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Table 2. Details of different microbial cultures producing current and power density.

Table 2 Details of different microbial cultures producing current and power density.

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Subscription Rates for 2014: *A uthor’s Contribution : Rs. 1000/paper (for single author) and Rs. 600/paper for additional authors. **Same for SAARC countries only soft copy. *Payment must be made through Demand Draft payable to State Bank of India, Kalyanpur Branch, (Branch Code 01962) Kanpur, U.P. India, in favour of Trends in Biosciences (A c/No. 31575871348) along with manuscript and sent to Dr. S.S. Ali, Editor in Chief, H-1312, VIP Lane, Satyam Vihar, Avas Vikas No.1, Kalyanpur, Kanpur- 208 018, U.P. India. In case of outstation cheque an extra amount of Rs. 50/- may be paid as clearance of cheque. For e-banking add Rs. 25/- (Contact: ss_ali@ rediffmail.com; trendsinbiosciencesj ournal@ gmail.com) Trends in Biosciences abstracted in CABI Abstract, U.K.
Table 1.1. Nutritional value of fruits (USDA nutrient data base) thirst quenching properties and stimulating effect or of their medicinal values . Fruits and vegetables form an important part of diet and are usually regarded as ‘good foods’. They are major sources of vitamin C, folic acid and fibers but not rich in other nutrients .Fruits and vegetables are nutritionally important because they contain large amount of vitamins and minerals .Fruit juices have a low pH, because they contain high levels of organic acids. Some of the major acids in fruits include citric, malic and tartaric acids. Organic acids also influence the growth of microorganisms in fruit juices and therefore affect the keeping quality of the products . conversion of L-arginine to L- citrulline. Administration of these compounds to hypercholesterolemic mice significantly reduced the progression of atherosclerosis and isoprostane levels and increase nitrates . This protective effect was relevant with PFE. Proatherogenic effects induced by perturbed shear stress can be also reversed by chronic administration of PFE (Nigris, et al.,2007).Commonly consumed fruit juices and carbohydrates effect on redox status and anticancer biomarkers in female rats. Commonly consumed fruit juices can alter lipid and protein oxidation biomarkers in the blood as well as hepatic quinone reductase activity, and that quercetin may not be the major active principle (Breinholt, et al.,2003).
Table 1.1. Nutritional value of fruits (USDA nutrient data base) thirst quenching properties and stimulating effect or of their medicinal values . Fruits and vegetables form an important part of diet and are usually regarded as ‘good foods’. They are major sources of vitamin C, folic acid and fibers but not rich in other nutrients .Fruits and vegetables are nutritionally important because they contain large amount of vitamins and minerals .Fruit juices have a low pH, because they contain high levels of organic acids. Some of the major acids in fruits include citric, malic and tartaric acids. Organic acids also influence the growth of microorganisms in fruit juices and therefore affect the keeping quality of the products . conversion of L-arginine to L- citrulline. Administration of these compounds to hypercholesterolemic mice significantly reduced the progression of atherosclerosis and isoprostane levels and increase nitrates . This protective effect was relevant with PFE. Proatherogenic effects induced by perturbed shear stress can be also reversed by chronic administration of PFE (Nigris, et al.,2007).Commonly consumed fruit juices and carbohydrates effect on redox status and anticancer biomarkers in female rats. Commonly consumed fruit juices can alter lipid and protein oxidation biomarkers in the blood as well as hepatic quinone reductase activity, and that quercetin may not be the major active principle (Breinholt, et al.,2003).
Table 1.2: Nutritional value of fruits (USDA nutrient data base and 0.006% cardamom spice drops. The RTS beverages stored in white and amber coloured bottles for 6 months under 3 different storage environment viz., ambient temperature(12.5- 36 degrees C), cool chamber (10-29.6 degrees C) and low temperature (4+or-1 degrees C) showed a gradual decrease in sensory quality ,acidity, ascorbic acids and tannins. Retention of ascorbic acid was more in beverages stored in amber colored bottles under low temperature (Durgesh, et al., 2008). loss, browning index and titratable acidity occurred in juices packaged in polyethylene film, than in PET and glass bottles. Percentage ascorbic acid, browning index and pH increased with increased storage temperature. However, titratable acidity decreased with increased storage temperature and soluble solids remained constant though out the period of storage (Alaka. 0.0., etal .,2004).
Table 1.2: Nutritional value of fruits (USDA nutrient data base and 0.006% cardamom spice drops. The RTS beverages stored in white and amber coloured bottles for 6 months under 3 different storage environment viz., ambient temperature(12.5- 36 degrees C), cool chamber (10-29.6 degrees C) and low temperature (4+or-1 degrees C) showed a gradual decrease in sensory quality ,acidity, ascorbic acids and tannins. Retention of ascorbic acid was more in beverages stored in amber colored bottles under low temperature (Durgesh, et al., 2008). loss, browning index and titratable acidity occurred in juices packaged in polyethylene film, than in PET and glass bottles. Percentage ascorbic acid, browning index and pH increased with increased storage temperature. However, titratable acidity decreased with increased storage temperature and soluble solids remained constant though out the period of storage (Alaka. 0.0., etal .,2004).
Table1. Details of different bacteria, substrates and mediators used for MFC operation.
Table1. Details of different bacteria, substrates and mediators used for MFC operation.
MASIH AND DEVASAHAYAM, Developments in Microbial Fuel Cell System for Electricity Generation
MASIH AND DEVASAHAYAM, Developments in Microbial Fuel Cell System for Electricity Generation
fable1. Accessions of Sesamum indicum collected from different locations of Andhra Pradesh used for diversity analysis Morphological variations : Among the accessions of S. indicum was accounted for 13 quantitative characters; capsules (per leaf axil, per plant and length), leaf length and width, plant height, branches per plant, internode length, nodes per main stem, leaves per plant, flowers per plant, seed weight, seed yield and 2 qualitative characters (seed color and flower color). Diversity study has been conducted using Euclidian similarity matrix and matrix comparison plot. The accessions were assessed using the above mentioned 13 quantitative traits. Data on these traits was noted at the level of mean values of field observations from NBPGR field experimental site. Phenotypic relationships were assessed using Euclidean distance for continuous quantitative traits. A phenotypic distance matrix P = {Puv}was computed for the accessions and subjected to Sequential A gglomerative Hierarchial Non overlapping (SA HN) cluster analysis using the average linkage (UPGMA) clustering algorithym and matrix comparision plot (MXCOMP). Cophenetic correlation coefficients were estimated to assess the degree of agreement
fable1. Accessions of Sesamum indicum collected from different locations of Andhra Pradesh used for diversity analysis Morphological variations : Among the accessions of S. indicum was accounted for 13 quantitative characters; capsules (per leaf axil, per plant and length), leaf length and width, plant height, branches per plant, internode length, nodes per main stem, leaves per plant, flowers per plant, seed weight, seed yield and 2 qualitative characters (seed color and flower color). Diversity study has been conducted using Euclidian similarity matrix and matrix comparison plot. The accessions were assessed using the above mentioned 13 quantitative traits. Data on these traits was noted at the level of mean values of field observations from NBPGR field experimental site. Phenotypic relationships were assessed using Euclidean distance for continuous quantitative traits. A phenotypic distance matrix P = {Puv}was computed for the accessions and subjected to Sequential A gglomerative Hierarchial Non overlapping (SA HN) cluster analysis using the average linkage (UPGMA) clustering algorithym and matrix comparision plot (MXCOMP). Cophenetic correlation coefficients were estimated to assess the degree of agreement
‘ig 3. Cluster diagram of 23 accessions of S. indicum morphological data based on Euclidean genetic identity.
‘ig 3. Cluster diagram of 23 accessions of S. indicum morphological data based on Euclidean genetic identity.
Table2. Characteristics of 10 SSR markers used for analyzing the Sesame germplasm
Table2. Characteristics of 10 SSR markers used for analyzing the Sesame germplasm
C/L: Capsules per leaf axil, C/P: Capsules per plant, CL: Capsule length PH: Plant height, LL: Leaf length, LW: Leaf width, B/P: Branches per pla IL: Internode length, N/MS: Nodes per main stem, L/P: Leaves per plant F/P: Flowers per plant, SW: Seed weight, SY: Seed yield.
C/L: Capsules per leaf axil, C/P: Capsules per plant, CL: Capsule length PH: Plant height, LL: Leaf length, LW: Leaf width, B/P: Branches per pla IL: Internode length, N/MS: Nodes per main stem, L/P: Leaves per plant F/P: Flowers per plant, SW: Seed weight, SY: Seed yield.
Table4. Morphological Similarity matrix of 23 accessions of S. indicum
Table4. Morphological Similarity matrix of 23 accessions of S. indicum
Fig. 6. Cluster diagram of 23 accessions of S. indicum based on Dice similarity identity. ‘able6. SSR markers showing polymorphism among sesame germplasm accessions and their allelic distribution alleles with an average of 3.5 alleles per locus. The maximum number of alleles detected was 4, with 2 primer pairs G Bssr- sa-08 (Fig 6), GBssr-sa-33 and the minimum number of alleles was 3 with the primer pairs GBssr-sa-173 and GBssr-sa-72.
Fig. 6. Cluster diagram of 23 accessions of S. indicum based on Dice similarity identity. ‘able6. SSR markers showing polymorphism among sesame germplasm accessions and their allelic distribution alleles with an average of 3.5 alleles per locus. The maximum number of alleles detected was 4, with 2 primer pairs G Bssr- sa-08 (Fig 6), GBssr-sa-33 and the minimum number of alleles was 3 with the primer pairs GBssr-sa-173 and GBssr-sa-72.
Table value at 5% level and 1% level of significance is 0.468 and 0.590 respectively. *Indicates 5% level of significance ** Indicates 1% level of significance Table 5. Correlation values among the morphological parameters of S. indicum 23 accessions KIRANMAYI et al., Assessment of Genetic Diversity in Sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) plant which in turn is correlated with capsule length, plant height, nodes per main stem. Capsules per plant is the most contributing character for seed yield of sesame (Ibrahim, et al., 1983). Seed yield is also significantly correlated with plant height which in turn is correlated with nodes per main stem and flowers per plant. Seed yield is also directly correlated with nodes/main stem which in turn were correlated with flowers per plant. Itis also directly correlated with seed weight. All these characters appear to contribute directly or indirectly to crop yield.
Table value at 5% level and 1% level of significance is 0.468 and 0.590 respectively. *Indicates 5% level of significance ** Indicates 1% level of significance Table 5. Correlation values among the morphological parameters of S. indicum 23 accessions KIRANMAYI et al., Assessment of Genetic Diversity in Sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) plant which in turn is correlated with capsule length, plant height, nodes per main stem. Capsules per plant is the most contributing character for seed yield of sesame (Ibrahim, et al., 1983). Seed yield is also significantly correlated with plant height which in turn is correlated with nodes per main stem and flowers per plant. Seed yield is also directly correlated with nodes/main stem which in turn were correlated with flowers per plant. Itis also directly correlated with seed weight. All these characters appear to contribute directly or indirectly to crop yield.
Table7. Molecular Similarity matrix of 23 accessions of S. indicum
Table7. Molecular Similarity matrix of 23 accessions of S. indicum
ible8; SSR markers showing polymorphism among sesame germplasm accessions and their allelic distribution
ible8; SSR markers showing polymorphism among sesame germplasm accessions and their allelic distribution
Table9. Molecular Similarity matrix of 23 accessions of S. indicum
Table9. Molecular Similarity matrix of 23 accessions of S. indicum
ig 8. Matrix comparision of phenotypic and genotypic data among 23 different accessions of S. indicum
ig 8. Matrix comparision of phenotypic and genotypic data among 23 different accessions of S. indicum
Table1. List of chickpea accessions coefficient of yield components with seed yield into its direct and indirect effects to ensure the actual contribution of an attribute as well as its influence through other traits. Path coefficient analysis suggested by Dewey and Lu, 1959 proves helpful, in partitioning the correlation coefficient into measures of direct and indirect effects of a set of independent variables on the dependent variable. first flowering. Whereas, low GCV was observed for days to maturity, number of branches per plant, days to 50 per cent flowering and plant height. Similarly, (E,) under second date of sowing (Table 2 b), high coefficient of variation (GCV ) was recorded for seeds per pod. Moderate GCV was recorded for seed yield per plant, harvestindex, 100 seed weight and days to first flowering. Whereas, low GCV was recorded for days to 50 per cent flowering, days to maturity, biological yield, pods per plant and plant height. Hence, the traits exhibiting high GCV indicated the existence of considerable variability for the traits among the genotypes. These findings are in general agreement with the findings of several research workers who have reported high to low GCV for various yield attributes in chickpea viz., Durga, et al., 2005 and Jeena andA rora, 2005.
Table1. List of chickpea accessions coefficient of yield components with seed yield into its direct and indirect effects to ensure the actual contribution of an attribute as well as its influence through other traits. Path coefficient analysis suggested by Dewey and Lu, 1959 proves helpful, in partitioning the correlation coefficient into measures of direct and indirect effects of a set of independent variables on the dependent variable. first flowering. Whereas, low GCV was observed for days to maturity, number of branches per plant, days to 50 per cent flowering and plant height. Similarly, (E,) under second date of sowing (Table 2 b), high coefficient of variation (GCV ) was recorded for seeds per pod. Moderate GCV was recorded for seed yield per plant, harvestindex, 100 seed weight and days to first flowering. Whereas, low GCV was recorded for days to 50 per cent flowering, days to maturity, biological yield, pods per plant and plant height. Hence, the traits exhibiting high GCV indicated the existence of considerable variability for the traits among the genotypes. These findings are in general agreement with the findings of several research workers who have reported high to low GCV for various yield attributes in chickpea viz., Durga, et al., 2005 and Jeena andA rora, 2005.
Table2 a. Estimates of genetic parameters of variation under first date of sowing (E.)
Table2 a. Estimates of genetic parameters of variation under first date of sowing (E.)
*, ** Significant at 5 and 1 per cent level of probability, respectively Table3 a. Genotypic (G ), Phenotypic (P) and Environmental (E) correlation coefficients for seed yield and its components i chickpea under first date of sowing (E.,)
*, ** Significant at 5 and 1 per cent level of probability, respectively Table3 a. Genotypic (G ), Phenotypic (P) and Environmental (E) correlation coefficients for seed yield and its components i chickpea under first date of sowing (E.,)
Table 2b. Estimates of genetic parameters of variation under second date of sowing (E,) In E,, the highest genetic advance as percentage of mean was observed for seed yield per plant followed by number of seeds per pod, harvest index, number of pods per plant, 100 seed weight, days to first flowering and biological yield. Whereas, in E, the highest genetic advance as percentage of mean was observed for number of seeds per pod followed by seed yield per plant, 100 seed weight, days to first flowering and harvest index. High heritability estimates coupled with high genetic advance as percentage of mean were observed for days to first flowering, number of pods per plant and seeds per pod, 100 seed weight and seed yield per plant in E,. Similarly, in E, high heritability estimates coupled with high genetic advance as percentage of mean were observed for days to first flowering, days to 50 per cent flowering, days to Under first date of sowing (E,), the highest heritability estimate was observed for days to first flowering followed by days to maturity, days to 50 per cent flowering, 100 seed weight, plant height, seed yield per plant, pods per plant and seeds per pod. Moderate heritability was recorded for harvest index, whereas low heritability estimates were recorded for biological yield and number of branches per plant. Under second date of sowing (E,), the highest estimate of heritability was observed for days to first flowering followed by days to 50 per cent flowering, days to maturity and 100 seed weight. Moderate heritability were recorded for seed yield per plant, seeds per pod and harvest index whereas, low estimates of heritability were recorded for plant height, biological yield, number of branches per plant and number of pods per plant .
Table 2b. Estimates of genetic parameters of variation under second date of sowing (E,) In E,, the highest genetic advance as percentage of mean was observed for seed yield per plant followed by number of seeds per pod, harvest index, number of pods per plant, 100 seed weight, days to first flowering and biological yield. Whereas, in E, the highest genetic advance as percentage of mean was observed for number of seeds per pod followed by seed yield per plant, 100 seed weight, days to first flowering and harvest index. High heritability estimates coupled with high genetic advance as percentage of mean were observed for days to first flowering, number of pods per plant and seeds per pod, 100 seed weight and seed yield per plant in E,. Similarly, in E, high heritability estimates coupled with high genetic advance as percentage of mean were observed for days to first flowering, days to 50 per cent flowering, days to Under first date of sowing (E,), the highest heritability estimate was observed for days to first flowering followed by days to maturity, days to 50 per cent flowering, 100 seed weight, plant height, seed yield per plant, pods per plant and seeds per pod. Moderate heritability was recorded for harvest index, whereas low heritability estimates were recorded for biological yield and number of branches per plant. Under second date of sowing (E,), the highest estimate of heritability was observed for days to first flowering followed by days to 50 per cent flowering, days to maturity and 100 seed weight. Moderate heritability were recorded for seed yield per plant, seeds per pod and harvest index whereas, low estimates of heritability were recorded for plant height, biological yield, number of branches per plant and number of pods per plant .
#Diagonal values indicate direct effects Table 4 a. Genotypic path coefficients of various characters for seed yield per plant in chickpea under first date of sowing (E,)
#Diagonal values indicate direct effects Table 4 a. Genotypic path coefficients of various characters for seed yield per plant in chickpea under first date of sowing (E,)
*, ** Significant at 5 and 1 per cent level of probability, respectively Table3b. Genotypic (G), Phenotypic (P) and Environmental (E) correlation coefficients for seed yield and its components i chickpea under second date of sowing (E.,)
*, ** Significant at 5 and 1 per cent level of probability, respectively Table3b. Genotypic (G), Phenotypic (P) and Environmental (E) correlation coefficients for seed yield and its components i chickpea under second date of sowing (E.,)
#Diagonal values indicate direct effects Table 4b. Genotypic path coefficients of various characters for seed yield per plant in chickpea under second date of sowing (E,)
#Diagonal values indicate direct effects Table 4b. Genotypic path coefficients of various characters for seed yield per plant in chickpea under second date of sowing (E,)
# Diagonal values indicate about direct effects Table 5 a. Genotypic path coefficients of various characters for 100-seed weight in chickpea under first date of sowing (E,)
# Diagonal values indicate about direct effects Table 5 a. Genotypic path coefficients of various characters for 100-seed weight in chickpea under first date of sowing (E,)
# Diagonal values indicate about direct effects Table 5 b. Genotypic path coefficients of various characters for 100-seed weight in chickpea under second date of sowing (E.)
# Diagonal values indicate about direct effects Table 5 b. Genotypic path coefficients of various characters for 100-seed weight in chickpea under second date of sowing (E.)
Table 6 a. C omposition of clusters under first date of sowing €)
Table 6 a. C omposition of clusters under first date of sowing €)
lable 6 c. Mean performance of genotypes in individual clusters for different yield traits under first date of sowing (E.) cluster distances were computed for all the traits and are presented in the Table 6 b. Results of cluster analysis revealed that the highest intra- cluster distance was observed for cluster V (2.727) followed by cluster VI (2.241), II (1.977), IV (1.760), I (1.750) and cluster ITI (1.505). The highest inter cluster distance was measured between the clusters III and V (6.734) followed by IV and V (6.702), I] and V (6.156), V and VI (5.444). Minimum inter cluster distance was observed between Il and VI (2.350). Under second date of sowing E., the genotypes were grouped into 3 clusters (Table 7 a) showing considerable variability for selections to be made for future breeding programmes. Cluster II was the biggest cluster with 16 genotypes, whereas clusters I and III comprised of 12 and 14 genotypes respectively. Results of cluster analysis as depended in Table 7 b revealed that the highest intra- cluster distance was observed for cluster I (2.746) followed by cluster II (2.343). Cluster III possessed the minimum intra- cluster distance (2.079). The highest inter cluster distance was measured between the clusters I and III (3.743) followed by clusters IT and III (2.860). Minimum inter cluster distance was observed between clusters I and II (2.582). Mean performance of individual clusters for different characters as shown in table 7 c. to reveals that The maximum number of pods per plant was exhibited by cluster I (24.50) followed by cluster III (23.71). For 100 seed weight cluster I exhibited the maximum mean value of 13.56 g among all clusters. The smallest seed size was observed for cluster II (11.43 g per 100 seeds). The maximum biological yield per plant was observed for cluster II (11.10 g), followed by cluster I (10.54 g). Cluster IT was found to be the best with respect to seed yield per plant as it possessed highest seed yield per plant of 3.83 g, followed by cluster I (3.41 g). Whereas, lowest yielding cluster was cluster III (2.84 g seed yield per plant).
lable 6 c. Mean performance of genotypes in individual clusters for different yield traits under first date of sowing (E.) cluster distances were computed for all the traits and are presented in the Table 6 b. Results of cluster analysis revealed that the highest intra- cluster distance was observed for cluster V (2.727) followed by cluster VI (2.241), II (1.977), IV (1.760), I (1.750) and cluster ITI (1.505). The highest inter cluster distance was measured between the clusters III and V (6.734) followed by IV and V (6.702), I] and V (6.156), V and VI (5.444). Minimum inter cluster distance was observed between Il and VI (2.350). Under second date of sowing E., the genotypes were grouped into 3 clusters (Table 7 a) showing considerable variability for selections to be made for future breeding programmes. Cluster II was the biggest cluster with 16 genotypes, whereas clusters I and III comprised of 12 and 14 genotypes respectively. Results of cluster analysis as depended in Table 7 b revealed that the highest intra- cluster distance was observed for cluster I (2.746) followed by cluster II (2.343). Cluster III possessed the minimum intra- cluster distance (2.079). The highest inter cluster distance was measured between the clusters I and III (3.743) followed by clusters IT and III (2.860). Minimum inter cluster distance was observed between clusters I and II (2.582). Mean performance of individual clusters for different characters as shown in table 7 c. to reveals that The maximum number of pods per plant was exhibited by cluster I (24.50) followed by cluster III (23.71). For 100 seed weight cluster I exhibited the maximum mean value of 13.56 g among all clusters. The smallest seed size was observed for cluster II (11.43 g per 100 seeds). The maximum biological yield per plant was observed for cluster II (11.10 g), followed by cluster I (10.54 g). Cluster IT was found to be the best with respect to seed yield per plant as it possessed highest seed yield per plant of 3.83 g, followed by cluster I (3.41 g). Whereas, lowest yielding cluster was cluster III (2.84 g seed yield per plant).
Table 7 a. Composition of clusters under second date of sowing
Table 7 a. Composition of clusters under second date of sowing
Table 7 b. Inter and intra cluster distances of genotypes in chickpea gene pool under second date of sowing
Table 7 b. Inter and intra cluster distances of genotypes in chickpea gene pool under second date of sowing
Table 7c. Mean performance of genotypes in individual clusters for different yield traits under second date of sowing (E,) genotypes were grouped into 3 clusters. The highest intra- cluster distance was observed for cluster I. Hence, genotypes belonging to this cluster viz. IC-269028, IC-269032, IC-269034, IC-269041, IC-269043, IC-269045, IC-269047, IC-269049, IC- 269055, IC-269132, IC-269375 and IC-327692 can be utilized as parents in future breeding programmes with the desirable genotypes belonging to cluster III. These results are in general agreement with the findings of Sikarwar, 2004. On comparing the genotypes on the basis of cluster wise mean yield performances under both the dates of sowing, it was noticed that accessions viz., IC 269132, IC 268996, IC 269120, IC 269160, IC 269187, IC 269375, IC 327692, JG 11 andJG 315 performed better under both the environments. This finding are in accordance with that of Dwevedi and Lal, 2009, Wadikar, et al., 2010, Akthar, et al., 2011, Parameshwarappa, et al., 2011, Jayalakshmi, et al., 2012, Singh, etal. 2012.
Table 7c. Mean performance of genotypes in individual clusters for different yield traits under second date of sowing (E,) genotypes were grouped into 3 clusters. The highest intra- cluster distance was observed for cluster I. Hence, genotypes belonging to this cluster viz. IC-269028, IC-269032, IC-269034, IC-269041, IC-269043, IC-269045, IC-269047, IC-269049, IC- 269055, IC-269132, IC-269375 and IC-327692 can be utilized as parents in future breeding programmes with the desirable genotypes belonging to cluster III. These results are in general agreement with the findings of Sikarwar, 2004. On comparing the genotypes on the basis of cluster wise mean yield performances under both the dates of sowing, it was noticed that accessions viz., IC 269132, IC 268996, IC 269120, IC 269160, IC 269187, IC 269375, IC 327692, JG 11 andJG 315 performed better under both the environments. This finding are in accordance with that of Dwevedi and Lal, 2009, Wadikar, et al., 2010, Akthar, et al., 2011, Parameshwarappa, et al., 2011, Jayalakshmi, et al., 2012, Singh, etal. 2012.
Rice is the staple food which greatly affected by elevated temperature. The grain quality parameters such as starch and chalkiness percentage get affected by elevated temperature. These impacts in turn affect the cooking and nutritive quality of rice grain.
Rice is the staple food which greatly affected by elevated temperature. The grain quality parameters such as starch and chalkiness percentage get affected by elevated temperature. These impacts in turn affect the cooking and nutritive quality of rice grain.
LITERATURE CITED \saoka M., Okuno K., Fuwa H. 1985. Effect of environmental temperature at the milky stage on amylose content and fine structure of amylopectin of waxy and nonwaxy endosperm starches of rice (Oryza sativa L.). Agric. Biol. Chem.49 : 373-379.
LITERATURE CITED \saoka M., Okuno K., Fuwa H. 1985. Effect of environmental temperature at the milky stage on amylose content and fine structure of amylopectin of waxy and nonwaxy endosperm starches of rice (Oryza sativa L.). Agric. Biol. Chem.49 : 373-379.
thermo tolerance (Senthil Kumar etal., 2002). in the environmental chamber (WGC 450 Programmable Plant Growth Chamber). Later these seedlings were exposed to lethal temperatures (55°C) (induced) for 2 hours. Another sub set of seedlings were directly exposed to lethal temperatures (non induced). Induced and non induced rice seedlings were allowed to recover at 30°C and 60 per cent relative humidity for 48 hours. A control tray was maintained at 30°C, without exposing to sub-lethal and lethal temperatures.
thermo tolerance (Senthil Kumar etal., 2002). in the environmental chamber (WGC 450 Programmable Plant Growth Chamber). Later these seedlings were exposed to lethal temperatures (55°C) (induced) for 2 hours. Another sub set of seedlings were directly exposed to lethal temperatures (non induced). Induced and non induced rice seedlings were allowed to recover at 30°C and 60 per cent relative humidity for 48 hours. A control tray was maintained at 30°C, without exposing to sub-lethal and lethal temperatures.
Tablela. Screening of thermo tolerant rice genotypes through Thermo Induced Response (TIR) treatment
Tablela. Screening of thermo tolerant rice genotypes through Thermo Induced Response (TIR) treatment
EVI et al., Genotypic Variability for Intrinsic and Acquired Thermotolerance in Rice Genotypes Screened by TIR Technique 74
EVI et al., Genotypic Variability for Intrinsic and Acquired Thermotolerance in Rice Genotypes Screened by TIR Technique 74
ible 1. Range, mean, phenotypic and genotypic coefficient of variation (PC V, GCV), heritability (h2% ) and genetic advance (GA), for grain yield and associated characters in chickpea germplasm. weight (50.30 per cent), seed yield per plant (49.80 per cent), plant height (48 per cent), and showed low heritability harvest index value (17 per cent). Genetic advance was recorded maximum for plant height (6.52) followed by number of pods per plant (4.75), harvest index (3.75), 100 seed weight (2.65), days to 50% flowering (2.06) seed yield per plant (1.67), seed yield (1.19 t/hac), number of primary branches (0.38), and showed low genetic advance value. Genetic advance as per cent mean exhibited high values of seed yield per plant (25.13), total yield (t/hac) (21.71), harvest index (18.40), number of primary branches (13.97), plant height (13.02), number of pods per plant (10.81), days to 50% flowering showed Genetic advance as per cent of mean value (2.50). Results of this study suggested that the days of 50% flowering, plant height, biological yield influenced the grain yield per plant either directly or indirectly. Thus, a selection line with these characters would be ideal for higher grain yield potential. Therefore, these characters could be used for improving grain yield in advanced chickpea germplasm. LITERATURE CITED
ible 1. Range, mean, phenotypic and genotypic coefficient of variation (PC V, GCV), heritability (h2% ) and genetic advance (GA), for grain yield and associated characters in chickpea germplasm. weight (50.30 per cent), seed yield per plant (49.80 per cent), plant height (48 per cent), and showed low heritability harvest index value (17 per cent). Genetic advance was recorded maximum for plant height (6.52) followed by number of pods per plant (4.75), harvest index (3.75), 100 seed weight (2.65), days to 50% flowering (2.06) seed yield per plant (1.67), seed yield (1.19 t/hac), number of primary branches (0.38), and showed low genetic advance value. Genetic advance as per cent mean exhibited high values of seed yield per plant (25.13), total yield (t/hac) (21.71), harvest index (18.40), number of primary branches (13.97), plant height (13.02), number of pods per plant (10.81), days to 50% flowering showed Genetic advance as per cent of mean value (2.50). Results of this study suggested that the days of 50% flowering, plant height, biological yield influenced the grain yield per plant either directly or indirectly. Thus, a selection line with these characters would be ideal for higher grain yield potential. Therefore, these characters could be used for improving grain yield in advanced chickpea germplasm. LITERATURE CITED
Fig. 1. Evaluation Trial of Tomato Hybrids (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) in Allahabad Agro Climatic Conditions.
Fig. 1. Evaluation Trial of Tomato Hybrids (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) in Allahabad Agro Climatic Conditions.
Evaluation Trial of Tomato Hybrids (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) in Allahabad A gro Climatic C onditions. (41.67) with Rajshree. TO 848 recorded early flowerir days) and late flowering (53.92) was found Rajshree recorded Maximum polar diameter (6.47 cm) and then were recorded (3.36 cm) with Rajshree. TO 848 recorded maximum radial diameter (6.65 cm) and the minimum were recorded (4.57 cm) with Rajshree. TO 848 recorded maximum number of fruits (22.50) per plant while the minimum was recorded (20.89) with Rajshree. Maximum fresh weight of fruit was recorded with TO 848 (72.27 g) and the minimum was recorded (65.00 g) with Rajshree. TO 848 recorded maximum fruityield per plant (1.63kg), and fruit yield (60.23q/ha) while the minimum was recorded (1.36 kg) and (50.29 g/ha) with Rajshree. Maximum T.S.S.(° brix) of recorded with Rajshree (7.53)and minimum was recorded with JK Nanadini (5.60). Maximum acidity (%) of fruit was recorded TO 848 (0.84 %) and minimum was recorded (0.70 %) with Rajshre. Maximum ascorbic acid (mg/100g pulp) of TO 848 (35.09 mg/100g pulp) and minimum was recorded (25.81 mg/100g) with Rajshree. Maximum intensity of leaf curl virus (%) of plant
Evaluation Trial of Tomato Hybrids (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) in Allahabad A gro Climatic C onditions. (41.67) with Rajshree. TO 848 recorded early flowerir days) and late flowering (53.92) was found Rajshree recorded Maximum polar diameter (6.47 cm) and then were recorded (3.36 cm) with Rajshree. TO 848 recorded maximum radial diameter (6.65 cm) and the minimum were recorded (4.57 cm) with Rajshree. TO 848 recorded maximum number of fruits (22.50) per plant while the minimum was recorded (20.89) with Rajshree. Maximum fresh weight of fruit was recorded with TO 848 (72.27 g) and the minimum was recorded (65.00 g) with Rajshree. TO 848 recorded maximum fruityield per plant (1.63kg), and fruit yield (60.23q/ha) while the minimum was recorded (1.36 kg) and (50.29 g/ha) with Rajshree. Maximum T.S.S.(° brix) of recorded with Rajshree (7.53)and minimum was recorded with JK Nanadini (5.60). Maximum acidity (%) of fruit was recorded TO 848 (0.84 %) and minimum was recorded (0.70 %) with Rajshre. Maximum ascorbic acid (mg/100g pulp) of TO 848 (35.09 mg/100g pulp) and minimum was recorded (25.81 mg/100g) with Rajshree. Maximum intensity of leaf curl virus (%) of plant
Where, CV = Coefficient of variation in %, SE= Standard error, SD= Standard deviation able1. Descriptive statistics of the 11 quantitative traits of 108 wheat lines under sodic soil. Table1. Descriptive statistics of the 11 quantitative traits of 108 wheat lines under sodic soil. genetic variability for all the eleven traits. The magnitude of genetic variability for days to heading was ranged from 73- 94 days with the mean value of 80 days and coefficient of variation 4.00 % (Table1). The frequency distribution varied from 70 - 95 days (Fig 1). Two entries HD 3027 and NWL 9-25 have minimum number of days to heading and only one entry CA MM had longest days of heading. The magnitude of genetic variability for days to maturity trait was ranged from114-126 days with the mean value of 120 days and coefficient of variation 1.96% (Table 1). The frequency distribution varied from 114-128 days (Fig 2). Two entries PBW
Where, CV = Coefficient of variation in %, SE= Standard error, SD= Standard deviation able1. Descriptive statistics of the 11 quantitative traits of 108 wheat lines under sodic soil. Table1. Descriptive statistics of the 11 quantitative traits of 108 wheat lines under sodic soil. genetic variability for all the eleven traits. The magnitude of genetic variability for days to heading was ranged from 73- 94 days with the mean value of 80 days and coefficient of variation 4.00 % (Table1). The frequency distribution varied from 70 - 95 days (Fig 1). Two entries HD 3027 and NWL 9-25 have minimum number of days to heading and only one entry CA MM had longest days of heading. The magnitude of genetic variability for days to maturity trait was ranged from114-126 days with the mean value of 120 days and coefficient of variation 1.96% (Table 1). The frequency distribution varied from 114-128 days (Fig 2). Two entries PBW
Table1. List of hybrids with their fertility status
Table1. List of hybrids with their fertility status
Table3. Pattern of fertility restoration by different inbred lines on the C MS- sources Table2. List of completely fertile hybrids
Table3. Pattern of fertility restoration by different inbred lines on the C MS- sources Table2. List of completely fertile hybrids
lines except NDR 4, R45, RHA 43-5 and PS 1070 that restored the fertility partially. The fertility restoration on CMS 17A was found to be complete by most (nine) of the lines tested. But, lines SCG 37 and RHA 43-5 restored the fertility partially
lines except NDR 4, R45, RHA 43-5 and PS 1070 that restored the fertility partially. The fertility restoration on CMS 17A was found to be complete by most (nine) of the lines tested. But, lines SCG 37 and RHA 43-5 restored the fertility partially
Socio personal and economic profile of school going children is presented in Table 1. Out of total 400 subject surveyed, 208 were girls and 192 were male. Table shows that the majority of subjects (39.75%) belong to II" class and remaining 30.00% and 30.25% belonged to III™ and IV ® class, respectively. Data from school performance majority of the subjects (25.25%) were good in their school performance, minimum 15.25% subjects were excellent in their school performance and remaining 18.25%, 22.75% and 18.00% were very good, average and poor in their school performance, respectively. As per data collected maximum respondents, 80.50 percent who did not get monthly pocket money while minimum respondents, 19.50 percent who get their pocket money. Table1. Socio personal and economic profile of school going children
Socio personal and economic profile of school going children is presented in Table 1. Out of total 400 subject surveyed, 208 were girls and 192 were male. Table shows that the majority of subjects (39.75%) belong to II" class and remaining 30.00% and 30.25% belonged to III™ and IV ® class, respectively. Data from school performance majority of the subjects (25.25%) were good in their school performance, minimum 15.25% subjects were excellent in their school performance and remaining 18.25%, 22.75% and 18.00% were very good, average and poor in their school performance, respectively. As per data collected maximum respondents, 80.50 percent who did not get monthly pocket money while minimum respondents, 19.50 percent who get their pocket money. Table1. Socio personal and economic profile of school going children
Table 2. M ean food intake of school going children
Table 2. M ean food intake of school going children
Table 3. Mean daily nutrient intake of school going children
Table 3. Mean daily nutrient intake of school going children
(41.43) and the minimum no. of fruit per plants was showed in genotypes ITV RTO 12 (21.96) followed by ITV RTO 5 (22.63) and IIVRTO (23.46). Themaximum radial diameter (mm) was noted in genotypes ITV RT 0 12 (75.04) followed by ITV RTO 17 (66.14) and IIVRT0 11 (66.00 mm) and minimum radial diameter was showed in genotypes ITV RT 0 02 (26.17) followed by ITVRT0 3 (33.44mm) and IIV RTO 01 (36.14 mm). The maximum polar diameter was found in genotypes IIVRTO 12 (60.91 mm) followed by ITV RTO 09 (53.01) and IIVRT0 11 (50.53) and the minimum polar diameter was showed in genotypes ITV RTO 074 (26.48) followed by IIV RT 0 04 (27.04 mm) and IIVRT0 02 (31.15). The maximum TSS (OBrix) was observe in genotypes IIV RTO 17 (6.46) followed by ITV RTO 16 (6.06) and ITVRT0 09 (5.20) and the minimum TSS (OBrix) was showed in genotypes IIVRTO 11 (3.13) followed by ITV RTO 12 (3.13) and ITV RT0 2 (3.26). The maximum vitamin C was observed in genotypes IIV RTO-17 (41.51) followed by Arka Vikas (36.73) and IIV RTO 16 (36.27) and the minimum vitamin ‘C’ was showed in genotype ITV RT 0 13 (26.09) followed by ITV RTO 8 (28.03) and IIV RTO 6 (28.29) mg/100g). The maximum fruit weight was observe in genotypes ITV RT0 5 (61.35) followed by ITVRTO 11 (58.48) and ITV RTO 10 (56.21) whereas minimum fruit weight was found in genotype ITV RT0 02 (30.24) followed by ITV RTO 13 (31.21) and Arka Vikas (32.29). The maximum yield per plant was noticed in genotypes IIV RTO 17 (2298.93) followed by IIVRTO 8 (1991.53) and IIVRTO 7 (1783.73) and ITVRTO 7 (1783.73) and whereas minimum yield / plant was observed in denotvnes ITV RTO 12 (782.66) followed bv ITV RTO 2 (1033.00(q) may LV EAL VY LEU EE] CEE EAE A VU Je dt 2a Seda wey WwW 50% flowering was showed in genotypes IIVRTO 1 (46.5) followed by ITV RTO-14 (55.93) and ArkaVikash (58.38) where as maximum days to 50% flowering were found in ITVRT0 6 (75.96) followed by ITV RTO 10 (75-960 and IIV RT0 7 (75.50). The maximum Number of cluster was showed in genotypes ITVRT 0 17 (20.36) followed by ITVRO 13 (17.90) and IIV RTO 9 (17.40) whereas minimum number cluster plant was found in genotype ITV RTO-11 (68.63) followed by ITV RTO 15 (9.86) and ArkaVikash (11.83). The maximum flower plant was showed in genotype ITV RT 0 17 (110.50) followed by ITVRT0 5 (104.10) and Arka vikash (99.20) and the minimum number flower per plantwas noticed in genotype ITV RT 03 (63.76) followed by ITVRTO 1 (65.03) and IIV RT0 4 (70-73).The maximum fruit set (%) was \ observed in genotypes ITV RT0 17 (62.63) followed by ITVRT0 13(53.33) and ITVRT0 16 (51.03) and the minimum fruits set (%) was observed in genotypes ITV RTO 12 (20.83) followed by IIVRTO 11 (27.46) and IIVRTO 10 (28.93). The maximum leaf curl incidence was noticed in genotypes ITV RT0- 17 (11.28%) followed by ITV RT0-16 (14.20%) and ITVRT0 7 (40- 20) whereas leaf curl incidence was observed in maximum ITVRTO 12 (54.77) genotypes followed by H 86 (50.48) and ITVRT0 4 (49.67). The minimum leaf curd intensity was showed in genotypes ITV RT 0 17 (6.86) followed ArkaVikas (9.43) where as maximum leaf curd intensity was found in genotype ITV RTO 12(54.47) followed by H 86 (46.86) and ITV RT0 4 (43.87). The maximum no of leaf fruits per plant, was noted in genotypes ITV RTO 17 (45.03) followed by ITV RTO 13 (42.93) and IIVRT08 SINGH AND PRASHAD, Variability Patern in Agromorphological Characters in Tomato Genotypes (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) 759
(41.43) and the minimum no. of fruit per plants was showed in genotypes ITV RTO 12 (21.96) followed by ITV RTO 5 (22.63) and IIVRTO (23.46). Themaximum radial diameter (mm) was noted in genotypes ITV RT 0 12 (75.04) followed by ITV RTO 17 (66.14) and IIVRT0 11 (66.00 mm) and minimum radial diameter was showed in genotypes ITV RT 0 02 (26.17) followed by ITVRT0 3 (33.44mm) and IIV RTO 01 (36.14 mm). The maximum polar diameter was found in genotypes IIVRTO 12 (60.91 mm) followed by ITV RTO 09 (53.01) and IIVRT0 11 (50.53) and the minimum polar diameter was showed in genotypes ITV RTO 074 (26.48) followed by IIV RT 0 04 (27.04 mm) and IIVRT0 02 (31.15). The maximum TSS (OBrix) was observe in genotypes IIV RTO 17 (6.46) followed by ITV RTO 16 (6.06) and ITVRT0 09 (5.20) and the minimum TSS (OBrix) was showed in genotypes IIVRTO 11 (3.13) followed by ITV RTO 12 (3.13) and ITV RT0 2 (3.26). The maximum vitamin C was observed in genotypes IIV RTO-17 (41.51) followed by Arka Vikas (36.73) and IIV RTO 16 (36.27) and the minimum vitamin ‘C’ was showed in genotype ITV RT 0 13 (26.09) followed by ITV RTO 8 (28.03) and IIV RTO 6 (28.29) mg/100g). The maximum fruit weight was observe in genotypes ITV RT0 5 (61.35) followed by ITVRTO 11 (58.48) and ITV RTO 10 (56.21) whereas minimum fruit weight was found in genotype ITV RT0 02 (30.24) followed by ITV RTO 13 (31.21) and Arka Vikas (32.29). The maximum yield per plant was noticed in genotypes IIV RTO 17 (2298.93) followed by IIVRTO 8 (1991.53) and IIVRTO 7 (1783.73) and ITVRTO 7 (1783.73) and whereas minimum yield / plant was observed in denotvnes ITV RTO 12 (782.66) followed bv ITV RTO 2 (1033.00(q) may LV EAL VY LEU EE] CEE EAE A VU Je dt 2a Seda wey WwW 50% flowering was showed in genotypes IIVRTO 1 (46.5) followed by ITV RTO-14 (55.93) and ArkaVikash (58.38) where as maximum days to 50% flowering were found in ITVRT0 6 (75.96) followed by ITV RTO 10 (75-960 and IIV RT0 7 (75.50). The maximum Number of cluster was showed in genotypes ITVRT 0 17 (20.36) followed by ITVRO 13 (17.90) and IIV RTO 9 (17.40) whereas minimum number cluster plant was found in genotype ITV RTO-11 (68.63) followed by ITV RTO 15 (9.86) and ArkaVikash (11.83). The maximum flower plant was showed in genotype ITV RT 0 17 (110.50) followed by ITVRT0 5 (104.10) and Arka vikash (99.20) and the minimum number flower per plantwas noticed in genotype ITV RT 03 (63.76) followed by ITVRTO 1 (65.03) and IIV RT0 4 (70-73).The maximum fruit set (%) was \ observed in genotypes ITV RT0 17 (62.63) followed by ITVRT0 13(53.33) and ITVRT0 16 (51.03) and the minimum fruits set (%) was observed in genotypes ITV RTO 12 (20.83) followed by IIVRTO 11 (27.46) and IIVRTO 10 (28.93). The maximum leaf curl incidence was noticed in genotypes ITV RT0- 17 (11.28%) followed by ITV RT0-16 (14.20%) and ITVRT0 7 (40- 20) whereas leaf curl incidence was observed in maximum ITVRTO 12 (54.77) genotypes followed by H 86 (50.48) and ITVRT0 4 (49.67). The minimum leaf curd intensity was showed in genotypes ITV RT 0 17 (6.86) followed ArkaVikas (9.43) where as maximum leaf curd intensity was found in genotype ITV RTO 12(54.47) followed by H 86 (46.86) and ITV RT0 4 (43.87). The maximum no of leaf fruits per plant, was noted in genotypes ITV RTO 17 (45.03) followed by ITV RTO 13 (42.93) and IIVRT08 SINGH AND PRASHAD, Variability Patern in Agromorphological Characters in Tomato Genotypes (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) 759
Table2. Mean performance of different genotypes various character in Tomato genotypes. In the direct and indirect contributions of component traits towards fruit yield, selection on the basis of horticultural traits viz., number of fruits per plant, and average fruit weight would be paying preposition in the genotypes included in the study.
Table2. Mean performance of different genotypes various character in Tomato genotypes. In the direct and indirect contributions of component traits towards fruit yield, selection on the basis of horticultural traits viz., number of fruits per plant, and average fruit weight would be paying preposition in the genotypes included in the study.
Table1, Estimation of better parent heterosis and standard heterosis for 9 characters in sunflower
Table1, Estimation of better parent heterosis and standard heterosis for 9 characters in sunflower
Table2. Heterosis for top three hybrids for different characters in sunflower cent (CMS 234A xRHA 43-5). Among all hybrids only one hybrid CMS 234A xRHA 43-5 recorded significant positive heterosis over mid parent, where as none of the hybrids superior compared to the best commercial checks. Similar results were reported by several workers viz., Naresh, et al., 1996, Gill and Punia, 1996 and Alone, etal., 2003. Most of the hybrids recorded positive heterosis over mid parent indicating non- additive gene action for oil yield. None of the hybrids recorded significant positive standard heterosis.
Table2. Heterosis for top three hybrids for different characters in sunflower cent (CMS 234A xRHA 43-5). Among all hybrids only one hybrid CMS 234A xRHA 43-5 recorded significant positive heterosis over mid parent, where as none of the hybrids superior compared to the best commercial checks. Similar results were reported by several workers viz., Naresh, et al., 1996, Gill and Punia, 1996 and Alone, etal., 2003. Most of the hybrids recorded positive heterosis over mid parent indicating non- additive gene action for oil yield. None of the hybrids recorded significant positive standard heterosis.
Tablel. Effect of grafting time and environment on the graft success of G uava (Psidium guajava) under wedge grafting The minimum days was taken to graft sprouting in 15" April under controlled environment, where as the maximum per cent graft sprouting was recorded 15" February grafting under controlled environment and minimum per cent graft sprouting was recorded in 15" January under natural environment. The maximum per cent graft survival was recorded 15" February grafting under controlled environment while minimum per cent graft survival was noted in 15" January grafting under natural environment. Percent graft mortality was minimum in 15" March under open field.
Tablel. Effect of grafting time and environment on the graft success of G uava (Psidium guajava) under wedge grafting The minimum days was taken to graft sprouting in 15" April under controlled environment, where as the maximum per cent graft sprouting was recorded 15" February grafting under controlled environment and minimum per cent graft sprouting was recorded in 15" January under natural environment. The maximum per cent graft survival was recorded 15" February grafting under controlled environment while minimum per cent graft survival was noted in 15" January grafting under natural environment. Percent graft mortality was minimum in 15" March under open field.
NS - Non significant ‘able2. Economic analysis of pigeonpea genotypes as influenced by planting geometry
NS - Non significant ‘able2. Economic analysis of pigeonpea genotypes as influenced by planting geometry
NS - Non significant Table1. Seed yield, Husk yield and Availability of Nitrogen in pigeonpea genotypes as influenced by planting geometry
NS - Non significant Table1. Seed yield, Husk yield and Availability of Nitrogen in pigeonpea genotypes as influenced by planting geometry
*, ** significant at 5% and 1% levels of probability, respectively Table1. Analysis of variance for combining ability for different characters in rice.
*, ** significant at 5% and 1% levels of probability, respectively Table1. Analysis of variance for combining ability for different characters in rice.
*, ** significant at 5% and 1% levels of probability, respectively fable2. Estimation of general combining ability effects of parents for different characters in rice.
*, ** significant at 5% and 1% levels of probability, respectively fable2. Estimation of general combining ability effects of parents for different characters in rice.
* ** significant at 5% and 1% levels of probability, respectively Table3. Estimation of SCA effects for various characters in rice under coastal saline soil.
* ** significant at 5% and 1% levels of probability, respectively Table3. Estimation of SCA effects for various characters in rice under coastal saline soil.
* Average of the three replications. ** Figures in parenthesis are angular valu Table3. Effect of different systemic and non-systemic fungicides on the incidence of wilt of brinjal
* Average of the three replications. ** Figures in parenthesis are angular valu Table3. Effect of different systemic and non-systemic fungicides on the incidence of wilt of brinjal
* Average of the three replications. ** Figures in parenthesis are angular values. Table2. Growth inhibition of Fusarium oxysporium by after 7 day of incubation at 25+1°c
* Average of the three replications. ** Figures in parenthesis are angular values. Table2. Growth inhibition of Fusarium oxysporium by after 7 day of incubation at 25+1°c
blel. Fungicides used to test their efficacy against Fusarium oxysporium in vitro and pot conditions The treated seeds were planted in pots sterilized soil. Untreated inoculated seeds served as control. Each treatment was replicated thrice. After seven day and twenty days of incubation in green house the observation was recorded for seed germination. Pre and post emergence mortality and percent disease control calculated.
blel. Fungicides used to test their efficacy against Fusarium oxysporium in vitro and pot conditions The treated seeds were planted in pots sterilized soil. Untreated inoculated seeds served as control. Each treatment was replicated thrice. After seven day and twenty days of incubation in green house the observation was recorded for seed germination. Pre and post emergence mortality and percent disease control calculated.
First spray was given at 20 days after transplanting (DAT) and remaining 3 sprays were given at 20 days interval between two successive sprays. Observations on per cent disease incidence, leaf curl index thrips and mites and population were taken 10 days after each spray. Scoring Leaf curling forindividual plants of each treatment were rated using the following scale (Niles, 1980).
First spray was given at 20 days after transplanting (DAT) and remaining 3 sprays were given at 20 days interval between two successive sprays. Observations on per cent disease incidence, leaf curl index thrips and mites and population were taken 10 days after each spray. Scoring Leaf curling forindividual plants of each treatment were rated using the following scale (Niles, 1980).
{ANYAM AND BYADGI, Status of Chilli Murda Disease in Northern Karnataka and Its Management
{ANYAM AND BYADGI, Status of Chilli Murda Disease in Northern Karnataka and Its Management
Values in parenthesis are angular transformed values DAT- Days after transplanting Table2. Effect of chemicals against the incidence of chili murda disease in the field
Values in parenthesis are angular transformed values DAT- Days after transplanting Table2. Effect of chemicals against the incidence of chili murda disease in the field
Note : AP- Aphids, TH-Thrips, M-Mites, WF- Whitefly
Note : AP- Aphids, TH-Thrips, M-Mites, WF- Whitefly
Values in parenthesis are [x4 0,5 transformed values. DAT- Days after transplanting Table3: Effect of chemicals against thrips and mites population in the field
Values in parenthesis are [x4 0,5 transformed values. DAT- Days after transplanting Table3: Effect of chemicals against thrips and mites population in the field
* Figures in the parentheses indicate arc sine transformed values Table2. Influence of fungicides on plant height, 100 grain weight and shelling percentage
* Figures in the parentheses indicate arc sine transformed values Table2. Influence of fungicides on plant height, 100 grain weight and shelling percentage
* Figures in the parentheses indicate arc sine transformed values Table1. Field efficacy of fungicides for the management of maydis leaf blight Table1. Field efficacy of fungicides for the management of maydis leaf blight RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
* Figures in the parentheses indicate arc sine transformed values Table1. Field efficacy of fungicides for the management of maydis leaf blight Table1. Field efficacy of fungicides for the management of maydis leaf blight RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Tablela. Field efficacy of fungicides on avoidable loss, yield and disease control
Tablela. Field efficacy of fungicides on avoidable loss, yield and disease control
Advances in molecular biology have laid the foundation forisolation of valuable genes and their transfer to target plants through noveltransgenic approach. Chitinases, 8-1, 3- glucanases and proteases are the best studied antifungal proteins. Chitinase encoding genes are being used to improve plant defence against fungal pathogens. These enzymes arecapable of degrading 4-N-acetyl- Dglucosamine,the main cell wall component of most phytopathogenic fungi,showing strong inhibitory activity in vitro on spore germination and Conidiospores of 8 days old culture of T. viride were used for mutagenesis. Spore suspension of T. viride was treated with Ethyl methyl sulphonate (EMS) and Hydroxylamine (HA) @ 50 il/ml, 100 il/ml, 150il/ml, 200il/ml incubate at 28°C in orbital shaker for 30 minutes.Then keptin centrifuge machine at 5000 rpm to remove the chemical traces,centrifuge it for three times and then washed with distilled water.Suspension was spread on to the surface PDA medium and incubated at 28 °C for 72 hrs.Same procedure was done for 45 minutes and 60 minutes. In each treatment maintained three replications. A fter incubation colonies were transferred on fresh PDA medium and grown up to six generations to check the stability of Tichoderma viride mutants.
Advances in molecular biology have laid the foundation forisolation of valuable genes and their transfer to target plants through noveltransgenic approach. Chitinases, 8-1, 3- glucanases and proteases are the best studied antifungal proteins. Chitinase encoding genes are being used to improve plant defence against fungal pathogens. These enzymes arecapable of degrading 4-N-acetyl- Dglucosamine,the main cell wall component of most phytopathogenic fungi,showing strong inhibitory activity in vitro on spore germination and Conidiospores of 8 days old culture of T. viride were used for mutagenesis. Spore suspension of T. viride was treated with Ethyl methyl sulphonate (EMS) and Hydroxylamine (HA) @ 50 il/ml, 100 il/ml, 150il/ml, 200il/ml incubate at 28°C in orbital shaker for 30 minutes.Then keptin centrifuge machine at 5000 rpm to remove the chemical traces,centrifuge it for three times and then washed with distilled water.Suspension was spread on to the surface PDA medium and incubated at 28 °C for 72 hrs.Same procedure was done for 45 minutes and 60 minutes. In each treatment maintained three replications. A fter incubation colonies were transferred on fresh PDA medium and grown up to six generations to check the stability of Tichoderma viride mutants.
SURYAWANSHI et al., Enhancement of Chitinase Enzyme Producing Ability of Trichoderma viride
SURYAWANSHI et al., Enhancement of Chitinase Enzyme Producing Ability of Trichoderma viride
Table 1. Chitinase enzyme units in Trichoderma viride mother culture and mutants. fable 1. Chitinase enzyme units in Trichoderma viride mother culture and mutants.
Table 1. Chitinase enzyme units in Trichoderma viride mother culture and mutants. fable 1. Chitinase enzyme units in Trichoderma viride mother culture and mutants.
* Figures in parenthesis are square root transformed values
* Figures in parenthesis are square root transformed values
Chitinase assay of Trichoderma viride mutants revealed statistically significance in respect to enzyme units (Table la). All the Trichoderma viride mutants possesses chitinase enzyme units while highest has existed in TV ME 4ci.e. 0.63 units which was at par with TV ME 4b, TVME 3cand TVMH Aa i.e. 0.62, 0.62 and 0.61 enzyme units respectively, followed by TVME 3a, TVMH 4c, TVMH 4bi.e. 0.59, 0.58, 0.57. The lowest chitinase enzyme units were estimated in TV ME 1ci.e. 0.29 enzyme units/mg of protein.
Chitinase assay of Trichoderma viride mutants revealed statistically significance in respect to enzyme units (Table la). All the Trichoderma viride mutants possesses chitinase enzyme units while highest has existed in TV ME 4ci.e. 0.63 units which was at par with TV ME 4b, TVME 3cand TVMH Aa i.e. 0.62, 0.62 and 0.61 enzyme units respectively, followed by TVME 3a, TVMH 4c, TVMH 4bi.e. 0.59, 0.58, 0.57. The lowest chitinase enzyme units were estimated in TV ME 1ci.e. 0.29 enzyme units/mg of protein.
Per cent growth inhibition of Fusarium solani by T. iride mother culture and mutants is given as follow: ble2. Efficacy of Trichoderma viride mother culture and mutants againstF usarium solani (per cent growth inhibition) at 7 DAI
Per cent growth inhibition of Fusarium solani by T. iride mother culture and mutants is given as follow: ble2. Efficacy of Trichoderma viride mother culture and mutants againstF usarium solani (per cent growth inhibition) at 7 DAI
* Figures in parentheses are arc sin transformed values Table2a. Efficacy of Trichoderma viride mutants against Fusarium solani (per cent growth inhibition) at 7 DAI
* Figures in parentheses are arc sin transformed values Table2a. Efficacy of Trichoderma viride mutants against Fusarium solani (per cent growth inhibition) at 7 DAI
Table 1. Treatments details
Table 1. Treatments details
Figure in parenthesis () are angular transformed value Table2. Evaluation of the Bio-efficacy of fungicides as potato tuber treatment against Black Scurf disease caused by Rhizoctonia solani. LITERATURE CITED Previous studies indicate that use of disease free seed combined with seed treatment with the systemic fungicides such as, benomyl, thiabendazole, corboxin, or soil treatment of benomyl or PCNB can effectively reduce the disease inoculum (Hooker, 1986; singh, 1995).
Figure in parenthesis () are angular transformed value Table2. Evaluation of the Bio-efficacy of fungicides as potato tuber treatment against Black Scurf disease caused by Rhizoctonia solani. LITERATURE CITED Previous studies indicate that use of disease free seed combined with seed treatment with the systemic fungicides such as, benomyl, thiabendazole, corboxin, or soil treatment of benomyl or PCNB can effectively reduce the disease inoculum (Hooker, 1986; singh, 1995).
Table 2. Growth inhibition of F. solani by different fungal antagonists after seven days of incubation at 30°C
Table 2. Growth inhibition of F. solani by different fungal antagonists after seven days of incubation at 30°C
Table 1. Different fungal antagonists and their respective collection places Perusal of data revealed that all the isolates showed impressive results. All the isolates inhibited above 60 % growth of the test fungus. Among all antagonists Trichoderma viride- II (96.21%) gave highest inhibition with typical clear zone. This was followed by T. harzianum- II (90.58 %). The T. harzianum- I was also found better with 85.00 per cent inhibition of pathogen followed by T. viride- I with 72.84 per cent inhibition. Minimum inhibition of test fungus was observed in presence of Aspergillus niger (60.44 %). Aspergillus niger elicited moderate antagonism. The results obtained in present investigation confirmed the findings of Dayaram, etal., 2004, Singh and Verma, 2005 and Hukama, 2010. They reported that T. viride showed strong antagonistic activity toward F. solani under in vitro study.
Table 1. Different fungal antagonists and their respective collection places Perusal of data revealed that all the isolates showed impressive results. All the isolates inhibited above 60 % growth of the test fungus. Among all antagonists Trichoderma viride- II (96.21%) gave highest inhibition with typical clear zone. This was followed by T. harzianum- II (90.58 %). The T. harzianum- I was also found better with 85.00 per cent inhibition of pathogen followed by T. viride- I with 72.84 per cent inhibition. Minimum inhibition of test fungus was observed in presence of Aspergillus niger (60.44 %). Aspergillus niger elicited moderate antagonism. The results obtained in present investigation confirmed the findings of Dayaram, etal., 2004, Singh and Verma, 2005 and Hukama, 2010. They reported that T. viride showed strong antagonistic activity toward F. solani under in vitro study.
Table 2. Incidence of bacteria from G anga water 12(12.50%). Total incidence of E.coli 18(18.75%) (Table 2 and Fig. no. 2&3). Sousa and Souza, 2001, conducted a bacteriological study on water from Congonhas River, Sertaneja (22°58’ S; 50°58’ W), Parana State, Brazil. In the water, the bacterial groups detected were Pseudomonas, Acinetobacter, Aeromonas, Enterobacteriaceae, Bacillus and Flavobacterium, from which Flavobacterium and Acinetobacter were the most abundant. Vagarali, et. al., 2011, also studied on total of 30 drinking water samples. Out of 30 samples 10(33.33%) were contaminated with either one or more than one type of organisms, results of most probable no test (MPN) showed 4(13.33%) were unsatisfactory. Pseudomonas was the common cause of contamination about 6(20%) while SINGH et al., Bacterial Surveillance Associated with Water from River Ganga
Table 2. Incidence of bacteria from G anga water 12(12.50%). Total incidence of E.coli 18(18.75%) (Table 2 and Fig. no. 2&3). Sousa and Souza, 2001, conducted a bacteriological study on water from Congonhas River, Sertaneja (22°58’ S; 50°58’ W), Parana State, Brazil. In the water, the bacterial groups detected were Pseudomonas, Acinetobacter, Aeromonas, Enterobacteriaceae, Bacillus and Flavobacterium, from which Flavobacterium and Acinetobacter were the most abundant. Vagarali, et. al., 2011, also studied on total of 30 drinking water samples. Out of 30 samples 10(33.33%) were contaminated with either one or more than one type of organisms, results of most probable no test (MPN) showed 4(13.33%) were unsatisfactory. Pseudomonas was the common cause of contamination about 6(20%) while SINGH et al., Bacterial Surveillance Associated with Water from River Ganga
Table 1. Microbial load in water sample In the study the population of bacteria in Ganga river from three different city viz, Kanpur, Allahabad and Varanasi. Highest Bacterial population was found in water sample from Kanpur (Downstream 5.3 x 10° cfu/ml) while least bacterial population was found in Varanasi (Upstream 3.62 x 10° cfu/ ml) However the results when analyzed statistically were found to be non significant [P>0.05].(see Table no.1 and Fig no.1) Baghel, etal. 2005, collect water samples from 21 different sites moving downstream from the glacier, which is the source of river Ganges, during winter, summer and monsoon seasons taken for the analysis of total viable count, Total viable counts were found in the range of 2 x 10? to 40 x 10? ml" in winter, 7 x 10? to 40 x 10? ml in summer and 2 x 10? to 40 x 10? ml in monsoon. Sousa and Souza, 2001, conducted a bacteriological study of water from Congonhas River, Sertaneja (22°58’ S; 50°58’ W), Parana State, Brazil. The numbers of cfu/ml of water varied from 3.1 x 10? to 1.0.x 10°.
Table 1. Microbial load in water sample In the study the population of bacteria in Ganga river from three different city viz, Kanpur, Allahabad and Varanasi. Highest Bacterial population was found in water sample from Kanpur (Downstream 5.3 x 10° cfu/ml) while least bacterial population was found in Varanasi (Upstream 3.62 x 10° cfu/ ml) However the results when analyzed statistically were found to be non significant [P>0.05].(see Table no.1 and Fig no.1) Baghel, etal. 2005, collect water samples from 21 different sites moving downstream from the glacier, which is the source of river Ganges, during winter, summer and monsoon seasons taken for the analysis of total viable count, Total viable counts were found in the range of 2 x 10? to 40 x 10? ml" in winter, 7 x 10? to 40 x 10? ml in summer and 2 x 10? to 40 x 10? ml in monsoon. Sousa and Souza, 2001, conducted a bacteriological study of water from Congonhas River, Sertaneja (22°58’ S; 50°58’ W), Parana State, Brazil. The numbers of cfu/ml of water varied from 3.1 x 10? to 1.0.x 10°.
* Growth difference between control and treatment expressed in optical density (O. D. ) Indicates Bacterial Activity. Table, Effect of Scent Components on bacterial growth: Hydrocarbons: Undecane, the hydrocarbon compound from the metathoracic scent glands of C oridius janus (Srinivasulu and Janaiah, 2012) was in effective against Bacillus mycoids, while it was mild toxicity on Rhodococcus sps. n-dodecane from the abdominal scent glands of C. purpureus (Janaiah, 1978) was mild toxicity on both Rhodococcus sps. and B. mycoids. n-tridecane reported from the abdominal scent glands of C. purpureus(janaiah, et al., 1988) and Halys dentatus(Srinivasulu et al., 1996) had mild bactericidal effect on Bacillus mycoids and while it was high toxic on Rhodococcus sps. n-tetradecane, the scent secretions of the heteropteran bug Caura rufiventris (Prestwitch, 1976) showed no effect on Rhodococcus sps. while B. mycoids was inhibited only to a limited extent. Pentadecane present in the scent secretion of metathoracic glands of female Chlorochroa bug (Hsao-Young Ho and Jocelyn, 2001) caused the growth inhibition of both the bacteria understudy. n-hexane a scent component from the metathoracic scent glands of coreoid bugs, stimulate the growth of both bacteria of Rhodococcus sps. and B. mycoids.
* Growth difference between control and treatment expressed in optical density (O. D. ) Indicates Bacterial Activity. Table, Effect of Scent Components on bacterial growth: Hydrocarbons: Undecane, the hydrocarbon compound from the metathoracic scent glands of C oridius janus (Srinivasulu and Janaiah, 2012) was in effective against Bacillus mycoids, while it was mild toxicity on Rhodococcus sps. n-dodecane from the abdominal scent glands of C. purpureus (Janaiah, 1978) was mild toxicity on both Rhodococcus sps. and B. mycoids. n-tridecane reported from the abdominal scent glands of C. purpureus(janaiah, et al., 1988) and Halys dentatus(Srinivasulu et al., 1996) had mild bactericidal effect on Bacillus mycoids and while it was high toxic on Rhodococcus sps. n-tetradecane, the scent secretions of the heteropteran bug Caura rufiventris (Prestwitch, 1976) showed no effect on Rhodococcus sps. while B. mycoids was inhibited only to a limited extent. Pentadecane present in the scent secretion of metathoracic glands of female Chlorochroa bug (Hsao-Young Ho and Jocelyn, 2001) caused the growth inhibition of both the bacteria understudy. n-hexane a scent component from the metathoracic scent glands of coreoid bugs, stimulate the growth of both bacteria of Rhodococcus sps. and B. mycoids.
Table2. Effect of different farming methods on soil bacteria, fungi and actinomycetes at different growth stages of maize S P: Subash Palekar Absolute control: without NPK fertilizers and FY M DAS: Days after sowing
Table2. Effect of different farming methods on soil bacteria, fungi and actinomycetes at different growth stages of maize S P: Subash Palekar Absolute control: without NPK fertilizers and FY M DAS: Days after sowing
Table1. Effect of different farming methods on yield attributes, grain and stover yield of maize. Absolute control: without NPK fertilizer and FY M
Table1. Effect of different farming methods on yield attributes, grain and stover yield of maize. Absolute control: without NPK fertilizer and FY M
Fig. 1. Effect of different farming methods on grain and stover yield of maize
Fig. 1. Effect of different farming methods on grain and stover yield of maize
Means followed by the same lower case letter/s in a column do not differ significantly by DMRT (P= 0.05), DAS-Days after sowing
Means followed by the same lower case letter/s in a column do not differ significantly by DMRT (P= 0.05), DAS-Days after sowing
Means followed by the same lower case letter/s in a column do not differ significantly by DMRT (P= 0.05), DAS-Days after sowing. Table 2. Green forage and dry matter yield of oat genotypes as influenced by nitrogen level and cutting interval.
Means followed by the same lower case letter/s in a column do not differ significantly by DMRT (P= 0.05), DAS-Days after sowing. Table 2. Green forage and dry matter yield of oat genotypes as influenced by nitrogen level and cutting interval.
‘able3. Effect of different organic manures on growth and yield of Garlic (Allium sativum) under teak based agroforestry
‘able3. Effect of different organic manures on growth and yield of Garlic (Allium sativum) under teak based agroforestry
able 2. Effect of different organic manures on growth and yield of Garlic (Allium sativum) under open conditions
able 2. Effect of different organic manures on growth and yield of Garlic (Allium sativum) under open conditions
Table 1. Details of treatment combinations: RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Table 1. Details of treatment combinations: RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
LITERATURE CITED The results showed that the natural enemies population were highest recorded in normal and late planting in comparison to very late planting. SINGH et al., Effect of Planting Dates on Incidence of Insect-pests and Their Predators in Rice Field Spiders, damselflies, dragonflies and ground beetle were maximum population observed in normal planting with 4.00 and 3.50, 1.50 and 1.25, 0.75 and 1.00, 1.75 and 1.50 in perfive sweeps, respectively, both experimental years at vegetative stage followed by late planting.
LITERATURE CITED The results showed that the natural enemies population were highest recorded in normal and late planting in comparison to very late planting. SINGH et al., Effect of Planting Dates on Incidence of Insect-pests and Their Predators in Rice Field Spiders, damselflies, dragonflies and ground beetle were maximum population observed in normal planting with 4.00 and 3.50, 1.50 and 1.25, 0.75 and 1.00, 1.75 and 1.50 in perfive sweeps, respectively, both experimental years at vegetative stage followed by late planting.
five seedling with the help of a scale in cm after 10 days of incubation), Plumule radicle length ratio (The ratio was obtained by dividing the length of plumule by length of radicle from each marked seedling on which earlier plumule and radicle lengths were taken on 10" day) and Dry matter weight (All the tagged seedling of each genotypes were pooled across replication in a butter paper bag and dried in the hot air plant dryer at 70 +5°C for 24-27 hours and then weight was recorded in grams). KUMAR, et al., Effect of Salinity on Germination and Early Seedling Growth Stages of Urdbean (Vigna mungo L. Hepper) Germination and early seedling evaluation:
five seedling with the help of a scale in cm after 10 days of incubation), Plumule radicle length ratio (The ratio was obtained by dividing the length of plumule by length of radicle from each marked seedling on which earlier plumule and radicle lengths were taken on 10" day) and Dry matter weight (All the tagged seedling of each genotypes were pooled across replication in a butter paper bag and dried in the hot air plant dryer at 70 +5°C for 24-27 hours and then weight was recorded in grams). KUMAR, et al., Effect of Salinity on Germination and Early Seedling Growth Stages of Urdbean (Vigna mungo L. Hepper) Germination and early seedling evaluation:
()=Figures in parentheses are square root transformed value, DAS= Days after spraying, NS=Non significant *Mean based of 2 observations, ** Mean based of 3 observations, *** Mean based of 6 observations, * Mean based of 18 observations
()=Figures in parentheses are square root transformed value, DAS= Days after spraying, NS=Non significant *Mean based of 2 observations, ** Mean based of 3 observations, *** Mean based of 6 observations, * Mean based of 18 observations
Table:2 Effect of insecticides treatment on population of natural enemies of cotton Aphid (Pooled of two year ) ()=Figures in parentheses are Arcsine-transformed value, DAS= Days after spraying, NS=Non significant , *Mean based of 2 observations, ? Mean based of 6 observations
Table:2 Effect of insecticides treatment on population of natural enemies of cotton Aphid (Pooled of two year ) ()=Figures in parentheses are Arcsine-transformed value, DAS= Days after spraying, NS=Non significant , *Mean based of 2 observations, ? Mean based of 6 observations
Table: 3 Seed cotton yield and economics of different insecticides treatment (Pooled of two year ) LITERATURE CITED
Table: 3 Seed cotton yield and economics of different insecticides treatment (Pooled of two year ) LITERATURE CITED
Table1. Influence of different hosts on biological parameters of M. boninensis (in days) standard laboratory host, the eggs of rice moth. The aphids were collected from the field of Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture, Nagpur, Maharashtra, India from different crops viz; cowpea, cotton, sorghum. The crops sown plots were maintained untreated and the aphids were collected daily from those plots with the help of camel hair brush in plastic vials which were further utilized for feeding. The larvae and pupae of Helicoverpa armigera, Spodoptera litura and Earias vitella were collected from bio control laboratory of Central Institute of Cotton Research (CICR), Nagpur. These larvae and pupae were reared in the laboratory to obtain F1 progeny, neonates thus obtained were utilized for feeding. boninensis was significant when fed with various hosts and eggs of C. cephalonica was found to be superior overall the treatments. The total larval period, pupal period when larvae fed with neonate of S. litura was 15.60, 13.57 days, neonate of E. vitella, 16.39, 14.91 days and neonate of H. armigera, 16.95, 12.32 days respectively. Mani and Krishnamoorthy, 1989 and Ramkumar, et al., 2005 who reported 9 to 10, 9.25 and 10.79 days of larval period, 8.5 to 9.5, 8.35 +0.68, 5.63 days of pupal period, respectively. Kabissa, et al., 1995 reported that the total larval and pupal period of M. desjardinsi on nymphs of Aphis gossypii was 14.98, 14.75 days). Elsidding, et al., 2006 reported that the total larval, pupal period of M. boninensis to the extent of 8.0 +0.09; 9.0 +0.16 days when reared on eggs of C. cephalonica. Nehare, et al., 2004 reported that the total
Table1. Influence of different hosts on biological parameters of M. boninensis (in days) standard laboratory host, the eggs of rice moth. The aphids were collected from the field of Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture, Nagpur, Maharashtra, India from different crops viz; cowpea, cotton, sorghum. The crops sown plots were maintained untreated and the aphids were collected daily from those plots with the help of camel hair brush in plastic vials which were further utilized for feeding. The larvae and pupae of Helicoverpa armigera, Spodoptera litura and Earias vitella were collected from bio control laboratory of Central Institute of Cotton Research (CICR), Nagpur. These larvae and pupae were reared in the laboratory to obtain F1 progeny, neonates thus obtained were utilized for feeding. boninensis was significant when fed with various hosts and eggs of C. cephalonica was found to be superior overall the treatments. The total larval period, pupal period when larvae fed with neonate of S. litura was 15.60, 13.57 days, neonate of E. vitella, 16.39, 14.91 days and neonate of H. armigera, 16.95, 12.32 days respectively. Mani and Krishnamoorthy, 1989 and Ramkumar, et al., 2005 who reported 9 to 10, 9.25 and 10.79 days of larval period, 8.5 to 9.5, 8.35 +0.68, 5.63 days of pupal period, respectively. Kabissa, et al., 1995 reported that the total larval and pupal period of M. desjardinsi on nymphs of Aphis gossypii was 14.98, 14.75 days). Elsidding, et al., 2006 reported that the total larval, pupal period of M. boninensis to the extent of 8.0 +0.09; 9.0 +0.16 days when reared on eggs of C. cephalonica. Nehare, et al., 2004 reported that the total
larval, pupal period of M. boninensis was 11.13, 12.00 and 8.55; 10.46, 10.63 and 10.73 days on Aphis gossypii and A. craccivora and inactivated eggs of C. cephalonica, respectively at 26 + 2p C temperature and 65 + 5 per cent relative humidity. Sirimachan, et al., 2005 reported the pupal period of M. boninensis was observed to be 9.12 +1.13 days when fed on A. craccivora at 25 +2p C temperature and 75 + 5 percent relative humidity. le2. Influence of different prey hosts on fecundity of M. boninensis (eggs/female) NAGAMALLIKADEVI et al., Biology of Mallada boninensis (Okamoto) [Chrysopidae: Neuroptera]
larval, pupal period of M. boninensis was 11.13, 12.00 and 8.55; 10.46, 10.63 and 10.73 days on Aphis gossypii and A. craccivora and inactivated eggs of C. cephalonica, respectively at 26 + 2p C temperature and 65 + 5 per cent relative humidity. Sirimachan, et al., 2005 reported the pupal period of M. boninensis was observed to be 9.12 +1.13 days when fed on A. craccivora at 25 +2p C temperature and 75 + 5 percent relative humidity. le2. Influence of different prey hosts on fecundity of M. boninensis (eggs/female) NAGAMALLIKADEVI et al., Biology of Mallada boninensis (Okamoto) [Chrysopidae: Neuroptera]
Fig. 1. Fingerprint analysis of the crude extract of bark RAUT AND ANTHAPPAN, Studies on Antimicrobial Compounds of Extract of Bark of Sonneratia alba
Fig. 1. Fingerprint analysis of the crude extract of bark RAUT AND ANTHAPPAN, Studies on Antimicrobial Compounds of Extract of Bark of Sonneratia alba
Table2. AST by agar cup method on MHA plate of bark hot and cold crude extract In order to determine the exact concentration of the extracts that inhibits the growth of the test cultures, a 96 well Microtitre plate assay was performed using serial two-fold dilutions of extracts. The results are as follows.
Table2. AST by agar cup method on MHA plate of bark hot and cold crude extract In order to determine the exact concentration of the extracts that inhibits the growth of the test cultures, a 96 well Microtitre plate assay was performed using serial two-fold dilutions of extracts. The results are as follows.
Table 3. (MIC) and (MBC) of the crude extracts by Microdilution method
Table 3. (MIC) and (MBC) of the crude extracts by Microdilution method
Table6. Results of HPTLC and bioautography of acetone and methanol fraction of bark extracts obtained on fractionation
Table6. Results of HPTLC and bioautography of acetone and methanol fraction of bark extracts obtained on fractionation
able5. Results of photochemical tests of bark acetone and methanolic fraction obtained on fractionation, by tube method. Table4. Resultsof AST of bark after fractionation
able5. Results of photochemical tests of bark acetone and methanolic fraction obtained on fractionation, by tube method. Table4. Resultsof AST of bark after fractionation
Table 8. Fraction E (acetone) Fig. 4. Absorbance spectra of methanol fraction under visible and UV light.
Table 8. Fraction E (acetone) Fig. 4. Absorbance spectra of methanol fraction under visible and UV light.
able7. Consolidated results of Phytochemical analysis on basis of HPTLC and Bioautography Isolation of the Bioactive component
able7. Consolidated results of Phytochemical analysis on basis of HPTLC and Bioautography Isolation of the Bioactive component
Table9, Presenting percentage of C,H, N,S and O. FTIR Analysis: To know the possible functional group present in the compound, FTIR analysis was carried out in SAIF, IIT Bombay with the help of FTIR analyzer MANGA 550. The result revealed that the unknown compound may be ‘aromatic’ in nature, probably contained ‘amino’ and ‘chloro’ group.
Table9, Presenting percentage of C,H, N,S and O. FTIR Analysis: To know the possible functional group present in the compound, FTIR analysis was carried out in SAIF, IIT Bombay with the help of FTIR analyzer MANGA 550. The result revealed that the unknown compound may be ‘aromatic’ in nature, probably contained ‘amino’ and ‘chloro’ group.
Note: Prevailing price of Bt cotton in the market Rs. 2,700 pe quintal DAS - Days after sowing NS - Non significant ble2. Economics (Rs. ha") of Bt cotton as influenced by nutrient management practices fable2. Economics (Rs. ha‘) of Bt cotton as influenced by nutrient management practices
Note: Prevailing price of Bt cotton in the market Rs. 2,700 pe quintal DAS - Days after sowing NS - Non significant ble2. Economics (Rs. ha") of Bt cotton as influenced by nutrient management practices fable2. Economics (Rs. ha‘) of Bt cotton as influenced by nutrient management practices
Fig. 1). Among sub-plot treatments, significantly higher seed cotton yield per hectare was recorded in 150 % RDF (2295.78 kg ha™) which was followed by RDF + seed treatment with Azospirillum @ 600 g per ha followed by soil application @ 2 kg per ha (2152.42 kg ha‘). RDF + seed treatment with Azospirillum @ 600 g per ha followed by soil application @ 2 kg per ha was on par with RDF + seed treatment with Azotobacter @ 600 g per ha followed by soil application @ 2 kg per ha (2117.33 kg ha‘), RDF + seed treatment with Phosphobacteria @ 600 g per ha followed by soil application @ 2 kg perha(2116.90 kg ha?) and 125 % RDF (2087.22 kg ha 1), Significantly lower seed cotton yield per hectare was recorded in 100 % RDF (1879.00 kg ha"). The present results are conformity with findings of Gidnavar, et. al.,1992; Biradar,
Fig. 1). Among sub-plot treatments, significantly higher seed cotton yield per hectare was recorded in 150 % RDF (2295.78 kg ha™) which was followed by RDF + seed treatment with Azospirillum @ 600 g per ha followed by soil application @ 2 kg per ha (2152.42 kg ha‘). RDF + seed treatment with Azospirillum @ 600 g per ha followed by soil application @ 2 kg per ha was on par with RDF + seed treatment with Azotobacter @ 600 g per ha followed by soil application @ 2 kg per ha (2117.33 kg ha‘), RDF + seed treatment with Phosphobacteria @ 600 g per ha followed by soil application @ 2 kg perha(2116.90 kg ha?) and 125 % RDF (2087.22 kg ha 1), Significantly lower seed cotton yield per hectare was recorded in 100 % RDF (1879.00 kg ha"). The present results are conformity with findings of Gidnavar, et. al.,1992; Biradar,
DAS - Days after sowing NS - Non significant Table 1. Seed cotton yield (kg ha) and Uptake of NPK (kg ha") of Bt cotton as influenced by nutrient management practice
DAS - Days after sowing NS - Non significant Table 1. Seed cotton yield (kg ha) and Uptake of NPK (kg ha") of Bt cotton as influenced by nutrient management practice
Table1. Efficacy of various insecticides against rice stem borer during kharif, 2011. More than hundred insect species have been reported To assess the field efficiency of newer insecticides against yellow stem borer, Scerpophaga incertulus an experiments was executed under randomized block design (RBD) with three replication and eight treatment with each plot size measuring 5 x 3.9 sqm. during Kharif, 2011 and 2012 at Crop Research Station, Masodha of N.D.U.A.T., Faizabad.
Table1. Efficacy of various insecticides against rice stem borer during kharif, 2011. More than hundred insect species have been reported To assess the field efficiency of newer insecticides against yellow stem borer, Scerpophaga incertulus an experiments was executed under randomized block design (RBD) with three replication and eight treatment with each plot size measuring 5 x 3.9 sqm. during Kharif, 2011 and 2012 at Crop Research Station, Masodha of N.D.U.A.T., Faizabad.
Table2. Efficacy of various insecticides against rice stem borer during kharif, 2012. Cartap hydrochloride 75 SG (375 g a.i./ ha) and Fipronil 5 SC (75 ga.i,/ ha). Sahithi and Mishra, 2006; Lal, 2006 and Singh, et al., 2010 have also reported that Cartap hydrochloride 4G was most effective insecticide to check the stem borer infestation. Panda, etal., 2004 also reported Fipronil 5 SC @ 750 ga.i//ha as effective insecticide to check the stem borer incidence. The 25 days old seedling of improved Pb 1 rice variety was transplanted on II" fortnight of July in both experimental years. All the agronomical practices were adopted to raised a good crop.
Table2. Efficacy of various insecticides against rice stem borer during kharif, 2012. Cartap hydrochloride 75 SG (375 g a.i./ ha) and Fipronil 5 SC (75 ga.i,/ ha). Sahithi and Mishra, 2006; Lal, 2006 and Singh, et al., 2010 have also reported that Cartap hydrochloride 4G was most effective insecticide to check the stem borer infestation. Panda, etal., 2004 also reported Fipronil 5 SC @ 750 ga.i//ha as effective insecticide to check the stem borer incidence. The 25 days old seedling of improved Pb 1 rice variety was transplanted on II" fortnight of July in both experimental years. All the agronomical practices were adopted to raised a good crop.
Table 1. Experimental designs for the study. Measurement of working parameters
Table 1. Experimental designs for the study. Measurement of working parameters
Table2. Characterstics of wastes at different stages of in- vivo treatment.
Table2. Characterstics of wastes at different stages of in- vivo treatment.
Table3. Physiochemical properties of bioremediated distillery effluent using fungal strains of Aspergillus niger and Curvularia andropogonis (and effect of carbon source). 3.3. Effect on COD (Chemical oxygen demand) maximum reduction in COD was observed in CWOG (Curvularia andropogonis without glucose) where as A. niger show very good reduction with and without glucose (seen in AWG and AWOG) shown in fig. 3. Similar results was observed by Pant, and Adholeya, 2010 they observe 65% reduction a novel fungal consortium and the results were also supported by the studies performed by Ohmomo, et al., 1987; Miranda, et al., 1996; Jimnez, etal., 2003) which shows 70-90% reduction in COD by using different fungul strains. The process of bioremediation is generally understood with higher percentage of reduction accompanied with COD. These values were noted in control as well as for samples of distillery effluent inoculated with two different fungus species namely Aspergillus niger, and Curvularia andropogonis. Significant reduction in COD values were noted i.e. 86.54, 74.36, 44.38 and 88.25% inAWG, AWOG, CWG and CWOG respectively. So accordiang to the data shown in table 3 SHARMA et al., Bioremediation and Decolorization of Distillery Effluent by Aspergillus niger and A Novel Fungal Strain
Table3. Physiochemical properties of bioremediated distillery effluent using fungal strains of Aspergillus niger and Curvularia andropogonis (and effect of carbon source). 3.3. Effect on COD (Chemical oxygen demand) maximum reduction in COD was observed in CWOG (Curvularia andropogonis without glucose) where as A. niger show very good reduction with and without glucose (seen in AWG and AWOG) shown in fig. 3. Similar results was observed by Pant, and Adholeya, 2010 they observe 65% reduction a novel fungal consortium and the results were also supported by the studies performed by Ohmomo, et al., 1987; Miranda, et al., 1996; Jimnez, etal., 2003) which shows 70-90% reduction in COD by using different fungul strains. The process of bioremediation is generally understood with higher percentage of reduction accompanied with COD. These values were noted in control as well as for samples of distillery effluent inoculated with two different fungus species namely Aspergillus niger, and Curvularia andropogonis. Significant reduction in COD values were noted i.e. 86.54, 74.36, 44.38 and 88.25% inAWG, AWOG, CWG and CWOG respectively. So accordiang to the data shown in table 3 SHARMA et al., Bioremediation and Decolorization of Distillery Effluent by Aspergillus niger and A Novel Fungal Strain
Table 2. Population structure of Bacterivore and Fungivore nematodes in mango orchards of district Dehradun
Table 2. Population structure of Bacterivore and Fungivore nematodes in mango orchards of district Dehradun
Table 1. Soil Parameters of Mango orchards in district Dehradun total number of the samples collected. Relative density (RD %) is the Mean density of the genus X 100/sum of mean density of all nematode genera. Identification of Nematode genera:
Table 1. Soil Parameters of Mango orchards in district Dehradun total number of the samples collected. Relative density (RD %) is the Mean density of the genus X 100/sum of mean density of all nematode genera. Identification of Nematode genera:
Table 4, Community relationship between Bacterivore and nematodes [M ean + SD (range).]
Table 4, Community relationship between Bacterivore and nematodes [M ean + SD (range).]
Table3. Summary of Bacterivore and Fungivore Nematode diversity indices in Mango orchards of Dehradun district RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Table3. Summary of Bacterivore and Fungivore Nematode diversity indices in Mango orchards of Dehradun district RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Table2. The fat percentage in C ontrol and Experimental Chhana
Table2. The fat percentage in C ontrol and Experimental Chhana
Table1. The moisture percentage in Control and Experimental Chhana
Table1. The moisture percentage in Control and Experimental Chhana
*Table "t" value at 5% level 2.262. Table5. Per cent moisture, fat and yield and fat loss in whey during filled chhana preparation:
*Table "t" value at 5% level 2.262. Table5. Per cent moisture, fat and yield and fat loss in whey during filled chhana preparation:
Table 6: Sensory score of chhana * Average of 10 replications. t- Value (table) at 5% level is 2.262.
Table 6: Sensory score of chhana * Average of 10 replications. t- Value (table) at 5% level is 2.262.
fable 4. Show the fat losses of C ontrol and Experimental Chhana whey
fable 4. Show the fat losses of C ontrol and Experimental Chhana whey
Table3. Show the yield in percentage of Control and Experimental C hhana:
Table3. Show the yield in percentage of Control and Experimental C hhana:
quantitative traits clearly suggests the richness of variability in existing collection and scope of improvement over existing checks. check varieties during Kharif 99 . Whereas, during Zaid 99, the character days to maturity where the minimum days (77.00) was observed in ShU 9622 which was significantly earlier than the earliest check (Type 9 (80.67 days)). This was a collection from village Arva in Bareilly district of Uttar Pradesh. For the characters pods per plant and the seeds per pod, the upper limit of the range was 68.0 and 7.33, respectively. In Zaid 99, for seed yield per hectare, the high yielding genotypes like ShU 9511, ShU 9632, ShU 9532 and ShU 9503 with yields, 2375 kg, 2250 kg, 2200 kg and 2115.20 kg, respectively were indicative of the facts that higher yielding germplasm are still available and there is ample scope of land race improvement. Similarly, in Kharif 99, forthe character seed yield per hectares, the high yielding genotypes were ShU 9511, ShU 9536, ShU 9525 and ShU 9503 with yields 1756.94 kg, 1580.55kg, 1395.82kg and 1309.02 kg respectively. Further testing of such genotypes in wide areas will be needed. The evaluation data for Table1. Passport data of collected/acquired urdbean accessions
quantitative traits clearly suggests the richness of variability in existing collection and scope of improvement over existing checks. check varieties during Kharif 99 . Whereas, during Zaid 99, the character days to maturity where the minimum days (77.00) was observed in ShU 9622 which was significantly earlier than the earliest check (Type 9 (80.67 days)). This was a collection from village Arva in Bareilly district of Uttar Pradesh. For the characters pods per plant and the seeds per pod, the upper limit of the range was 68.0 and 7.33, respectively. In Zaid 99, for seed yield per hectare, the high yielding genotypes like ShU 9511, ShU 9632, ShU 9532 and ShU 9503 with yields, 2375 kg, 2250 kg, 2200 kg and 2115.20 kg, respectively were indicative of the facts that higher yielding germplasm are still available and there is ample scope of land race improvement. Similarly, in Kharif 99, forthe character seed yield per hectares, the high yielding genotypes were ShU 9511, ShU 9536, ShU 9525 and ShU 9503 with yields 1756.94 kg, 1580.55kg, 1395.82kg and 1309.02 kg respectively. Further testing of such genotypes in wide areas will be needed. The evaluation data for Table1. Passport data of collected/acquired urdbean accessions
Table2. Phenotypic correlation between seed yield and its components in urdbean germplasm in preliminary yield trial Zaid 99. * ** Significant at 5% and 1% level, respectively.
Table2. Phenotypic correlation between seed yield and its components in urdbean germplasm in preliminary yield trial Zaid 99. * ** Significant at 5% and 1% level, respectively.
Table3. Phenotypic correlation between seed yield and its components in urdbean germplasm in preliminary yield trial Kharif 99.
Table3. Phenotypic correlation between seed yield and its components in urdbean germplasm in preliminary yield trial Kharif 99.
Figure given in parenthesis are transformed value ble3. Effect of fungicides on disease intensity of cercospora leaf spot of mungbean under green house condition
Figure given in parenthesis are transformed value ble3. Effect of fungicides on disease intensity of cercospora leaf spot of mungbean under green house condition
Figure given in parenthesis are transformed value Table2. Effect of fungicides against C. canescens on per cent mycelial inhibition in vitro at 21 days after incubation
Figure given in parenthesis are transformed value Table2. Effect of fungicides against C. canescens on per cent mycelial inhibition in vitro at 21 days after incubation
each other, however Copper oxychloride, Topsin-M, Mancozeb and Thiram were statistically differed to each other (Table 1). fable1. Effect of fungicides against C. canescens on mycelial growth in vitro at 21 daysafter incubation
each other, however Copper oxychloride, Topsin-M, Mancozeb and Thiram were statistically differed to each other (Table 1). fable1. Effect of fungicides against C. canescens on mycelial growth in vitro at 21 daysafter incubation
Table1. Total spikelets and unfilled spikelets (panicle’) in rice genotypes as influenced by moisture stress at harvest exhibited greater spikelet sterility due to moisture stress at flowering. Total number of grains per panicle was drastically reduced when drought stress occurred at flowering this reflected the reduced crop growth. Limitations of assimilate supply particularly during reproductive stage affected spikelet number per panicle and filled spikelets percentage. Reduction in leaf water potential at anthesis caused poor panicle exertion and this might be the reason for less number of grains due to pollination abnormalities. the genotypesi.e. 0.120 to 0.241 gm?(Table3). Such genotypic differences for grain yield under aerobic condition were reported by (Nieuwenhuis, et al., 2002 and Bouman, et al., 2002). NLR 3010 recorded highest grain yield of 240.9 gm? compared to other genotypes followed by NLR 40059 (0.234 g m?) NLR 33671 (0.232 gm?) NLR 34242 (0.232 gm*), MTU 1010 and NLR 145 recorded moderate seed yields of 0.185 and 0.183 g m* respectively. Lowest seed yield recorded in NLR 30491 (0.120 g m?), NLR 40058 (0.121g m7), and NLR 40054 (0.165 kg.m?) NLR 40070 (0.160 gm), NLR 40064 (0.183 gm?) shows moderately (Fig. 4.15). The genotype NLR 3010 recorded highest straw yield (0.314 gm") followed by NLR 40059 (0.320 gm"), NLR 34242 and NLR 33671 on par. The genotype MTU 1010 recorded (0.295 gm") fallowed by NLR 145 (0.310 gm"). Under aerobic system of rice production most of the genotypes evaluated have produced straw yield to a range of (0.300 to 0.380 gm) only which denotes the straw yield was not much affected compared to other yield parameters yield in both pot and field study (Table 3).
Table1. Total spikelets and unfilled spikelets (panicle’) in rice genotypes as influenced by moisture stress at harvest exhibited greater spikelet sterility due to moisture stress at flowering. Total number of grains per panicle was drastically reduced when drought stress occurred at flowering this reflected the reduced crop growth. Limitations of assimilate supply particularly during reproductive stage affected spikelet number per panicle and filled spikelets percentage. Reduction in leaf water potential at anthesis caused poor panicle exertion and this might be the reason for less number of grains due to pollination abnormalities. the genotypesi.e. 0.120 to 0.241 gm?(Table3). Such genotypic differences for grain yield under aerobic condition were reported by (Nieuwenhuis, et al., 2002 and Bouman, et al., 2002). NLR 3010 recorded highest grain yield of 240.9 gm? compared to other genotypes followed by NLR 40059 (0.234 g m?) NLR 33671 (0.232 gm?) NLR 34242 (0.232 gm*), MTU 1010 and NLR 145 recorded moderate seed yields of 0.185 and 0.183 g m* respectively. Lowest seed yield recorded in NLR 30491 (0.120 g m?), NLR 40058 (0.121g m7), and NLR 40054 (0.165 kg.m?) NLR 40070 (0.160 gm), NLR 40064 (0.183 gm?) shows moderately (Fig. 4.15). The genotype NLR 3010 recorded highest straw yield (0.314 gm") followed by NLR 40059 (0.320 gm"), NLR 34242 and NLR 33671 on par. The genotype MTU 1010 recorded (0.295 gm") fallowed by NLR 145 (0.310 gm"). Under aerobic system of rice production most of the genotypes evaluated have produced straw yield to a range of (0.300 to 0.380 gm) only which denotes the straw yield was not much affected compared to other yield parameters yield in both pot and field study (Table 3).
Table2. Spikelet sterility (% ) in rice genotypes under aerobic condition
Table2. Spikelet sterility (% ) in rice genotypes under aerobic condition
Table1. Details of the top ten lines with high Iron and Zinc concentration
Table1. Details of the top ten lines with high Iron and Zinc concentration
‘able2. Phenotypic values of the grain traits in mapping population ple2. Phenotypic values of the grain traits in mapping population Statistical analysis for Grain quality traits: Average, mean and range for the phenotypic values were calculated using Standard Excel program of Microsoft Office. Correlation between character pairs were computed at p < 0.05 and p < 0.01 in Microsoft Excel using trait averages. Correlation coefficients were determined for iron and zinc concentration and grain weight and dimensions for each BC,F, line. Significance of correlation coefficients (r) at P =0.05 or 0.01 is indicated by * or **, respectively.
‘able2. Phenotypic values of the grain traits in mapping population ple2. Phenotypic values of the grain traits in mapping population Statistical analysis for Grain quality traits: Average, mean and range for the phenotypic values were calculated using Standard Excel program of Microsoft Office. Correlation between character pairs were computed at p < 0.05 and p < 0.01 in Microsoft Excel using trait averages. Correlation coefficients were determined for iron and zinc concentration and grain weight and dimensions for each BC,F, line. Significance of correlation coefficients (r) at P =0.05 or 0.01 is indicated by * or **, respectively.
e3. Pair wise correlation among grain traits, iron and zinc concentration in BC ,F population derived from a cross between an indica rice cultivar Samba M ahsuri and the wild relative Oryza rufipogon
e3. Pair wise correlation among grain traits, iron and zinc concentration in BC ,F population derived from a cross between an indica rice cultivar Samba M ahsuri and the wild relative Oryza rufipogon
Figure 3 (cont.). Arrow indicates the Samba Mahsuri value for grain traits ROJA etal., Enrinchment of Iron and Zinc Concentration in Introgression Lines of Brown Rice
Figure 3 (cont.). Arrow indicates the Samba Mahsuri value for grain traits ROJA etal., Enrinchment of Iron and Zinc Concentration in Introgression Lines of Brown Rice
Values on wet weight basis; Note: * spoiled product; Parenthesis values indicates standard deviation, n=3. Stored at refrigerated temperature (6 + 2°C ) during summer season
Values on wet weight basis; Note: * spoiled product; Parenthesis values indicates standard deviation, n=3. Stored at refrigerated temperature (6 + 2°C ) during summer season
Values on wet weight basis; Note: * spoiled product; Parenthesis values indicates standard deviation, n=3. Stored at refrigerated temperature (6 + 2°C) during summer season
Values on wet weight basis; Note: * spoiled product; Parenthesis values indicates standard deviation, n=3. Stored at refrigerated temperature (6 + 2°C) during summer season
Values on wet weight basis; Note: * spoiled product; Parenthesis values indicates standard deviation, n=3. Stored at refrigerated temperature (6 + 2°C ) during summer season
Values on wet weight basis; Note: * spoiled product; Parenthesis values indicates standard deviation, n=3. Stored at refrigerated temperature (6 + 2°C ) during summer season
fable6. Effects of varying temperature on sensory attributes of the smoked Mackerel
fable6. Effects of varying temperature on sensory attributes of the smoked Mackerel
Table4. Effects of varying brine concentration on sensory attributes of the Smoked Equipment:
Table4. Effects of varying brine concentration on sensory attributes of the Smoked Equipment:
Table5. Effects of varying brine concentration on sensory attributes of the Smoked Phenol:
Table5. Effects of varying brine concentration on sensory attributes of the Smoked Phenol:
able8. Effects of varying time on sensory attributes of the smoked Mackerel
able8. Effects of varying time on sensory attributes of the smoked Mackerel
able9. Effects of varying time on sensory attributes of the smoked Pink perch le9, Effects of varying time on sensory attributes of the smoked Pink perch
able9. Effects of varying time on sensory attributes of the smoked Pink perch le9, Effects of varying time on sensory attributes of the smoked Pink perch
Table7. Effects of varying temperature on sensory attributes of the smoked Pink perch
Table7. Effects of varying temperature on sensory attributes of the smoked Pink perch
able 10. Estimation of varying salt up take in saturated brine with different time (min) of dip treatment at a reference temperature of 70°C along with different smoking hours for mackerel
able 10. Estimation of varying salt up take in saturated brine with different time (min) of dip treatment at a reference temperature of 70°C along with different smoking hours for mackerel
\uthor’s Contribution : Rs. 1000/paper (for single author) and Rs. 600/paper for additional authors.** Same for SAARC ountries only soft copy
\uthor’s Contribution : Rs. 1000/paper (for single author) and Rs. 600/paper for additional authors.** Same for SAARC ountries only soft copy
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