Food Biotechnology

Flavor is a crucial factor that influences the food preferences of many consumers, and in recent years, there has been a growing consumer demand for the use of natural and ecologically sustainable flavor compounds in foods. This study investigated the volatile compound production abilities of Saccharomyces cerevisiae TGM10 and Saccharomyces cerevisiae var. boulardii S11 yeasts in sugar beet molasses, a significant by-product of the sugar industry under extended fermentation. The effect of fermentation time on the volatile compound profile was also determined. In fermentation carried out in Erlenmeyer flasks for up to 120 hours, both strains tolerated the medium containing 10% sugar beet molasses well. The volatile compound profiles of samples fermented by each strain for 96 and 120 hours were determined by GC-MS. S. cerevisiae TGM10 yielded a higher-alcohol-dominated profile, whereas S. boulardii S11 produced an ester-dominant profile. Results showed that both strains were capable of producing a variety of pleasant and valuable aroma compounds through the fermentation of sugar beet molasses. Additionally, yeast strain used in fermentation and fermentation time had significant effects on volatile compound profiles. In conclusion, S. cerevisiae TGM10 and S. boulardii S11 showed strong potential for low-cost production of bioaroma additives and might enhance flavor when employed as starter or adjunct cultures in fermented foods.

This review meticulously examines the antimicrobial effects of medicinal plants on Staphylococcus aureus and underscores their potential in overcoming the challenge of drug resistance. With a plethora of plant species known for their antimicrobial properties, exploring alternative solutions to combat bacterial infections is imperative. The review emphasizes the importance of investigating plant-derived compounds that can effectively inhibit bacterial growth through unique mechanisms and discusses the synergistic effects of combining multiple compounds from plant extracts. Researchers are actively working on isolating novel bioactive chemicals from plants to serve as effective alternatives to traditional antibiotics. The study highlights the critical role of herbal medicines in addressing resistant strains of Staphylococcus aureus and stresses the necessity for further research to develop innovative treatment approaches.

This work examined the comparative potential of starch and flour obtained from two non-edible tuberous plants Anchomanes difformis blume (ADB) and Icacina trichantha oliv (ITO) for glucose and bioethanol production. Acid hydrolysis using sulfuric and hydrochloric acids, alongside enzymatic hydrolysis using α-amylase and amyloglucosidase, was employed to convert the biomass into fermentable sugars. The optimal glucose yield from acid hydrolysis was recorded with 0.25 M sulfuric acid at 120 °C for 45 minutes, with ADB starch yielding 28.41 g/L, the flour yielded 20.69 g/L and ITO starch yielding 22.09 g/L while flour yielded 20.42g/L. Fermentation using Saccharomyces cerevisiae showed maximum ethanol yields of 9.6 g/L and 8.92 g/L from ADB and ITO, respectively. While starch samples consistently yielded higher glucose and ethanol concentrations, flour samples demonstrated greater economic efficiency due to reduced processing requirements and higher net output per gram of raw biomass. Enzymatic hydrolysis further enhanced yields, with ADB and ITO achieving up to 26.09 g/L and 23.62 g/L ethanol, respectively. Overall, both ADB and ITO, particularly in flour form, offer viable alternatives to conventional starch feedstocks for sustainable bioethanol production.

Background: Population explosion puts pressure on earth's resources, leading to environmental degradation and poverty in developing countries. Family planning remains the best solution to address overpopulation. However, family planning raises concerns about efficacy, cultural and religious perceptions, and side effects of contraceptives. Herbal male contraceptives could be a solution, as they are natural(with minimal side effects) and align with cultural beliefs and reduce the burden of chemical contraceptives on women. Methods: Swiss Target Prediction tool was used to predict the targets of the individual compounds found on some selected and known anti-spermatogenic plants, patterns in their molecular targets were observed and their possible link to anti-inflammation were researched. Results: The results of Swiss Target Predictions of the phytocompounds found in the selected medicinal plants with known anti-spermatogenic potentials churned out many molecular targets that mediate anti-inflammation. And the most common and recurrent molecular targets were Cyclooxygenase (COX)1 & 2, Peroxisome Proliferator Activated Receptor (PPAR) (gamma, delta and alpha), Cannabinoid receptor(CBR) 1 & 2, Fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH)/ Anandamide amido hydrolase, 5-lipoxygenase Inhibitors, 15-lipoxygenase inhibitors, 11-beta hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (11B-HSD),(17-beta hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase)(17B-HSD), Protein tyrosine phosphatase(PTP) 1B& 1C, Protein Kinase C(PKC) and Androgen Receptor. These molecular targets, through NF-kB pathways, inhibit COX 2, leading to diminution of the levels of PGF2 alpha and PGI2 that regulates gonadotropin releasing hormone receptor (GnRHR) mRNA synthesis, resulting in diminished follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) levels and elevated level of luteinizing hormone (LH). The selected medicinal plants are rich in COX 2 inhibitors and androgen receptors blockers. Conclusion: The induction of anti-inflammation with androgen receptors (AR) blockade in healthy physiological conditions may have fertility-regulatory effects, and could be exploited to enhance the efficacy of male chemical contraceptives.

To gain some specific insight into the roles microorganisms might play in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), some intestinal and lactic acid bacteria and one yeast (Anaerostipes caccae, Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron, Bifidobacterium longum, Enterococcus fecalis, Escherichia coli, Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus fermentum, Lactobacillus plantarum, Weissella confusa, Saccharomyces cerevisiae) were characterized by high performance liquid chromatography for production of ethanol when grown on different carbohydrates: hexoses (glucose and fructose), pentoses (arabinose and ribose), disaccharides (lactose and lactulose), and inulin. Highest amounts of ethanol were produced by S. cerevisiae, L. fermentum, and W. confusa on glucose and by S. cerevisiae and W. confusa on fructose. Due to mannitol-dehydrogenase expressed in L. fermentum, ethanol production on fructose was significantly (P < 0.05) reduced. Pyruvate and citrate, two potential electron acceptors for regeneration of NAD + /NADP + , drastically reduced ethanol production with acetate produced instead in L. fermentum grown on glucose and W. confusa grown on glucose and fructose, respectively. In fecal slurries prepared from feces of four overweight volunteers, ethanol was found to be produced upon addition of fructose. Addition of A. caccae, L. acidophilus, L. fermentum, as well as citrate and pyruvate, respectively, abolished ethanol production. However, addition of W. confusa resulted in significantly (P < 0.05) increased production of ethanol. These results indicate that microorganisms like W. confusa, a hetero-fermentative, mannitol-dehydrogenase negative lactic acid bacterium, may promote NAFLD through ethanol produced from sugar fermentation, while other intestinal bacteria and homo-and hetero-fermentative but mannitol-dehydrogenase positive lactic acid bacteria may not promote NAFLD. Also, our studies indicate that dietary factors interfering with gastrointestinal microbiota and microbial metabolism may be important in preventing or promoting NAFLD.

Depletion of petroleum derived fuel and environmental concern have emphasized the need to produce sustainable renewable fuels and chemicals. Biofuel from renewable sources can be an alternative to impart a remarkable role for maintaining sustainability and security in energy sector. A complete substitution of petroleum derived fuels by biofuel is impossible yet, marginal replacement of fossil fuels by biofuels can delay the depletion of petroleum resources and abate the radical climate change caused by automotive pollutants. Biofuels are broadly classified into three categories: first generation biofuels-from biomass that is usually edible; second generation biofuels-from lignocellulosic feedstocks or municipal wastes; third generation biofuels-from microorganisms, majorly from algae. In terms of food security, the use of those energy crops which are used as food products for biofuel production is of concern. Biofuel production using microalgae is attractive prospect in this scenario. The review presents an overview of the usage and sustainability challenges of biofuels.

Pharmaceutical packaging materials play a significant role in stabilizing the drug dosage form. The installation material must maintain the integrity of the measurement form, must be natural, not weak, and must have good mechanical strength. Glass is widely used for inputs. Selection of packaging materials is a very important parameter when studying the durability test of a particular volume and dosage form. Present review has been extensively reviewed about glass as packing components which play the role in many aspects of life one particularly important area is pharmaceutical packaging.

In Europe, genetically modified organisms (GMOs) are subject to an authorization process including a mandatory risk assessment. According to the respective guidance by the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), one of the pillars of this GMO risk assessment is a comparative analysis of the compositional and agronomic characteristics. This targeted approach has been criticized for its limitations, as it only considers pre-determined compounds, being insufficient to assess a comprehensive range of relevant compounds, including toxins and anti-nutrients, on a casespecific basis. Strategies based on advanced untargeted omics technologies have been proposed as a potential broader approach to be implemented into the initial step of the risk assessment framework. Here, we provide an example of a step-by-step omics analysis based on systems biology approach to fit into the context of European GMO regulation. We have performed field trial experiments with genetically modified (GM) Intacta ™ Roundup Ready ™ 2 Pro soybean containing both cry1Ac and cp4epsps transgenic inserts and analyzed its proteomic profile against the non-GM counterpart and reference varieties. Based on EFSA's comparative endpoint-by-endpoint approach, the proteomics analysis revealed six proteins from the GMO outside the 99% tolerance intervals of reference varieties (RVs) in the equivalence test. Interestingly, from the near-isogenic (non-GM) comparator we found as many as ten proteins to be outside of the said RVs' equivalence limits. According to EFSA's statistical guidelines, differences found in metabolite abundance between a GMO and its non-GM comparator would not be considered biologically relevant as all compounds of concern remained within the equivalence limits of commercial RVs. By assessing the proteomic and metabolomic data through our proposed systems biology approach, we found 70 proteins, and the metabolite xylobiose as differentially expressed between the GMO and its non-GM comparator. Biological relevance of such results was revealed through a functional biological network analysis, where we found alterations in several metabolic pathways related to protein synthesis and protein processing. Moreover, the allergenicity analysis identified 43 proteins with allergenic potential being differentially expressed in the GM soybean variety. Our results demonstrate that implementation of advanced untargeted omics technologies in the risk assessment of GMOs will enable early and holistic assessment of possible adverse effects. The proposed approach can provide a better understanding of the specific unintended effects of the genetic modification on the plant's metabolism, the involved biological networks, and their interactions, and allows to formulate and investigate dedicated risk hypotheses in the first place. We draw conclusions on a detailed comparison with the comparative assessment according to EFSA and provide scientific arguments and examples on how the current comparative approach is not fit for purpose.

Biotechnological achievements of recent years have emerged as powerful tool to develop quality attributes of livestock products include dairy and dairy-based products. Biotechnology has applied to food processing in most developing countries makes use of microbial inoculants to enhance properties such as the taste, aroma, shelf-life, consistency, and nutritional value of foods/dairy products. Probiotic food products are a rapidly growing area of functional food, as found to be robustly accepted by the consumers. However, the food industry is looking for to produce diverse varieties of probiotic foods other than dairy products with prospective health benefits. In this review, the broad array of available dairy foods, by-product waste utilization of dairy and dairy processing challenges the microbiologist, engineer and technologist to find the best ways to prevent the entry of microorganisms, destroy those that do get in along with their enzymes and prevent the growth and activities o...

Nano science and nanotechnology are new frontiers of this century and food nanotechnology is an emerging technology. Food nanotechnology is an area of emerging interest and opens up a whole universe of new possibilities for the food industry. In food engineering, two major applications related to nanotechnology (i.e) food Nano sensing and food nanostructured ingredients are being expected. In the former field, better food quality and safety evaluation can be achieved by using nanotechnology. Recently “Nanotechnology”, is essentially a modern scientific field that is constantly evolving as a broad area of research, with respect to dairy and food processing, preservation, packaging and development of functional foods. Food and dairy manufacturers, agricultural producers and consumers could gain a more competitive position through nanotechnology. Nano food packaging materials may extend food life, improve food safety, alert consumers that food is contaminated or spoiled, repair tears i...

Cheka is the most commonly used traditional food and drink for people who live around Konso and Derashe special woredas. The characterization of carbohydrate, protein and alcohol with estimation of protein and carbohydrate in cheka was done. The result obtained for all tests of alcohol, carbohydrate and proteins is positive result confirming their prescience in cheka. Most of cheka users have a body mass index (BMI) in the normal range which shows the positive impact of cheka, on human health.

A population of exotic Holstein Friesian, Jersey, their crossbreds and the indigenous Murrah breed of buffalo bulls (n=486), used in artificial insemination breeding program were screened for the allelic distribution of the κ-casein and β-lactoglobulin genotypes. The preferred "B" allele frequency was highest in Murrah buffalo bulls followed by Jersey and Holstein Friesian. The increase in this particular allele frequency in the Holstein Friesian crossbred bulls was more when compared to their Jersey counterparts. Hardy-Weinberg's equilibrium was maintained albeit with some deviations, which was higher in crossbreds than in purebreds. The feasibility of using such large-scale molecular diagnostic tools in the field and their significance with regards to the dairy economy is discussed. (Asian-Aust.

Authenticity testing of animal species present in food has become a very important issue regarding the economical, safety, religious and health aspects. The food labeling regulations state that every meat species that was added in the product must be accurately declared to the consumer. Given the latest incidences, most of the population has lost confidence in the authenticity and quality of products found on the market. The aim of this study was to assess the authenticity of various beef products found on a regional market based on DNA confirmation method. The material used was represented by 87 beef products analyzed and tested in the Food Safety laboratory from the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Cluj. All of the samples collected were purchased from a regional market having also a visible label. For the DNA extraction we used a DNA extraction kit (Isolate II, Bioline), the quantities and purities being read at the spectrophotometer (Nanodrop ND1000). The method used was PCR-multiplex, in which we used two sets of specific primers: one that amplify cattle mitochondrial DNA sequences and one for pork mitochondrial DNA sequences. The study revealed that 15% of the samples analyzed did not have the label in accordance with the content of the products. 5 of the products tested were negative at the amplification with bovine specific primers but positive for the pork DNA. 10 samples tested were positive both for bovine DNA as well as for pork DNA although on the label the pork meat adding was not mentioned. In the regional market studied there are deficiencies in labelling some of the beef products resulting in fraudulent marketing of pork meat mixture. We highly recommend a more severe surveillance and the DNA testing in the sanitary veterinary control units in order to identify the possible frauds and the retraction of the non-corresponding labelled products.

The purpose of this study was to characterize the bacterial 16S rRNA gene of Sumatran orangutan (Pongo abelii) Bukittinggi West Sumatera zoo. The sample used in this study are lactic acid bacteria of the Sumatran orangutan (Pongo abelii) derived from zoo Bukittinggi West Sumatra Indonesia. This study was an exploratory study that conducted at the Laboratory through several stages. The first stage was the isolation of LAB from faeces of Sumatran orangutans using MRS agar medium and then cultured in a liquid medium NB. The next stage was the isolation of total DNA, and then, the third stage was the amplification of the 16S rRNA gene and agarose gel electrophoresis. Then,in the fourth stage of determining the DNA sequence and analysis of DNA sequence homology. The final stage was the computational analysis of 16S rRNA gene Sumatran orangutan (Pongo abelii). The results showed that lactic acid bacteria (LAB) from the Sumatran orangutan (Pongo abelii) is close to lactic acid bacteria Lac...

Background: Snack bars are the one which helps to satisfy the appetite of the individual were often consumed in between the main meals. Optimum nutrition is the basic necessity for the good health, intake of balanced diet provides all the necessary nutrients that are required. Methods: In this laboratory experiment conducted during 2019-2020 at in Post Graduate and Research Centre, Professor Jayashankar Telangana State Agricultural University, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad eight different combination of snack bars were developed by using 35% jaggery concentration. Pineapple, beetroot and dates were in varied concentrations whereas, pumpkin seeds, oats and groundnuts were kept constant. Result: The combination with equal amounts of pineapple, dates and less amount of beetroot has highest acceptability followed by bar with high amount of pineapple>dates>beetroot. The lowest organoleptic parameters were for bar with highest amount of pineapple and equal amounts of beetroot and dates followed by highest amount of pineapple>beetroot>dates. The nutritional properties were good for developed snack bar compared to control where its moisture was 6.98±0.03%, ash was 1.57±0.02%, protein was 13.47±0.00%, fat was 6.36±0.14%, crude fibre was 8.40±0.00%, carbohydrate was 63.22±0.06 and energy was 357.24±0.13. It was shown that the 35% of jaggery combination has the best acceptance when compared to the other combinations. They had the good nutrient composition and are cost effective.

Contamination of meat and meat products with pathogenic and spoilage microorganisms is one of the most important challenges facing the meat industry that results in a range of human health problems and economic losses. This work aimed to identify the occurrence of Pseudomonas spp. especially Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) in some processed and ready-to-eat meat products in Sohag governorate. A total of 200 random meat product samples; minced beef meat, luncheon, burger, and sausage (50 of each) were purchased from different markets in Sohag governorate, Egypt over a period of 12 months from November 2020 to October 2021. Pseudomonas spp. was suspected in 32 (15%) of the meat products examined samples using the colony morphology on Cetrimide agar, represented as follows; 30%, 18%, 6%, and 10% in minced beef meat, luncheon burger, and sausage, respectively. Using the morphological and biochemical methods, P. aeruginosa was suspected in 12 isolates (37.5%) with an incidence of 12/200 (6%) of the total examined samples. The PCR results revealed that only 8/12 (66.7%) of the suspected isolates encoded the 16S rDNA gene of P. aeruginosa with an incidence of 4% of the total examined samples, 4 (50%) of which were detected in the minced beef meat samples, 2 (25%) in the sausage samples while in the luncheon and burger P. aeruginosa was identified in only 1 sample (12.5%) for each.

Bamboo shoots are nutritious forest foods, which are rich in proteins, carbohydrates, minerals, vitamins, phenolic compounds, and phytosterols. Bamboo shoots (Dendrocalamus asper) are used because they are the most delicious compared to other types of bamboo shoots. There are three objectives to be obtained. First objective of this research is to determine fiber, protein, ash and moisture content in bamboo shoot cracker with three different formulations. Second objective is to analyze texture and color of bamboo shoot cracker with three different formulations while third objective is to optimize best formulation of bamboo shoot cracker on consumer acceptability. Three formulations with different percentage of bamboo shoot powder were used which Formulation 1 consist of 10%, Formulation 2 consist of 20% and Formulation 3 consist of 30% respectively. Formulation 3 showed the highest result in fibre, protein, and ash analysis with additional of 30% bamboo shoot powder. Formulation 1 obtained the highest result in moisture content with additional 10% bamboo shoot powder. Formulation 1 had the brightest colour of bamboo shoot cracker with a good texture. Sensory evaluation studies revealed that crackers prepared with 10% bamboo shoot powder were more acceptable by panellists.

BACKGROUND: Significant amounts of nutrients, including dietary fibers, proteins, minerals, and vitamins are present in legumes, but the presence of anti-nutritional factors (ANFs) like phytic acid, tannins, and enzyme inhibitors impact the consumption of legumes and nutrient availability. In this research, the effect of a physical process (sonication or precooking) and fermentation with Lactobacillus plantarum and Pediococcus acidilactici on the ANFs of some legumes was evaluated. RESULTS: Total phenolic content was significantly (P < 0.05) reduced for modified and fermented substrates compared with non-fermented controls. Trypsin inhibitory activity (TIA) was reduced significantly for all substrates except for unsonicated soybean and lentils fermented with L. plantarum and P. acidilactici. When physical processing was done, there was a decrease in TIA for all the substrate. Phytic acid content decreased for physically modified soybean and lentil but not significantly for green pea. Even though there was a decrease in ANFs, there was no significant change in in vitro protein digestibility for all substrates except for unsonicated L. plantarum fermented soybean flour and precooked L. plantarum fermented lentil. Similarly, there was a change in amino acid content when physically modified and fermented. CONCLUSION: Both modified and unmodified soybean flour, green pea flour, and lentil flour supported the growth of L. plantarum and P. acidilactici. The fermentation of this physically processed legume and pulse flours influenced the nonnutritive compounds, thereby potentially improving nutritional quality and usage.

BACKGROUND: Significant amounts of nutrients, including dietary fibers, proteins, minerals, and vitamins are present in legumes, but the presence of anti-nutritional factors (ANFs) like phytic acid, tannins, and enzyme inhibitors impact the consumption of legumes and nutrient availability. In this research, the effect of a physical process (sonication or precooking) and fermentation with Lactobacillus plantarum and Pediococcus acidilactici on the ANFs of some legumes was evaluated. RESULTS: Total phenolic content was significantly (P < 0.05) reduced for modified and fermented substrates compared with non-fermented controls. Trypsin inhibitory activity (TIA) was reduced significantly for all substrates except for unsonicated soybean and lentils fermented with L. plantarum and P. acidilactici. When physical processing was done, there was a decrease in TIA for all the substrate. Phytic acid content decreased for physically modified soybean and lentil but not significantly for green pea. Even though there was a decrease in ANFs, there was no significant change in in vitro protein digestibility for all substrates except for unsonicated L. plantarum fermented soybean flour and precooked L. plantarum fermented lentil. Similarly, there was a change in amino acid content when physically modified and fermented. CONCLUSION: Both modified and unmodified soybean flour, green pea flour, and lentil flour supported the growth of L. plantarum and P. acidilactici. The fermentation of this physically processed legume and pulse flours influenced the nonnutritive compounds, thereby potentially improving nutritional quality and usage.

Jack bean sprouts are rich in plant-based proteins, which possess additional functional properties. However, no studies have reported using different packaging to ferment tempeh to increase the amino acids and nutritional properties of jack bean sprouts. The present study aimed to determine the effects of fermentation time and different packaging materials on the amino acid, proximate, and antinutrient concentrations of tempeh from jack bean sprouts. This study used experimental methods with two factors: fermentation time (36, 48, 60, and 72 h) and packaging material (plastic, banana leaf, and teak leaf). The results showed that the fermentation time contributed to significant changes (P<0.05), including an increase in the moisture, protein, and crude fiber contents of tempeh; a decrease in the fat and carbohydrate contents; and a decrease in antinutritional compounds (tannins, phytic acid, and hydrogen cyanide). The soluble protein content of tempeh was higher after 48 h of fermentation than after 36 h of fermentation, and the content remained consistent across all tempeh treatments until 72 h of fermentation. The amino acid concentration of tempeh fermented for 48 h was evaluated. Tempeh packaged in teak leaves exhibited the highest contents of essential and nonessential amino acids (34.27 and 58.97 g/100 g protein dry weight, respectively), followed by tempeh packaged in banana leaves and plastic. Regardless of packaging materials, tempeh fermented for 48 h contained the highest amounts of hydrophobic amino acids, in

Barley contains substantial amounts of both soluble and insoluble non-starch polysaccharides (NSP). The main water soluble NSP in barley are highly viscous β-glucans. Monogastric animals, including humans and birds, cannot synthesize β-glucanase, and the amount of β-glucanase derived from barley grain and bacteria in the gastrointestinal tract is insufficient to completely hydrolyze β-glucans. In the present investigation, we have studied the influence of temperature and heating time on the extractibility of soluble polysaccharides in barley. Heating the barley samples at 60°C and 80°C before extraction has the effect of lowering the soluble fraction of the polysaccharides. The dynamic viscosity values of water extracts from barley decreased up to 21.68% when heating at 60ºC for 15 minutes, and up to 25.30% when heating at 80ºC for 15 minutes, when the determinations were made immediately after extract separation. Heating the barley samples for 15 minutes at 80°C deactivates the endogenous hydrolytic enzymes.

Enterococci are part of the dominant microbiota of artisanal Pico cheese and could be used as adjunct cultures for improving this traditional dairy product. However, the genus lacks Qualified Presumption of Safety (QPS) status. The aim of this study was to assess virulence factors, antibiotic resistance and biogenic amine production in 28 autochthonous Enterococcus from Pico cheese. Isolates were identified by sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene and physiological characteristics (hemolysis, DNase, gelatinase, biogenic amine production, and antibiotic resistance), prior to phenotypic and genotypic (asa1, gelE, cylA, esp, efaA, ace, tdc, odc, hdc1, and hdc2) testing for virulence properties. All enterococci displayed antibiotic resistance, mainly to high doses of aminoglycosides (kanamycin and netilmicin). Furthermore, two of the studied isolates displayed vancomycin resistance, not attributable to vanA and vanB. No isolate produced DNase and only one was β-hemolytic, but gelatinase production was observed in 54% of the isolates. The most frequently present virulence genes were efaA (100%), gelE and tdc (86%) and ace (71%). The less represented genes were esp (46%), asa1 (43%), cylA (21%) and hdc2 (4%). No isolate was devoid of virulence factors, making them unsuitable for use as Pico cheese adjunct cultures. Our results stress the importance of assessing the safety of each E. faecalis isolate from artisanal cheeses intended for use in food fermentations.

This study focuses on developing a functional snack bar incorporating nutrient-dense ingredients such as quinoa, amaranth, dates, raisins, dried figs, and roasted peanuts. The bars were analyzed for proximate composition, nutraceutical characteristics, color, texture, sensory attributes, and shelf-life stability. Proximate analysis showed protein content from 12.16±0.05% and 13.36±0.11%. and fat content between 14.16±0.05% and 13.22 ±0.03%. Antioxidant activity ranged between 38.00±0.45% and 36.34±0.32%, with high phenolic (124.66 ±0.11-150.18±0.18 mg GAE/g) and flavonoid (25.94±0.42-12.40±0.45 mg QE/g) contents. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis confirmed the presence of various functional groups associated with the ingredients without any new groups. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images revealed varying proportions of popped amaranth and quinoa flour, which significantly influenced the matrix structure. Sensory evaluation favoured the formulation with 10% popped amaranth, 20% quinoa, and 40% dates, scoring 8.43±0.45. Shelf-life studies indicated good stability over 28 days. Cost analysis revealed affordability compared to market samples, suggesting potential for scaling up production to meet market demand.

Alcoholic whole plant extracts of Calotropis procera and Trigonella foenum graecum L. showed in vitro cytotoxicity against different human cancer cell lines such as lung, neuroblastima, liver and colon. Sulforhodamine B dye (SRB) assay was done for in vitro cytotoxicity test assay against five human cancer cell lines namely of lung (A-549), liver (Hep-2) colon (502713, and neuroblastima . Cannabis sativa and Trigonella foenum graecum L. showed more than 70% growth of in some cell lines 79% and 83% in Cannabis sativa and Trigonella foenum graecum L. respectively, against lung (A-549) cell line. In case of liver (Hep-2) cell lines, Cannabis sativa showed cytotoxic activity but Trigonella foenum graecum L extracts showed no activity. Colon 502713 cell lines were inhibited by the extracts of Trigonella foenum graecum L only. HT-29 liver human cancer line and IMR-32 neuroblastima cell lines showed cytotoxic inhibition by both plant extracts.

Objective: To determine lactic acid bacteria’s capability to enhance the process isolating aflatoxin B1 and to utilize such lactic acid bacteria as a food supplemeont products for preventing absorption of aflatoxin B1 in human and animal bodies. Methods: In the present research, the bacteria were isolated from five different sources. For sfourr viedyeinntgif ythineg c athpea brielistuyl toafn tth es tbraaicntse rtiha rionu igsho l1a6tiSn grR aNflAa tsoexqinu eBn1c, iEnLgIS mA emtheothdo, du wniavse irmsapl lepmrimenetresd ,w aenrde applied. Results: Among the strains which were isolated, two strains of Lactobacillus pentosus and Lactobacillus beveris exhibited the capability of absorbing and isolating aflatoxin B1 by respectively saoblsuotribonin. g and discharging 17.4% and 34.7% of the aforementioned toxin existing in the experiment Conclusions: Strains of Lactobacillus pentosus and Lactobacillus beveris were isolated from human afeflcaetso xainnd B l1o

Endophytes are important source of bioactive metabolites having antibacterial, antifungal and antiviral activities. Garcinia lancifolia Roxb. is an endemic medicinal plant of Assam and is known for its antiscorbutic, astringent, cardiotonic, and emollient properties. The aim of this study was to isolate and identify the endophytic bacteria associated with G . lancifolia for potential antimicrobial activity. The five bacterial endophytes isolated from different parts of G. lancifolia were tentatively identified as Bacillus cereus (GlB 1 ), B. megaterium (GlB 2 ), Staphylococcus sp (GlB 3 ), Corynebacterium xerosis (GlB 4 ) and C. kutscheri (GlB 5 ) on the basis of their colony morphology and biochemical characteristics. The isolates were tested for antibiotic sensitivity, antibacterial and antifungal activities and plant growth promoting traits. All of them showed antibacterial and antifungal activities. Highest zone of inhibition (20 mm) was exhibited by GlB 1 against K. pneumoniae ...

I. Prologue A. Serious flaws in the global food system. B. Possible causes for the flaws in the global food system. C. Views on biotechnology D. Controversies surrounding GM food and crops. II. Introduction A. Biotechnology advocates and their general perspective. a. Medical biotechnology, industrial biotechnology, and agricultural biotechnology. B. Opponents of biotechnology and their general perspective C. Response to opposing viewpoints and the different approaches to the conflict in regards to trade. D. Intro to WTO ruling in the EU Moratorium and the challenges for developing countries. III. Abstract A. When it comes to GM food the US and the EU are on opposite sides of the spectrum. B. Whether developing nations decide to side with the US or the EU will have significant affects on their stability. IV. What is Biotechnology? A. GMO and LMO defined V. A Brief History A. The evolution of GMOs is rooted in history. a. Gregor Mendel-his science is now viewed as conventional breeding B. The rate of mutation is slow, and nuclear mutation was readily available after WWII. C. Problems with conventional breeding that led to biotechnology. D. Biotechnology-available after the discovery of the DNA double helix that allows you to pick and choose the genes of your choice. VI. Statistics of GMO use around the world A. self-explanatory VII. The science behind genetic engineering A. A modern genetic modification involves DNA extraction, gene cloning, gene design, transformation, and backcross breeding. B. Two main biotechnology traits are herbicide tolerance and pesticide resistance. C. Commodity crops and Bacillus Thuringiensis (Bt) VIII. GM Food and Trade Agreements A. Protocols for GMOs a. Codex Alimentarius Commission-developing principles for the human health risk analysis of GM foods. b. Codex does not have a binding affect on national legislation and it is mentioned in the WTO SPS Agreement. B. The Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety-regulates transboundary moments of LMOs if they are able to replicate (that could potentially be released to the environment). C. TRIPS Agreement D. What WTO agreements try to do-reduce the potential for conflict. IX. The European Union's rejection of GMOs A. Before the late 1980s, the public was not well informed on GM research B. The new products, particularly in Europe had no direct benefit to consumers. C. Europe's mistrust in the safety of food supplies rooted in history. D. The EU farmers/ EU population and the reasons behind their choices. X. What's behind GM food trade disputes? A. The EU Moratorium explained. B. The effects of the EU Moratorium in GM adopting countries and non-adopting countries. XI. The EU Moratorium and developing countries. A. Interview with Lee Ann Jackson (WTO) a. What direction are developing countries headed. B. Three scenarios in which the EU takes three different positions and the possible results. a. Moratorium b. Informed choices through labeling c. if it were to allow GM adoption XII. What impact do the results of the EU moratorium have on household incomes? A. Who is better off and who is worst off in terms of countries. B. Statistical results show that the EU Moratorium benefited developing countries in terms of trade. a. However, they are at loss for nutritional enhancement. b. Believed that in the long term, GM adoption is beneficial. XIII. The Issue with developing countries A. Developing countries are in the middle of the debate between the acceptance and rejection of GMOs B. Developing countries do not use GM fortified seeds as intensely and they have to deal with additional government regulations.

In recent years, scientific community has focused the attention on the non-starter lactic acid microbiota of home-made dairy products as a source of new candidate-probiotic strains. Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) and in particular Lactobacillus spp. play a major role in acquiring the specific taste and aroma of the final product during the fermentation. For this purpose, 43 Lactobacillus strains, isolated from traditional Bulgarian katak, curd, yoghurt, white-brined and yellow cheese, were subjected to screening of their enzyme capacity. Twenty-five of the strains were pre-selected for determination of their enzyme profile by API ZYM system. It was established that most of the strains showed high leucine and valine arylamidase, β-galactosidase and α-glucosidase activity. Only a few strains showed N-acetyl-β-glucosaminidase, α-galactosidase, β-glucosidase and Naphtol-AS-BI-phospho-hydrolase activity. Alkaline phosphatase, trypsin, α-chymotrypsin, α-mannosidase, lipase (except L. lactis O...

A traditional fermented paste from cassava is called Fufu. Lactic acid bacteria's activity during the fermentation of this product causes unique biochemical changes in cassava starch. The proper retting of the soaked cassava roots results from effective fermentation, which is influenced by the dry matter of the cassava roots and lactic acids. Measuring these traits in the lab takes a lot of time and money. Therefore, this study aimed to use near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS) to develop calibration models for dry matter and total titratable acidity. Eighty cassava genotypes were processed into Fufu mash. The Fufu mash samples were divided into two groups of seventy Fufu samples each for calibration, and ten Fufu samples for validation to create the calibration model. In addition, the lab analysis of the Fufu mash samples' dry matter content and total titratable acidity produced the reference data. The results showed good coefficients of determination in calibrations (R2cal) and cross-validation (R2cv) for dry matter and total titratable acidity, respectively, of 0.83, 0.65 and 0.93, and 0.57. Thus, enhancing the NIRS calibration models used in this study may be possible and using them as a quick screening tool for cassava breeding initiatives aimed at producing Fufu.

This study developed multimode hyperspectral imaging techniques to detect substitution and mislabeling of fish fillets. Line-scan hyperspectral images were collected from fish fillets in four modes, including reflectance in visible and nearinfrared (VNIR) region, fluorescence by 365 nm UV excitation, reflectance in short-wave infrared (SWIR) region, and Raman by 785 nm laser excitation. Fish fillets of six species (i.e., red snapper, vermilion snapper, Malabar snapper, summer flounder, white bass, and tilapia) were used for species differentiation and frozen-thawed red snapper fillets were used for freshness evaluation. A total of 24 machine learning classifiers were used for fish species and freshness classifications using four types of spectral data in three different subsets (i.e., full spectra, first ten components of principal component analysis, and bands selected by a sequential feature selection method). The highest accuracies were achieved at 100% using full VNIR reflectance spectra for the species classification and 99.9% using full SWIR reflectance spectra for the freshness classification. The VNIR reflectance mode gave an overall best performance for both species and freshness inspection.

Substitution of high-priced fish species with inexpensive alternatives and mislabeling frozen-thawed fish fillets as fresh are two important fraudulent practices of concern in the seafood industry. This study aimed to develop multimode hyperspectral imaging techniques to detect substitution and mislabeling of fish fillets. Line-scan hyperspectral images were acquired from fish fillets in four modes, including reflectance in visible and near-infrared (VNIR) region, fluorescence by 365 nm UV excitation, reflectance in short-wave infrared (SWIR) region, and Raman by 785 nm laser excitation. Fish fillets of six species (i.e., red snapper, vermilion snapper, Malabar snapper, summer flounder, white bass, and tilapia) were used for species differentiation and frozen-thawed red snapper fillets were used for freshness evaluation. All fillet samples were DNA tested to authenticate the species. A total of 24 machine learning classifiers in six categories (i.e., decision trees, discriminant analysis, Naive Bayes classifiers, support vector machines, knearest neighbor classifiers, and ensemble classifiers) were used for fish species and freshness classifications using four types of spectral data in three different datasets (i.e., full spectra, first ten components of principal component analysis, and bands selected by sequential feature selection method). The highest accuracies were achieved at 100% using full VNIR reflectance spectra for the species classification and 99.9% using full SWIR reflectance spectra for the freshness classification. The VNIR reflectance mode gave the overall best performance for both species and freshness inspection, and it will be further investigated as a rapid technique for detection of fish fillet substitution and mislabeling.

The objective of this study was to determine whether roselle calyce extract could modulate insulin resistance in high carbohydrate diet fed cats. Fifteen non-obese, mixed-breed, adult clinically healthy cats were used in this study. Following consumption of a commercially available control diet for 2 weeks, venous blood was collected to determine the baseline of blood glucose. Then the cats were randomly separated into 5 groups of 3 cats each. Group 1 received the control diet throughout the experiment. Groups 2-5 received high carbohydrate diets (HC) for 2 weeks to induce insulin resistance. After that, group 2 continued to receive a HC diet for further 5 weeks while groups 3 and 4 received a HC diet with roselle extract at doses of 0.1 or 1g/kg BW/day and group 5 received acarbose 25 mg/cat orally once daily. An intravenous glucose tolerance test (IVGTT) was performed after the 4 th week of treatments in all groups and fasting blood were collected to measure insulin, glucose, triglycerides, cholesterol, and BUN. The fasting glucose and insulin values were used to calculate Homeostasis model assessment for insulin resistance (HOMA-IR). Then in the 5 th week, blood samples were collected over 24 hours at 0 min, 30 min, 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 11, 14, 18 and 24 hr for monitoring of 24 hours glucose. The IVGTT showed the area under the plasma glucose time curve ( AUC) of HC diet control group was significantly higher than that of cats receiving normal control diet (p < 0.05). Interestingly, the AUC glucose levels of HC diet group treated with roselle extract at both doses (180.6 ± 25.8 and 178.5 ± 10.9 min.mg/dL) were significantly lower than that of HC control group (270.1 ± 19.1 min.mg/dL). For 24 hours glucose, the AUC glucose of HC group was significantly (p < 0.05) higher than that of normal control diet group, however, treatment with both doses of roselle extract did not affect 24 hours AUC glucose levels of HC fed cats. In addition, the HC diet control group had a significantly higher HOMA-IR score as compared to the normal control diet group. This high HOMA-IR returned to normal level in the group that received roselle extract. In conclusion, the results indicate that roselle extract can reduce blood glucose by reducing insulin resistance in HC fed cats. Roselle calyce extract might therefore be used as alternative medicine in type 2-diabetic cats.

There are serious research projects to prevent the bacteria to antibiotics. Thus, scientists are looking for new antibiotic derivatives using plants. Einkorn wheat seeds (Triticum monococcum), Chestnut seed (Castanea sativa) and Begonia leaves were used for antibacterial tests on bacterial strain. The study of antibacterial effects of Einkorn wheat seed and begonia leaves has not been seen in the literature. The antimicrobial effects of these plant leaves and seeds were investigated in Muller-Hilton media at 37 C o for 48 hours. After incubation, all plates were observed for zones of growth inhibition. The parameters of these zones were measured in millimeters. All tests were performed under sterile conditions and repeated three times. It was observed that the wheat and chestnut seeds had no antibacterial effect against Staphylococcus aureus bacteria. However, they have been found to have a significant antibacterial effect against Escherichia coli bacteria. Furthermore, antimicrobial effects of Begonia maculata leaves against E. coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Pseudomonas aeroginosa bacteria were investigated. E. coli bacteria were affected by the leaves more than the other bacteria. K. pneumoniae bacteria were affected less while P. aeruginosa bacteria were affected the least. Bakterilerin antibiyotiklere direncini önlemek için ciddi araştırmalar var ve bilim insanları, bitkileri ve doğayı kullanarak yeni antibiyotik türevleri aramaktadırlar. Siyez buğdayı tohumları (Triticum monococcum), kestane meyvesi (Castanea sativa) ve begonya yaprakları bazı bakteri türlerine karşı antibakteriyel test için kullanılmışlardır. Siyez buğday tohumu ve Begonya yapraklarının antibakteriyel etkileriyle ilgili çalışma literatürde görülememiştir. Bu bitki yaprak ve tohumlarının antimikrobiyal etkisi Muller-Hilton besiyerinde 37 C o sıcaklıkta 48 saat süreyle incelenmiştir. İnkübasyondan sonra, tüm plakalar büyüme inhibisyon bölgeleri için gözlendi. Bu bölgelerin parametreleri milimetre cinsinden ölçüldü. Tüm testler, steril koşullar altında gerçekleştirildi ve üç kez tekrarlandı. Bu çalışmada, buğday ve kestane tohumlarının Staphylococcus aureus bakterisine karşı antibakteriyel etkisi olmadığı görülmüştür. Ancak siyez buğdayı ve kestane tohumlarının, Escherichia coli baktesine karşı önemli bir antibakteriyel etkiye sahip olduğu bulunmuştur. Buna ilaveten; Begonia maculata bitki yapraklarının E. coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae ve Pseudomonas aeroginosa bakterilerine karşı antimikrobiyal etkileri incelendi. Özellikle E. coli bakterileri her iki yaprak çeşidinden diğer bakterilere göre daha fazla etkilemiştir.

Coagulase-positive staphylococci (CPS) are the main causative bacterial agents of staphylococcal food intoxication, posing a significant public health risk and causing infections in humans and animals. In this study, a hundred Izmir Tulum Cheese samples were collected from various retail outlets in the Izmir province. CPS isolates from cheese samples were identified using standard cultural methods. The phenotypic antibiotic resistance of CPS isolates was determined using the agar disk diffusion test method, while their biofilm formation capacity was assessed using the colorimetric method. In the study, CPS was isolated from 30 out of 100 analyzed Izmir Tulum Cheese samples (30%), and it was determined that 27 of these samples (27%) had CPS levels exceeding the maximum acceptable limit of 10³ CFU/g set by the Turkish Food Codex Microbiological Criteria Regulation. Antimicrobial resistance analysis revealed that among the 30 CPS isolates, 90% were resistant to penicillin, while resistance rates to other commonly used antibiotics were 83.3% for clindamycin, 56.7% for ciprofloxacin, and 53.3% for tetracycline. Additionally, 76.7% of the isolates were multidrugresistant, meaning they were not easily killed by different antibiotics, which limits treatment options. Furthermore, 83.3% of the CPS isolates had the capacity for biofilm formation, highlighting its impact on food safety. These findings emphasize the need for stricter hygiene protocols, controlled antibiotic use, and innovative strategies to combat biofilms in dairy production.

For multi-enzymatic cases, the determination of the batch reactor (BR) optimal operating policy often translates into a difficult multi-objective problem. Exemplification is made here for the enzymatic reduction of D-fructose to mannitol by using the mannitol dehydrogenase (MDH) enzyme and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) cofactor, with in situ regeneration of NADH at the expense of formate degradation by using the FDH enzyme. This paper presents an original rule to in silico generate the problem solution, by using the Pareto optimal-front approach with accounting for pairs of competing economic goals and constraints. The optimal BR is then compared to an optimal fed-BR (FBR), or a series of equal BRs (SeqBR). As proved, the Pareto-optimal front alternative is an advantageous option, compared to the classical nonlinear programming technique, being simple to apply, by considering pairs of opposite objective functions. In the present case study, the Pareto-optimal BR operating mode predicts an M-productivity 1.5x better than those of an optimized FBR, with comparable enzymes consumption. The MDH consumption of this Pareto-optimal BR is 10x smaller than an optimal SeqBR, and 130x smaller vs. heuristic (sub)optimal BR.

The sugar beet processing in the sugar production industry releases huge amounts of sugar beet pulp, lime residue, and molasses, which can be considered a valuable by-product as a source of cellulose, hemicellulose, and pectin. Sugar beet pulp is often used as a high-energy, low-protein supplement for ruminants to promote optimal rumen health and increase milk production. However, it cannot be used in large quantities and is thrown away, causing environmental pollution. Valorizing sugar beet processing wastes via biotechnological approaches into value-added products is cost-effective and eco-friendly. In this article, recent developments in the biotechnological valorization of sugar beet byproducts to produce biofuels, bioethanol, butanol, biomass and platform chemicals such as gluconic acid, lactic acid, rhamnolipid biosurfactant, and endo-polygalacturonase were reviewed, and the methods provide a way to save the environment. Several sugar beet processing plants in the Kyrgyz Repub...

In this paper are studied the physicochemical, mechanical and thermal properties of the natural fique fibers, that can be used as reinforcement of polymeric matrices. The fibers were subjected to superficial modifications from chemical treatments which are conventionally used to promote the compatibility of natural fibers (hydrophilics) with matrices of polymeric nature (hydrophobics). The superficial modification process of the fibers was carried out by alkalinization treatment with NaOH, followed by grafting of a coupling agent type silane and then a pre-impregnation with polyethylene. By running FTIR tests, it was possible to observe functional typical groups of native fibers and confirmed the proper execution of the superficial modifications proposed; in the same way, the thermal characterization by TGA allowed to demonstrate the loss of hemicellulose and lignin, that were removed with alkaline treatment, and the appearance of a new transition due to the polyethylene deposited subsequently with the pre-impregnate treatment. Finally, it was found that the alkaline treatment conditioned the mechanical properties of the treated fibers, being negligible the influence of silanization and the pre-impregnation in this characterization.

Background/Objectives: Chitosan-alginate microcapsules were produced to encapsulate bioactive compounds from Artemisia annua L. extract (apigenin, luteolin) and cannabidiol (CBD). The study aimed to optimize emulsion composition and encapsulation parameters for potential applications in food supplements and pharmaceuticals. Methods: A water-in-oil-in-water (W/O/W) emulsion and a modified coacervation extrusion technique were employed. The study was conducted in two phases using response surface methodology. Key metrics included encapsulation efficiency (EE), yield (EY), cumulative release in vitro, and physicochemical and morphological properties, analyzed via scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), high-performance liquid chromatography with a diode array detector (HPLC-DAD), and gas chromatography with flame ionization detection (GC-FID). Results: The optimal conditions were identified as 0.1% Tween 20, 3.8% Span 80, 3.8% CBD, 19.9% A. annua L. extract, 1.5% outer-phase Tween 20, 48.5% sodium alginate, 200 rpm stirring for 30 min, and a 0.05 mL/min flow rate. The EE values were 80.32 ± 4.11% for CBD, 88.13 ± 3.13% for apigenin, and 88.41 ± 4.17% for luteolin, with respective cumulative releases of 77.18 ± 4.4%, 75.12 ± 4.81%, and 75.32 ± 4.53%. Conclusions: The developed microcapsules demonstrated high encapsulation efficiency and controlled release, highlighting their potential for further development in food supplements and pharmaceuticals. Future studies should focus on refining the formulation for improved bioavailability and stability.

For the welfare of living being, water is essential. The contaminated or used water after sanitation are best source for the water borne pathogens and sometimes it directly or indirectly mixed/ discharged in the river/ ponds/ ground water causes many diseases to human being. For the assurance of the clean and safe palatable water, it must be treated properly. Application of nanotechnology led the new foundation in treatment of palatable water. The present study enlightened the quality of water supply by different sources in Prayagraj District, Uttar Pradesh, India. Various physico-chemical analysis was performed on collected water samples such as TDS, water hardness, electrical conductivity, bicarbonate ion test, etc. The screened water borne pathogens were further identified and tested against the metal oxide nanoparticles viz., Copper oxide nanoparticles and zinc oxide nanoparticles. These nanoparticles were showed more promising results at low doses (in range of 0.020 µg/ml-0.101 µg/ml). The anti-bacteria activity of the nano-metal oxides on water borne pathogens showed that both nanometal oxides of copper oxide and zinc oxide could inhibit bacteria activity dependent on their concentration. Notwithstanding the many areas to be explored further, the outlook of progressing intense and diverse research on ZnO NP and CuO NP is evidence of its potential as a water disinfectant at the industrial level as well as at local levels.

The objective of the present study was focused on possibilities to estimate the allele and genotype frequencies of β-lactoglobulin (BLG) gene polymorphisms in dairy cattle belonging to two different genetic groups from the Research and Development Station for Bovine Raising Arad in order to have breeding programs that target an increase in the frequency of the B allele in the dairy cattle population. Genotyping was performed on 20 Romanian Spotted and 18 Brown of Maramures cattle.In order to differentiate the favorable genotype for superior composition and higher cheese yield, we used simple DNA extraction method from fresh blood and techniques based on DNA analysis, which include polymerase chain reaction and restriction fragment length polymorphisms (PCR-RFLP) methods. Employing these techniques we were able to determine the (BLG) genotype of all individuals in a given population under selection, regardless of sex, age or physiological stage. As a result, it is now possible to include information on milk protein genotypes into marker assisted selection programs and consequently improve response to selection.

Omics techniques have revolutionized the field of biomedical research, enabling comprehensive and high-throughput analysis of various biological components, such as genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, metabolomics, and epigenomics. These powerful methodologies have greatly contributed to our understanding of biological systems and their role in health and disease. This review article explores the applications of omics techniques in diverse areas of research, including disease diagnostics, biomarker discovery, drug development, and personalized medicine. It also highlights the challenges and future prospects of omics technologies, emphasizing their potential impact on advancing healthcare and precision medicine.

In this work, allelic frequencies (A and B) of CAS gene were determined as selection criteria on milk quality in double purpose cattle. Blood samples were taken at 200 bovine females and were placed in tubes containing EDTA. Genetic marker MB002 was amplified from extracted genetic material. RFLP testing was performed using restriction enzyme Hinf I for the diagnosis of A and B alleles on CASκ. Genotype frequencies obtained corresponded to 0.34, 0.01 and 0.65 for AA, BB and AB, respectively. Allelic frequency were 0.67 and 0.33 for A and B alleles, respectively. Also, there was a heterocigocity average of 0.6481. The study population is not in Hardy Weinberg equilibrium, the value of 2 = 14.8 with 2 degrees of freedom (P < 0.005). Based on allelic frequency of CAS B (0.34) observed in this study under theoretical assumptions, double-purpose cattle may be a feasible option to increase milk quality when BB sires are used for cross breeding. In this way, B alleles associated to higher milk quality can be enriched in few generations.

Los bioplásticos se definen como aquellos materiales plásticos que han sido comprobados como biodegradables en el ambiente y que tienen una composición de materia orgánica (recursos agrícolas, forestales y animales), que se consideran naturales y renovables (Ballesteros, 2014). El objetivo de esta investigación fue determinar las propiedades físicas y mecánicas de plásticos biodegradables elaborados utilizando una combinación de subproductos de arroz (Oryza sativa) y yuca (Manihot esculenta). Las variables analizadas fueron absorción de agua, estabilidad térmica, poder calorífico, donde se utilizó un diseño completamente al azar con 3 tratamientos y 3 repeticiones para un total de 9 unidades experimentales. Los rangos obtenidos en la absorción de agua fueron, en las muestras 80/20 (4.509% - 6.980%) en las muestras 70/30 (2.260% - 4.236%) y en las 60/40 (2.025% - 3.056). Para la estabilidad térmica se obtuvieron resultados entre 4.0%  de pérdida de masa en la evaluación de las pelícu...