Food Biotechnology Research Papers

TRENDS IN BIOSCIENCES 6-6-DECEMBER-2013

by TRENDS IN BIOSCIENCES JOURNAL

MASIH AND DEVASAHAYAM, Developments in Microbial Fuel Cell System for Electricity Generation

‘ig 3. Cluster diagram of 23 accessions of S. indicum morphological data based on Euclidean genetic identity.

Fig. 6. Cluster diagram of 23 accessions of S. indicum based on Dice similarity identity. ‘able6. SSR markers showing polymorphism among sesame germplasm accessions and their allelic distribution alleles with an average of 3.5 alleles per locus. The maximum number of alleles detected was 4, with 2 primer pairs G Bssr- sa-08 (Fig 6), GBssr-sa-33 and the minimum number of alleles was 3 with the primer pairs GBssr-sa-173 and GBssr-sa-72.

ig 8. Matrix comparision of phenotypic and genotypic data among 23 different accessions of S. indicum

Rice is the staple food which greatly affected by elevated temperature. The grain quality parameters such as starch and chalkiness percentage get affected by elevated temperature. These impacts in turn affect the cooking and nutritive quality of rice grain.

LITERATURE CITED \saoka M., Okuno K., Fuwa H. 1985. Effect of environmental temperature at the milky stage on amylose content and fine structure of amylopectin of waxy and nonwaxy endosperm starches of rice (Oryza sativa L.). Agric. Biol. Chem.49 : 373-379.

Fig. 1. Evaluation Trial of Tomato Hybrids (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) in Allahabad Agro Climatic Conditions.

Fig. 1. Effect of different farming methods on grain and stover yield of maize

Fig. 1. Fingerprint analysis of the crude extract of bark RAUT AND ANTHAPPAN, Studies on Antimicrobial Compounds of Extract of Bark of Sonneratia alba

Table 8. Fraction E (acetone) Fig. 4. Absorbance spectra of methanol fraction under visible and UV light.

Figure 3 (cont.). Arrow indicates the Samba Mahsuri value for grain traits ROJA etal., Enrinchment of Iron and Zinc Concentration in Introgression Lines of Brown Rice

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Table 1.1. Nutritional value of fruits (USDA nutrient data base) thirst quenching properties and stimulating effect or of their medicinal values . Fruits and vegetables form an important part of diet and are usually regarded as ‘good foods’. They are major sources of vitamin C, folic acid and fibers but not rich in other nutrients .Fruits and vegetables are nutritionally important because they contain large amount of vitamins and minerals .Fruit juices have a low pH, because they contain high levels of organic acids. Some of the major acids in fruits include citric, malic and tartaric acids. Organic acids also influence the growth of microorganisms in fruit juices and therefore affect the keeping quality of the products . conversion of L-arginine to L- citrulline. Administration of these compounds to hypercholesterolemic mice significantly reduced the progression of atherosclerosis and isoprostane levels and increase nitrates . This protective effect was relevant with PFE. Proatherogenic effects induced by perturbed shear stress can be also reversed by chronic administration of PFE (Nigris, et al.,2007).Commonly consumed fruit juices and carbohydrates effect on redox status and anticancer biomarkers in female rats. Commonly consumed fruit juices can alter lipid and protein oxidation biomarkers in the blood as well as hepatic quinone reductase activity, and that quercetin may not be the major active principle (Breinholt, et al.,2003).

Table 1.2: Nutritional value of fruits (USDA nutrient data base and 0.006% cardamom spice drops. The RTS beverages stored in white and amber coloured bottles for 6 months under 3 different storage environment viz., ambient temperature(12.5- 36 degrees C), cool chamber (10-29.6 degrees C) and low temperature (4+or-1 degrees C) showed a gradual decrease in sensory quality ,acidity, ascorbic acids and tannins. Retention of ascorbic acid was more in beverages stored in amber colored bottles under low temperature (Durgesh, et al., 2008). loss, browning index and titratable acidity occurred in juices packaged in polyethylene film, than in PET and glass bottles. Percentage ascorbic acid, browning index and pH increased with increased storage temperature. However, titratable acidity decreased with increased storage temperature and soluble solids remained constant though out the period of storage (Alaka. 0.0., etal .,2004).

Table 2. Details of different microbial cultures producing current and power density.

Table1. Details of different bacteria, substrates and mediators used for MFC operation.

fable1. Accessions of Sesamum indicum collected from different locations of Andhra Pradesh used for diversity analysis Morphological variations : Among the accessions of S. indicum was accounted for 13 quantitative characters; capsules (per leaf axil, per plant and length), leaf length and width, plant height, branches per plant, internode length, nodes per main stem, leaves per plant, flowers per plant, seed weight, seed yield and 2 qualitative characters (seed color and flower color). Diversity study has been conducted using Euclidian similarity matrix and matrix comparison plot. The accessions were assessed using the above mentioned 13 quantitative traits. Data on these traits was noted at the level of mean values of field observations from NBPGR field experimental site. Phenotypic relationships were assessed using Euclidean distance for continuous quantitative traits. A phenotypic distance matrix P = {Puv}was computed for the accessions and subjected to Sequential A gglomerative Hierarchial Non overlapping (SA HN) cluster analysis using the average linkage (UPGMA) clustering algorithym and matrix comparision plot (MXCOMP). Cophenetic correlation coefficients were estimated to assess the degree of agreement

Table2. Characteristics of 10 SSR markers used for analyzing the Sesame germplasm

C/L: Capsules per leaf axil, C/P: Capsules per plant, CL: Capsule length PH: Plant height, LL: Leaf length, LW: Leaf width, B/P: Branches per pla IL: Internode length, N/MS: Nodes per main stem, L/P: Leaves per plant F/P: Flowers per plant, SW: Seed weight, SY: Seed yield.

Table4. Morphological Similarity matrix of 23 accessions of S. indicum

Table value at 5% level and 1% level of significance is 0.468 and 0.590 respectively. *Indicates 5% level of significance ** Indicates 1% level of significance Table 5. Correlation values among the morphological parameters of S. indicum 23 accessions KIRANMAYI et al., Assessment of Genetic Diversity in Sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) plant which in turn is correlated with capsule length, plant height, nodes per main stem. Capsules per plant is the most contributing character for seed yield of sesame (Ibrahim, et al., 1983). Seed yield is also significantly correlated with plant height which in turn is correlated with nodes per main stem and flowers per plant. Seed yield is also directly correlated with nodes/main stem which in turn were correlated with flowers per plant. Itis also directly correlated with seed weight. All these characters appear to contribute directly or indirectly to crop yield.

Table7. Molecular Similarity matrix of 23 accessions of S. indicum

ible8; SSR markers showing polymorphism among sesame germplasm accessions and their allelic distribution

Table9. Molecular Similarity matrix of 23 accessions of S. indicum

Table1. List of chickpea accessions coefficient of yield components with seed yield into its direct and indirect effects to ensure the actual contribution of an attribute as well as its influence through other traits. Path coefficient analysis suggested by Dewey and Lu, 1959 proves helpful, in partitioning the correlation coefficient into measures of direct and indirect effects of a set of independent variables on the dependent variable. first flowering. Whereas, low GCV was observed for days to maturity, number of branches per plant, days to 50 per cent flowering and plant height. Similarly, (E,) under second date of sowing (Table 2 b), high coefficient of variation (GCV ) was recorded for seeds per pod. Moderate GCV was recorded for seed yield per plant, harvestindex, 100 seed weight and days to first flowering. Whereas, low GCV was recorded for days to 50 per cent flowering, days to maturity, biological yield, pods per plant and plant height. Hence, the traits exhibiting high GCV indicated the existence of considerable variability for the traits among the genotypes. These findings are in general agreement with the findings of several research workers who have reported high to low GCV for various yield attributes in chickpea viz., Durga, et al., 2005 and Jeena andA rora, 2005.

Table2 a. Estimates of genetic parameters of variation under first date of sowing (E.)

*, ** Significant at 5 and 1 per cent level of probability, respectively Table3 a. Genotypic (G ), Phenotypic (P) and Environmental (E) correlation coefficients for seed yield and its components i chickpea under first date of sowing (E.,)

Table 2b. Estimates of genetic parameters of variation under second date of sowing (E,) In E,, the highest genetic advance as percentage of mean was observed for seed yield per plant followed by number of seeds per pod, harvest index, number of pods per plant, 100 seed weight, days to first flowering and biological yield. Whereas, in E, the highest genetic advance as percentage of mean was observed for number of seeds per pod followed by seed yield per plant, 100 seed weight, days to first flowering and harvest index. High heritability estimates coupled with high genetic advance as percentage of mean were observed for days to first flowering, number of pods per plant and seeds per pod, 100 seed weight and seed yield per plant in E,. Similarly, in E, high heritability estimates coupled with high genetic advance as percentage of mean were observed for days to first flowering, days to 50 per cent flowering, days to Under first date of sowing (E,), the highest heritability estimate was observed for days to first flowering followed by days to maturity, days to 50 per cent flowering, 100 seed weight, plant height, seed yield per plant, pods per plant and seeds per pod. Moderate heritability was recorded for harvest index, whereas low heritability estimates were recorded for biological yield and number of branches per plant. Under second date of sowing (E,), the highest estimate of heritability was observed for days to first flowering followed by days to 50 per cent flowering, days to maturity and 100 seed weight. Moderate heritability were recorded for seed yield per plant, seeds per pod and harvest index whereas, low estimates of heritability were recorded for plant height, biological yield, number of branches per plant and number of pods per plant .

#Diagonal values indicate direct effects Table 4 a. Genotypic path coefficients of various characters for seed yield per plant in chickpea under first date of sowing (E,)

*, ** Significant at 5 and 1 per cent level of probability, respectively Table3b. Genotypic (G), Phenotypic (P) and Environmental (E) correlation coefficients for seed yield and its components i chickpea under second date of sowing (E.,)

#Diagonal values indicate direct effects Table 4b. Genotypic path coefficients of various characters for seed yield per plant in chickpea under second date of sowing (E,)

# Diagonal values indicate about direct effects Table 5 a. Genotypic path coefficients of various characters for 100-seed weight in chickpea under first date of sowing (E,)

# Diagonal values indicate about direct effects Table 5 b. Genotypic path coefficients of various characters for 100-seed weight in chickpea under second date of sowing (E.)

Table 6 a. C omposition of clusters under first date of sowing €)

lable 6 c. Mean performance of genotypes in individual clusters for different yield traits under first date of sowing (E.) cluster distances were computed for all the traits and are presented in the Table 6 b. Results of cluster analysis revealed that the highest intra- cluster distance was observed for cluster V (2.727) followed by cluster VI (2.241), II (1.977), IV (1.760), I (1.750) and cluster ITI (1.505). The highest inter cluster distance was measured between the clusters III and V (6.734) followed by IV and V (6.702), I] and V (6.156), V and VI (5.444). Minimum inter cluster distance was observed between Il and VI (2.350). Under second date of sowing E., the genotypes were grouped into 3 clusters (Table 7 a) showing considerable variability for selections to be made for future breeding programmes. Cluster II was the biggest cluster with 16 genotypes, whereas clusters I and III comprised of 12 and 14 genotypes respectively. Results of cluster analysis as depended in Table 7 b revealed that the highest intra- cluster distance was observed for cluster I (2.746) followed by cluster II (2.343). Cluster III possessed the minimum intra- cluster distance (2.079). The highest inter cluster distance was measured between the clusters I and III (3.743) followed by clusters IT and III (2.860). Minimum inter cluster distance was observed between clusters I and II (2.582). Mean performance of individual clusters for different characters as shown in table 7 c. to reveals that The maximum number of pods per plant was exhibited by cluster I (24.50) followed by cluster III (23.71). For 100 seed weight cluster I exhibited the maximum mean value of 13.56 g among all clusters. The smallest seed size was observed for cluster II (11.43 g per 100 seeds). The maximum biological yield per plant was observed for cluster II (11.10 g), followed by cluster I (10.54 g). Cluster IT was found to be the best with respect to seed yield per plant as it possessed highest seed yield per plant of 3.83 g, followed by cluster I (3.41 g). Whereas, lowest yielding cluster was cluster III (2.84 g seed yield per plant).

Table 7 a. Composition of clusters under second date of sowing

Table 7 b. Inter and intra cluster distances of genotypes in chickpea gene pool under second date of sowing

Table 7c. Mean performance of genotypes in individual clusters for different yield traits under second date of sowing (E,) genotypes were grouped into 3 clusters. The highest intra- cluster distance was observed for cluster I. Hence, genotypes belonging to this cluster viz. IC-269028, IC-269032, IC-269034, IC-269041, IC-269043, IC-269045, IC-269047, IC-269049, IC- 269055, IC-269132, IC-269375 and IC-327692 can be utilized as parents in future breeding programmes with the desirable genotypes belonging to cluster III. These results are in general agreement with the findings of Sikarwar, 2004. On comparing the genotypes on the basis of cluster wise mean yield performances under both the dates of sowing, it was noticed that accessions viz., IC 269132, IC 268996, IC 269120, IC 269160, IC 269187, IC 269375, IC 327692, JG 11 andJG 315 performed better under both the environments. This finding are in accordance with that of Dwevedi and Lal, 2009, Wadikar, et al., 2010, Akthar, et al., 2011, Parameshwarappa, et al., 2011, Jayalakshmi, et al., 2012, Singh, etal. 2012.

thermo tolerance (Senthil Kumar etal., 2002). in the environmental chamber (WGC 450 Programmable Plant Growth Chamber). Later these seedlings were exposed to lethal temperatures (55°C) (induced) for 2 hours. Another sub set of seedlings were directly exposed to lethal temperatures (non induced). Induced and non induced rice seedlings were allowed to recover at 30°C and 60 per cent relative humidity for 48 hours. A control tray was maintained at 30°C, without exposing to sub-lethal and lethal temperatures.

Tablela. Screening of thermo tolerant rice genotypes through Thermo Induced Response (TIR) treatment

EVI et al., Genotypic Variability for Intrinsic and Acquired Thermotolerance in Rice Genotypes Screened by TIR Technique 74

ible 1. Range, mean, phenotypic and genotypic coefficient of variation (PC V, GCV), heritability (h2% ) and genetic advance (GA), for grain yield and associated characters in chickpea germplasm. weight (50.30 per cent), seed yield per plant (49.80 per cent), plant height (48 per cent), and showed low heritability harvest index value (17 per cent). Genetic advance was recorded maximum for plant height (6.52) followed by number of pods per plant (4.75), harvest index (3.75), 100 seed weight (2.65), days to 50% flowering (2.06) seed yield per plant (1.67), seed yield (1.19 t/hac), number of primary branches (0.38), and showed low genetic advance value. Genetic advance as per cent mean exhibited high values of seed yield per plant (25.13), total yield (t/hac) (21.71), harvest index (18.40), number of primary branches (13.97), plant height (13.02), number of pods per plant (10.81), days to 50% flowering showed Genetic advance as per cent of mean value (2.50). Results of this study suggested that the days of 50% flowering, plant height, biological yield influenced the grain yield per plant either directly or indirectly. Thus, a selection line with these characters would be ideal for higher grain yield potential. Therefore, these characters could be used for improving grain yield in advanced chickpea germplasm. LITERATURE CITED

Evaluation Trial of Tomato Hybrids (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) in Allahabad A gro Climatic C onditions. (41.67) with Rajshree. TO 848 recorded early flowerir days) and late flowering (53.92) was found Rajshree recorded Maximum polar diameter (6.47 cm) and then were recorded (3.36 cm) with Rajshree. TO 848 recorded maximum radial diameter (6.65 cm) and the minimum were recorded (4.57 cm) with Rajshree. TO 848 recorded maximum number of fruits (22.50) per plant while the minimum was recorded (20.89) with Rajshree. Maximum fresh weight of fruit was recorded with TO 848 (72.27 g) and the minimum was recorded (65.00 g) with Rajshree. TO 848 recorded maximum fruityield per plant (1.63kg), and fruit yield (60.23q/ha) while the minimum was recorded (1.36 kg) and (50.29 g/ha) with Rajshree. Maximum T.S.S.(° brix) of recorded with Rajshree (7.53)and minimum was recorded with JK Nanadini (5.60). Maximum acidity (%) of fruit was recorded TO 848 (0.84 %) and minimum was recorded (0.70 %) with Rajshre. Maximum ascorbic acid (mg/100g pulp) of TO 848 (35.09 mg/100g pulp) and minimum was recorded (25.81 mg/100g) with Rajshree. Maximum intensity of leaf curl virus (%) of plant

Where, CV = Coefficient of variation in %, SE= Standard error, SD= Standard deviation able1. Descriptive statistics of the 11 quantitative traits of 108 wheat lines under sodic soil. Table1. Descriptive statistics of the 11 quantitative traits of 108 wheat lines under sodic soil. genetic variability for all the eleven traits. The magnitude of genetic variability for days to heading was ranged from 73- 94 days with the mean value of 80 days and coefficient of variation 4.00 % (Table1). The frequency distribution varied from 70 - 95 days (Fig 1). Two entries HD 3027 and NWL 9-25 have minimum number of days to heading and only one entry CA MM had longest days of heading. The magnitude of genetic variability for days to maturity trait was ranged from114-126 days with the mean value of 120 days and coefficient of variation 1.96% (Table 1). The frequency distribution varied from 114-128 days (Fig 2). Two entries PBW

Table1. List of hybrids with their fertility status

Table3. Pattern of fertility restoration by different inbred lines on the C MS- sources Table2. List of completely fertile hybrids

lines except NDR 4, R45, RHA 43-5 and PS 1070 that restored the fertility partially. The fertility restoration on CMS 17A was found to be complete by most (nine) of the lines tested. But, lines SCG 37 and RHA 43-5 restored the fertility partially

Table 2. M ean food intake of school going children

Table 3. Mean daily nutrient intake of school going children

(41.43) and the minimum no. of fruit per plants was showed in genotypes ITV RTO 12 (21.96) followed by ITV RTO 5 (22.63) and IIVRTO (23.46). Themaximum radial diameter (mm) was noted in genotypes ITV RT 0 12 (75.04) followed by ITV RTO 17 (66.14) and IIVRT0 11 (66.00 mm) and minimum radial diameter was showed in genotypes ITV RT 0 02 (26.17) followed by ITVRT0 3 (33.44mm) and IIV RTO 01 (36.14 mm). The maximum polar diameter was found in genotypes IIVRTO 12 (60.91 mm) followed by ITV RTO 09 (53.01) and IIVRT0 11 (50.53) and the minimum polar diameter was showed in genotypes ITV RTO 074 (26.48) followed by IIV RT 0 04 (27.04 mm) and IIVRT0 02 (31.15). The maximum TSS (OBrix) was observe in genotypes IIV RTO 17 (6.46) followed by ITV RTO 16 (6.06) and ITVRT0 09 (5.20) and the minimum TSS (OBrix) was showed in genotypes IIVRTO 11 (3.13) followed by ITV RTO 12 (3.13) and ITV RT0 2 (3.26). The maximum vitamin C was observed in genotypes IIV RTO-17 (41.51) followed by Arka Vikas (36.73) and IIV RTO 16 (36.27) and the minimum vitamin ‘C’ was showed in genotype ITV RT 0 13 (26.09) followed by ITV RTO 8 (28.03) and IIV RTO 6 (28.29) mg/100g). The maximum fruit weight was observe in genotypes ITV RT0 5 (61.35) followed by ITVRTO 11 (58.48) and ITV RTO 10 (56.21) whereas minimum fruit weight was found in genotype ITV RT0 02 (30.24) followed by ITV RTO 13 (31.21) and Arka Vikas (32.29). The maximum yield per plant was noticed in genotypes IIV RTO 17 (2298.93) followed by IIVRTO 8 (1991.53) and IIVRTO 7 (1783.73) and ITVRTO 7 (1783.73) and whereas minimum yield / plant was observed in denotvnes ITV RTO 12 (782.66) followed bv ITV RTO 2 (1033.00(q) may LV EAL VY LEU EE] CEE EAE A VU Je dt 2a Seda wey WwW 50% flowering was showed in genotypes IIVRTO 1 (46.5) followed by ITV RTO-14 (55.93) and ArkaVikash (58.38) where as maximum days to 50% flowering were found in ITVRT0 6 (75.96) followed by ITV RTO 10 (75-960 and IIV RT0 7 (75.50). The maximum Number of cluster was showed in genotypes ITVRT 0 17 (20.36) followed by ITVRO 13 (17.90) and IIV RTO 9 (17.40) whereas minimum number cluster plant was found in genotype ITV RTO-11 (68.63) followed by ITV RTO 15 (9.86) and ArkaVikash (11.83). The maximum flower plant was showed in genotype ITV RT 0 17 (110.50) followed by ITVRT0 5 (104.10) and Arka vikash (99.20) and the minimum number flower per plantwas noticed in genotype ITV RT 03 (63.76) followed by ITVRTO 1 (65.03) and IIV RT0 4 (70-73).The maximum fruit set (%) was \ observed in genotypes ITV RT0 17 (62.63) followed by ITVRT0 13(53.33) and ITVRT0 16 (51.03) and the minimum fruits set (%) was observed in genotypes ITV RTO 12 (20.83) followed by IIVRTO 11 (27.46) and IIVRTO 10 (28.93). The maximum leaf curl incidence was noticed in genotypes ITV RT0- 17 (11.28%) followed by ITV RT0-16 (14.20%) and ITVRT0 7 (40- 20) whereas leaf curl incidence was observed in maximum ITVRTO 12 (54.77) genotypes followed by H 86 (50.48) and ITVRT0 4 (49.67). The minimum leaf curd intensity was showed in genotypes ITV RT 0 17 (6.86) followed ArkaVikas (9.43) where as maximum leaf curd intensity was found in genotype ITV RTO 12(54.47) followed by H 86 (46.86) and ITV RT0 4 (43.87). The maximum no of leaf fruits per plant, was noted in genotypes ITV RTO 17 (45.03) followed by ITV RTO 13 (42.93) and IIVRT08 SINGH AND PRASHAD, Variability Patern in Agromorphological Characters in Tomato Genotypes (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) 759

Table2. Mean performance of different genotypes various character in Tomato genotypes. In the direct and indirect contributions of component traits towards fruit yield, selection on the basis of horticultural traits viz., number of fruits per plant, and average fruit weight would be paying preposition in the genotypes included in the study.

Table1, Estimation of better parent heterosis and standard heterosis for 9 characters in sunflower

Table2. Heterosis for top three hybrids for different characters in sunflower cent (CMS 234A xRHA 43-5). Among all hybrids only one hybrid CMS 234A xRHA 43-5 recorded significant positive heterosis over mid parent, where as none of the hybrids superior compared to the best commercial checks. Similar results were reported by several workers viz., Naresh, et al., 1996, Gill and Punia, 1996 and Alone, etal., 2003. Most of the hybrids recorded positive heterosis over mid parent indicating non- additive gene action for oil yield. None of the hybrids recorded significant positive standard heterosis.

Tablel. Effect of grafting time and environment on the graft success of G uava (Psidium guajava) under wedge grafting The minimum days was taken to graft sprouting in 15" April under controlled environment, where as the maximum per cent graft sprouting was recorded 15" February grafting under controlled environment and minimum per cent graft sprouting was recorded in 15" January under natural environment. The maximum per cent graft survival was recorded 15" February grafting under controlled environment while minimum per cent graft survival was noted in 15" January grafting under natural environment. Percent graft mortality was minimum in 15" March under open field.

NS - Non significant ‘able2. Economic analysis of pigeonpea genotypes as influenced by planting geometry

NS - Non significant Table1. Seed yield, Husk yield and Availability of Nitrogen in pigeonpea genotypes as influenced by planting geometry

*, ** significant at 5% and 1% levels of probability, respectively Table1. Analysis of variance for combining ability for different characters in rice.

*, ** significant at 5% and 1% levels of probability, respectively fable2. Estimation of general combining ability effects of parents for different characters in rice.

* ** significant at 5% and 1% levels of probability, respectively Table3. Estimation of SCA effects for various characters in rice under coastal saline soil.

* Average of the three replications. ** Figures in parenthesis are angular valu Table3. Effect of different systemic and non-systemic fungicides on the incidence of wilt of brinjal

* Average of the three replications. ** Figures in parenthesis are angular values. Table2. Growth inhibition of Fusarium oxysporium by after 7 day of incubation at 25+1°c

blel. Fungicides used to test their efficacy against Fusarium oxysporium in vitro and pot conditions The treated seeds were planted in pots sterilized soil. Untreated inoculated seeds served as control. Each treatment was replicated thrice. After seven day and twenty days of incubation in green house the observation was recorded for seed germination. Pre and post emergence mortality and percent disease control calculated.

First spray was given at 20 days after transplanting (DAT) and remaining 3 sprays were given at 20 days interval between two successive sprays. Observations on per cent disease incidence, leaf curl index thrips and mites and population were taken 10 days after each spray. Scoring Leaf curling forindividual plants of each treatment were rated using the following scale (Niles, 1980).

{ANYAM AND BYADGI, Status of Chilli Murda Disease in Northern Karnataka and Its Management

Values in parenthesis are angular transformed values DAT- Days after transplanting Table2. Effect of chemicals against the incidence of chili murda disease in the field

Note : AP- Aphids, TH-Thrips, M-Mites, WF- Whitefly

Values in parenthesis are [x4 0,5 transformed values. DAT- Days after transplanting Table3: Effect of chemicals against thrips and mites population in the field

* Figures in the parentheses indicate arc sine transformed values Table2. Influence of fungicides on plant height, 100 grain weight and shelling percentage

* Figures in the parentheses indicate arc sine transformed values Table1. Field efficacy of fungicides for the management of maydis leaf blight Table1. Field efficacy of fungicides for the management of maydis leaf blight RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Tablela. Field efficacy of fungicides on avoidable loss, yield and disease control

Advances in molecular biology have laid the foundation forisolation of valuable genes and their transfer to target plants through noveltransgenic approach. Chitinases, 8-1, 3- glucanases and proteases are the best studied antifungal proteins. Chitinase encoding genes are being used to improve plant defence against fungal pathogens. These enzymes arecapable of degrading 4-N-acetyl- Dglucosamine,the main cell wall component of most phytopathogenic fungi,showing strong inhibitory activity in vitro on spore germination and Conidiospores of 8 days old culture of T. viride were used for mutagenesis. Spore suspension of T. viride was treated with Ethyl methyl sulphonate (EMS) and Hydroxylamine (HA) @ 50 il/ml, 100 il/ml, 150il/ml, 200il/ml incubate at 28°C in orbital shaker for 30 minutes.Then keptin centrifuge machine at 5000 rpm to remove the chemical traces,centrifuge it for three times and then washed with distilled water.Suspension was spread on to the surface PDA medium and incubated at 28 °C for 72 hrs.Same procedure was done for 45 minutes and 60 minutes. In each treatment maintained three replications. A fter incubation colonies were transferred on fresh PDA medium and grown up to six generations to check the stability of Tichoderma viride mutants.

SURYAWANSHI et al., Enhancement of Chitinase Enzyme Producing Ability of Trichoderma viride

Table 1. Chitinase enzyme units in Trichoderma viride mother culture and mutants. fable 1. Chitinase enzyme units in Trichoderma viride mother culture and mutants.

* Figures in parenthesis are square root transformed values

Chitinase assay of Trichoderma viride mutants revealed statistically significance in respect to enzyme units (Table la). All the Trichoderma viride mutants possesses chitinase enzyme units while highest has existed in TV ME 4ci.e. 0.63 units which was at par with TV ME 4b, TVME 3cand TVMH Aa i.e. 0.62, 0.62 and 0.61 enzyme units respectively, followed by TVME 3a, TVMH 4c, TVMH 4bi.e. 0.59, 0.58, 0.57. The lowest chitinase enzyme units were estimated in TV ME 1ci.e. 0.29 enzyme units/mg of protein.

Per cent growth inhibition of Fusarium solani by T. iride mother culture and mutants is given as follow: ble2. Efficacy of Trichoderma viride mother culture and mutants againstF usarium solani (per cent growth inhibition) at 7 DAI

* Figures in parentheses are arc sin transformed values Table2a. Efficacy of Trichoderma viride mutants against Fusarium solani (per cent growth inhibition) at 7 DAI

Figure in parenthesis () are angular transformed value Table2. Evaluation of the Bio-efficacy of fungicides as potato tuber treatment against Black Scurf disease caused by Rhizoctonia solani. LITERATURE CITED Previous studies indicate that use of disease free seed combined with seed treatment with the systemic fungicides such as, benomyl, thiabendazole, corboxin, or soil treatment of benomyl or PCNB can effectively reduce the disease inoculum (Hooker, 1986; singh, 1995).

Table 2. Growth inhibition of F. solani by different fungal antagonists after seven days of incubation at 30°C

Table 1. Different fungal antagonists and their respective collection places Perusal of data revealed that all the isolates showed impressive results. All the isolates inhibited above 60 % growth of the test fungus. Among all antagonists Trichoderma viride- II (96.21%) gave highest inhibition with typical clear zone. This was followed by T. harzianum- II (90.58 %). The T. harzianum- I was also found better with 85.00 per cent inhibition of pathogen followed by T. viride- I with 72.84 per cent inhibition. Minimum inhibition of test fungus was observed in presence of Aspergillus niger (60.44 %). Aspergillus niger elicited moderate antagonism. The results obtained in present investigation confirmed the findings of Dayaram, etal., 2004, Singh and Verma, 2005 and Hukama, 2010. They reported that T. viride showed strong antagonistic activity toward F. solani under in vitro study.

Table 2. Incidence of bacteria from G anga water 12(12.50%). Total incidence of E.coli 18(18.75%) (Table 2 and Fig. no. 2&3). Sousa and Souza, 2001, conducted a bacteriological study on water from Congonhas River, Sertaneja (22°58’ S; 50°58’ W), Parana State, Brazil. In the water, the bacterial groups detected were Pseudomonas, Acinetobacter, Aeromonas, Enterobacteriaceae, Bacillus and Flavobacterium, from which Flavobacterium and Acinetobacter were the most abundant. Vagarali, et. al., 2011, also studied on total of 30 drinking water samples. Out of 30 samples 10(33.33%) were contaminated with either one or more than one type of organisms, results of most probable no test (MPN) showed 4(13.33%) were unsatisfactory. Pseudomonas was the common cause of contamination about 6(20%) while SINGH et al., Bacterial Surveillance Associated with Water from River Ganga

Table 1. Microbial load in water sample In the study the population of bacteria in Ganga river from three different city viz, Kanpur, Allahabad and Varanasi. Highest Bacterial population was found in water sample from Kanpur (Downstream 5.3 x 10° cfu/ml) while least bacterial population was found in Varanasi (Upstream 3.62 x 10° cfu/ ml) However the results when analyzed statistically were found to be non significant [P>0.05].(see Table no.1 and Fig no.1) Baghel, etal. 2005, collect water samples from 21 different sites moving downstream from the glacier, which is the source of river Ganges, during winter, summer and monsoon seasons taken for the analysis of total viable count, Total viable counts were found in the range of 2 x 10? to 40 x 10? ml" in winter, 7 x 10? to 40 x 10? ml in summer and 2 x 10? to 40 x 10? ml in monsoon. Sousa and Souza, 2001, conducted a bacteriological study of water from Congonhas River, Sertaneja (22°58’ S; 50°58’ W), Parana State, Brazil. The numbers of cfu/ml of water varied from 3.1 x 10? to 1.0.x 10°.

* Growth difference between control and treatment expressed in optical density (O. D. ) Indicates Bacterial Activity. Table, Effect of Scent Components on bacterial growth: Hydrocarbons: Undecane, the hydrocarbon compound from the metathoracic scent glands of C oridius janus (Srinivasulu and Janaiah, 2012) was in effective against Bacillus mycoids, while it was mild toxicity on Rhodococcus sps. n-dodecane from the abdominal scent glands of C. purpureus (Janaiah, 1978) was mild toxicity on both Rhodococcus sps. and B. mycoids. n-tridecane reported from the abdominal scent glands of C. purpureus(janaiah, et al., 1988) and Halys dentatus(Srinivasulu et al., 1996) had mild bactericidal effect on Bacillus mycoids and while it was high toxic on Rhodococcus sps. n-tetradecane, the scent secretions of the heteropteran bug Caura rufiventris (Prestwitch, 1976) showed no effect on Rhodococcus sps. while B. mycoids was inhibited only to a limited extent. Pentadecane present in the scent secretion of metathoracic glands of female Chlorochroa bug (Hsao-Young Ho and Jocelyn, 2001) caused the growth inhibition of both the bacteria understudy. n-hexane a scent component from the metathoracic scent glands of coreoid bugs, stimulate the growth of both bacteria of Rhodococcus sps. and B. mycoids.

Table2. Effect of different farming methods on soil bacteria, fungi and actinomycetes at different growth stages of maize S P: Subash Palekar Absolute control: without NPK fertilizers and FY M DAS: Days after sowing

Table1. Effect of different farming methods on yield attributes, grain and stover yield of maize. Absolute control: without NPK fertilizer and FY M

Means followed by the same lower case letter/s in a column do not differ significantly by DMRT (P= 0.05), DAS-Days after sowing

Means followed by the same lower case letter/s in a column do not differ significantly by DMRT (P= 0.05), DAS-Days after sowing. Table 2. Green forage and dry matter yield of oat genotypes as influenced by nitrogen level and cutting interval.

‘able3. Effect of different organic manures on growth and yield of Garlic (Allium sativum) under teak based agroforestry

able 2. Effect of different organic manures on growth and yield of Garlic (Allium sativum) under open conditions

Table 1. Details of treatment combinations: RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

LITERATURE CITED The results showed that the natural enemies population were highest recorded in normal and late planting in comparison to very late planting. SINGH et al., Effect of Planting Dates on Incidence of Insect-pests and Their Predators in Rice Field Spiders, damselflies, dragonflies and ground beetle were maximum population observed in normal planting with 4.00 and 3.50, 1.50 and 1.25, 0.75 and 1.00, 1.75 and 1.50 in perfive sweeps, respectively, both experimental years at vegetative stage followed by late planting.

five seedling with the help of a scale in cm after 10 days of incubation), Plumule radicle length ratio (The ratio was obtained by dividing the length of plumule by length of radicle from each marked seedling on which earlier plumule and radicle lengths were taken on 10" day) and Dry matter weight (All the tagged seedling of each genotypes were pooled across replication in a butter paper bag and dried in the hot air plant dryer at 70 +5°C for 24-27 hours and then weight was recorded in grams). KUMAR, et al., Effect of Salinity on Germination and Early Seedling Growth Stages of Urdbean (Vigna mungo L. Hepper) Germination and early seedling evaluation:

()=Figures in parentheses are square root transformed value, DAS= Days after spraying, NS=Non significant *Mean based of 2 observations, ** Mean based of 3 observations, *** Mean based of 6 observations, * Mean based of 18 observations

Table:2 Effect of insecticides treatment on population of natural enemies of cotton Aphid (Pooled of two year ) ()=Figures in parentheses are Arcsine-transformed value, DAS= Days after spraying, NS=Non significant , *Mean based of 2 observations, ? Mean based of 6 observations

Table: 3 Seed cotton yield and economics of different insecticides treatment (Pooled of two year ) LITERATURE CITED

Table1. Influence of different hosts on biological parameters of M. boninensis (in days) standard laboratory host, the eggs of rice moth. The aphids were collected from the field of Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture, Nagpur, Maharashtra, India from different crops viz; cowpea, cotton, sorghum. The crops sown plots were maintained untreated and the aphids were collected daily from those plots with the help of camel hair brush in plastic vials which were further utilized for feeding. The larvae and pupae of Helicoverpa armigera, Spodoptera litura and Earias vitella were collected from bio control laboratory of Central Institute of Cotton Research (CICR), Nagpur. These larvae and pupae were reared in the laboratory to obtain F1 progeny, neonates thus obtained were utilized for feeding. boninensis was significant when fed with various hosts and eggs of C. cephalonica was found to be superior overall the treatments. The total larval period, pupal period when larvae fed with neonate of S. litura was 15.60, 13.57 days, neonate of E. vitella, 16.39, 14.91 days and neonate of H. armigera, 16.95, 12.32 days respectively. Mani and Krishnamoorthy, 1989 and Ramkumar, et al., 2005 who reported 9 to 10, 9.25 and 10.79 days of larval period, 8.5 to 9.5, 8.35 +0.68, 5.63 days of pupal period, respectively. Kabissa, et al., 1995 reported that the total larval and pupal period of M. desjardinsi on nymphs of Aphis gossypii was 14.98, 14.75 days). Elsidding, et al., 2006 reported that the total larval, pupal period of M. boninensis to the extent of 8.0 +0.09; 9.0 +0.16 days when reared on eggs of C. cephalonica. Nehare, et al., 2004 reported that the total

larval, pupal period of M. boninensis was 11.13, 12.00 and 8.55; 10.46, 10.63 and 10.73 days on Aphis gossypii and A. craccivora and inactivated eggs of C. cephalonica, respectively at 26 + 2p C temperature and 65 + 5 per cent relative humidity. Sirimachan, et al., 2005 reported the pupal period of M. boninensis was observed to be 9.12 +1.13 days when fed on A. craccivora at 25 +2p C temperature and 75 + 5 percent relative humidity. le2. Influence of different prey hosts on fecundity of M. boninensis (eggs/female) NAGAMALLIKADEVI et al., Biology of Mallada boninensis (Okamoto) [Chrysopidae: Neuroptera]

Table2. AST by agar cup method on MHA plate of bark hot and cold crude extract In order to determine the exact concentration of the extracts that inhibits the growth of the test cultures, a 96 well Microtitre plate assay was performed using serial two-fold dilutions of extracts. The results are as follows.

Table 3. (MIC) and (MBC) of the crude extracts by Microdilution method

Table6. Results of HPTLC and bioautography of acetone and methanol fraction of bark extracts obtained on fractionation

able5. Results of photochemical tests of bark acetone and methanolic fraction obtained on fractionation, by tube method. Table4. Resultsof AST of bark after fractionation

able7. Consolidated results of Phytochemical analysis on basis of HPTLC and Bioautography Isolation of the Bioactive component

Table9, Presenting percentage of C,H, N,S and O. FTIR Analysis: To know the possible functional group present in the compound, FTIR analysis was carried out in SAIF, IIT Bombay with the help of FTIR analyzer MANGA 550. The result revealed that the unknown compound may be ‘aromatic’ in nature, probably contained ‘amino’ and ‘chloro’ group.

Note: Prevailing price of Bt cotton in the market Rs. 2,700 pe quintal DAS - Days after sowing NS - Non significant ble2. Economics (Rs. ha") of Bt cotton as influenced by nutrient management practices fable2. Economics (Rs. ha‘) of Bt cotton as influenced by nutrient management practices

Fig. 1). Among sub-plot treatments, significantly higher seed cotton yield per hectare was recorded in 150 % RDF (2295.78 kg ha™) which was followed by RDF + seed treatment with Azospirillum @ 600 g per ha followed by soil application @ 2 kg per ha (2152.42 kg ha‘). RDF + seed treatment with Azospirillum @ 600 g per ha followed by soil application @ 2 kg per ha was on par with RDF + seed treatment with Azotobacter @ 600 g per ha followed by soil application @ 2 kg per ha (2117.33 kg ha‘), RDF + seed treatment with Phosphobacteria @ 600 g per ha followed by soil application @ 2 kg perha(2116.90 kg ha?) and 125 % RDF (2087.22 kg ha 1), Significantly lower seed cotton yield per hectare was recorded in 100 % RDF (1879.00 kg ha"). The present results are conformity with findings of Gidnavar, et. al.,1992; Biradar,

DAS - Days after sowing NS - Non significant Table 1. Seed cotton yield (kg ha) and Uptake of NPK (kg ha") of Bt cotton as influenced by nutrient management practice

Table1. Efficacy of various insecticides against rice stem borer during kharif, 2011. More than hundred insect species have been reported To assess the field efficiency of newer insecticides against yellow stem borer, Scerpophaga incertulus an experiments was executed under randomized block design (RBD) with three replication and eight treatment with each plot size measuring 5 x 3.9 sqm. during Kharif, 2011 and 2012 at Crop Research Station, Masodha of N.D.U.A.T., Faizabad.

Table2. Efficacy of various insecticides against rice stem borer during kharif, 2012. Cartap hydrochloride 75 SG (375 g a.i./ ha) and Fipronil 5 SC (75 ga.i,/ ha). Sahithi and Mishra, 2006; Lal, 2006 and Singh, et al., 2010 have also reported that Cartap hydrochloride 4G was most effective insecticide to check the stem borer infestation. Panda, etal., 2004 also reported Fipronil 5 SC @ 750 ga.i//ha as effective insecticide to check the stem borer incidence. The 25 days old seedling of improved Pb 1 rice variety was transplanted on II" fortnight of July in both experimental years. All the agronomical practices were adopted to raised a good crop.

Table 1. Experimental designs for the study. Measurement of working parameters

Table2. Characterstics of wastes at different stages of in- vivo treatment.

Table3. Physiochemical properties of bioremediated distillery effluent using fungal strains of Aspergillus niger and Curvularia andropogonis (and effect of carbon source). 3.3. Effect on COD (Chemical oxygen demand) maximum reduction in COD was observed in CWOG (Curvularia andropogonis without glucose) where as A. niger show very good reduction with and without glucose (seen in AWG and AWOG) shown in fig. 3. Similar results was observed by Pant, and Adholeya, 2010 they observe 65% reduction a novel fungal consortium and the results were also supported by the studies performed by Ohmomo, et al., 1987; Miranda, et al., 1996; Jimnez, etal., 2003) which shows 70-90% reduction in COD by using different fungul strains. The process of bioremediation is generally understood with higher percentage of reduction accompanied with COD. These values were noted in control as well as for samples of distillery effluent inoculated with two different fungus species namely Aspergillus niger, and Curvularia andropogonis. Significant reduction in COD values were noted i.e. 86.54, 74.36, 44.38 and 88.25% inAWG, AWOG, CWG and CWOG respectively. So accordiang to the data shown in table 3 SHARMA et al., Bioremediation and Decolorization of Distillery Effluent by Aspergillus niger and A Novel Fungal Strain

Table 2. Population structure of Bacterivore and Fungivore nematodes in mango orchards of district Dehradun

Table 1. Soil Parameters of Mango orchards in district Dehradun total number of the samples collected. Relative density (RD %) is the Mean density of the genus X 100/sum of mean density of all nematode genera. Identification of Nematode genera:

Table 4, Community relationship between Bacterivore and nematodes [M ean + SD (range).]

Table3. Summary of Bacterivore and Fungivore Nematode diversity indices in Mango orchards of Dehradun district RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Table2. The fat percentage in C ontrol and Experimental Chhana

Table1. The moisture percentage in Control and Experimental Chhana

*Table "t" value at 5% level 2.262. Table5. Per cent moisture, fat and yield and fat loss in whey during filled chhana preparation:

Table 6: Sensory score of chhana * Average of 10 replications. t- Value (table) at 5% level is 2.262.

fable 4. Show the fat losses of C ontrol and Experimental Chhana whey

Table3. Show the yield in percentage of Control and Experimental C hhana:

quantitative traits clearly suggests the richness of variability in existing collection and scope of improvement over existing checks. check varieties during Kharif 99 . Whereas, during Zaid 99, the character days to maturity where the minimum days (77.00) was observed in ShU 9622 which was significantly earlier than the earliest check (Type 9 (80.67 days)). This was a collection from village Arva in Bareilly district of Uttar Pradesh. For the characters pods per plant and the seeds per pod, the upper limit of the range was 68.0 and 7.33, respectively. In Zaid 99, for seed yield per hectare, the high yielding genotypes like ShU 9511, ShU 9632, ShU 9532 and ShU 9503 with yields, 2375 kg, 2250 kg, 2200 kg and 2115.20 kg, respectively were indicative of the facts that higher yielding germplasm are still available and there is ample scope of land race improvement. Similarly, in Kharif 99, forthe character seed yield per hectares, the high yielding genotypes were ShU 9511, ShU 9536, ShU 9525 and ShU 9503 with yields 1756.94 kg, 1580.55kg, 1395.82kg and 1309.02 kg respectively. Further testing of such genotypes in wide areas will be needed. The evaluation data for Table1. Passport data of collected/acquired urdbean accessions

Table2. Phenotypic correlation between seed yield and its components in urdbean germplasm in preliminary yield trial Zaid 99. * ** Significant at 5% and 1% level, respectively.

Table3. Phenotypic correlation between seed yield and its components in urdbean germplasm in preliminary yield trial Kharif 99.

Figure given in parenthesis are transformed value ble3. Effect of fungicides on disease intensity of cercospora leaf spot of mungbean under green house condition

Figure given in parenthesis are transformed value Table2. Effect of fungicides against C. canescens on per cent mycelial inhibition in vitro at 21 days after incubation

each other, however Copper oxychloride, Topsin-M, Mancozeb and Thiram were statistically differed to each other (Table 1). fable1. Effect of fungicides against C. canescens on mycelial growth in vitro at 21 daysafter incubation

Table1. Total spikelets and unfilled spikelets (panicle’) in rice genotypes as influenced by moisture stress at harvest exhibited greater spikelet sterility due to moisture stress at flowering. Total number of grains per panicle was drastically reduced when drought stress occurred at flowering this reflected the reduced crop growth. Limitations of assimilate supply particularly during reproductive stage affected spikelet number per panicle and filled spikelets percentage. Reduction in leaf water potential at anthesis caused poor panicle exertion and this might be the reason for less number of grains due to pollination abnormalities. the genotypesi.e. 0.120 to 0.241 gm?(Table3). Such genotypic differences for grain yield under aerobic condition were reported by (Nieuwenhuis, et al., 2002 and Bouman, et al., 2002). NLR 3010 recorded highest grain yield of 240.9 gm? compared to other genotypes followed by NLR 40059 (0.234 g m?) NLR 33671 (0.232 gm?) NLR 34242 (0.232 gm*), MTU 1010 and NLR 145 recorded moderate seed yields of 0.185 and 0.183 g m* respectively. Lowest seed yield recorded in NLR 30491 (0.120 g m?), NLR 40058 (0.121g m7), and NLR 40054 (0.165 kg.m?) NLR 40070 (0.160 gm), NLR 40064 (0.183 gm?) shows moderately (Fig. 4.15). The genotype NLR 3010 recorded highest straw yield (0.314 gm") followed by NLR 40059 (0.320 gm"), NLR 34242 and NLR 33671 on par. The genotype MTU 1010 recorded (0.295 gm") fallowed by NLR 145 (0.310 gm"). Under aerobic system of rice production most of the genotypes evaluated have produced straw yield to a range of (0.300 to 0.380 gm) only which denotes the straw yield was not much affected compared to other yield parameters yield in both pot and field study (Table 3).

Table2. Spikelet sterility (% ) in rice genotypes under aerobic condition

Table1. Details of the top ten lines with high Iron and Zinc concentration

‘able2. Phenotypic values of the grain traits in mapping population ple2. Phenotypic values of the grain traits in mapping population Statistical analysis for Grain quality traits: Average, mean and range for the phenotypic values were calculated using Standard Excel program of Microsoft Office. Correlation between character pairs were computed at p < 0.05 and p < 0.01 in Microsoft Excel using trait averages. Correlation coefficients were determined for iron and zinc concentration and grain weight and dimensions for each BC,F, line. Significance of correlation coefficients (r) at P =0.05 or 0.01 is indicated by * or **, respectively.

e3. Pair wise correlation among grain traits, iron and zinc concentration in BC ,F population derived from a cross between an indica rice cultivar Samba M ahsuri and the wild relative Oryza rufipogon

Values on wet weight basis; Note: * spoiled product; Parenthesis values indicates standard deviation, n=3. Stored at refrigerated temperature (6 + 2°C ) during summer season

fable6. Effects of varying temperature on sensory attributes of the smoked Mackerel

Table4. Effects of varying brine concentration on sensory attributes of the Smoked Equipment:

Table5. Effects of varying brine concentration on sensory attributes of the Smoked Phenol:

able8. Effects of varying time on sensory attributes of the smoked Mackerel

able9. Effects of varying time on sensory attributes of the smoked Pink perch le9, Effects of varying time on sensory attributes of the smoked Pink perch

Table7. Effects of varying temperature on sensory attributes of the smoked Pink perch

able 10. Estimation of varying salt up take in saturated brine with different time (min) of dip treatment at a reference temperature of 70°C along with different smoking hours for mackerel

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TRENDS IN BIOSCIENCES JOURNAL 6-5 OCTOBER 2013 ISSUE

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Induced Viable Mutation Studies in M2 Generations of Rathu Heenati and PTB33 526 R. Sellammal and M. Maheswaran 9. Effect of Allwin Top and Allwin Wonder on Growth, Yield and Quality of Cardamom 529 (Elettaria cardamomum Maton) P.... more

however, the bees appeared excited, briefly left the feeding table in a hectic flight, alighted on it again, flew up and landed on nearby blades of grass or sticks, and finally left in the direction of the nest. On their return flight they again landed on leaves or sticks at intervals of 1- 2 m. About 8 m before reaching the nest they usually turned around and flew back to the food. Occasionally, a forager also entered the nest, presumably to alert and recruit nestmates. The hectic behavior displayed by the foragers is clearly connected with the deposition of scent marks that are subsequently used by the recruits to find the food: When the nest and feeder were placed

Chemical Structures of Trail Pheromone Compounds: on the opposite sides of a small lake, denying the bees any solid substrate for the deposition of pheromones, no newly recruited bees found the food resource (Lindauer and Kerr, 1960). Recruitment took place, however, when the foragers were provided with a substrate in the form ofa rope decorated with twigs and leaves tightened over the water surface, where they could land and deposit pheromone marks on their way back to the nest.

Relative water content (RWC) was more or less same in normal condition but it significantly reduced under drought stress condition (Fig.1). SarjooS2showed 28.57% reduction while N22 11.11%. Drought stress reduced cellular water content high in susceptible varieties whereas tolerant ones accumulate compitableosmolytes in cells and create osmotic pressure for absorption of water from less negative water potential to more negative potential (Wang et al, 2010). Relative water conent is considered as a measure of plant water status that reflecting the metabolic activity of plant tissues. It is usually uses as one of the most meaningful idexes for dehydration tolerance in wide variety of plant.

‘ig. 5. Effect of drought stress on grain yield plant'(g) in rice. The Sarjoo52 showed high grain yield (21.5 g) under normal condition but it also showed high reduction (47.4%) under stress condition (fig.5). Grain yield is governed by multigenic factors. The drought tolerance rice variety adapted various metabolic mechanisms under stress condition and showed persistency in yield stability over susceptible ones. Drought stress significantly reduced the RWC, total Chlorophyll and yield in rice varieties. Tolerant rice variety N22 had high water potential due accumulation of proline and other osmolytes, high catalase activity under drought stress condition. Consequently it showed less reduction in chlorophyll and yield in comparison to Sarjoo52.

KUMAR et al., Characterization of Drought Tolerance Traits in Rice (Oryza sativa L.)

Drought stress significantly increased the proline content irrespective of rice varieties (fig.4). The high proline content was recorded in N22 (20 %) than Sarjoo52 (7 %) at the termination of drought. Water stress induces the synthesis of proline in the plant. It acts as aosmolytes and create osmotic pressure in the plant cells for absorption of water. Accumulation of proline depends on the intensity and duration of drought stress and it acts as drought stress indicator (Cha-Um, et al., 2010).

Fig. 1. Fruits, leaves and spines of Flacourtia jangomas Flacourtia jangomas(Lour.)Raeusch commonly known as Coffee plum, belongs to family Flacourtiaceae is very important fruit crop of Gorakhpur region and indigenous to North-Eastern Terai region of U.P.,Assam, Bihar, Maharashtra, Bengal and Orissa and some parts of South India. They are tropical rain forest trees. The crop has not gained popularity among the farmers due to lack of awareness of its cultivation, nutritional value and standard methods to make processed products. This is a multipurpose useful plant having both the nutritional and medicinal properties so its cultivation should be encouraged. The leaves and young shoots, which taste like rhubarb, are astringent and stomachic. The fruits are eaten to overcome biliousness nausea and diarrhoea. Powered dried leaves are employed to relieve bronchitis and coughs. The leaves and bark are applied on bleeding gums and aching teeth. Pulverized roots are poultice on sores and skin eruptions and held in the mouth to soothe toothache. The biomolecules present in it are 4-carotene, anthocyanin, alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, saponins and phenolic compoundswhich proves its good antioxidant and free radical scavenging activity.(Shown in Fig. 1.)

able 1. Determination of salt tolerance and phosphate solubilization in Pseudomonas isolates from wheat rhizosphere (Table 1). For phosphate solubilization the culture of each isolate was spot inoculated on Pikovskaya’s agar medium (Pikovskaya 1948) and incubated at 28 °C up to 5 days. Phosphate solubilization activity was determined by development of clearing zone around bacterial colony (Wahyudi et al., 2011). study, a total 22 Pseudomonas isolates were have obtained from the rhizosphere of wheat. The isolates were characterized on the basis of physiological, biochemical, morphological features. Isolates of Pseudomonas species from rhizosphere of different crops were widely studied by Valverde et al., 2003, Ahmad, et al., 2008. Rawat and Abrar, 2011,

*Mean of four replications #Maximum toxicity index = 400.0 1. Carbendazim 50 wp + Mancozeb 75 wp A=500, 2. Iprodine 25 wp + Carbendazim 25 wp B=1000, 3. Cymoxanil 8 wp + Mancozeb 64 wp C=1500, 4. Carbendazim 12 wp + Mancozeb 63 wp (Saff) D=2000, 5. Carbendazim 50 wp + Thiram 75 wp, 6. Carbendazim 50 wp + Chlorothalonil 75 wp, 7. Control

I. Carbendazim 50 wp + Mancozeb 75 wp, 2. Iprodine 25 wp + Carbendazim 25 wp, 3. Cymoxanil 8 wp + Mancozeb 64 wp, 4. Carbendazim 12 wp + Mancozeb 63 wp (Saff), 5. Carbendazim 50 wp + Thiram 75 wp, 6. Carbendazim 50 wp + Chlorothalonil 75 wp, 7. Control Result revealed the systemic fungicides carbendazim to be the most effective in inhibiting growth of the test fungus even at lowest concentration (500 ppm) and lowest active ingredient.These result are in line with finding of Sugha et al. (1995), who found carbendazim (50 WP and 25 SD) and thiram either alone or in combination as highly effective in inhibiting mycelial growth of Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. ciceri in vitro.

YADAV AND ANADANI, Antagonistic Effect of Fungal Bioagents Against Fusarium Oxysporum F.Sp. Ciceri in vitro |. Trichoderma harzianum -I, 2. T. harzianum -Il, 3 T. hamatum, 1. T. koningii, 5. T. viride, 6 Check (Control)

1. Trichoderma harzianum -I, 2. T. harzianum -I, 3 T: hamatum, 4. T. koningii, 5. T. viride, 6 Check (Control)

The relative efficacy of seven different non-systemic insecticides were tested at their 250, 500, 1500 and 2000 ppm concentrations to inhibit growth of Fusarium oxysporumf.sp. ciceri was evaluated, using poisoned food technique. The observations regarding per cent inhibition of linear growth are presented in Table 1, Fig. 1. Data presented (Table 1)

Fig.l. Growth inhibition of Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. ciceri on PDA supplemented with non-systemic insecticides.

‘ig. 1. Proximate composition of soybean genotypes used in preparation for tofu Figure | shows the proximate biochemical composition of different soybean varieties. The moisture contents of different soybean varieties were between 3.9 % to 10.0%. On a dry weight basis, the protein content of different varieties ranged from 31- to 36%. There was no clear relationship between tofu yield and soybean protein content; however, the firmness of tofu prepared from these varieties decreased as the protein content of the soybean decreased. These results are in general agreement with other findings, wherein it has been reported that soybean varieties high in protein content produced tofu with high yield and firmer texture (Shen, et al., 1991).

Fig. 2. Effect of coagulants on physic-chemical parameters of discharge tofu whey The pH of the whey was found to affect with increases in coagulant concentrations with soybean genotypes. The change was slower after most of the protein bodies had coagulated. The pH of tofu whey was not dependent on the

TIGGA AND TANDEKAR, Genetic Divergence for Yeild and Quality Components in Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.) 55 Fig. 1. Diagrammatic presentation of intra and inter cluster distances in cowpea

Developed method for the production of cham-cham from buffalo milk

HEMALATHA AND CHELLAMUTHU, An Improved Way to Optimize Nitrogen Fertilizer Requirements of Sugarcane

Fig. 2. Effect of Dimethoate on ACP in the liver of zebrafish Fig. 1. Effect of Dimethoate on ACP in the gill of zebrafish

ANSARI AND ANSARI, Effect of Dimethoate on the Activities of Acid and Alkaline Phosphatases

Fig. 3. Effect of Dimethoate on ALP in the gill of zebrafish

Fig. 4. Effect of Dimethoate on ALP in the liver of zebrafish

Fig. 1. Ova diameter frequency polygon in Nemipterus japonicus

2. Size at first maturity of Nemipterus japonicus using cumulative frequency method

(Fig 3). The GS.I values ranged between 0.32 and 0.93 in case of male. The lowest GS.I, value was recorded in April while the highest was in October. The GS.I. values gradually decreased from November, 2009 to February, 2010. In case of female, the GS.I. values fluctuated between 2.32 and 4.48. The lowest GS.I. value was in January, while the highest was recorded in the month of October. The GS.I. values gradually decreased from November onwards up to February, again increased in March April. Zacharia and Nataraj, 2003 estimated that the GSI values during different months for N. mesoprion and reported that it increased from August and attained a peak in October — November and decreased in February indicating September — December as the main spawning period.

‘ig. 1. Influence of different weather factors on the population of lady bird beetle (Pooled) PATEL et al., Population Dynamics of Coccinella septumpunctata L. (Coleoptera: Coccinellideae) in Cotton Ecosystem

Y=0.814 -0.870X, +1.063X, +0.241X, -0.032X, +0.209X, - 1.340X, +0.007X,-0.554X, (R2=0.795)

Although correlations are very useful in determining components of population of LBB but they do not provide complete understanding of relative importance of direct association of the component character/ factors towards the low pest population. In such situation whereas more variable are included in correlations studies, the indirect association becomes complex. The path coefficient analysis has been useful in finding out the direct and indirect causes of association of specific force acting to produce a given correlation coefficient. The observations revealed that minimum temperature had positive and high direct effect (1.6592) followed by morning relative humidity (0.1972), rainfall (0.1535), sunshine hours (0.1519) and evening relative humidity (0.016) respectively. Path coefficient effect revealed that the positive indirect effect of high magnitude of minimum temperature was obtained via rainfall (0.0854), sunshine hours (0.0514) and evening relative humidity (0.0006) respectively. The positive indirect effect of morning relative humidity was recorded via wind velocity (0.1308), rainfall (0.0414), sunshine hours (0.0177), evening relative humidity (0.0008) and maximum

ig. 1. Growth (mm) of Chrysosporiumsp. on five different media after seven days.

‘ig. 3. Growth (mm) of non-keratinophilus fungi on five different mediaafter seven days. GUPTA et al., Effects of Different Culture Media on Colony Growth of Keratinophilic and Non-keratinophilic Fungi

A dose-response relationship was found in the DPPH radical scavenging activity. The activity increased with an increase in the concentration (from 4 to 20 mg/ ml) of each individual leaf extract.M. koenigii had free radical scavenging activity ranging from 27.31% to 80.54%, 7) foenum-graecum from 23.64% to 72.39%, S. oleracea from 18.42% to 68.18% and A. cepafrom 3.12% to 18.23%. ig 1. Free radicle scavenging activity of varying concentrations of leaf extracts

g. 2. Relation between probit of mortality of Channa punctatus at 48h and dose of mercuric chloride ig. 1. Relation between probit of mortality of Channa punctatus at 24h and dose of mercuric chloride

3. Relation between probit of mortality of Channc punctatus at 72h and dose of mercuric chloride ig. 4. Relation between probit of mortality of Channa punctatus at 96h and dose of mercuric chloride

Fig. 1. Prevalence of E.coli in urine samples Sharma, et al., 2007 in study concluded this fact ofhigher incidence of E.coli at unnatural sites in human intestine which can cause variety of infections including UTI showing 39.5% incidence of E.coli in urine samples. Similarly Gupta, et al., 2001 also reported the higher percentage of E.coli as uropathogens among the other members of Enterobacteriaceae.

Ho, et al., 2000 reported that at an inter disc with of 25mm allows another 20 isolates to be detected giving a sensitivity of 97.9%. They also told that double disk synergy test is most widely used as it is simple and reliable option. In the present study the double disc method was found to be the best method due to its simplicity and ease of interpretation (Ho, et al., 2000). In conclusion, the fairly higher incidence of ESBL producing E.coli being found in urine samples of patients is quiet alarming, as these organisms are being resistance to Extended Spectrum cephalosporins. It is the major threat to the use of many classes of antibiotics particularly cephalosporins. Hence the comparison was done between the different methods according to the sensitivities, specificities, PPV (positive predictive value) and NPV (Negative predictive value) for the detection of Extended Spectrum 4 Lactamases in the above study and was found that double disc method with highest sensitivity value is the

x 1. Habit wise percentage of ethno-medicinal forest genetic resources ANAND et al., Ethno-medicinal Forest Genetic Resources of District Sonbhadra, Uttar Pradesh

Fig. 1. Growth behaviour of different strain of A. bisporus The present study showed the confirmative results with finding of Mehta (1991) were studies on behaviour growth of different strains of A. bisporus. The six strains of A. bisporus strains S 649, RAL 89 and TM 7 were gradual yielded, strains

Fig. 2. Yield potential of different strain of A. bisporus

Table1. Present areas of Agriculture activities in the field of Nanotechnology

Table 1. Insects used in Indian traditional medicine

Table 2. Number of edible insect species reported in the world Geographically, Ramos-Elorduy (2005) identified the Americas and Africa as recording the highest number of insect species eaten as food. However, when the Pacific countries are combined with Asian countries, the region registers more than 500 insect species consumed for food. It is likely that the total number of species eaten in Asia is considerably higher than this number, as research on the subject appears to have been less rigorous in Asia and the Pacific compared with work conducted and published in Africa and the Americas (Table 3).

Table 3. Number of edible insects per continent and number of consumer countries

Table 4. Protein content of common insects on a dry weight basis Insects represent rich sources of protein for the improvement of human diet, especially for individuals suffering from poor nutrition because of a protein deficit (Table 4). Gram for gram, insects often contain more protein and minerals than meat. In fact, nutritionists represent the leading group of researchers in food insects, motivated by a desire to remedy the problems associated with protein-deficient diets (De- Foliart, 2008).

Table1. Spectrum of viable mutants in M, generations of Rathu Heenati and PTB 33 in both Rathu Heenati and PTB33. It is, therefore, concluded that the chlorophyll mutations do not have any economic value due to their lethal nature, such a study could be useful in identifying the threshold dose of a mutagen that would increase the genetic variability and number of economically useful mutants in for future breeding programmes.

able 2. Mutagenic effectiveness and efficiency based on viable mutations in M, generation for Rathu Heenati and PTB33 [able2. Mutagenic effectiveness and efficiency based on viable mutations in M, generation for Rathu Heenati and PTB33 LITERATURE CITED

Table 1. Composition of Aliwin Top and Allwin Wonder

Table. 2. Effect of Aliwin Top and Allwin Wonder on yield of cardamom var. Njallini green gold

Table.1. Effect of Aliwin Top and Allwin Wonder on growth and yield of cardamom var. Njallini green gold

able 1. Nutrient composition of ripe fruits of Flacourtia jangomas (Lour.) Raeusch

Thus ethno biologically, ripe fruits of Flacourtia jangomas are important source of antioxidant and nutrient supplement in the form of carbohydrates, protein, sugar, vitamins and minerals needed for good health of human beings. fable2. Amount of Some secondary metabolites of Flacourtia jangomas (Lour.) Raeusch

Table1. Effect of different combinations of systemic and non-systemic fungicidesagainst Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. ciceri it vitro

* Average of four replications, ** Antagonism index, ++++ = Severe antagonism, +++ = Moderate antagonism, ++ = Weak antagonism, —= No antagonism. blel. Per cent growth reduction of Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. ciceri in vitro and antagonism index by biocontrol agents

*TVC: Total Viable Count; TC: Total Coliform; HB: Heamolytic Bacteria Table1. Bacterial load of gills and skin of fish Channa straitus.

Table 2. Antibiotic sensitivity pattern in 15 bacterial isolates *Average zone of inhibition (including disk diameter 6 mm), - = no inhibition (resistant), + = inhibitory zone between 5-15 mm, ++ = inhibitory zone between 16-25 mm, +++ = inhibitory zone between 26 — 35.

able2. Effect of irrigation schedule, weed and integrated nutrient management on number of stolons, number of tubers and tuber yield of potato crop

fable 1. Effect of irrigation schedule, weed and integrated nutrient management on plant height, number of leaves, fresh weight of shoots plant' at 60 days after planting and CGR at 40-60 DAP of potato crop

Table1. Effect of different of non-systemic insecticides against Fusarium oxysporum f.sp.ciceri in vitro. revealed that all the non-systemic insecticides were capable of inhibiting the growth of test fungus at different concentration as compared to the control. Among these, profenofos proved to be the most effective in inhibiting the (100%) growth of the test fungus even at lowest concentration (250 ppm) withhighest toxicity index of 400. It was followed by chlorpyriphos (77.81%), endosulfan (71.84 %), spinosad (65.83 %), cypermethrin (64.98 %), novaluron (52.03 %) and indoxacarb (32.30 %) with toxicity index of 311, 287, 262, 259, 208 and 129 respectively.

Table.1. Yield, physicochemical properties and organoleptic characteristics of soymilk prepared from different soybean varieties* *Results are the means of triplicates

*Results are the means of triplicates Table. 2. Optimum coagulating conditions for tofu yield in soybean varieties*

*Results are the means of triplicates e.3. Physico-chemical analysis of Tofu whey prepared by using different coagulants*

fable. 4. Texture analysis of Jofu prepared from different coagulants* *Results are the means of triplicates

able1. Clustering pattern of cowpea genotypes on the basis of Mahalanobis D’ statistics.

PPP = Plant population per plot. PL = Pod length. SD = Seed density SI= Swelling index 100 ble2. Mean performance of different clusters for seed yield and its component traits along with quality characters

Table 3. Contribution of each character to divergence.

able 4. Intra (Bold and diagonal) and Inter cluster distance values in cowpea.

Table1. Effect of weed management on growth, yield attributes of maize.

Table2. Effect of weed management on weed density, weed biomass and weed control efficiency.

able3. Effect of weed management on yield of maize, Maize equivalent yield, Cost of cultivation, Gross return, net return, benefit: cost ratio. LITERATURE CITED middle Gujarat conditions. Indian Journal of Weed science, 38(1 and 2): 54-57.

able 1. Larval population of pod borer, Maruca vitrata or different genotypes of pigeonpea. *square mt values

Table1. Effect of nitrogen levels and different varieties on the incidence leaf folder and stem borer in basmati rice with earlier results (Gill, et al., 1992 and Sarao and Mahal, 2008). RANDHAWA AND AULAKH, Effect of Nitrogen Levels and Varieties on the Incidence of Leaf Folder and Stem Borer

Table1. Effect of different proportions of Maltodextrin and sucrose on the sensory characteristics The variations in the sensory scores were highly significant (Pd’0.01) amongst different proportions studies (Table 2) which might be attributed to the varying degree of sweetness of the drink. Overall acceptability also showed a significant variation among trials, which may be due to experimental errors.

le3. Effect of different stabilizers like CMC, sodium alginate and Isabgol at different concentration on the viscosity of whey based geriatric health drink Sensory scores given by seven trained judges are shown in Table 5. The variation between lowest and highest values were 0.94,2.50,2.66 and 2.01 respectively, for the said sensory characteristics. Comparatively lower sensory scores for colour and appearance in case of Isabgol may be attributes to the presence of fibre content. Statistical analysis was based on the mean values for each sensory characteristic given by seven judges.

*Significant at pd’0.05 ** Significant at pd’0.01

Table 1. Effect of N levels on the available N content of the soil at different crop growth stages DAS= Days after sowing

DAYS = Days after sowing Table 4. Effect of N levels on N content in trash at different crop growth stages

DAYS = Days after sowing Table 3. Effect of N levels on N content in green tops at different crop growth stages

Table 5. Effect of N levels on yield parameters of sugarcane Table 6. Effect of N levels on Juice quality

** Significant at pd”0.01 le 4. Anova for the effect of three different stabilizers like CMC, sodium alginate and Isabgol at three different concentration viz. 0.05, 0.10 and 0.15% on the viscosity of whey based geriatric health drink in this investigation. Further, significant variation amongst the levels may be due to increase in functional characteristics with the increase in their level. Compares to CMC and Sodium Alginate, Isabgol showed only marginal variation, hence could be used even in its highest level i.e.0.15%.

e 6. Anova for the effect of three different stabilizers viz. CMC, sodium alginate and Isabgol at three different concentrations 0.05, 0.10 and 0.15% on the sensory characteristics of prepared whey based geriatric health drink

Table 1. Average sensory scores of different parameters in control and treated sample of Carrot Balu Shahi. Table shows significant result, it is desirable to compare all possible combinations of two treatments at a time for which CD test has been applied. Difference between two treatments mean have been compared against the CD value.

fable2. Average sensory scores of different parameters in control and treated sample of Carrot Cookies. Table shows significant result, it is desirable to compare all possible combinations of two treatments at a time for which CD test has been applied. Difference between two treatments mean have been compared against the CD value.

Table of treatments and replication of Carrot Balu Shahi and Cookies. 1. Control (T,): Control T, was prepared without incorporating Carrot Flour.2. Treatment T,: In This treatment 10 percent Carrot Flour was incorporated in 90 percent Whole Wheat Flour. 3. Treatment T,: In This treatment 20 percent Carrot Flour was incorporated in 80 percent Whole Wheat Flour. 4. Treatment T,: In This treatment 30 percent Carrot Flour was incorporated in 70 percent Whole Wheat Flour. 5. Treatment T,: In This treatment 40 percent Carrot Flour was incorporated in 60 percent Whole Wheat Flour.

Table 4. Nutrient Composition (per 100g.) in control and treated sample of Carrot Cookies.

Table 3. shows the nutrient content of the prepared product Carrot Balu Shahi with or without incorporation of Carrot Flour (Carrot Flour and Whole Wheat Flour). Table 3. Nutrient Composition (per 100g.) in control and treated sample of Carrot Balu Shahi. Calculation of Nutritive Value of Prepared Products:

ble1. Influence of crop age on incidence of purple blotch on garlic and apparent infection rate of disease development. *Average of observations on 100 plants replicated thrice.

Residual factor = 0.0933,Bold figures indicate direct effects Table3. Direct and indirect effect of different characters on seed yield per plant in faba bean under irrigated condition

*Significant at 5% probability level, ** Significant at 1% probability level Table2. Estimates of simple correlation coefficients between different characters in faba bean under irrigated condition

*Significant at 5 % probability level,** Significant at 1 Yoprobability level able 1. Analysis of variance for eleven characters in Faba bean under irrigation condition

[able 1. Yield attributes and yield of castor as influenced by intra-row spacing and N levels. due to increased food production as a result of increased growth parameters like number branches plant', number of leaves plant' and increased nutrition with reduced competition for resource consumption. Singh, 2003, Porwal, et al., 2006 and Rana, et al., 2006 also observed the significant improvement in yield attributing characters. However, reverse order of (60 > 90> and 120 cm) intra-row spacing was observed in case of yield parameters i.e. seed and stalk yield on unit area basis. Among intra row spacing S, i.e., 60 cm recorded significantly higher values of 3142 kg ha‘! during 2011-12, 3048 kg ha" during 2012-13 and 3095 kg ha" in pooled analysis as compare to 90 and 120 cm spacing. The mean seed yield advantage under 60 cm intra-row spacing was 9.05 and 3.99 per cent over 120 and 90 cm, respectively (Table 2). This may happened due to higher plant population in unit area, which compensate the growth and yield attributes produced by individual plants under wider intra-row spacing treatments. However, the oil yield was variated considerably and produced significantly higher values in closer intra-row spacing of 60 cm over 120, but closely followed by 90 cm.

Table 2. Nutrient uptake, oil content and oil yield as influenced by intra-row spacing and N levels. Interaction effect and control vs rest analysis: N ha but closely followed by 120 kg N ha"! (Table 1). Such positive and significant effect of N on yield attributing characters were also reported by Patel, et a/., 2005 and Rana, et al., 2006. The seed yield per plant was not influenced significantly due to N levels but found in higher side with N,, N, and at lower side with N,. Among N levels N, i.e., 60 cm recorded significantly higher seed and stalk yield of castor during all the cases as compare toN, i.e. 80 kg N ha" and was remained on same bar with N, i.e. 120 kg N ha’. Higher N levels increased the stalk yield significantly. Nitrogen played an important role in plant metabolism by virtue of being an essential constituent of diverse type of metabolically active components, like amino acids, proteins, nucleic acids, enzymes, co-enzymes and alkaloids which are important for higher growth and yield. The plant characters like number of branches, number of spikes plant" and test weight contribute directly in the yield of crop. The result collaborative the early findings of Patel, 2006, Tank, et al., 2007 and Hadvani, et al., 2010.

Table 1. Distribution of 36 rice genotypes into different clusters. (Table 2). Inter cluster distance was higher than intra cluster distance indicating wider genetic diversity among the genotypes. The maximum inter cluster distance was observed between cluster HI and VII (89.57) followed by between cluster I and cluster V (85.01 ) and between cluster III and VI (79.73 ) indicating wider genetic diversity among the genotypes between the groups (Subudhi, ef a/., 2009). The hybrids developed from the selected members of these clusters would produce highly variable population in the segregating generations. The minimum inter cluster distance was found

Table2. Intra (diagonal) and inter-cluster average distances (D’) in rice Table3. Cluster mean of different yield characters in 36 rice genotypes

Table 2. Genetic variability for tuber yield and its components.

Table 1. Analysis of variance for tuber yield and its components * and** indicate significance at 5 % and 1% levels, respectively.

Table 3. Phenotypic correlation coefficient for tuber yield and its traits in potato. * &** indicate significant at 5 % and 1% levels respectively.

Table 4. Genotypic correlation coefficient for tuber yield and its traits in potato. * &** indicate significant at 5 % and 1% levels respectively.

able 4. Percentage of contribution of each character towards total divergence index and grain yield per plant. Based on the per se performance of the best genotypes within the clusters, they may be directly selected or may be used as potential parents in hybridization programme.

Tablel. ‘t’’ value for uniformity test of Wr, Vr for eleven characters in Indian mustard * Significant at 5 per cent level; ** Significant at 1 per cent level.

Table2. Estimates of variance components and related parameters for eleven characters in F, and F, generation of Indian mustard D = Additive genetic variance; H, = Dominance variance; Hj = H, [1-(u-v)"] where u and v are the proportions of positive and negative genes, respectively in the parents; p = expected environmental component of swotionenes F = mean of Fr over the array, where Fr is the covariance of additive and dominance effects in a single array; = dominance effects; (yb) = Average degree of dominance; Hy4f, = The proportion of genes with positive and negative effects in the parents; (apn)? a FADE) — F = Proportion of dominant and recessive genes in the parents; i? Be A = Number of groups of genes which control the characters and exhibited dominance; and r = correlation coefficient. * Significant at 5 per cent level; ** Significant at 1 per cent level.

RDF: 80k N/ha, 30kg P/ha [able3. Effect of application of enriched slurry on growth of mustard under pot house condition

Table 1. Chemical properties of slurry enriched with SMS along with Trichoderma viride Changes in various components were also analyzed as compare to control slurry.

Table 2. Changes in various components of slurry enriched with SMS along with Trichoderma viride. The above process could be explained that inoculation of Trichoderma viride, cellulolytic fungi to the compost hastened the process of decomposition. Since this is a lignocellulolytic fungi which secrete many enzymes which reduced the time of composting, which simultaneously reduced the rate of loss of nutrients therefore the above combination had more amount of plant nutrients than control slurry. It is reported similar observation with Trichoderma viride during composting of crop residues, straw and banana leaves within 8-10 weeks with reduction in bulkiness of compost by 5-10%.

RDF: 80k N/ha, 30kg P/ha able 4. Effect of application of enriched slurry on yield of mustard (RH 30) in field condition

The ANOVA for the effect of temperature of coagulation on the sensory scones (Table 2.) would indicate that lowering of coagulation temperature brought about significant changes in flavour, body and texture, and also the overall acceptability of the product at 1.0 per cent level of significance. However, the variation between replicates, Judges and interaction between treatment and judges were not significant.

Table3. Effect of pH of coagulation of buffalo milk on the sensory quality of cham-cham The sensory comments for cham-cham prepared form chhana obtained at pH 5.2 were favorable as soft, spongy and succulent (Table 3.). The sweet carried more uniform sized pore as compared to the samples prepared from chhana at pH 5.5; which was reported to be having weak fibers. The balls also get flattened during cooking and lacked in sponginess. At pH5.1, the samples of cham-cham developed strong fibers and chewy texture. The maximum average sensory scores of 8.2, for both body and texture and overall acceptability of sweet, were recorded at pH 5.2 as compared with average scores of 7.09 and 7.30 for body and texture, and 7.3 and 8.0 for overall acceptability at pH values of 5.5 and 5.1, respectively.

Table5. Effect of coagulant on the sensory quality of cham- cham The sensory quality of sweet prepared from the above samples is presented in Table 5. Cham-cham samples prepared from calcium lactate chhana were soft and fragile which broke into pieces when pressed between palate and tongue. These samples also lacked chewiness and not much increase in voluminosity was observed during the cooking of cham-cham balls in syrup. The samples of sweet prepared from chhana obtained from citric acid and sour whey were soft with uniform pore size, spongy and had optimum chewiness. Increase in voluminosity of chhana balls during cooking was also found to be satisfactory.

le4. ANOVA for the effect of temperature of coagulation of buffalo milk on the sensory characteristics of cham-cham ~ Significant at 1.0 percent level

lable2. ANOVA for the effect of temperature of coagulation of buffalo milk on the sensory characteristics of cham-cham

Table7. Effect of fat level in buffalo milk on sensory attributes of cham-cham The buffalo milk samples were standardized to 3.0, 4.0, 5.0 and 6.0 percent fat by the addition of buffalo skim milk and coagulated at 70°C using 2.0 percent citric acid solution (70°C). Table 7. Shows the effect of fat percentage of milk on the quality of chhana and whey. It may be noticed that at 3.0 percent fat level, although the moisture content in chhana was the highest (60%), the chhana was least soft.

Significant at 1.0 percent level. able 8. ANOVA for the effect of fat level in milk on sensory characteristics of cham-cham

The samples of sweet prepared from sour whey and citric acid score maximum ratings for body and texture (8.35 and 8.15, respectively) but these scores for the sweet prepared from calcium lactate chhana were the lowest. Cham-cham also scored least in overall acceptability, when it was made using calcium lactate as coagulant. ible 6. ANOVA for the effect of type of coagulants on the sensory quality of cham-cham

Fertilizer application Nitrogen as urea, phosphorus (62.5 kg ha‘') as single super phosphate and potassium as muriate of potash (112.5kg ha’') were applied. The variation in the nitrogen dose was shown in all treatments but for the dosage of phosphorus, potassium and micronutrients were maintained same the all the treatments. The entire quantity of phosphorus @ 62.5 kg ha‘! was applied as a basal dose, while potassium was applied through fertigation in thirteen splits at fortnightly interval. The micronutrient mixture of 50 kg ha’! was applied through fertigation as per the recommendation. Except phosphorus all the fertilizers were applied through fertigation using the automated fertigation unit.

Table2. Effect of N levels on N content in cane at different crop growth stages DAYS = Days after sowing

CR- character ranking; LV- least variable (<8%); MV- moderately variable (8-12%); HV- highly variable (>12%) Table3. Morphometric characters of second stage juveniles (j2) in 4 populations M. graminicola [Mean +SD+SE;(range);C.V%],n=5

CR- character ranking; LV-least variable, (<12%); MV- moderately variable (12-20%); HV- highly variable (>20%) Table 1. Morphometric characters of mature females of 4 populations of M. graminicola [Mean+SD+SE; (range);C.V%o]|,n=5

Table 2. Morphometric characters of perineal pattern in 4 populations of M. graminicola [mean+SD+SE; (range); C.V%],n=5 CR- character ranking; LV-least variable, (<12%); MV- moderately variable (12-20%); HV- highly variable (>20%)

able 4. Comparison of the gross range of morphometric data recorded for 4 populations of M. graminicola with the given byPokharel et al.(2007) LITERATURE CITED KAUR AND ATTRI, Morphological and Morphometrical Characterization of Meloidogyne graminicola (Golden & Brichfied) 611

‘able2. Month wise percentage occurrence of gonads in different stages of maturity in NV. japonicus V. In December except stage VII all stages were encountered with dominance stage V. During January and February all stages were present with dominance of stage II (Table 3).

fable3. Month wise percentage occurrence of gonads in different stages of maturity in N. japonicus Acharya and Dwivedi, 1984 observed that the main spawning period of N. japonicus from August to Novembre off Bombay coast. Murty, 1984 studied that the spawning period of N. japonicus at Kakinada extended from August to April. The spawning in this species extend from June to March in Madras (Vivekanandan and James, 1986).

* Significant at 5 % Table 5. Sex - ratio of N. japonicus LITERATURE CITED For the study of sex ratio, total of 565 specimens (male, 296 and female, 269) were examined ranging in total length from 80 - 260 mm. Data on the sampled number of male and female in different months are given in the Table 5. Chi-square test was applied in order to ascertain any significant difference in sex — ratio in the monthly sample. The Chi-square values at 5% probability level showed that there was significant difference in the months of April, May, September, 2009 and January, 2010. The pooled sex-ratio (M: F) was found to be 1: 0.90. According to Murthy (1984), the annual sex ratio showed predominance of male in 1977 and 1979, whereas in 1978 the ratio was 1:1. The sex-ratio for N. japonicus from Veraval coast was |: 1.01 where the female outnumbered the male in the commercial catches (Manojkumar, 2004)

Table2. Path coefficient of abiotic factor on LBB, Coccinella spp. population on cotton ecosystem Residual=0.3645, *& ** Showed significant at 5% & 1% level of significance respectively, The bold figures denote the direct effect of different factors on population of insect

*& ** Showed significant at 5% & 1% level of significance respectively. ible 1. Correlation (r) and simple regression (Y) of lady bird beetle,Coccinella septumpunctata population with environmental factors (2005-07 and Pooled)

able 1. Estimates of genetic parameters for different quantitative and physiological traits MST-Mean Sum of Square due to Treatment. *Significant at 5% level of significance **Significant at 1% level of significance

Tablel. ’t?' values for uniformity test of Wr, Vr for ten characters in pigeonpea. The estimates of genetic parameters, their relation from seed yield and its component are presented in Table 2. The estimates of additive genetic component (D) were significant for days to flower, days to maturity, hundred seed weight and protein content in both generations, whereas for character plant height in F, generation only. The non additive genetic component (H,) were significant for all the traits indicating importance of both additive and dominance components in the inheritance of these traits. While the magnitude of dominance gene effect (H,) and (H,) was higher than their respective additive (D) gene effects for all the characters except

*, Significant at 5% level of significance; ** Significant at 1% level of significance fable 2. Estimates of various components and related parameters for 10 characters in 5 parent diallel cross in pigeonpea.

*, ** Significant at 5 per cent and 1 per cent levels of significance, respectively ible 1. Analysis of variance of generation means of three crosses for various characters in cowpea.

*, ** Significant at 5 per cent and | per cent levels of significance, respectively Table 2. Estimation of scaling tests and gene effects for different characters in cowpez

Table 1. Growth (mm) of Chrysosporium species on five different media after seven days After seven days, the effect of different growth media on mycelium of keratinophilic and non-keratinophilic fungi was determined on colony diameter of keratinophilic fungi and non-keratinophilic fungi was estimated on plate containing five different media i.e., SDA, PDA, CPA, CZA and MEA. Out of these media, SDA, found the best for all Chrysosporiumcarmichaelii, C. georgii,C. indicum, C. keratinophilum, C. merdarium, C. pannicola, C. pannorum, C. pruinosum, C. queenslandicum and C. tropicumfollowed by PDA for all except Chrysosporium georgii, followed by

fable3. Growth (mm) of non-keratinophilus fungi on five different media after seven days. ble3. Growth (mm) of non-keratinophilus fungi on five different media after seven days.

le 2. Growth (mm) of Trichophyton sp., Malbranchea, Epidermatophyton, Histoplasma, Microsporum sp.and Sporothrix schenckiion five different media after seven days.

Table 2. Phytochemical screening using ethanolic extract

Table 1. Phytochemical screening using aqueous extract the presence of all the phytochemical constituents analyzed except flavonoid in both the extracts. Phytochemical screening of M.koenigii leaves showed the presence of glycosides, steroids, tannins, alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins and quinone. The presence of alkaloids in M. koenigii was very prominent in both the extracts (aqueous and ethanolic). The steroids and saponins showed greater intensity of their presence in ethanolic extract. The colour intensity for the presence of flavonoids was maximum in aqueous extract than ethanolic extract. Glycosides showed their presence only in aqueous extraction while tannins and quinones in ethanol only. All the

Table 3. Estimation of Total phenolic compounds The antioxidant activity of phenolic compounds is mainly due to redox properties, which allow them to act as reducing agents, hydrogen donors, singlet oxygen quenchers, heavy metal chelatorsand hydroxy radical quenchers (Rice- Evans,et al., 1995). Kaur and Kapoor, 2002 reported the total phenolic content of 7’ foenum-graecum to be 217.5 mg of catechol/100 g of fresh vegetable.The total polyphenol contentof some common Indian leafy vegetables was found to bein the range of 5—69.5 mg of tannic acid/g of extract (Shyamala,et a/., 2005).Phenolic compounds present in plant extracts are reported to have beneficial effects on other chronic diseases such as coronary heart disease (Foresterand Waterhouse,2009). The total polyphenol content of four green leafy vegetables were estimated by Gupta and Prakash in 2009. The plants were found to have varying levels of polyphenols, ranging from 150 mg tannic acid/100 g sample for Centellaasiatica to 387 mg of tannic acid/100 g for M. koenigii. Tfoenum-graecum and Amaranthussp. had similar amounts of total polyphenols (158.33 mg of tannic acid/100 g). Thetotalphenoliccontents in extracts obtained from the stems and leaves of coriander,mintandparsley arestudied by Al- Juhaimi and Ghafoor, 2011. The highest contents (1.24mgGAE/ 100ml)were observedin extract of mint (Menthaarvensis) leaves followed by parsley (Petroselinumcrispum) leaves

Value showed in parenthesis is Arc sign value

Table2. Grading of different okra varieties based on fruit infestation (Gupta and Yadav, 1978)

able1. Total free amino acid content in field bean varieties, tolerant/susceptible to pod borers H. armigera and A. atkinsoni during growth under ambient field conditions. *. Average of five replications in oven-dried sample *_ Significant

Table 1. As far as sensory quality concerned the product prepared from cow milk and coconut milk in 3:2 ratio was also of good flavour, body&texture, and almost similar to cow milk sandesh.30% sugar was added to the product to get the required sweetness. The amount of sugar added exerted no significant influence on the colour and appearance of the product with the increase in sugar level.The fat protein and ash content in the finished product decreased. The coconut milk sandesh (3:2) with 30% sugar and treated with 0.1% sorbic acid was stored at (30+ 1°c) for 6 days and at (7+1p c)for 16 days. The product (3:2) also showed maximum sensory ratings at (7 + 1°c).It was found that the moisture content reduced around 11%in both conditions.The chemical analysis was discontinued after 4" and 6" days onwards in the treated samples under ambient storage temperature as there was profuse surface growth which enabled proper sampling of the product. The refrigerated samples were not affected with surface growth, but the hardness and grittiness in body and texture and development of off-flavours lead the treated samples to become unacceptable after 12" to 16" days. Hence the chemical analysis was carried out up to the respective days of storage till the product kept well. The sensory evaluation was conducted on zero day and on the last respective day the product kept well. This was done to correlate the chemical changes with changes in organoleptic quality during the storage of sandesh. The chemical changes were absorbed in moisture content (%), titrable acidity (“lactic acid),Free fatty acid (% Oleic acid), HMF content (micromoles/ 100g), Tyrosine content(mg/100g). There were also changes taken place in sensory characteristics as flavour, colour and appearance, body & texture and overall acceptability. The changes in chemical constituents (Table 1) in cow and coconut mix milk sandesh (3:2) were noted during the storage period at ambient & refrigeration temperature. A gradual decrease in moisture content (%) was observed throughout the storage period. The initial moisture content of mixed sandesh 25.58% had decreased to 22.49% after 6 days and 16 days at ambient & refrigeration temperature respectively. The titrable Acidity of mixed sandesh (3:2) 0.51% (% lactic acid) had increased to determined by Rose-Gottlieb method.The protein of the product was estimated by Rowland’s method, 1938. The total carbohydrates were calculated by difference. The HMF value content in the sample was estimated by Keeney and Bassette, 1959. The tyrosine value was estimated according to the method of Juffs(1973).Further different ratio of coconut milk and cow milk were fortified to prepare the sandesh and these products were evaluated for different sensory characteristics bynine point hedonic scale(BIS, 1981).The prepared sandesh from (3:2) ratio of cow milk and coconut milk were evaluated for different sensory characteristics by nine point hedonic scale (BIS, 1981).The prepared sandesh(3:2) were kept at ambient and refrigeration temperature for storage to evaluate the chemical changes.

Table 2. Estimation of components of variance and genetic parameters for 13 quantitative characters in pigeon pea genotypes

Table 1: Analysis of variance for thirteen quantitative characters in 27 genotypes of pigeon pea DIF-Days to Initial Flowering, DFF-Days to 50% Flowering, PH-Plant Height, NPBPP-Number of Primary branches per Plant, PPP-Pods p lant, PPC-Pods per Cluster, PL-Pod Length, DM-Days to Maturity, GPP-Grains per Pod, SI-Seed index, BYPP-Biological Yield per Plat dI-Harvest Index, GYPP-Grain Yield per Plant ** significant at 1% level of significance.

Table 1. Ehno- medicinal uses of plant genetic resources of Vindhyan zone

ANAND et al., Ethno-medicinal Forest Genetic Resources of District Sonbhadra, Uttar Pradesh

‘able 2. Family wise number of forest genetic resources having ethno-medicinal uses resources, about 32 plants were herbaceous in nature, while 14 plants were climber, 19 were shrub and 47 were tree in nature. Figure | explicated that 41.96 % of the documented plants is tree, which shows that local people have more ethno- medicinal use of trees/ tree products in comparison to herb, shrub and climber. It may be because of permanent/perennial nature, more abundance and easy identification of trees. Table 2 revealed that among the plant families, Fabaceae(18) have higher number of ethno-medicinal plants followed by Euphorbiaceae (7), Astaraceae (6), Liliaceae (5) and Poaceae (5). The plant parts have different role in the disease treatment. Therefore, the percentage of plants in regards to plant parts used were calculated and presented in table 3. Table 3 explicated that the highest percentage of use of leaves were recorded in 41.96 % of documented plants followed by root (23.21%), bark (16.96 %) and fruits (13.39 %). Whereas, use of bulb in the treatment of various ailments and diseases was recorded only in 0.89 percent of documented plants. It clearly indicates that leaves have more medicinal property in most of the plant in comparison to other plant part.

ible 2. Mean, range, genotypic, phenotypic and environmental variance, GCV, PCV, H? (broad sense) and GA as percent of mean for different characters in potato [Solanum tuberosum L.| Cl= 75 days to harvest, C2= 90 days to harvest

Table 3. Genotypic (r,) and phenotypic (r_) correlation coefficient of seed yield with quantitative characters

fable 4. Path co-efficient analysis showing direct (bold) and indirect effects in potato [Solanum tuberosum L.]

ble 1: Total protein content in field bean varieties infested by the pod borers H. armigera and A. atkinsoni during growth under ambient field conditions.

Table1. Analysis of variance for different characters in potato [Solanum tuberosum L.| The research was carried out during Rabi 2009-2010 at Main Potato Research Station, Sardarkrushinagar Dantiwada Agricultural University. The 24 diverse genotypes were obtained from Potato research station, SDAU, Deesa and CPRI, Shimla. The experiment was conducted in Randomized Block Design with three replications during second week of November and grouped into two sets viz., 75 days and 90 days harvest. Each genotype was represented by four rows plot of 2.5m X 3 m size. The inter and intra row distances were 50 cm and 20 cm, respectively which accommodated 60 plants per plot. The observations were recorded for plant height (cm), number of stem per plant, number of tubers per plant, Average weight of tubers (g), Tubers dry matter (%),Total tuber yield (q/ha), Marketable yield (t/ha), Chip color, Reducing sugar and Total Soluble Solids (TSS). Analysis of variance was calculated on the method suggested by Panse and Sukhatme, 1978. Correlation Coefficient Analysis (Al- Jibouri et al., 1958). Path Coefficient Analysis (Dewey and Lu., Potato crop has wide adaptability and can be grown in a wide range of agro-climatic conditions throughout the year. India is the major potato producing country in the world. Globally, India ranks 4" in area, 3" in production and 10" in productivity. About 82 per cent potatoes are grown in plain areas during short winter days from October to March, 10 per cent in the hill areas during long days from April to September

Table2. Mean, range, genotypic, phenotypic and environmental variance, GCV, PCV, H? (broad sense) and GA as percent of mean for different characters in potato [Solanum tuberosum L.|

fable 3. Genotypic (r,) and phenotypic (r,) correlation coefficient of seed yield with quantitative characters

C2 = 100 days to harvest RSQUARE= 0.9874 RESIDUAL EFFECT = 0.1122 Table 4. Path co-efficient analysis showing direct (bold) and indirect effects in potato [Solanum tuberosum L.|

+++=shown maximum growth ++= shown medium growth shown poor growth - = Shown no growth able2. Determination of antibiotic sensitivity (Tetracycline) of Pseudomonas isolates from wheat rhizosphere

Compost Preparation: Compost was prepared by long method of Mantel 1972. Wheat straw was spread on cemented floor and wetted thoroughly by sprinkling water. This moistened straw was mixed with other ingredients and again with water. A heap

Table 1. Comparison of growth behaviour of the three strains of A. bisporus

Table 1. Estimation of components of variance and genetic parameters for different characters in wheat

Table 2. Estimation of genotypic (rg) and phenotypic (rp) correlation coefficient for different quantitative characters in bread wheat * and ** Significant at 5% and 1% level of significance respectively.

Table3. Direct and Indirect effects at genotypic and phenotypic level for different quantitative characters on gain yield. Days to 50% flowering, Days to maturity, tillers per plant, tillers per square meter, grains per spike and biological yield. direct effect on grain yield per plot was contributed (Table 3) mostly by test weight (0.688) followed by spike length (0.638), grain per spike (0.349). On the other hand maximum negative direct effect was exhibited by effective tillers per plant (-0.120) followed by biological yield (-0.370) and flag leaf length (- 0.419). The rest of the traits showed moderate to low positive or negative direct effect on grain yield per plot.

ble3. Effect of gamma rays on panicle length in M, generations of Rathu Heenati and PTB33

jle2. Effect of gamma rays on number of productive tillers per plant in M, generations of Rathu Heenati and PTB33 10.27 (150Gy) to 17.80 (100Gy). The mean number of productive tillers was found to be lesser at 300Gy (12.07) and 350Gy (11.83). The range across the individuals of M, families at different doses of Rathu Heenati varied from 24.00 to 35.40 cm. The maximum mean value of 32.50 cm for panicle length was found to be with 200Gy. The mean values recorded for panicle length across the irradiated families (29.53-32.50 cm) were found to be more than the control (29.07 cm) (Table 3). In case of gamma irradiated families of PTB33, the mean values showed no significant difference between the families. However, the mean values for panicle length of irradiated families (22.38- 25.50 cm) were lesser than the mean value of non-irradiated PTB33 (27.60 cm) did not show much variation from control. In case of Rathu Heenati, the mean number of grains per panicle was found to be 146.20 with families derived from

Table1. Effect of gamma rays on plant height in M, generations of Rathu Heenati and PTB33 observed to the maximum across the families derived from the seeds irradiated with higher doses in both the accessions. The mean plant height of 142.40, 142.00 and 152.00 cm were observed in families of 300Gy and 350Gy and non-irradiated Rathu Heenati respectively. The same trend was observed with irradiated families and non-irradiated PTB33. Reduction in mean number of productive tillers was observed with all the families derived with gamma ray irradiation. The mean values in number of productive tillers ranged from 6.54 (250Gy) to 8.87 (200Gy). The mean number of productive tillers with non- irradiated Rathu Heenati was found to be 15.20. Though the same trend was observed with PTB33 and its irradiated families, the mean number of productive tillers was found to be higher when compared to Rathu Heenati (Table 2). The mean number of productive tillers across the irradiated families ranged from

able 6. Effect of gamma rays on single plant yield in M generations of Rathu Heenati and PTB33 Amirthadevarathinam, et al., 1990, Gupta and Sharma, 1994 and Siddiqui and Sanjeeva, 2010. The experimental findings under reference suggested that the induced variability measured as coefficient of variation increased in the treated population as compared to the respective controls of these traits in both the varieties. In general, it was found that the relationship between increase in variability and doses was not linear (Nallathambi and Raja, 1990). Conclusively, the mean values for Different traits shifted either to positive or negative direction away from the control due to mutagenic treatments. Further advancement and advanced studies will be helpfull to select the better genotypes with BPH resistance as well as photoperiod insensitive.

IJIVNY UTaaglauon OF PalniMa Tays. 1LNe NUMOEY OF praiNs per panicle ranged from 28.00-245.00 in individuals observed across the M, families of Rathu Heenati (Table 4). Across the M, families of PTB33, the mean values for the number of grains per panicle ranged from 27.00 (250Gy) to 186.70 (200Gy). In case of spikelet sterility maximum percentage was 31.62 at 300Gy of gamma ray. Spikelet sterility percentage was found to be higher in all the families derived from gamma ray irradiation. In PTB33, mean spikelet sterility percentage 29.83 was observed with families derived from 250Gy of gamma rays. The spikelet sterility was found to be of higher in the gamma ray irradiated families than the control (Table 5). The mean single plant yield across the M, families of Rathu Heenati and PTB33 were found to be lower than the respective controls. The highest mean value of 18.86 g was recorded in families derived from 250Gy of gamma ray irradiation in Rathu Heenati (Table 6). In PTB33, the maximum mean single plant yield was found to be 20.26 g in families derived from 300Gy of gamma ray irradiation. The comparative analysis made on the means and variances for these traits in M, and M, generations indicated profound influence of the gamma rays on the traits viz. 1) number of grains per panicle, 2) spikelet sterility and 3) single plant yield. There was a significant reduction in the number of grains per panicle and single plant yield with the increase in the dose of gamma rays. All the three traits showed the same pattern with PTB33. In both Rathu Heenati and PTB33, the number of grains per panicle was found to be increased in M, generations of all the doses (Appendix I and II). Similar observations were made by Fu, ef a/., 2008 and Babai et al., 2010. The extent of variability was higher in M, generation. Invariably, the variability increased significantly in both the varieties, irrespective of increase or decrease in the mean values. Similar results were reported by

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WORLD JOURNAL OF BIOTECHNOLOGY CARBON SOURCES FOR BIOMASS, FOOD, FOSSILS, BIOFUELS AND BIOTECHNOLOGY -REVIEW ARTICLE

by Dr. Savas Anastassiadis

Carbon atom Carbon atom is most important and abundant constituent of existing and new generated biological mater and biomass and the basis of all forms of life on earth. It is involved in the composition and construction of organic... more

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Associate Professor or Chair in Behaviour Change (Leading the ‘Improved Nutrition and Consumer Behaviours’ theme), University of Leeds, UK. Deadline 16 December 2016

by Anna Madill

We are offering an outstanding opportunity for an expert in Behaviour Change to grow and develop research in the unique context of an N8 Food consortium. Leading the 'Improved Nutrition and Consumer Behaviours' theme at Leeds, you will be... more

We are offering an outstanding opportunity for an expert in Behaviour Change to grow and develop research in the unique context of an N8 Food consortium. Leading the 'Improved Nutrition and Consumer Behaviours' theme at Leeds, you will be encouraged and supported to build fresh research collaborations which can capitalise on the innovative application of behaviour change work. As a strategic appointment at either Associate Professor or Chair in the area of Behaviour Change, you will be based in the School of Psychology, where we are ready to consolidate and grow behaviour change expertise. The role is part of the £16 million; five-year Agri-Food Resilience Programme funded by the N8 and HEFCE, the role offers unrivalled opportunities for cross-disciplinary relationships, spanning academia and industry across the N8 nationally and internationally. Many of these relationships are nascent, and ripe for creative growth. Potential directions for cross-disciplinary collaborations include research to change behaviour at the farm, supply chain or consumer level to increase resilience and improve nutrition with benefits for public health, reducing environmental impacts and increasing sustainability. A key partnership for the appointed candidate will be with the N8 theme lead, Professor Jason Halford at the University of Liverpool. You will have an international reputation in behaviour change, with clear enthusiasm and capacity for large, multidisciplinary grant applications and for publications of international standard with potential for impact. Our behaviour change team in the School of Psychology offer support, capacity and a creative environment to keep research forward-thinking, relevant and inclusive. Demonstrating an interest and ability to deliver engaging, research-led teaching to educate and inspire students is also essential. We encourage applications from people who are seeking a supportive, ambitious research environment with exciting opportunities for the application of behaviour change within and across disciplines. You will have secured significant research income, and published extensively with a significant number of 3* and 4* REF equivalent outputs, and have a track record of excellence in teaching and leadership. The University of Leeds is committed to providing equal opportunities for all. The University is a charter member of Athena SWAN and holds the Bronze award. We will be happy to consider job share applications and are committed to flexible working for all our employees.

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Carrier Materials for Encapsulation of Bio active Components of Food

by Rahul C . Ranveer

The food contains many bioactive compounds like pigments, flavours, enzymes, vitamin etc. those are susceptible to degradation due to light, heat and oxygen. Encapsulation is one of the best methods to extend the shelf life these... more

Table 2: Carbohydrate based Encapsulating Materials and their Applications

Table 1: Encapsulating Materials for Food Application

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TRENDS IN BIOSCIENCES JOURNAL 6-4 AUGUST 2013 ISSUE

by TRENDS IN BIOSCIENCES JOURNAL

2013, TRENDS IN BIOSCIENCES JOURNAL

"We invite you to submit high quality of research papers in all areas of Life Sciences for the publication in & Trends in Biosciences & Advances in Life Sciences”. Dr. S. S. Ali, Editor – in- Chief , Trends in Biosciences Journal... more

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Food biotechnology applications in Dairy and Dairy products

by Allwyn A Sundarraj

2018, Informatics Pvt Ltd

Biotechnological achievements of recent years have emerged as powerful tool to develop quality attributes of livestock products include dairy and dairy-based products. Biotechnology has applied to food processing in most developing... more

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Functional Properties of Egg White and Egg Yolk in Bakery Product PROTEIN IN EGGS

by zie nye

There are four distinct structure of egg that are, the yolk, the white, the shell membrane and the shell. Here we will focus on the composition of the egg yolk and the egg white. Although there is a good estimate of the composition of... more

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Plant Biotechnology: Transgenic Crops

by Nigel Halford

2008, Advances in Biochemical Engineering/Biotechnology

Transgenesis is an important adjunct to classical plant breeding, in that it allows the targeted manipulation of specific characters using genes from a range of sources. The current status of crop transformation is reviewed, including... more

Fig.1 GUS expression patterns in mature wheat seeds from plants transformed with the promoter UidA reporter constructs listed below (Sparks CA and Jones HD, unpublished results). a Rice tungro bacilliform virus promoter plus leader sequence [200]. b Wheat Bx17 high molecular weight subunit promoter (Glu-B1x) [201] (Laszlo Tamas, unpub- lished results). ¢ Wheat 1Dx5 high molecular weight subunit promoter (Glu-D1x) [83]. d Rice actin promoter plus first intron (Act1) [82]. e Maize polyubiquitin plus first intron (Ubi1) [81]. f Wheat ADPglucose pyrophosphorylase promoter [86]

Fig.2 Outline of the biosynthetic pathway leading from aspartic acid to lysine, threonine and methionine and of lysine catabolism. Thick lines show enzymic steps with broken lines showing several steps. Thin lines show feedback regulatory loops. AK—aspartate kinase; HSD—homoserine dehydrogenase; DHDP—dihydrodipicolinate synthase; LKR— lysine ketoglutarate reductase; SDH—saccharopine reductase

Fig.3 The transgenes encoding subunits 1Ax 1 and 1Dx 5 have contrasting effects on breadmaking performance. The figure shows SDS-PAGE separation of gluten protein, Mixograph profiles and loaves baked from the control line (L88-3) and transgenic lines B72-8-11b expressing the 1Dx 5 transgene and B102-1-2 expressing the 1Ax 1 transgene, both in the L88-31 background. The subunits encoded by the transgenes are indicated by arrows in the SDS-PAGE separations. Compiled from data in [170, 171]

Fig.4 Schematic diagram showing the structure of cholesterol and the predominant nat- urally occurring phytosterols. This close structural relationship is responsible for the efficacy of phytosterols in the competitive inhibition of cholesterol uptake from the small intestine in humans [197]. (Figure kindly provided by Dr. Sandra Hey, Rothamsted Re- search)

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SELECTION OF BUFFALO MILK LACTIC ACID BACTERIA WITH PROBIOTIC POTENTIAL

by sri melia

Objective: The aim of this research was to isolate and identify lactic acid bacteria using 16S rRNA and evaluates their potential as probiotics. Methods: The probiotic properties measured were resistance to low pH and to 0.3% and 0.5%... more

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RAFIU222015JAFSAT1302.pdf

by Rafiu Agbaje

Nowadays, the consumption of fast-foods and snacks among consumers has increased and led to demand in cereal bars. The need for nutritional and functional foods likewise increased at the same pace. Consumers do not eat these snacks only... more

Nowadays, the consumption of fast-foods and snacks among consumers has increased and led to demand in
cereal bars. The need for nutritional and functional foods likewise increased at the same pace. Consumers do not
eat these snacks only to provide satisfaction for their hunger, but also to supply essential nutrients to body. The
aim of this study was therefore, to develop cereal bars with high dietary fibre and other nutritional contents. The
objective of this study was to develop various formulations of cereal bars using different combination of Sunnah
fruits such as dates (Phoenix dactylifera), raisins (Vitis vinifera L.) and figs (Ficus carica). The cereal bars were
formulated using dry raw materials (glutinous rice, black Cummins, etc.) and binding agents (honey and glucose
syrup). The cereal bars were assessed for water activity and proximate composition. It was observed that the
cereal bar, B, made with 70 g of glucose syrup, 100 g honey and 450 g of total fruits had the highest value of
moisture (18.73%) as compared to other formulations (P = .05). There were no differences in protein contents of
the cereal bars formulated. Ash contents of the samples were significantly different (P= .05) in samples B and F;
the values ranged between 0.97 and 1.88. The fat contents were significantly different with sample B having the
highest fat content (10.72%) and carbohydrate contents were affected by fibre contents; samples with lower
crude fibres had higher carbohydrate contents which also reflect in the energy contents of the cereal bar
samples. Lowest aw (water activity) was observed in the samples with lower fruit contents which could be as a
result of their lower moisture contents. As a conclusion, incorporation of glutinous rice flakes with different
composition Sunnah foods and binding agents; honey and glucose syrup can be used to formulate cereal bars
with appreciable proximate and energy contents.

Keywords: Cereal bar; dietary fibre; functional food; water activity; sunnah fruits.

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PHYSICO-CHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF HIGH FIBRE CEREAL BAR FORMULATED WITH GLUTINOUS RICE FLAKES AND SUNNAH FOODS

by Rafiu Agbaje

Nowadays, the consumption of fast-foods and snacks among consumers has increased and led to demand in cereal bars. The need for nutritional and functional foods likewise increased at the same pace. Consumers do not eat these snacks only... more

The glucose syrup and honey were heated in a pot on gas burner to homogenize the binding agents. The heated binding agents were poured into the bowl that contained the dry ingredients and thoroughly mixed with stirring stick. The contents were heated in an oven at 100°C for 15 minutes. After heating in the oven, the mixture (cereal bar) was removed from the oven and allowed to cool before cutting into rectangular shapes; 11 cm long, 3 cm wide and 1.5 cm thick. It was prepared according to the method used by [10] with little modification. The formulation and the amount of each of the ingredients used in the different samples are shown in Table 1. Fig. 1 shows the process flowchart. The dried fruits (dates, figs and raisins) were diced. Black cumin and saffron were added to the dried fruits in a stainless steel bowl. The proximate analysis of each of the ingredients are shown below in Table 2. Fig. 1. General flow chart for the manufacture of Sunnah cereal bars

Table 1. Formulations of binding agents: Honey and glucose syrup and dried ingredients (GRF, dates, figs, raisins and black cumin) with different incorporation for each of the formulation Table 2. The proximate analysis of the ingredients in bar formulation

Table 4. Nutritional properties of high fibre cereal bars/ Nutritional facts of Oats N Honey granol Table 3. Proximate analysis values of Sunnah cereal bars

Table 5. Energy contents and water activity values of Sunnah cereal bars

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Waistland: The R/evolutionary Science Behind Our Weight and Fitness Crisis

by Deirdre Barrett

[AMAZON LINK BELOW TO BOOK ITSELF -- TOC and book summary in downloadable .pdf] In the modern jungle of burgers, couches, and remote controls, obesity is an enormous and growing epidemic. Weight-loss books and diet gurus urge us to... more

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Physicochemical and Textural Properties of White Bread Made From Different Commercial Brands of High Gluten Flours

by Rafiu Agbaje

Four major samples of commercial flour were examined for their gluten contents and also used to produce

Figure 1 showing the bread texture determination using TA .X T plus Texture A nalyzer.

bread, (C)-Gunung emas High gluten flour bread and (D)-Hovis bakery High gluten flour bread (control) The results obtained for the proximate analysis, gluten, texture and energy values are shown in Table 1. The results were not different from that obtained from literatures (Malomo et al., 2011). It is also very close to the results obtained by (Ndife et al., 2011), except their ash and fats results which ranged between 1.80 — 2.65 anc 4.00-6.40 respectively. Table 1 shows average percentage of moisture content for the control and other breads. The average percentage of the moisture content for the bread samples A, B and C are 40.947%, 40.493% 27.997%, respectively. Statistical analysis gave significant different between bread sample C and other samples. There was no significant difference between samples A, B and D. Sample C is significantly differen’ (P< 0.05) from other bread samples and was the lowest in moisture content. This study was compatible with study obtained from (Ali, 2009) which showed that moisture content relates negatively to gluten content. The moisture contents obtained in this study could be compared to the work of Ndife et al. (2013), their resul! ranged from 26.40 to 38.74%. The moisture results of the sample were within the regulatory specifications of moisture 40% maximum (SON, 2004). High moisture content has been associated with short shelf life of breads as they assist microbial multiplication that lead to spoilage (Ezeama, 2007). All ingredients were kept constant in amount, so the differences in moisture content were due to the use of different flour. According tc Marie and Dana (2002), the moisture of flour is depended significantly on the temperature course during the storage period. Figure 1. Samples of the breads (A) - Diamond High gluten flour bread, (B)-Layang-layang High gluten flour The results obtained for the proximate analysis, gluten, texture and energy values are shown in Table 1. The

*Means in rows and columns with different superscripts differ (P < 0.05) Table 1. Physico-chemical analysis of white bread using different commercial brands of high gluten flour

*Means in rows and columns with different superscripts differ (P < 0.05) Table 2. Colour analysis of white bread using different commercial brands of high gluten flour

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Current research in biotechnology: Exploring the biotech forefront

by Atanas G Atanasov and

2019, Current Research in Biotechnology

Biotechnology is an evolving research field that covers a broad range of topics. Here we aimed to evaluate the latest research literature, to identify prominent research themes, major contributors in terms of institutions,... more

Fig. 1. Publication count of different document types.

Fig. 2. Term map of biotechnology publications. There were 411 terms that appeared in >1% (n = 124) of the 12,351 publications published in 2017-2019 (until May) and extracted from Web of Science. The bubble size reflects how frequently a term was mentioned in the included publications (multiple mentioning in one publication counted as one only). The bubble color reflects how frequently a publication mentioning the term was cited on average. The distance between two bubbles reflects how frequently two terms were mentioned in the same publications. Journal of Bioscience and Bioengineering stood out as the most productive journal, having contributed to 4.0% of all publications, more than double of the contribution by the 2nd journal (Biotechnology and Bioengineering; con- tributing 1.8%). This is different from other recently analyzed sets of liter- ature in which no single journal clearly outperformed the others, e.g., in the research fields of dietary natural products (Yeung et al., 2018a), curcumin (Yeung et al., 2019b), resveratrol (Yeung et al., 2019c), and neuropharma- cology (Yeung et al., 2018b). While the reasons for this observation are not entirely clear, it is apparent that Journal of Bioscience and Bioengineering (2018 journal impact factor of 2.03; publishing original full-length research papers, reviews, and Letters to the Editor) might currently represent a plat- form preferred by authors for publishing biotech-related articles (factors such as broadness of scope, diversity of article types, and acceptance rate can certainly be of importance in the context of this observation). In terms of journal category, we could also show that the dominating category was Biotechnology applied microbiology, having three-fold more contribu- tions compared to the 2"¢ category. On the other hand, by examining the top 20 categories, one could appreciate the diversity of biotechnology re- search, which overlapped with the areas of biology, chemistry, engineering, plant sciences, microbiology, pharmacology, genetics, nanoscience, and management (Table 2). This wide spectrum is illustrative for the highly in- terdisciplinary nature of biotechnology-linked research that expands be- yond the life sciences to cover scientific works from fields such as engineering or management. In management journals, for example, rele- vant publications often analyzed biotechnology cases to investigate how knowledge advancements and maturation could be adopted as product in- novations (Capaldo et al., 2017; Moeen and Agarwal, 2017). Along the same lines, biotech startup companies have become popular in recent years, propelled by collaborations between the industry and academia via contaminant chromium (Vendruscolo et al., 2017), and the use of microalgae and cyanobacteria to biofix carbon dioxide emitted from coal power plants (Duarte et al., 2017). Among the most cited Indian publica- tions, the oxidase laccase was one of the common themes. Notable exam- ples included a study that optimized the production of laccase from a fungus under solid state fermentation (Chenthamarakshan et al., 2017), and a demonstration of biodegradation of toxic textile dyes mediated by laccase produced by bacteria (Kuppusamy et al., 2017).

Fig. 3. Structures of selected natural products with biotechnological relevance.

The top 5 most productive institutions, countries/regions, and journals. Table 1

The publication count and citation per publication of the top 20 most productive journal categories. Table 2

The top 25 recurring terms from titles and abstracts. Table 3 Table 5

The top 25 recurring keywords added by Web of Science (Keywords Plus).

The top 25 recurring author keywords. Table 4

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EFFECT OF CULTIVATION CONDITIONS ON ACTIVITY OF α-AMYLASE FROM A TROPICAL STRAIN ASPERGILLUS FLAVUS LINK

by VICTORIA A N A T O L Y I V N A TSYGANKOVA

2018, Journal of Microbiology, Biotechnology and Food Sciences

An important integral part of the physiology of the fungal cell is the nature of the cascade of extracellular enzymes produced by fungi. A tropical strain Aspergillus flavus Link obtained from deteriorated tomato (Solanum lycopersicum)... more

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ASSESSMENT OF POTENTIAL PROBIOTIC PROPERTIES OF LACTIC ACID BACTERIA AND YEAST STRAINS

by Angel Angelov and

2002, Food Biotechnology

Four lactic acid bacteria (LAB) and three yeast strains isolated from a traditional Bulgarian cereal-based fermented beverage were assessed for potential probiotic properties. Acid and bile resistance, antipathogenic activity and... more

Figure 1. Assessment of bile tolerance-LAB strains.

Table 1. Assessment of Acid Tolerance Results represent change of absorbance (AAs60) within 270 min, based on the means of three independent measurements, and survival (S) of t strains tested by agar-plating after the test time.

Table 2. Antagonistic Activities of Bacterial and Yeast Strains Against Selected Bacterial Pathogens Results represent the means of three independent measurements with standard deviation. A clear zone of more than | mm around an inoculated age well was accepted positive.

[able 3. Antibiotic Resistance Patterns of Selected Lactobacillus Strains

Table 3. Continued S=susceptible; I= intermediate; R = resistant; ND = not determined. Results represent the means of three independent measurements with standard deviation. S, I and R were interpreted accordingly for each ind test-antibiotic from BBL interpretation tables, following the NCCLS ?°!. When the three values were incompatible, reaction towards the an was not determined (ND).

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β-GLUCAN AND β-GLUCANASE LEVELS IN IMPROVED SORGHUM VARIETIES DURING MALTING AND THEIR EFFECTS IN BREWING

by Christian Abuajah

Levels of β-glucan components (TBG: total β-glucan, WIBG: water insoluble β-glucan and WSBG: water soluble β-glucan) and β-glucanase in three improved sorghum varieties (SK5912, KSV8 and ICSV400) during malting and their effects in... more

Levels of β-glucan components (TBG: total β-glucan, WIBG: water insoluble β-glucan and WSBG: water soluble β-glucan) and β-glucanase in three improved sorghum varieties (SK5912, KSV8 and ICSV400) during malting and their effects in brewing were investigated using standard methods. Variety ICSV400 had the lowest TBG, WIBG and WSBG levels of 0.298 ± 0.054%, 0.196 ± 0.021% and 0.102 ± 0.015% in its raw samples and 0.187 ± 0.007%, 0.144 ± 0.004% and 0.043 ± 0.006% in malt samples, respectively. Variety SK5912 had the highest TBG, WIBG and WSBG levels of 0.376 ± 0.037%, 0.246 ± 0.03 and 0.130 ± 0.015% in its raw samples and the highest total mean WIBG of 0.167 ± 0.020% in its malt samples, respectively. Similarly, variety KSV8 had TBG and WIBG levels of 0.362 ± 0.035% and 0.233 ± 0.023% in its raw samples and the highest TBG and WSBG levels of 0.236 ± 0.030% and 0.076 ± 0.008% in its malt samples. The trend indicated that levels of β-glucan components in the sorghum varieties depended on their original levels in the raw grains and not on enzymic degradation during malting. However, more WSBG components (~30 – 65%) were degraded than its WIBG counterparts (~20 – 43%) across the sorghum varieties. Endo-β-(1→3:1→4)-glucanase levels in all the sorghum malt varieties consistently increased during the malting period. ICSV400 malts developed the highest total mean enzyme level of 13.122%, SK5912 had 11.207% level while KSV8 malts developed the least level of 8.568%. The effects of variety, germination time and variety plus germination time interaction on the TBG, WIBG and β-(1→3:1→4)-glucanase levels were significant (P ˂ 0.05). However, their effects on the WSBG levels of malt varieties were not significant. β-Glucan and β-glucanase levels in the sorghum grain and malt varieties significantly (P ˂ 0.05 and P ˂ 0.01) correlated with other malt quality parameters. On the basis of the results, variety ICSV400 is preferred as malting and brewing raw material to SK5912 and KSV8 varieties.

Figure 4.1: Some properties of sorghum grain varieties

General molecular structure and hydrolysis products of B- glucans with lichenase

Standard curve for malt endo- B-(1—3:1—+4)- glucanase activity on azo-barley glucan

Table 4.9: A nalysis of variance for endo- B-(1—3:1—4)- glucanase activities of malt varieties

(Ano nymo us, 201 3) Preparation of Reagents

Some properties (%) of sorghum grain varieties*

B-Glucan levels (%) of sorghum varieties* APPENDIX VIII

Moisture content (%) of malt varieties* APPENDIX IX

*V alues are means of triplicate determinations. abMeans with different superscripts on the same column are significantly different at P < 0.05. f+ SD. Total B- glucan levels (%) of malt varieties*

*V alues are means of triplicate determinations. “bMeans with different superscripts on the same column are significantly different at P < 0.05. f+ SD. Water- insoluble B- glucan levels (%) of malt varieties*

Endo-B-(1—3:1—4)-glucanase levels (%) in sorghum malt varieties*'’ @

Fermentable sugars as glucose (mg/mL) of wort varieties* APPENDIX XX

Original extract (% g/100 g) of wort varieties*

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Isolation and characterization of endophytic plant growth-promoting (PGPB) or stress homeostasis-regulating (PSHB) bacteria associated to the halophyte Prosopis …

by María Florencia

2009, ApplIed microbiology …

This study was designed to isolate and characterize endophytic bacteria from halophyte Prosopis strombulifera grown under extreme salinity and to evaluate in vitro the bacterial mechanisms related to plant growth promotion or stress... more

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Promotion of biotechnology amongst students by university departments in South Africa

by Nelius Boshoff and

University departments (including schools and centres) with a direct or indirect link to biotechnology were identified. Representatives at these entities were surveyed to establish what measures South African universities are undertaking... more

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NANOMETALS APPRAISAL IN FOOD PRESERVATION AND FOOD-RELATED ACTIVITIES

by noha sorour

Nano materials synthesis, formulation, application and evaluation were very motivating and promising areas for scientific research in last years. Nano-metals, because of their exciting biochemical activities, were proved to be powerful... more

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Purification and Characterization of Polyphenol Oxidase from Akko XIII Loquat (Eriobotrya japonica cv Akko XIII

by şener çolak

2011, Food Biotechnology

Akko XIII is an important loquat variety grown in Turkey. As with many fruits and vegetables, enzymatic browning catalyzed by polyphenol oxidase (PPO) also occurs in loquats. PPO from Akko XIII loquat was extracted and purified through... more

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Modern Biotechnology for Agricultural Development in Colombia

by Revista Ingeniería y Ciencia

2018, Ingeniería y Ciencia

Colombia is currently one of the most promising countries with regard to its potential for agricultural development and for generating food supply for current and future human generations. This is owing to factors such as availability of... more

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Anticoagulant property of sulphated polysaccharides extracted from marine brown algae collected from Mandapam Island, India

by mms guru and

The marine brown algae: Sargassum tenerrimum, Sargassum wightii, Turbinaria conoides, Turbinaria ornata and Padina tetrastromatica were collected from Mandapam Island, India. The crude sulphated polysaccharides (SPS) were... more

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Production of the corn snack seasoned with brown seaweeds and their characteristics

by Yasaman Etemadian

Brown seaweeds (Sirophysalis trinodis and Polycladia myrica) are native and very abundant in Iran south coast. They are rich in unsaturated fatty acids and minerals; whilst, snacks are a low significant food from nutritional point of... more

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Antiviral Effects of Lactococcus lactis on Feline Calicivirus, A Human Norovirus Surrogate

by Sobhy A El Sohaimy and

Foodborne viruses, particularly human norovi- rus (NV) and hepatitis virus type A, are a cause of concern for public health making it necessary to explore novel and effective techniques for prevention of foodborne viral contamination,... more

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Assessment of Potential Probiotic Properties of Lactic Acid Bacteria and Yeast Strains

by Mohammad Reza R Edalatian Dovom

2002, Food Biotechnology

In the present study, Enterococcus faecium MMRA, a safety and technological performing strain, previously isolated from a well-known fermented dairy product of Tunisia, was evaluated for certain properties relevant to probiotic including... more

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Probiotic and Technological Properties of Facultatively Heterofermentative Lactobacilli from Greek Traditional Cheeses

by George asteris

2012, Food Biotechnology

Nineteen isolates of facultatively heterofermentative lactobacilli from Feta, Graviera, and Kasseri cheeses were identified by SDS-PAGE of whole-cell proteins as L. paracasei subsp. paracasei (12 strains) and L. plantarum (7 strains) and... more

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Determination of Transglutaminase Activity Using Fluorescence Spectrophotometer

by Esen Sokullu and

2008, Food Biotechnology

An improved fluorometric assay for determining the activity of the microbial transglutaminase (TGase) in the culture medium samples has been developed. The assay procedure measures the fluorescence enhancement due to the incorporation of... more

Figure 1: The effect of DMSO concentration on TGase activity. Reaction parameters were; TGase concentration: 5 mg/ml, substrate Q concentration: 0.6 mM; substrate Q concentra- tion: 0.1 mM; CaCl, concentration: 0.01 M, PH: 8.3, T: 37°C, Excitation Slit: 5 nm, Emission Slit: 10 nm, PMT voltage: 600 volt, (n = 2).

Figure 2: (#) The activity of the commercial TGase (5 mg/ml) in the reaction mixture contain- ing different concentrations of CaCl, ranging from 0.0 to 0.15 M. (0.6 mM substrate Q, 0.1 mM substrate A and 2.5 ml DMSO at pH 8.3 and 37°C. Excitation Slit: 5 nm; Emission Slit: 10 nm; PMT voltage: 600 volt); (©) The quenching effect of CaCl, on product intensity in the reaction mix- ture containing 100 ul commercial TGase (S0 mg/ml), 3.0 mM substrate Q, 0.5 mM substrate A and 2.5 ml DMSO at pH 8.3 and 37 °C. Excitation Slit: 5 nm; Emission Slit: 2.5 nm; PMT voltage: 600 volt, (n = 2).

Figure 3: Activity of TGase which was dissolved in water, tryptose, yeast extract, KZHPO, and Mg,S0,'7H2O solutions in the reaction mixture containing 0.6 mM substrate Q, 0.1 mM sub- strate A, 0.1 M CaCl, at PH 8.3 and 37°C. Excitation Slit: 5 nm; Emission Slit: 10 nm; PMT voltage: 600 volt, (n = 2).

Figure 4: Calibration curve of the commercial TGase in the reaction mixture containing 3 mM substrate Q and 0.5 mM substrate A. Excitation Slit: 5 nm; Emission Slit: 5 nm; PMT voltage 600 volt, (n = 2).

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Teknologi Ikan Transgenik Sebagai Solusi Dalam Mengatasi Masalah Kelangkaan Pangan Di Indonesia

by Prima T Anugrah

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Molecular Genetical Research of Mongolian Goat Breeds' Mitochondrial DNA -Review

by Tsolmon Byambasuren

SUMMARY : Mongolia has numerous native domestic goat breeds, but so far there has been no extensive study on genetic diversity and origin Mongolian goats. To determine the origin and genetic diversity of Mongolian goats, we analyzed the... more

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Determining the incidence of Listeria monocytogenes and Salmonella in foodstuff through PCR and biochemical tests.

by Mbukeni Andrew Nkomo (PhD)

Aim: The aim of the report was to determine the incidence of Listeria monocytogenes and Salmonella from food products by investigating their occurrence, antibiotic sensitivity through using PCR conventional method and biochemical tests.... more

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Proximate and Anti-nutrient Contents of Kersting’s Groundnut (Macrotyloma geocarpum) Subjected to Different Fermentation Methods

by Abiola Christiana

Aim: The study aimed to ascertain the effect of different fermentation methods and time on the proximate and reduced the anti-nutrient contents Kersting’s groundnut (Macrotyloma geocarpum). Design of the Study: A comparative effect of... more

Aim: The study aimed to ascertain the effect of different fermentation methods and time on the proximate and reduced the anti-nutrient contents Kersting’s groundnut (Macrotyloma geocarpum).
Design of the Study: A comparative effect of different fermentation methods on the proximate and anti-nutrient content was evaluated.
Place and Duration of Study: Department of Microbiology and Central Science Laboratory, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria, between March 2013 and June 2014.
Methodology: The seeds were de-husked and sorted to remove extraneous matters. Liquid and solid fermentation were carried out using standard analytical methods. The proximate and antinutrients (trypsin inhibitor, tannin, oxalate, phytate) of the fermenting samples were analysed every 24 h during fermentation.
Results: Proximate analysis revealed that moisture content significantly (P=0.05) decreased from 6.25±0.14% to 4.69±0.06% and 4.89±0.02% after 24 h of liquid and solid fermentation respectively. Liquid fermentation significantly (P=0.05) increased the protein content of the groundnut from 18.11±0.50% to 21.10±0.49% and 22.47±0.48% after 24 h and 48 h respectively. No significant difference (P=0.05) was observed after 72 h of fermentation. While solid fermentation significantly (P=0.05) increased protein content from 18.11±0.50% to 19.08±0.01% after 72 h. Both fermentation
methods significantly (P=0.05) reduced crude fibre and increased fat content respectively. Soluble carbohydrate decreased significantly (P=0.05) from 63.72±0.39% to 58.17±0.87% after 48 h of liquid fermentation. Anti-nutrient (trypsin inhibitor, tannin, oxalate and phytate) contents decreased significantly (P=0.05) more in liquid state fermentation than in solid state fermentation. Trypsin
inhibitor unit significantly (P=0.05) reduced from 72.18±0.00 mg/g to 12.28±0.38 mg/g and 24.17±0.01 mg/g after 24 h of liquid and solid fermentation respectively. However, a significant (P=0.05) increase was observed in trypsin inhibitor content after 48 h of both fermentation methods.
Conclusion: The research has revealed that 24 and 72 h liquid and solid fermentation of Kersting’s groundnut significantly (P=0.05) enhanced the proximate content. The anti-nutrient contents also reduced significantly (P=0.05) in liquid fermentation.

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Euro Biotechnology 2018_Brochure.pdf

by Celina Crystal

EURO BIOTECHNOLOGY 2018
October 11-12, 2018 Moscow, Russia
Innovations and challenges in Biotechnology

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Partial Characterization of Nine Bacteriocins Produced by Lactic Acid Bacteria Isolated from Cold-Smoked Salmon with Activity against Listeria monocytogenes

by Paula Teixeira

2009, Http Dx Doi Org 10 1080 08905430802671956

Nine LAB bacteriocin-producers, isolated from vacuum-packaged cold-smoked salmon (CSS), were phenotypically and genotypically identified as Lactobacillus curvatus, Lactobacillus delbrueckii, Lactobacillus fermentum, Enterococcus faecium,... more

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Biochemical Characterization of Crude α-Amylase of Aspergillus spp. Associated with the Spoilage of Cassava (Manihot esculenta) Tubers and Processed Products in Nigeria

by Avwioroko J Oghenetega, PhD and

In this research, crude α-amylases associated with the spoilage of cassava (Manihot esculenta) tubers/ product ('eba') were biochemically characterized. They were isolated from five fungi: Aspergillus sp. CSA25, Aspergillus sp. CSA26,... more

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Bioactive constituents and antimicrobial activity of essential oil of ginger (Zingiber officinale) on microorganisms isolated from smoke-dried catfish (Clarias gariepinus

by Ogheneughwe G Akise

2019, Issues in Biological Sciences and Pharmaceutical Research Vol.7(3),pp.35‐45,

Essential oils are gaining prominence because of their antimicrobial and antioxidative properties. This study aims to investigate the bioactive constituents and antimicrobial activity of essential oil of Ginger (Z. officinale) on... more

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Partial Characterization of Nine Bacteriocins Produced by Lactic Acid Bacteria Isolated from Cold-Smoked Salmon with Activity against Listeria monocytogenes

by Paula Teixeira

2009, Food Biotechnology

Nine LAB bacteriocin-producers, isolated from vacuum-packaged cold-smoked salmon (CSS), were phenotypically and genotypically identified as Lactobacillus curvatus, Lactobacillus delbrueckii, Lactobacillus fermentum, Enterococcus faecium,... more

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Molecular characteristics of sulfated polysaccharides from Monostroma nitidum and their in vitro anticancer and immunomodulatory activities

by Agro Bow

We investigated water-soluble sulfated polysaccharides isolated from Monostroma nitidum using ionexchange chromatography to determine their molecular characteristics and biological activities. The crude and fractionated polysaccharides... more

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Send Orders for Reprints to reprints@benthamscience.net Surface Binding of Toxins and Heavy Metals by Probiotics

by Alaleh Zoghi

Removal of toxic metals and toxins using microbial biomass has been introduced as an inexpensive, new promising method on top of conventional methods for decontamination of food, raw material and concentrated. In this article the... more

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Impact of Microencapsulation on Two Probiotic Strains in Alginate Chitosan and Eudragit S100 Under Gastrointestinal and Normal Conditions

by Farzad Rahmati

2019, The Open Biotechnology Journal

Background: Nanoparticles in biotechnology studies have played a significant role during the recent years and a wide range of them are being applied in food industries to prolong the microorganisms viability for more effective function in... more

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Organoleptic and Horticultural characterization of Selected Elite Plantain (Musa paradisiaca L) cultivars for value addition and food security in Nigeria

by Godwin Michael Ubi

Aims: To determine and identify the organoleptic and horticultural characteristics of elite plantain cultivars that can be explored and exploited for value addition in plantain for increase income and food security in the rain forest... more

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Effect of gums on viability and b-galactosidase activity of Lactobacillus spp. in milk drink during refrigerated storage

by Bernice Karlton-Senaye

The viability and b-galactosidase activity of four Lactobacillus strains in milk drink containing gums during 28 days of refrigerated storage at 4 °C were assessed. The population of Lactobacillus rhamnosus GGB101 and Lactobacillus... more

agent (Rascon-Diaz et a/., 2012). In a separate study, alginate combined with gellan gums improved the via- bility of lactic acid bacteria through microencapsula- tion (Totosaus ef a/., 2013). Contrary to our findings, zedo gum showed no significant effect on the viability of L. acidophillus and B. bifidum during refrigerated storage for 29 days although viable counts were between 6—7 log g~' (Ghasempour et al., 2012).

Table 1 Average pH values of milk drink containing different gums during refrigerated storage at 4 °C for 28 day: Results expressed as means + standard deviation (n = 2). Means in the same column with different letters within the same storage day are signifi- cantly (P < 0.05) different.

Results expressed as means + standard deviation (n = 2). Means in the same column with dif ferent letters within the same day are significantly (P < 0.05) different.

Results expressed as means + standard deviation (n = 2). Means in the same column with dif- ferent letters within the same storage day are significantly (P < 0.05) different.

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Microbial Resources to Safeguard Future Food Security

by Marzieh Hosseininezhad

For thousands of years, microorganisms have been used to process foods and to pro¬duce a variety of useful compounds, including organic acids and enzymes from fermented food products. Currently microorganisms have been employed to... more

Table 1: A list of some microorganisms used in the production of fermented foods. increasing food security by promoting agricultural plant and animal biotechnological food production. Production of agricul- tural plants and animals is greatly influenced by the microorgan- isms that are associated with them. Fermentation technologies using beneficial microorganisms can also play an important role in ensuring food security through improved food preservation and production of fermented food products.

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Challanges in enzymatic route for mannitol production

by Dr. Sheelendra M Bhatt

Mannitol is an important biochemical oen used as medicine and in food sector, yet its biotechnological is not preffered in Industry for large scale production, which may be due to the multistep mechanism involved in hydrogenation and... more

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Effect of Liquid and Solid Fermentation on Mineral and Amino Acid Contents of Kersting’s Groundnut (Macrotyloma geocarpum)

by Abiola Christiana

Aim: The research aimed to reveal the effect of liquid and solid fermentation on the mineral and amino acid contents of Kersting’s groundnut (Macrotyloma geocarpum). Design of the Study: A comparative effect of liquid and solid... more

Aim: The research aimed to reveal the effect of liquid and solid fermentation on the mineral and amino acid contents of Kersting’s groundnut (Macrotyloma geocarpum).
Design of the Study: A comparative effect of liquid and solid fermentation on the mineral and amino acid contents was evaluated.
Place and Duration of Study: Department of Microbiology and Central Science Laboratory, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria from June 2013 to April 2014.
Methodology: The seed of Kersting’s groundnut were de-husked and subjected to liquid and solid fermentation using standard methods. The titratable acidity (TTA), Mineral and Amino acid contents (essential and non-essential) of the fermenting samples were accessed every 24hrs during
fermentation.
Results: TTA decreased (P=.05) from 0.035 at 0hr to 0.025 mg lactic acid/g at 72hrs of both liquid and solid fermentation. TTA decreased significantly (P=.05) as the fermentation time increased. Potassium (K) content decrease significantly (P=.05) from 300.83±0.11 mg/100 g at 0hr to 217.60±0.07 and 289.26±0.15 mg/100 g at 72hrs of liquid and solid fermentation respectively. Magnesium content reduced significantly (P=.05) from 18.65±0.03 mg/100 g at 0hr to 6.93±0.01 and 7.32±0.04 mg/100 g after 24hrs of liquid and solid fermentation respectively. The value was observed to increase significantly (P=.05) to 15.24±0.60 mg/100 g and 24.27±0.03 mg/100 g after
72hrs of both liquid and solid fermentation respectively. Copper was observed to be absent in the groundnut. A total of 17 amino acids were analysed in the groundnut. Leucine was found to be the most abundant essential amino acid with a value of 7.19±0.00 g/100g protein while Glutamic was the most abundant non-essential amino acid with a value of 15.84±0.01 g/100 g protein. The total essential amino acid (TEAA) ranges from 46.39% to 46.85% of the total amino acid (%TAA).
Conclusion: The study revealed variation in the mineral contents has the fermentation time increased. Amino acid content was observed to increase significantly after 24 and 48hrs of liquid and solid fermentation respectively.

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Isolation and characterization of endophytic bacteria from Plectranthus tenuiflorus medicinal plant in Saudi Arabia desert and their antimicrobial activities

by Youssuf Gherbawy

2012, Journal of Plant Interactions

The diversity and beneficial characteristics of endophytic microorganisms have been studied in Plectranthus tenuiflorus medicinal plant. However, information regarding naturally occurring P. tenuiflorus plant associated endophytes among... more

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Changes in physical and chemical characteristics of fermented cocoa (Theobroma cacao) beans with manual and semi-mechanized transfer, between fermentation boxes

by Pedro Peláez

The aim of this study was to evaluate variation in the physical and chemical properties of fermented cocoa beans with cocoa beans transfer between wooden fermentation boxes manually (M) and semi-mechanized (SM) way. Mass temperature,... more

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In Vitro Tissue Culture from Nodal Segments of Wild Traits of Withania somnifera L

by Dr. Naveen Gaurav

Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera) is a one of the most important and reputed Indian traditional medicinal plant. Multiple shoot in vitro culture of Ashwagandha plants in two nutrient basal medium (i.e.in MS and B5 basal medium) were... more

From the values as shown in the table the maximum shooting and increase in the shoot length took place in the explants treat with the 5 pM BAP followed by 10 pM BAP and then least in 2 1M concentration . However the maximum number of leav was observed was in 2 1M BAP followed by 5 1M BAP and least in 10 pM BAP. Result has shown in table 4.3 Tahble- 4.1

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Isolation and Physiological Characterization of PGPR from Potato Plant Rhizosphere in Medium Land of Buru Island

by Henry Kesaulya

2015, Procedia Food Science

Two novel, thermophilic piezophiles, capable of chemolithoautotrophic growth, are successfully cultivated and isolated from a black smoker chimney at the TAG field (Mid Atlantic Ridge: MAR) by using a piezophilic cultivation technique.... more

Two novel, thermophilic piezophiles, capable of chemolithoautotrophic growth, are successfully cultivated and isolated from a black smoker chimney at the TAG field (Mid Atlantic Ridge: MAR) by using a piezophilic cultivation technique. Both strains (strains 106 and 108) represent dominant cultivated populations of the microbial communities in the chimney surface habitat. Strain 106 represents typically thin, long spiral cells under the piezophilic growth condition but short bent cells under the non-piezophilic condition. It is a strictly chemolithoautotrophic gammaproteobacterium using reduced sulfur compounds as the electron donors, and nitrate and O 2 as the electron acceptors. Based on the 16S rRNA gene sequence, strain 106 would represent a novel genus of the previously uncultivated group (Symbiont Group I; a potentially novel family) within the Gammaproteobacteria, and 'Thioprofundum lithotrophica' gen. nov., sp. nov. is proposed. Strain 108 is a short, oval rod at any of the growth pressures. It is a facultative chemoautotroph, capable of both chemolithoautotrophic growth with H 2 and S oxidations and organotrophic growth with complex organics or organic acids using nitrate and O 2 as the electron acceptors. The chemolithoautotrophic growth is strictly piezophilic and under the organotrophic growth condition, it grows at conventional pressures (0.1 MPa). Strain 108 is phylogenetically distinctive from any of the previously described genera of the family Rhodobacteraceae within the Alphaproteobacteria, and 'Piezobacter thermophilus' gen. nov., sp. nov. is proposed. The piezophilic cultivation technique can be a powerful tool to isolate and characterize the previously uncultivated phylotypes in the deep-sea hydrothermal vent environments. et al., 2008a). Nevertheless, all the deep-sea piezophilic chemolithoautotrophs studied 60 so far were initially isolated by the cultures under the conventional gas pressures (up to 61 0.4 MPa), and none of the chemolithoautotrophs is obtained by a high-pressure culture 62 directly from a deep-sea habitat. 63 Direct piezophilic enrichment from deep-sea and deep subsurface microbial 64 communities would be advantageous to obtain the numerically predominant or the 65 functionally significant microbial populations in the in situ habitats. This is not only 66 is located at water depth of between 3620 and 3660 m and is among the world deepest 87 hot hydrothermal systems. The H 2 -and/or sulfur-oxidizing chemolithoautotrophs are 88 one of the most predominant microbial populations in the global deep-sea hydrothermal 89 environments and a diversity of Aquificae and Epsilonproteobacteria members have 90

8 Table 1. Medium and condition of liquid serial dilution cultures. Table 1. Medium and condition of liquid serial dilution cultures.

Table 3. Cellular fatty acid compositions of strains 106 and 108 under the piezophilic and non-viezophilic cultivation conditions.

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