected: Paris Dauphine-PSL University, Gustave Eiffel University, and Sorbonne Paris North University. The publications were obtained from Facebook, Instagram, and LinkedIn. Firstly, the groups of people to whom the use of inclusive French referred were considered. The second question was about the practices used to make the French language inclusive. Eight practices were observed and are described in the paper. Also, the frequency of gender-neutral language was a point of interest. The research corpus is available online: https://tiny.pl/9rcdj.

After more than two decades of non-sexist linguistic policies in Spain, a survey was carried out to evaluate the positive or negative attitude of almost 500 students from two Madrid universities to the most controversial verbal forms advocated in Spanish non-sexist linguistic policies: 1) the use of @ (as in alumn@s [students]); 2) the use of dual gender (as in alumnos y alumnas [studentsmasc and students-fem]); 3) the use of feminine terms for some women's professional titles and occupations (i.e. ingeniera [engineer-fem], bedela [caretaker-fem], arquitecta [architect-fem], médica [physician-fem], aparejadora [quantity surveyor-fem], gerenta [manager-fem], perita [expert-fem], cancillera* [chancellor-fem]); 4) the use of non-sexed collective nouns (as in profesorado [teaching staff]). Our aims were to know to what degree these resources were accepted by highly-educated young people, whether differences exist between the attitudes of men and women with respect to these forms, and which of these uses was the best accepted and which the least. Various examples of these non-sexist uses were presented to university students, who were asked to make a pronouncement on the feeling which these gave them or whether they used them. Our study concluded that the @ symbol and collective nouns are widely accepted among the student community. The dual gender seems to be also accepted, although greater vacillation was seen and sometimes the levels of rejection or indifference are higher. Nevertheless, of the four uses studied, the one which appears to provoke the greatest hesitation, vacillation or even opposition is the use of the feminine for some names of professions. In general, the number of female students in favour of the four features studied exceeds the number of male students.

HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access archive for the deposit and dissemination of scientific research documents, whether they are published or not. The documents may come from teaching and research institutions in France or abroad, or from public or private research centers. L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires publics ou privés. Le métalangage en classe de FLE Maria-Cristina Obae

En général, la critique sur laquelle se basent les guides de langue non sexiste / inclusive concerne les noms masculins à valeur générique. Cette fonction générique est-elle inscrite dans la grammaire, négociée discursivement ou le fruit d’un calcul inférentiel ? Toute une série de (méta)stratégies ont été proposées pour éviter les formes masculines à valeur générique. Si ainsi, toutes ces stratégies poursuivent un même objectif, on peut aussi observer qu’il n’y en a pas une seule qui trouve l’adhésion de tout le monde.

Gli ultimi mesi hanno visto protagonista del dibattito politico l'uso dello schwa come morfema di genere neutro, adatto a far riferimento alle persone non binarie, che non si identificano né nel genere femminile, né in quello maschile. Questo studio propone un'analisi delle diverse strategie di neutralizzazione di genere substandard italiane, utilizzate nella comunicazione scritta e informale delle comunità LGBTQIA+ online, con l'obiettivo di offrire una prima panoramica preliminare sull'effettivo uso che viene fatto di questi fenomeni. Attraverso l'annotazione manuale di CoGeNSI (Corpus of Gender Neutralization Strategies in Italian), un corpus formato da testi prodotti su pagine Facebook queer, si mostreranno le regolarità e le irregolarità nell'applicazione di queste strategie, le differenze d'uso tra i riferimenti alla propria persona e quelli ad altre persone, e il loro raro uso prettamente politico. Infine, si rifletterà su come queste strategie di neutralizzazione di genere substandard siano un fenomeno ampiamente caratterizzato dalla velocità e dall'espressività della comunicazione mediata dal computer informale.

On connaît les ravages que la cancel culture-qu'on ferait bien de traduire par « éradicationnisme »occasionne dans le monde universitaire et médiatique américain. Après les soupçons, reproches et sanctions qui ont pesé sur des enseignants coupables d'avoir prononcé le mot nigger 1 ou même seulement un mot y ressemblant, 2 on a pu constater l'intensité des pressions s'exerçant sur le plan de l'orthodoxie idéologique. C'est au point où des personnalités aussi diverses que

This paper investigates language policy formation through participatory and deliberative methods and, more concretely, the regulation of gender-neutral language in Barcelona City Council (Spain). Through an argumentative approach to policy, the paper examines a specific language policy idea, process and solution, and the accompanying discursive argumentation used by decision-makers. The paper (a) shows that linguistic preconceptions and power relations may constitute a potential barrier to effective deliberation on language, and (b) argues that if local modes of governance (as opposed to the centralised role assigned to language academies) are going to be used to prescribe language practices in institutional contexts, arrangements should be put in place to provide access to a full range of views about language, generate reflective judgments and promote a public exchange of arguments. The paper concludes with a discussion about the implications of this study for the inclusion of deliberation in language policy-making.

This paper aims to examine the use of inclusive French in the Internet publications of Paris universities on their social media. Three higher education institutions were selected: Paris Dauphine-PSL University, Gustave Eiffel University, and Sorbonne Paris North University. The publications were obtained from Facebook, Instagram, and LinkedIn. Firstly, the groups of people to whom the use of inclusive French referred were considered. The second question was about the practices used to make the French language inclusive. Eight practices were observed and are de-scribed in the paper. Also, the frequency of gender-neutral language was a point of interest. The research corpus is available online: https://tiny.pl/9rcdj.