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Table 2. Estimation of components of variance and genetic parameters for 13 quantitative characters in pigeon pea genotypes

Table 2 Estimation of components of variance and genetic parameters for 13 quantitative characters in pigeon pea genotypes

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Subscription Rates for 2014: “Author’s Contribution : Rs. 1000/paper (for single author) and Rs. 600/paper for additional authors. **Same for SAARC countries only soft copy. *Payment must be made through Demand Draft payable to State Bank of India, Kalyanpur Branch, (Branch Code 01962) Kanpur, U.P. India, in favour of Trends in Biosciences (Ac/No. 31575871348) along with manuscript and sent to Dr. S.S. Ali, Editor in Chief, H-1312, VIP Lane, Satyam Vihar, Avas Vikas No.1, Kalyanpur, Kanpur- 208 018, U.P. India. In case of outstation cheque an extra amount of Rs. 50/- may be paid as clearance of cheque. For e-banking add Rs. 25/- (Contact: ss_ali@rediffmail.com; trendsinbiosciencesjournal@gmail.com) Business Manager, Er. S. Osaid Ali, Biotechnology Research Foundation, Kanpur
Table1. Present areas of Agriculture activities in the field of Nanotechnology
Table1. Present areas of Agriculture activities in the field of Nanotechnology
Table 1. Insects used in Indian traditional medicine
Table 1. Insects used in Indian traditional medicine
Table 2. Number of edible insect species reported in the world Geographically, Ramos-Elorduy (2005) identified the Americas and Africa as recording the highest number of insect species eaten as food. However, when the Pacific countries are combined with Asian countries, the region registers more than 500 insect species consumed for food. It is likely that the total number of species eaten in Asia is considerably higher than this number, as research on the subject appears to have been less rigorous in Asia and the Pacific compared with work conducted and published in Africa and the Americas (Table 3).
Table 2. Number of edible insect species reported in the world Geographically, Ramos-Elorduy (2005) identified the Americas and Africa as recording the highest number of insect species eaten as food. However, when the Pacific countries are combined with Asian countries, the region registers more than 500 insect species consumed for food. It is likely that the total number of species eaten in Asia is considerably higher than this number, as research on the subject appears to have been less rigorous in Asia and the Pacific compared with work conducted and published in Africa and the Americas (Table 3).
Table 5. Common edible insects in India
Table 5. Common edible insects in India
Table 3. Number of edible insects per continent and number of consumer countries
Table 3. Number of edible insects per continent and number of consumer countries
Table 4. Protein content of common insects on a dry weight basis Insects represent rich sources of protein for the improvement of human diet, especially for individuals suffering from poor nutrition because of a protein deficit (Table 4). Gram for gram, insects often contain more protein and minerals than meat. In fact, nutritionists represent the leading group of researchers in food insects, motivated by a desire to remedy the problems associated with protein-deficient diets (De- Foliart, 2008).
Table 4. Protein content of common insects on a dry weight basis Insects represent rich sources of protein for the improvement of human diet, especially for individuals suffering from poor nutrition because of a protein deficit (Table 4). Gram for gram, insects often contain more protein and minerals than meat. In fact, nutritionists represent the leading group of researchers in food insects, motivated by a desire to remedy the problems associated with protein-deficient diets (De- Foliart, 2008).
however, the bees appeared excited, briefly left the feeding table in a hectic flight, alighted on it again, flew up and landed on nearby blades of grass or sticks, and finally left in the direction of the nest. On their return flight they again landed on leaves or sticks at intervals of 1- 2 m. About 8 m before reaching the nest they usually turned around and flew back to the food. Occasionally, a forager also entered the nest, presumably to alert and recruit nestmates. The hectic behavior displayed by the foragers is clearly connected with the deposition of scent marks that are subsequently used by the recruits to find the food: When the nest and feeder were placed
however, the bees appeared excited, briefly left the feeding table in a hectic flight, alighted on it again, flew up and landed on nearby blades of grass or sticks, and finally left in the direction of the nest. On their return flight they again landed on leaves or sticks at intervals of 1- 2 m. About 8 m before reaching the nest they usually turned around and flew back to the food. Occasionally, a forager also entered the nest, presumably to alert and recruit nestmates. The hectic behavior displayed by the foragers is clearly connected with the deposition of scent marks that are subsequently used by the recruits to find the food: When the nest and feeder were placed
Chemical Structures of Trail Pheromone Compounds: on the opposite sides of a small lake, denying the bees any solid substrate for the deposition of pheromones, no newly recruited bees found the food resource (Lindauer and Kerr, 1960). Recruitment took place, however, when the foragers were provided with a substrate in the form ofa rope decorated with twigs and leaves tightened over the water surface, where they could land and deposit pheromone marks on their way back to the nest.
Chemical Structures of Trail Pheromone Compounds: on the opposite sides of a small lake, denying the bees any solid substrate for the deposition of pheromones, no newly recruited bees found the food resource (Lindauer and Kerr, 1960). Recruitment took place, however, when the foragers were provided with a substrate in the form ofa rope decorated with twigs and leaves tightened over the water surface, where they could land and deposit pheromone marks on their way back to the nest.
Relative water content (RWC) was more or less same in normal condition but it significantly reduced under drought stress condition (Fig.1). SarjooS2showed 28.57% reduction while N22 11.11%. Drought stress reduced cellular water content high in susceptible varieties whereas tolerant ones accumulate compitableosmolytes in cells and create osmotic pressure for absorption of water from less negative water potential to more negative potential (Wang et al, 2010). Relative water conent is considered as a measure of plant water status that reflecting the metabolic activity of plant tissues. It is usually uses as one of the most meaningful idexes for dehydration tolerance in wide variety of plant.
Relative water content (RWC) was more or less same in normal condition but it significantly reduced under drought stress condition (Fig.1). SarjooS2showed 28.57% reduction while N22 11.11%. Drought stress reduced cellular water content high in susceptible varieties whereas tolerant ones accumulate compitableosmolytes in cells and create osmotic pressure for absorption of water from less negative water potential to more negative potential (Wang et al, 2010). Relative water conent is considered as a measure of plant water status that reflecting the metabolic activity of plant tissues. It is usually uses as one of the most meaningful idexes for dehydration tolerance in wide variety of plant.
‘ig. 5. Effect of drought stress on grain yield plant'(g) in rice. The Sarjoo52 showed high grain yield (21.5 g) under normal condition but it also showed high reduction (47.4%) under stress condition (fig.5). Grain yield is governed by multigenic factors. The drought tolerance rice variety adapted various metabolic mechanisms under stress condition and showed persistency in yield stability over susceptible ones. Drought stress significantly reduced the RWC, total Chlorophyll and yield in rice varieties. Tolerant rice variety N22 had high water potential due accumulation of proline and other osmolytes, high catalase activity under drought stress condition. Consequently it showed less reduction in chlorophyll and yield in comparison to Sarjoo52.
‘ig. 5. Effect of drought stress on grain yield plant'(g) in rice. The Sarjoo52 showed high grain yield (21.5 g) under normal condition but it also showed high reduction (47.4%) under stress condition (fig.5). Grain yield is governed by multigenic factors. The drought tolerance rice variety adapted various metabolic mechanisms under stress condition and showed persistency in yield stability over susceptible ones. Drought stress significantly reduced the RWC, total Chlorophyll and yield in rice varieties. Tolerant rice variety N22 had high water potential due accumulation of proline and other osmolytes, high catalase activity under drought stress condition. Consequently it showed less reduction in chlorophyll and yield in comparison to Sarjoo52.
KUMAR et al., Characterization of Drought Tolerance Traits in Rice (Oryza sativa L.)
KUMAR et al., Characterization of Drought Tolerance Traits in Rice (Oryza sativa L.)
Drought stress significantly increased the proline content irrespective of rice varieties (fig.4). The high proline content was recorded in N22 (20 %) than Sarjoo52 (7 %) at the termination of drought. Water stress induces the synthesis of proline in the plant. It acts as aosmolytes and create osmotic pressure in the plant cells for absorption of water. Accumulation of proline depends on the intensity and duration of drought stress and it acts as drought stress indicator (Cha-Um, et al., 2010).
Drought stress significantly increased the proline content irrespective of rice varieties (fig.4). The high proline content was recorded in N22 (20 %) than Sarjoo52 (7 %) at the termination of drought. Water stress induces the synthesis of proline in the plant. It acts as aosmolytes and create osmotic pressure in the plant cells for absorption of water. Accumulation of proline depends on the intensity and duration of drought stress and it acts as drought stress indicator (Cha-Um, et al., 2010).
Salt tolerance:
Salt tolerance:
LITERATURE CITED
LITERATURE CITED
Table1. Spectrum of viable mutants in M, generations of Rathu Heenati and PTB 33 in both Rathu Heenati and PTB33. It is, therefore, concluded that the chlorophyll mutations do not have any economic value due to their lethal nature, such a study could be useful in identifying the threshold dose of a mutagen that would increase the genetic variability and number of economically useful mutants in for future breeding programmes.
Table1. Spectrum of viable mutants in M, generations of Rathu Heenati and PTB 33 in both Rathu Heenati and PTB33. It is, therefore, concluded that the chlorophyll mutations do not have any economic value due to their lethal nature, such a study could be useful in identifying the threshold dose of a mutagen that would increase the genetic variability and number of economically useful mutants in for future breeding programmes.
able 2. Mutagenic effectiveness and efficiency based on viable mutations in M, generation for Rathu Heenati and PTB33 [able2. Mutagenic effectiveness and efficiency based on viable mutations in M, generation for Rathu Heenati and PTB33 LITERATURE CITED
able 2. Mutagenic effectiveness and efficiency based on viable mutations in M, generation for Rathu Heenati and PTB33 [able2. Mutagenic effectiveness and efficiency based on viable mutations in M, generation for Rathu Heenati and PTB33 LITERATURE CITED
Table 1. Composition of Aliwin Top and Allwin Wonder
Table 1. Composition of Aliwin Top and Allwin Wonder
Table. 2. Effect of Aliwin Top and Allwin Wonder on yield of cardamom var. Njallini green gold
Table. 2. Effect of Aliwin Top and Allwin Wonder on yield of cardamom var. Njallini green gold
Table.1. Effect of Aliwin Top and Allwin Wonder on growth and yield of cardamom var. Njallini green gold
Table.1. Effect of Aliwin Top and Allwin Wonder on growth and yield of cardamom var. Njallini green gold
Fig. 1. Fruits, leaves and spines of Flacourtia jangomas Flacourtia jangomas(Lour.)Raeusch commonly known as Coffee plum, belongs to family Flacourtiaceae is very important fruit crop of Gorakhpur region and indigenous to North-Eastern Terai region of U.P.,Assam, Bihar, Maharashtra, Bengal and Orissa and some parts of South India. They are tropical rain forest trees. The crop has not gained popularity among the farmers due to lack of awareness of its cultivation, nutritional value and standard methods to make processed products. This is a multipurpose useful plant having both the nutritional and medicinal properties so its cultivation should be encouraged. The leaves and young shoots, which taste like rhubarb, are astringent and stomachic. The fruits are eaten to overcome biliousness nausea and diarrhoea. Powered dried leaves are employed to relieve bronchitis and coughs. The leaves and bark are applied on bleeding gums and aching teeth. Pulverized roots are poultice on sores and skin eruptions and held in the mouth to soothe toothache. The biomolecules present in it are 4-carotene, anthocyanin, alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, saponins and phenolic compoundswhich proves its good antioxidant and free radical scavenging activity.(Shown in Fig. 1.)
Fig. 1. Fruits, leaves and spines of Flacourtia jangomas Flacourtia jangomas(Lour.)Raeusch commonly known as Coffee plum, belongs to family Flacourtiaceae is very important fruit crop of Gorakhpur region and indigenous to North-Eastern Terai region of U.P.,Assam, Bihar, Maharashtra, Bengal and Orissa and some parts of South India. They are tropical rain forest trees. The crop has not gained popularity among the farmers due to lack of awareness of its cultivation, nutritional value and standard methods to make processed products. This is a multipurpose useful plant having both the nutritional and medicinal properties so its cultivation should be encouraged. The leaves and young shoots, which taste like rhubarb, are astringent and stomachic. The fruits are eaten to overcome biliousness nausea and diarrhoea. Powered dried leaves are employed to relieve bronchitis and coughs. The leaves and bark are applied on bleeding gums and aching teeth. Pulverized roots are poultice on sores and skin eruptions and held in the mouth to soothe toothache. The biomolecules present in it are 4-carotene, anthocyanin, alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, saponins and phenolic compoundswhich proves its good antioxidant and free radical scavenging activity.(Shown in Fig. 1.)
able 1. Nutrient composition of ripe fruits of Flacourtia jangomas (Lour.) Raeusch
able 1. Nutrient composition of ripe fruits of Flacourtia jangomas (Lour.) Raeusch
Thus ethno biologically, ripe fruits of Flacourtia jangomas are important source of antioxidant and nutrient supplement in the form of carbohydrates, protein, sugar, vitamins and minerals needed for good health of human beings. fable2. Amount of Some secondary metabolites of Flacourtia jangomas (Lour.) Raeusch
Thus ethno biologically, ripe fruits of Flacourtia jangomas are important source of antioxidant and nutrient supplement in the form of carbohydrates, protein, sugar, vitamins and minerals needed for good health of human beings. fable2. Amount of Some secondary metabolites of Flacourtia jangomas (Lour.) Raeusch
*Mean of four replications #Maximum toxicity index = 400.0 1. Carbendazim 50 wp + Mancozeb 75 wp A=500, 2. Iprodine 25 wp + Carbendazim 25 wp B=1000, 3. Cymoxanil 8 wp + Mancozeb 64 wp C=1500, 4. Carbendazim 12 wp + Mancozeb 63 wp (Saff) D=2000, 5. Carbendazim 50 wp + Thiram 75 wp, 6. Carbendazim 50 wp + Chlorothalonil 75 wp, 7. Control
*Mean of four replications #Maximum toxicity index = 400.0 1. Carbendazim 50 wp + Mancozeb 75 wp A=500, 2. Iprodine 25 wp + Carbendazim 25 wp B=1000, 3. Cymoxanil 8 wp + Mancozeb 64 wp C=1500, 4. Carbendazim 12 wp + Mancozeb 63 wp (Saff) D=2000, 5. Carbendazim 50 wp + Thiram 75 wp, 6. Carbendazim 50 wp + Chlorothalonil 75 wp, 7. Control
I. Carbendazim 50 wp + Mancozeb 75 wp, 2. Iprodine 25 wp + Carbendazim 25 wp, 3. Cymoxanil 8 wp + Mancozeb 64 wp, 4. Carbendazim 12 wp + Mancozeb 63 wp (Saff), 5. Carbendazim 50 wp + Thiram 75 wp, 6. Carbendazim 50 wp + Chlorothalonil 75 wp, 7. Control Result revealed the systemic fungicides carbendazim to be the most effective in inhibiting growth of the test fungus even at lowest concentration (500 ppm) and lowest active ingredient.These result are in line with finding of Sugha et al. (1995), who found carbendazim (50 WP and 25 SD) and thiram either alone or in combination as highly effective in inhibiting mycelial growth of Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. ciceri in vitro.
I. Carbendazim 50 wp + Mancozeb 75 wp, 2. Iprodine 25 wp + Carbendazim 25 wp, 3. Cymoxanil 8 wp + Mancozeb 64 wp, 4. Carbendazim 12 wp + Mancozeb 63 wp (Saff), 5. Carbendazim 50 wp + Thiram 75 wp, 6. Carbendazim 50 wp + Chlorothalonil 75 wp, 7. Control Result revealed the systemic fungicides carbendazim to be the most effective in inhibiting growth of the test fungus even at lowest concentration (500 ppm) and lowest active ingredient.These result are in line with finding of Sugha et al. (1995), who found carbendazim (50 WP and 25 SD) and thiram either alone or in combination as highly effective in inhibiting mycelial growth of Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. ciceri in vitro.
Table1. Effect of different combinations of systemic and non-systemic fungicidesagainst Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. ciceri it vitro
Table1. Effect of different combinations of systemic and non-systemic fungicidesagainst Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. ciceri it vitro
* Average of four replications, ** Antagonism index, ++++ = Severe antagonism, +++ = Moderate antagonism, ++ = Weak antagonism, —= No antagonism. blel. Per cent growth reduction of Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. ciceri in vitro and antagonism index by biocontrol agents
* Average of four replications, ** Antagonism index, ++++ = Severe antagonism, +++ = Moderate antagonism, ++ = Weak antagonism, —= No antagonism. blel. Per cent growth reduction of Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. ciceri in vitro and antagonism index by biocontrol agents
YADAV AND ANADANI, Antagonistic Effect of Fungal Bioagents Against Fusarium Oxysporum F.Sp. Ciceri in vitro |. Trichoderma harzianum -I, 2. T. harzianum -Il, 3 T. hamatum, 1. T. koningii, 5. T. viride, 6 Check (Control)
YADAV AND ANADANI, Antagonistic Effect of Fungal Bioagents Against Fusarium Oxysporum F.Sp. Ciceri in vitro |. Trichoderma harzianum -I, 2. T. harzianum -Il, 3 T. hamatum, 1. T. koningii, 5. T. viride, 6 Check (Control)
1. Trichoderma harzianum -I, 2. T. harzianum -I, 3 T: hamatum, 4. T. koningii, 5. T. viride, 6 Check (Control)
1. Trichoderma harzianum -I, 2. T. harzianum -I, 3 T: hamatum, 4. T. koningii, 5. T. viride, 6 Check (Control)
*TVC: Total Viable Count; TC: Total Coliform; HB: Heamolytic Bacteria Table1. Bacterial load of gills and skin of fish Channa straitus.
*TVC: Total Viable Count; TC: Total Coliform; HB: Heamolytic Bacteria Table1. Bacterial load of gills and skin of fish Channa straitus.
Table 2. Antibiotic sensitivity pattern in 15 bacterial isolates *Average zone of inhibition (including disk diameter 6 mm), - = no inhibition (resistant), + = inhibitory zone between 5-15 mm, ++ = inhibitory zone between 16-25 mm, +++ = inhibitory zone between 26 — 35.
Table 2. Antibiotic sensitivity pattern in 15 bacterial isolates *Average zone of inhibition (including disk diameter 6 mm), - = no inhibition (resistant), + = inhibitory zone between 5-15 mm, ++ = inhibitory zone between 16-25 mm, +++ = inhibitory zone between 26 — 35.
able2. Effect of irrigation schedule, weed and integrated nutrient management on number of stolons, number of tubers and tuber yield of potato crop
able2. Effect of irrigation schedule, weed and integrated nutrient management on number of stolons, number of tubers and tuber yield of potato crop
fable 1. Effect of irrigation schedule, weed and integrated nutrient management on plant height, number of leaves, fresh weight of shoots plant' at 60 days after planting and CGR at 40-60 DAP of potato crop
fable 1. Effect of irrigation schedule, weed and integrated nutrient management on plant height, number of leaves, fresh weight of shoots plant' at 60 days after planting and CGR at 40-60 DAP of potato crop
The relative efficacy of seven different non-systemic insecticides were tested at their 250, 500, 1500 and 2000 ppm concentrations to inhibit growth of Fusarium oxysporumf.sp. ciceri was evaluated, using poisoned food technique. The observations regarding per cent inhibition of linear growth are presented in Table 1, Fig. 1. Data presented (Table 1)
The relative efficacy of seven different non-systemic insecticides were tested at their 250, 500, 1500 and 2000 ppm concentrations to inhibit growth of Fusarium oxysporumf.sp. ciceri was evaluated, using poisoned food technique. The observations regarding per cent inhibition of linear growth are presented in Table 1, Fig. 1. Data presented (Table 1)
Fig.l. Growth inhibition of Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. ciceri on PDA supplemented with non-systemic insecticides.
Fig.l. Growth inhibition of Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. ciceri on PDA supplemented with non-systemic insecticides.
Table1. Effect of different of non-systemic insecticides against Fusarium oxysporum f.sp.ciceri in vitro. revealed that all the non-systemic insecticides were capable of inhibiting the growth of test fungus at different concentration as compared to the control. Among these, profenofos proved to be the most effective in inhibiting the (100%) growth of the test fungus even at lowest concentration (250 ppm) withhighest toxicity index of 400. It was followed by chlorpyriphos (77.81%), endosulfan (71.84 %), spinosad (65.83 %), cypermethrin (64.98 %), novaluron (52.03 %) and indoxacarb (32.30 %) with toxicity index of 311, 287, 262, 259, 208 and 129 respectively.
Table1. Effect of different of non-systemic insecticides against Fusarium oxysporum f.sp.ciceri in vitro. revealed that all the non-systemic insecticides were capable of inhibiting the growth of test fungus at different concentration as compared to the control. Among these, profenofos proved to be the most effective in inhibiting the (100%) growth of the test fungus even at lowest concentration (250 ppm) withhighest toxicity index of 400. It was followed by chlorpyriphos (77.81%), endosulfan (71.84 %), spinosad (65.83 %), cypermethrin (64.98 %), novaluron (52.03 %) and indoxacarb (32.30 %) with toxicity index of 311, 287, 262, 259, 208 and 129 respectively.
‘ig. 1. Proximate composition of soybean genotypes used in preparation for tofu Figure | shows the proximate biochemical composition of different soybean varieties. The moisture contents of different soybean varieties were between 3.9 % to 10.0%. On a dry weight basis, the protein content of different varieties ranged from 31- to 36%. There was no clear relationship between tofu yield and soybean protein content; however, the firmness of tofu prepared from these varieties decreased as the protein content of the soybean decreased. These results are in general agreement with other findings, wherein it has been reported that soybean varieties high in protein content produced tofu with high yield and firmer texture (Shen, et al., 1991).
‘ig. 1. Proximate composition of soybean genotypes used in preparation for tofu Figure | shows the proximate biochemical composition of different soybean varieties. The moisture contents of different soybean varieties were between 3.9 % to 10.0%. On a dry weight basis, the protein content of different varieties ranged from 31- to 36%. There was no clear relationship between tofu yield and soybean protein content; however, the firmness of tofu prepared from these varieties decreased as the protein content of the soybean decreased. These results are in general agreement with other findings, wherein it has been reported that soybean varieties high in protein content produced tofu with high yield and firmer texture (Shen, et al., 1991).
Table.1. Yield, physicochemical properties and organoleptic characteristics of soymilk prepared from different soybean varieties* *Results are the means of triplicates
Table.1. Yield, physicochemical properties and organoleptic characteristics of soymilk prepared from different soybean varieties* *Results are the means of triplicates
Fig. 2. Effect of coagulants on physic-chemical parameters of discharge tofu whey The pH of the whey was found to affect with increases in coagulant concentrations with soybean genotypes. The change was slower after most of the protein bodies had coagulated. The pH of tofu whey was not dependent on the
Fig. 2. Effect of coagulants on physic-chemical parameters of discharge tofu whey The pH of the whey was found to affect with increases in coagulant concentrations with soybean genotypes. The change was slower after most of the protein bodies had coagulated. The pH of tofu whey was not dependent on the
*Results are the means of triplicates Table. 2. Optimum coagulating conditions for tofu yield in soybean varieties*
*Results are the means of triplicates Table. 2. Optimum coagulating conditions for tofu yield in soybean varieties*
*Results are the means of triplicates e.3. Physico-chemical analysis of Tofu whey prepared by using different coagulants*
*Results are the means of triplicates e.3. Physico-chemical analysis of Tofu whey prepared by using different coagulants*
fable. 4. Texture analysis of Jofu prepared from different coagulants* *Results are the means of triplicates
fable. 4. Texture analysis of Jofu prepared from different coagulants* *Results are the means of triplicates
able1. Clustering pattern of cowpea genotypes on the basis of Mahalanobis D’ statistics.
able1. Clustering pattern of cowpea genotypes on the basis of Mahalanobis D’ statistics.
PPP = Plant population per plot. PL = Pod length. SD = Seed density SI= Swelling index 100 ble2. Mean performance of different clusters for seed yield and its component traits along with quality characters
PPP = Plant population per plot. PL = Pod length. SD = Seed density SI= Swelling index 100 ble2. Mean performance of different clusters for seed yield and its component traits along with quality characters
Table 3. Contribution of each character to divergence.
Table 3. Contribution of each character to divergence.
TIGGA AND TANDEKAR, Genetic Divergence for Yeild and Quality Components in Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.) 55 Fig. 1. Diagrammatic presentation of intra and inter cluster distances in cowpea
TIGGA AND TANDEKAR, Genetic Divergence for Yeild and Quality Components in Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.) 55 Fig. 1. Diagrammatic presentation of intra and inter cluster distances in cowpea
able 4. Intra (Bold and diagonal) and Inter cluster distance values in cowpea.
able 4. Intra (Bold and diagonal) and Inter cluster distance values in cowpea.
Table1. Effect of weed management on growth, yield attributes of maize.
Table1. Effect of weed management on growth, yield attributes of maize.
Table2. Effect of weed management on weed density, weed biomass and weed control efficiency.
Table2. Effect of weed management on weed density, weed biomass and weed control efficiency.
able3. Effect of weed management on yield of maize, Maize equivalent yield, Cost of cultivation, Gross return, net return, benefit: cost ratio. LITERATURE CITED middle Gujarat conditions. Indian Journal of Weed science, 38(1 and 2): 54-57.
able3. Effect of weed management on yield of maize, Maize equivalent yield, Cost of cultivation, Gross return, net return, benefit: cost ratio. LITERATURE CITED middle Gujarat conditions. Indian Journal of Weed science, 38(1 and 2): 54-57.
able 1. Larval population of pod borer, Maruca vitrata or different genotypes of pigeonpea. *square mt values
able 1. Larval population of pod borer, Maruca vitrata or different genotypes of pigeonpea. *square mt values
Table1. Effect of nitrogen levels and different varieties on the incidence leaf folder and stem borer in basmati rice with earlier results (Gill, et al., 1992 and Sarao and Mahal, 2008). RANDHAWA AND AULAKH, Effect of Nitrogen Levels and Varieties on the Incidence of Leaf Folder and Stem Borer
Table1. Effect of nitrogen levels and different varieties on the incidence leaf folder and stem borer in basmati rice with earlier results (Gill, et al., 1992 and Sarao and Mahal, 2008). RANDHAWA AND AULAKH, Effect of Nitrogen Levels and Varieties on the Incidence of Leaf Folder and Stem Borer
Table1. Effect of different proportions of Maltodextrin and sucrose on the sensory characteristics The variations in the sensory scores were highly significant (Pd’0.01) amongst different proportions studies (Table 2) which might be attributed to the varying degree of sweetness of the drink. Overall acceptability also showed a significant variation among trials, which may be due to experimental errors.
Table1. Effect of different proportions of Maltodextrin and sucrose on the sensory characteristics The variations in the sensory scores were highly significant (Pd’0.01) amongst different proportions studies (Table 2) which might be attributed to the varying degree of sweetness of the drink. Overall acceptability also showed a significant variation among trials, which may be due to experimental errors.
le3. Effect of different stabilizers like CMC, sodium alginate and Isabgol at different concentration on the viscosity of whey based geriatric health drink Sensory scores given by seven trained judges are shown in Table 5. The variation between lowest and highest values were 0.94,2.50,2.66 and 2.01 respectively, for the said sensory characteristics. Comparatively lower sensory scores for colour and appearance in case of Isabgol may be attributes to the presence of fibre content. Statistical analysis was based on the mean values for each sensory characteristic given by seven judges.
le3. Effect of different stabilizers like CMC, sodium alginate and Isabgol at different concentration on the viscosity of whey based geriatric health drink Sensory scores given by seven trained judges are shown in Table 5. The variation between lowest and highest values were 0.94,2.50,2.66 and 2.01 respectively, for the said sensory characteristics. Comparatively lower sensory scores for colour and appearance in case of Isabgol may be attributes to the presence of fibre content. Statistical analysis was based on the mean values for each sensory characteristic given by seven judges.
*Significant at pd’0.05 ** Significant at pd’0.01
*Significant at pd’0.05 ** Significant at pd’0.01
** Significant at pd”0.01 le 4. Anova for the effect of three different stabilizers like CMC, sodium alginate and Isabgol at three different concentration viz. 0.05, 0.10 and 0.15% on the viscosity of whey based geriatric health drink in this investigation. Further, significant variation amongst the levels may be due to increase in functional characteristics with the increase in their level. Compares to CMC and Sodium Alginate, Isabgol showed only marginal variation, hence could be used even in its highest level i.e.0.15%.
** Significant at pd”0.01 le 4. Anova for the effect of three different stabilizers like CMC, sodium alginate and Isabgol at three different concentration viz. 0.05, 0.10 and 0.15% on the viscosity of whey based geriatric health drink in this investigation. Further, significant variation amongst the levels may be due to increase in functional characteristics with the increase in their level. Compares to CMC and Sodium Alginate, Isabgol showed only marginal variation, hence could be used even in its highest level i.e.0.15%.
e 6. Anova for the effect of three different stabilizers viz. CMC, sodium alginate and Isabgol at three different concentrations 0.05, 0.10 and 0.15% on the sensory characteristics of prepared whey based geriatric health drink
e 6. Anova for the effect of three different stabilizers viz. CMC, sodium alginate and Isabgol at three different concentrations 0.05, 0.10 and 0.15% on the sensory characteristics of prepared whey based geriatric health drink
Table 1. Average sensory scores of different parameters in control and treated sample of Carrot Balu Shahi. Table shows significant result, it is desirable to compare all possible combinations of two treatments at a time for which CD test has been applied. Difference between two treatments mean have been compared against the CD value.
Table 1. Average sensory scores of different parameters in control and treated sample of Carrot Balu Shahi. Table shows significant result, it is desirable to compare all possible combinations of two treatments at a time for which CD test has been applied. Difference between two treatments mean have been compared against the CD value.
fable2. Average sensory scores of different parameters in control and treated sample of Carrot Cookies. Table shows significant result, it is desirable to compare all possible combinations of two treatments at a time for which CD test has been applied. Difference between two treatments mean have been compared against the CD value.
fable2. Average sensory scores of different parameters in control and treated sample of Carrot Cookies. Table shows significant result, it is desirable to compare all possible combinations of two treatments at a time for which CD test has been applied. Difference between two treatments mean have been compared against the CD value.
Table of treatments and replication of Carrot Balu Shahi and Cookies. 1. Control (T,): Control T, was prepared without incorporating Carrot Flour.2. Treatment T,: In This treatment 10 percent Carrot Flour was incorporated in 90 percent Whole Wheat Flour. 3. Treatment T,: In This treatment 20 percent Carrot Flour was incorporated in 80 percent Whole Wheat Flour. 4. Treatment T,: In This treatment 30 percent Carrot Flour was incorporated in 70 percent Whole Wheat Flour. 5. Treatment T,: In This treatment 40 percent Carrot Flour was incorporated in 60 percent Whole Wheat Flour.
Table of treatments and replication of Carrot Balu Shahi and Cookies. 1. Control (T,): Control T, was prepared without incorporating Carrot Flour.2. Treatment T,: In This treatment 10 percent Carrot Flour was incorporated in 90 percent Whole Wheat Flour. 3. Treatment T,: In This treatment 20 percent Carrot Flour was incorporated in 80 percent Whole Wheat Flour. 4. Treatment T,: In This treatment 30 percent Carrot Flour was incorporated in 70 percent Whole Wheat Flour. 5. Treatment T,: In This treatment 40 percent Carrot Flour was incorporated in 60 percent Whole Wheat Flour.
Table 4. Nutrient Composition (per 100g.) in control and treated sample of Carrot Cookies.
Table 4. Nutrient Composition (per 100g.) in control and treated sample of Carrot Cookies.
Table 3. shows the nutrient content of the prepared product Carrot Balu Shahi with or without incorporation of Carrot Flour (Carrot Flour and Whole Wheat Flour). Table 3. Nutrient Composition (per 100g.) in control and treated sample of Carrot Balu Shahi. Calculation of Nutritive Value of Prepared Products:
Table 3. shows the nutrient content of the prepared product Carrot Balu Shahi with or without incorporation of Carrot Flour (Carrot Flour and Whole Wheat Flour). Table 3. Nutrient Composition (per 100g.) in control and treated sample of Carrot Balu Shahi. Calculation of Nutritive Value of Prepared Products:
ble1. Influence of crop age on incidence of purple blotch on garlic and apparent infection rate of disease development. *Average of observations on 100 plants replicated thrice.
ble1. Influence of crop age on incidence of purple blotch on garlic and apparent infection rate of disease development. *Average of observations on 100 plants replicated thrice.
Residual factor = 0.0933,Bold figures indicate direct effects Table3. Direct and indirect effect of different characters on seed yield per plant in faba bean under irrigated condition
Residual factor = 0.0933,Bold figures indicate direct effects Table3. Direct and indirect effect of different characters on seed yield per plant in faba bean under irrigated condition
*Significant at 5% probability level, ** Significant at 1% probability level Table2. Estimates of simple correlation coefficients between different characters in faba bean under irrigated condition
*Significant at 5% probability level, ** Significant at 1% probability level Table2. Estimates of simple correlation coefficients between different characters in faba bean under irrigated condition
*Significant at 5 % probability level,** Significant at 1 Yoprobability level able 1. Analysis of variance for eleven characters in Faba bean under irrigation condition
*Significant at 5 % probability level,** Significant at 1 Yoprobability level able 1. Analysis of variance for eleven characters in Faba bean under irrigation condition
[able 1. Yield attributes and yield of castor as influenced by intra-row spacing and N levels. due to increased food production as a result of increased growth parameters like number branches plant', number of leaves plant' and increased nutrition with reduced competition for resource consumption. Singh, 2003, Porwal, et al., 2006 and Rana, et al., 2006 also observed the significant improvement in yield attributing characters. However, reverse order of (60 > 90> and 120 cm) intra-row spacing was observed in case of yield parameters i.e. seed and stalk yield on unit area basis. Among intra row spacing S, i.e., 60 cm recorded significantly higher values of 3142 kg ha‘! during 2011-12, 3048 kg ha" during 2012-13 and 3095 kg ha" in pooled analysis as compare to 90 and 120 cm spacing. The mean seed yield advantage under 60 cm intra-row spacing was 9.05 and 3.99 per cent over 120 and 90 cm, respectively (Table 2). This may happened due to higher plant population in unit area, which compensate the growth and yield attributes produced by individual plants under wider intra-row spacing treatments. However, the oil yield was variated considerably and produced significantly higher values in closer intra-row spacing of 60 cm over 120, but closely followed by 90 cm.
[able 1. Yield attributes and yield of castor as influenced by intra-row spacing and N levels. due to increased food production as a result of increased growth parameters like number branches plant', number of leaves plant' and increased nutrition with reduced competition for resource consumption. Singh, 2003, Porwal, et al., 2006 and Rana, et al., 2006 also observed the significant improvement in yield attributing characters. However, reverse order of (60 > 90> and 120 cm) intra-row spacing was observed in case of yield parameters i.e. seed and stalk yield on unit area basis. Among intra row spacing S, i.e., 60 cm recorded significantly higher values of 3142 kg ha‘! during 2011-12, 3048 kg ha" during 2012-13 and 3095 kg ha" in pooled analysis as compare to 90 and 120 cm spacing. The mean seed yield advantage under 60 cm intra-row spacing was 9.05 and 3.99 per cent over 120 and 90 cm, respectively (Table 2). This may happened due to higher plant population in unit area, which compensate the growth and yield attributes produced by individual plants under wider intra-row spacing treatments. However, the oil yield was variated considerably and produced significantly higher values in closer intra-row spacing of 60 cm over 120, but closely followed by 90 cm.
Table 2. Nutrient uptake, oil content and oil yield as influenced by intra-row spacing and N levels. Interaction effect and control vs rest analysis: N ha but closely followed by 120 kg N ha"! (Table 1). Such positive and significant effect of N on yield attributing characters were also reported by Patel, et a/., 2005 and Rana, et al., 2006. The seed yield per plant was not influenced significantly due to N levels but found in higher side with N,, N, and at lower side with N,. Among N levels N, i.e., 60 cm recorded significantly higher seed and stalk yield of castor during all the cases as compare toN, i.e. 80 kg N ha" and was remained on same bar with N, i.e. 120 kg N ha’. Higher N levels increased the stalk yield significantly. Nitrogen played an important role in plant metabolism by virtue of being an essential constituent of diverse type of metabolically active components, like amino acids, proteins, nucleic acids, enzymes, co-enzymes and alkaloids which are important for higher growth and yield. The plant characters like number of branches, number of spikes plant" and test weight contribute directly in the yield of crop. The result collaborative the early findings of Patel, 2006, Tank, et al., 2007 and Hadvani, et al., 2010.
Table 2. Nutrient uptake, oil content and oil yield as influenced by intra-row spacing and N levels. Interaction effect and control vs rest analysis: N ha but closely followed by 120 kg N ha"! (Table 1). Such positive and significant effect of N on yield attributing characters were also reported by Patel, et a/., 2005 and Rana, et al., 2006. The seed yield per plant was not influenced significantly due to N levels but found in higher side with N,, N, and at lower side with N,. Among N levels N, i.e., 60 cm recorded significantly higher seed and stalk yield of castor during all the cases as compare toN, i.e. 80 kg N ha" and was remained on same bar with N, i.e. 120 kg N ha’. Higher N levels increased the stalk yield significantly. Nitrogen played an important role in plant metabolism by virtue of being an essential constituent of diverse type of metabolically active components, like amino acids, proteins, nucleic acids, enzymes, co-enzymes and alkaloids which are important for higher growth and yield. The plant characters like number of branches, number of spikes plant" and test weight contribute directly in the yield of crop. The result collaborative the early findings of Patel, 2006, Tank, et al., 2007 and Hadvani, et al., 2010.
Table 1. Distribution of 36 rice genotypes into different clusters. (Table 2). Inter cluster distance was higher than intra cluster distance indicating wider genetic diversity among the genotypes. The maximum inter cluster distance was observed between cluster HI and VII (89.57) followed by between cluster I and cluster V (85.01 ) and between cluster III and VI (79.73 ) indicating wider genetic diversity among the genotypes between the groups (Subudhi, ef a/., 2009). The hybrids developed from the selected members of these clusters would produce highly variable population in the segregating generations. The minimum inter cluster distance was found
Table 1. Distribution of 36 rice genotypes into different clusters. (Table 2). Inter cluster distance was higher than intra cluster distance indicating wider genetic diversity among the genotypes. The maximum inter cluster distance was observed between cluster HI and VII (89.57) followed by between cluster I and cluster V (85.01 ) and between cluster III and VI (79.73 ) indicating wider genetic diversity among the genotypes between the groups (Subudhi, ef a/., 2009). The hybrids developed from the selected members of these clusters would produce highly variable population in the segregating generations. The minimum inter cluster distance was found
Table2. Intra (diagonal) and inter-cluster average distances (D’) in rice Table3. Cluster mean of different yield characters in 36 rice genotypes
Table2. Intra (diagonal) and inter-cluster average distances (D’) in rice Table3. Cluster mean of different yield characters in 36 rice genotypes
able 4. Percentage of contribution of each character towards total divergence index and grain yield per plant. Based on the per se performance of the best genotypes within the clusters, they may be directly selected or may be used as potential parents in hybridization programme.
able 4. Percentage of contribution of each character towards total divergence index and grain yield per plant. Based on the per se performance of the best genotypes within the clusters, they may be directly selected or may be used as potential parents in hybridization programme.
Tablel. ‘t’’ value for uniformity test of Wr, Vr for eleven characters in Indian mustard * Significant at 5 per cent level; ** Significant at 1 per cent level.
Tablel. ‘t’’ value for uniformity test of Wr, Vr for eleven characters in Indian mustard * Significant at 5 per cent level; ** Significant at 1 per cent level.
Table2. Estimates of variance components and related parameters for eleven characters in F, and F, generation of Indian mustard D = Additive genetic variance; H, = Dominance variance; Hj = H, [1-(u-v)"] where u and v are the proportions of positive and negative genes, respectively in the parents; p = expected environmental component of swotionenes F = mean of Fr over the array, where Fr is the covariance of additive and dominance effects in a single array; = dominance effects; (yb) = Average degree of dominance; Hy4f, = The proportion of genes with positive and negative effects in the parents; (apn)? a FADE) — F = Proportion of dominant and recessive genes in the parents; i? Be A = Number of groups of genes which control the characters and exhibited dominance; and r = correlation coefficient. * Significant at 5 per cent level; ** Significant at 1 per cent level.
Table2. Estimates of variance components and related parameters for eleven characters in F, and F, generation of Indian mustard D = Additive genetic variance; H, = Dominance variance; Hj = H, [1-(u-v)"] where u and v are the proportions of positive and negative genes, respectively in the parents; p = expected environmental component of swotionenes F = mean of Fr over the array, where Fr is the covariance of additive and dominance effects in a single array; = dominance effects; (yb) = Average degree of dominance; Hy4f, = The proportion of genes with positive and negative effects in the parents; (apn)? a FADE) — F = Proportion of dominant and recessive genes in the parents; i? Be A = Number of groups of genes which control the characters and exhibited dominance; and r = correlation coefficient. * Significant at 5 per cent level; ** Significant at 1 per cent level.
RDF: 80k N/ha, 30kg P/ha [able3. Effect of application of enriched slurry on growth of mustard under pot house condition
RDF: 80k N/ha, 30kg P/ha [able3. Effect of application of enriched slurry on growth of mustard under pot house condition
Table 1. Chemical properties of slurry enriched with SMS along with Trichoderma viride Changes in various components were also analyzed as compare to control slurry.
Table 1. Chemical properties of slurry enriched with SMS along with Trichoderma viride Changes in various components were also analyzed as compare to control slurry.
Table 2. Changes in various components of slurry enriched with SMS along with Trichoderma viride. The above process could be explained that inoculation of Trichoderma viride, cellulolytic fungi to the compost hastened the process of decomposition. Since this is a lignocellulolytic fungi which secrete many enzymes which reduced the time of composting, which simultaneously reduced the rate of loss of nutrients therefore the above combination had more amount of plant nutrients than control slurry. It is reported similar observation with Trichoderma viride during composting of crop residues, straw and banana leaves within 8-10 weeks with reduction in bulkiness of compost by 5-10%.
Table 2. Changes in various components of slurry enriched with SMS along with Trichoderma viride. The above process could be explained that inoculation of Trichoderma viride, cellulolytic fungi to the compost hastened the process of decomposition. Since this is a lignocellulolytic fungi which secrete many enzymes which reduced the time of composting, which simultaneously reduced the rate of loss of nutrients therefore the above combination had more amount of plant nutrients than control slurry. It is reported similar observation with Trichoderma viride during composting of crop residues, straw and banana leaves within 8-10 weeks with reduction in bulkiness of compost by 5-10%.
RDF: 80k N/ha, 30kg P/ha able 4. Effect of application of enriched slurry on yield of mustard (RH 30) in field condition
RDF: 80k N/ha, 30kg P/ha able 4. Effect of application of enriched slurry on yield of mustard (RH 30) in field condition
Developed method for the production of cham-cham from buffalo milk
Developed method for the production of cham-cham from buffalo milk
The ANOVA for the effect of temperature of coagulation on the sensory scones (Table 2.) would indicate that lowering of coagulation temperature brought about significant changes in flavour, body and texture, and also the overall acceptability of the product at 1.0 per cent level of significance. However, the variation between replicates, Judges and interaction between treatment and judges were not significant.
The ANOVA for the effect of temperature of coagulation on the sensory scones (Table 2.) would indicate that lowering of coagulation temperature brought about significant changes in flavour, body and texture, and also the overall acceptability of the product at 1.0 per cent level of significance. However, the variation between replicates, Judges and interaction between treatment and judges were not significant.
Table3. Effect of pH of coagulation of buffalo milk on the sensory quality of cham-cham The sensory comments for cham-cham prepared form chhana obtained at pH 5.2 were favorable as soft, spongy and succulent (Table 3.). The sweet carried more uniform sized pore as compared to the samples prepared from chhana at pH 5.5; which was reported to be having weak fibers. The balls also get flattened during cooking and lacked in sponginess. At pH5.1, the samples of cham-cham developed strong fibers and chewy texture. The maximum average sensory scores of 8.2, for both body and texture and overall acceptability of sweet, were recorded at pH 5.2 as compared with average scores of 7.09 and 7.30 for body and texture, and 7.3 and 8.0 for overall acceptability at pH values of 5.5 and 5.1, respectively.
Table3. Effect of pH of coagulation of buffalo milk on the sensory quality of cham-cham The sensory comments for cham-cham prepared form chhana obtained at pH 5.2 were favorable as soft, spongy and succulent (Table 3.). The sweet carried more uniform sized pore as compared to the samples prepared from chhana at pH 5.5; which was reported to be having weak fibers. The balls also get flattened during cooking and lacked in sponginess. At pH5.1, the samples of cham-cham developed strong fibers and chewy texture. The maximum average sensory scores of 8.2, for both body and texture and overall acceptability of sweet, were recorded at pH 5.2 as compared with average scores of 7.09 and 7.30 for body and texture, and 7.3 and 8.0 for overall acceptability at pH values of 5.5 and 5.1, respectively.
Table5. Effect of coagulant on the sensory quality of cham- cham The sensory quality of sweet prepared from the above samples is presented in Table 5. Cham-cham samples prepared from calcium lactate chhana were soft and fragile which broke into pieces when pressed between palate and tongue. These samples also lacked chewiness and not much increase in voluminosity was observed during the cooking of cham-cham balls in syrup. The samples of sweet prepared from chhana obtained from citric acid and sour whey were soft with uniform pore size, spongy and had optimum chewiness. Increase in voluminosity of chhana balls during cooking was also found to be satisfactory.
Table5. Effect of coagulant on the sensory quality of cham- cham The sensory quality of sweet prepared from the above samples is presented in Table 5. Cham-cham samples prepared from calcium lactate chhana were soft and fragile which broke into pieces when pressed between palate and tongue. These samples also lacked chewiness and not much increase in voluminosity was observed during the cooking of cham-cham balls in syrup. The samples of sweet prepared from chhana obtained from citric acid and sour whey were soft with uniform pore size, spongy and had optimum chewiness. Increase in voluminosity of chhana balls during cooking was also found to be satisfactory.
le4. ANOVA for the effect of temperature of coagulation of buffalo milk on the sensory characteristics of cham-cham ~ Significant at 1.0 percent level
le4. ANOVA for the effect of temperature of coagulation of buffalo milk on the sensory characteristics of cham-cham ~ Significant at 1.0 percent level
lable2. ANOVA for the effect of temperature of coagulation of buffalo milk on the sensory characteristics of cham-cham
lable2. ANOVA for the effect of temperature of coagulation of buffalo milk on the sensory characteristics of cham-cham
Table7. Effect of fat level in buffalo milk on sensory attributes of cham-cham The buffalo milk samples were standardized to 3.0, 4.0, 5.0 and 6.0 percent fat by the addition of buffalo skim milk and coagulated at 70°C using 2.0 percent citric acid solution (70°C). Table 7. Shows the effect of fat percentage of milk on the quality of chhana and whey. It may be noticed that at 3.0 percent fat level, although the moisture content in chhana was the highest (60%), the chhana was least soft.
Table7. Effect of fat level in buffalo milk on sensory attributes of cham-cham The buffalo milk samples were standardized to 3.0, 4.0, 5.0 and 6.0 percent fat by the addition of buffalo skim milk and coagulated at 70°C using 2.0 percent citric acid solution (70°C). Table 7. Shows the effect of fat percentage of milk on the quality of chhana and whey. It may be noticed that at 3.0 percent fat level, although the moisture content in chhana was the highest (60%), the chhana was least soft.
Significant at 1.0 percent level. able 8. ANOVA for the effect of fat level in milk on sensory characteristics of cham-cham
Significant at 1.0 percent level. able 8. ANOVA for the effect of fat level in milk on sensory characteristics of cham-cham
The samples of sweet prepared from sour whey and citric acid score maximum ratings for body and texture (8.35 and 8.15, respectively) but these scores for the sweet prepared from calcium lactate chhana were the lowest. Cham-cham also scored least in overall acceptability, when it was made using calcium lactate as coagulant. ible 6. ANOVA for the effect of type of coagulants on the sensory quality of cham-cham
The samples of sweet prepared from sour whey and citric acid score maximum ratings for body and texture (8.35 and 8.15, respectively) but these scores for the sweet prepared from calcium lactate chhana were the lowest. Cham-cham also scored least in overall acceptability, when it was made using calcium lactate as coagulant. ible 6. ANOVA for the effect of type of coagulants on the sensory quality of cham-cham
Fertilizer application Nitrogen as urea, phosphorus (62.5 kg ha‘') as single super phosphate and potassium as muriate of potash (112.5kg ha’') were applied. The variation in the nitrogen dose was shown in all treatments but for the dosage of phosphorus, potassium and micronutrients were maintained same the all the treatments. The entire quantity of phosphorus @ 62.5 kg ha‘! was applied as a basal dose, while potassium was applied through fertigation in thirteen splits at fortnightly interval. The micronutrient mixture of 50 kg ha’! was applied through fertigation as per the recommendation. Except phosphorus all the fertilizers were applied through fertigation using the automated fertigation unit.
Fertilizer application Nitrogen as urea, phosphorus (62.5 kg ha‘') as single super phosphate and potassium as muriate of potash (112.5kg ha’') were applied. The variation in the nitrogen dose was shown in all treatments but for the dosage of phosphorus, potassium and micronutrients were maintained same the all the treatments. The entire quantity of phosphorus @ 62.5 kg ha‘! was applied as a basal dose, while potassium was applied through fertigation in thirteen splits at fortnightly interval. The micronutrient mixture of 50 kg ha’! was applied through fertigation as per the recommendation. Except phosphorus all the fertilizers were applied through fertigation using the automated fertigation unit.
Table2. Effect of N levels on N content in cane at different crop growth stages DAYS = Days after sowing
Table2. Effect of N levels on N content in cane at different crop growth stages DAYS = Days after sowing
Table 1. Effect of N levels on the available N content of the soil at different crop growth stages DAS= Days after sowing
Table 1. Effect of N levels on the available N content of the soil at different crop growth stages DAS= Days after sowing
DAYS = Days after sowing Table 4. Effect of N levels on N content in trash at different crop growth stages
DAYS = Days after sowing Table 4. Effect of N levels on N content in trash at different crop growth stages
DAYS = Days after sowing Table 3. Effect of N levels on N content in green tops at different crop growth stages
DAYS = Days after sowing Table 3. Effect of N levels on N content in green tops at different crop growth stages
HEMALATHA AND CHELLAMUTHU, An Improved Way to Optimize Nitrogen Fertilizer Requirements of Sugarcane
HEMALATHA AND CHELLAMUTHU, An Improved Way to Optimize Nitrogen Fertilizer Requirements of Sugarcane
Table 5. Effect of N levels on yield parameters of sugarcane Table 6. Effect of N levels on Juice quality
Table 5. Effect of N levels on yield parameters of sugarcane Table 6. Effect of N levels on Juice quality
LITERATURE CITED
LITERATURE CITED
Table 2. Genetic variability for tuber yield and its components.
Table 2. Genetic variability for tuber yield and its components.
Table 1. Analysis of variance for tuber yield and its components * and** indicate significance at 5 % and 1% levels, respectively.
Table 1. Analysis of variance for tuber yield and its components * and** indicate significance at 5 % and 1% levels, respectively.
Table 3. Phenotypic correlation coefficient for tuber yield and its traits in potato. * &** indicate significant at 5 % and 1% levels respectively.
Table 3. Phenotypic correlation coefficient for tuber yield and its traits in potato. * &** indicate significant at 5 % and 1% levels respectively.
Table 4. Genotypic correlation coefficient for tuber yield and its traits in potato. * &** indicate significant at 5 % and 1% levels respectively.
Table 4. Genotypic correlation coefficient for tuber yield and its traits in potato. * &** indicate significant at 5 % and 1% levels respectively.
CR- character ranking; LV- least variable (<8%); MV- moderately variable (8-12%); HV- highly variable (>12%) Table3. Morphometric characters of second stage juveniles (j2) in 4 populations M. graminicola [Mean +SD+SE;(range);C.V%],n=5
CR- character ranking; LV- least variable (<8%); MV- moderately variable (8-12%); HV- highly variable (>12%) Table3. Morphometric characters of second stage juveniles (j2) in 4 populations M. graminicola [Mean +SD+SE;(range);C.V%],n=5
CR- character ranking; LV-least variable, (<12%); MV- moderately variable (12-20%); HV- highly variable (>20%) Table 1. Morphometric characters of mature females of 4 populations of M. graminicola [Mean+SD+SE; (range);C.V%o]|,n=5
CR- character ranking; LV-least variable, (<12%); MV- moderately variable (12-20%); HV- highly variable (>20%) Table 1. Morphometric characters of mature females of 4 populations of M. graminicola [Mean+SD+SE; (range);C.V%o]|,n=5
Table 2. Morphometric characters of perineal pattern in 4 populations of M. graminicola [mean+SD+SE; (range); C.V%],n=5 CR- character ranking; LV-least variable, (<12%); MV- moderately variable (12-20%); HV- highly variable (>20%)
Table 2. Morphometric characters of perineal pattern in 4 populations of M. graminicola [mean+SD+SE; (range); C.V%],n=5 CR- character ranking; LV-least variable, (<12%); MV- moderately variable (12-20%); HV- highly variable (>20%)
able 4. Comparison of the gross range of morphometric data recorded for 4 populations of M. graminicola with the given byPokharel et al.(2007) LITERATURE CITED KAUR AND ATTRI, Morphological and Morphometrical Characterization of Meloidogyne graminicola (Golden & Brichfied) 611
able 4. Comparison of the gross range of morphometric data recorded for 4 populations of M. graminicola with the given byPokharel et al.(2007) LITERATURE CITED KAUR AND ATTRI, Morphological and Morphometrical Characterization of Meloidogyne graminicola (Golden & Brichfied) 611
Fig. 2. Effect of Dimethoate on ACP in the liver of zebrafish Fig. 1. Effect of Dimethoate on ACP in the gill of zebrafish
Fig. 2. Effect of Dimethoate on ACP in the liver of zebrafish Fig. 1. Effect of Dimethoate on ACP in the gill of zebrafish
ANSARI AND ANSARI, Effect of Dimethoate on the Activities of Acid and Alkaline Phosphatases
ANSARI AND ANSARI, Effect of Dimethoate on the Activities of Acid and Alkaline Phosphatases
Fig. 3. Effect of Dimethoate on ALP in the gill of zebrafish
Fig. 3. Effect of Dimethoate on ALP in the gill of zebrafish
Fig. 4. Effect of Dimethoate on ALP in the liver of zebrafish
Fig. 4. Effect of Dimethoate on ALP in the liver of zebrafish
Fig. 1. Ova diameter frequency polygon in Nemipterus japonicus
Fig. 1. Ova diameter frequency polygon in Nemipterus japonicus
‘able2. Month wise percentage occurrence of gonads in different stages of maturity in NV. japonicus V. In December except stage VII all stages were encountered with dominance stage V. During January and February all stages were present with dominance of stage II (Table 3).
‘able2. Month wise percentage occurrence of gonads in different stages of maturity in NV. japonicus V. In December except stage VII all stages were encountered with dominance stage V. During January and February all stages were present with dominance of stage II (Table 3).
fable3. Month wise percentage occurrence of gonads in different stages of maturity in N. japonicus Acharya and Dwivedi, 1984 observed that the main spawning period of N. japonicus from August to Novembre off Bombay coast. Murty, 1984 studied that the spawning period of N. japonicus at Kakinada extended from August to April. The spawning in this species extend from June to March in Madras (Vivekanandan and James, 1986).
fable3. Month wise percentage occurrence of gonads in different stages of maturity in N. japonicus Acharya and Dwivedi, 1984 observed that the main spawning period of N. japonicus from August to Novembre off Bombay coast. Murty, 1984 studied that the spawning period of N. japonicus at Kakinada extended from August to April. The spawning in this species extend from June to March in Madras (Vivekanandan and James, 1986).
2. Size at first maturity of Nemipterus japonicus using cumulative frequency method
2. Size at first maturity of Nemipterus japonicus using cumulative frequency method
(Fig 3). The GS.I values ranged between 0.32 and 0.93 in case of male. The lowest GS.I, value was recorded in April while the highest was in October. The GS.I. values gradually decreased from November, 2009 to February, 2010. In case of female, the GS.I. values fluctuated between 2.32 and 4.48. The lowest GS.I. value was in January, while the highest was recorded in the month of October. The GS.I. values gradually decreased from November onwards up to February, again increased in March April. Zacharia and Nataraj, 2003 estimated that the GSI values during different months for N. mesoprion and reported that it increased from August and attained a peak in October — November and decreased in February indicating September — December as the main spawning period.
(Fig 3). The GS.I values ranged between 0.32 and 0.93 in case of male. The lowest GS.I, value was recorded in April while the highest was in October. The GS.I. values gradually decreased from November, 2009 to February, 2010. In case of female, the GS.I. values fluctuated between 2.32 and 4.48. The lowest GS.I. value was in January, while the highest was recorded in the month of October. The GS.I. values gradually decreased from November onwards up to February, again increased in March April. Zacharia and Nataraj, 2003 estimated that the GSI values during different months for N. mesoprion and reported that it increased from August and attained a peak in October — November and decreased in February indicating September — December as the main spawning period.
* Significant at 5 % Table 5. Sex - ratio of N. japonicus LITERATURE CITED For the study of sex ratio, total of 565 specimens (male, 296 and female, 269) were examined ranging in total length from 80 - 260 mm. Data on the sampled number of male and female in different months are given in the Table 5. Chi-square test was applied in order to ascertain any significant difference in sex — ratio in the monthly sample. The Chi-square values at 5% probability level showed that there was significant difference in the months of April, May, September, 2009 and January, 2010. The pooled sex-ratio (M: F) was found to be 1: 0.90. According to Murthy (1984), the annual sex ratio showed predominance of male in 1977 and 1979, whereas in 1978 the ratio was 1:1. The sex-ratio for N. japonicus from Veraval coast was |: 1.01 where the female outnumbered the male in the commercial catches (Manojkumar, 2004)
* Significant at 5 % Table 5. Sex - ratio of N. japonicus LITERATURE CITED For the study of sex ratio, total of 565 specimens (male, 296 and female, 269) were examined ranging in total length from 80 - 260 mm. Data on the sampled number of male and female in different months are given in the Table 5. Chi-square test was applied in order to ascertain any significant difference in sex — ratio in the monthly sample. The Chi-square values at 5% probability level showed that there was significant difference in the months of April, May, September, 2009 and January, 2010. The pooled sex-ratio (M: F) was found to be 1: 0.90. According to Murthy (1984), the annual sex ratio showed predominance of male in 1977 and 1979, whereas in 1978 the ratio was 1:1. The sex-ratio for N. japonicus from Veraval coast was |: 1.01 where the female outnumbered the male in the commercial catches (Manojkumar, 2004)
‘ig. 1. Influence of different weather factors on the population of lady bird beetle (Pooled) PATEL et al., Population Dynamics of Coccinella septumpunctata L. (Coleoptera: Coccinellideae) in Cotton Ecosystem
‘ig. 1. Influence of different weather factors on the population of lady bird beetle (Pooled) PATEL et al., Population Dynamics of Coccinella septumpunctata L. (Coleoptera: Coccinellideae) in Cotton Ecosystem
Y=0.814 -0.870X, +1.063X, +0.241X, -0.032X, +0.209X, - 1.340X, +0.007X,-0.554X, (R2=0.795)
Y=0.814 -0.870X, +1.063X, +0.241X, -0.032X, +0.209X, - 1.340X, +0.007X,-0.554X, (R2=0.795)
Table2. Path coefficient of abiotic factor on LBB, Coccinella spp. population on cotton ecosystem Residual=0.3645, *& ** Showed significant at 5% & 1% level of significance respectively, The bold figures denote the direct effect of different factors on population of insect
Table2. Path coefficient of abiotic factor on LBB, Coccinella spp. population on cotton ecosystem Residual=0.3645, *& ** Showed significant at 5% & 1% level of significance respectively, The bold figures denote the direct effect of different factors on population of insect
*& ** Showed significant at 5% & 1% level of significance respectively. ible 1. Correlation (r) and simple regression (Y) of lady bird beetle,Coccinella septumpunctata population with environmental factors (2005-07 and Pooled)
*& ** Showed significant at 5% & 1% level of significance respectively. ible 1. Correlation (r) and simple regression (Y) of lady bird beetle,Coccinella septumpunctata population with environmental factors (2005-07 and Pooled)
Although correlations are very useful in determining components of population of LBB but they do not provide complete understanding of relative importance of direct association of the component character/ factors towards the low pest population. In such situation whereas more variable are included in correlations studies, the indirect association becomes complex. The path coefficient analysis has been useful in finding out the direct and indirect causes of association of specific force acting to produce a given correlation coefficient. The observations revealed that minimum temperature had positive and high direct effect (1.6592) followed by morning relative humidity (0.1972), rainfall (0.1535), sunshine hours (0.1519) and evening relative humidity (0.016) respectively. Path coefficient effect revealed that the positive indirect effect of high magnitude of minimum temperature was obtained via rainfall (0.0854), sunshine hours (0.0514) and evening relative humidity (0.0006) respectively. The positive indirect effect of morning relative humidity was recorded via wind velocity (0.1308), rainfall (0.0414), sunshine hours (0.0177), evening relative humidity (0.0008) and maximum
Although correlations are very useful in determining components of population of LBB but they do not provide complete understanding of relative importance of direct association of the component character/ factors towards the low pest population. In such situation whereas more variable are included in correlations studies, the indirect association becomes complex. The path coefficient analysis has been useful in finding out the direct and indirect causes of association of specific force acting to produce a given correlation coefficient. The observations revealed that minimum temperature had positive and high direct effect (1.6592) followed by morning relative humidity (0.1972), rainfall (0.1535), sunshine hours (0.1519) and evening relative humidity (0.016) respectively. Path coefficient effect revealed that the positive indirect effect of high magnitude of minimum temperature was obtained via rainfall (0.0854), sunshine hours (0.0514) and evening relative humidity (0.0006) respectively. The positive indirect effect of morning relative humidity was recorded via wind velocity (0.1308), rainfall (0.0414), sunshine hours (0.0177), evening relative humidity (0.0008) and maximum
able 1. Estimates of genetic parameters for different quantitative and physiological traits MST-Mean Sum of Square due to Treatment. *Significant at 5% level of significance **Significant at 1% level of significance
able 1. Estimates of genetic parameters for different quantitative and physiological traits MST-Mean Sum of Square due to Treatment. *Significant at 5% level of significance **Significant at 1% level of significance
Tablel. ’t?' values for uniformity test of Wr, Vr for ten characters in pigeonpea. The estimates of genetic parameters, their relation from seed yield and its component are presented in Table 2. The estimates of additive genetic component (D) were significant for days to flower, days to maturity, hundred seed weight and protein content in both generations, whereas for character plant height in F, generation only. The non additive genetic component (H,) were significant for all the traits indicating importance of both additive and dominance components in the inheritance of these traits. While the magnitude of dominance gene effect (H,) and (H,) was higher than their respective additive (D) gene effects for all the characters except
Tablel. ’t?' values for uniformity test of Wr, Vr for ten characters in pigeonpea. The estimates of genetic parameters, their relation from seed yield and its component are presented in Table 2. The estimates of additive genetic component (D) were significant for days to flower, days to maturity, hundred seed weight and protein content in both generations, whereas for character plant height in F, generation only. The non additive genetic component (H,) were significant for all the traits indicating importance of both additive and dominance components in the inheritance of these traits. While the magnitude of dominance gene effect (H,) and (H,) was higher than their respective additive (D) gene effects for all the characters except
*, Significant at 5% level of significance; ** Significant at 1% level of significance fable 2. Estimates of various components and related parameters for 10 characters in 5 parent diallel cross in pigeonpea.
*, Significant at 5% level of significance; ** Significant at 1% level of significance fable 2. Estimates of various components and related parameters for 10 characters in 5 parent diallel cross in pigeonpea.
*, ** Significant at 5 per cent and 1 per cent levels of significance, respectively ible 1. Analysis of variance of generation means of three crosses for various characters in cowpea.
*, ** Significant at 5 per cent and 1 per cent levels of significance, respectively ible 1. Analysis of variance of generation means of three crosses for various characters in cowpea.
*, ** Significant at 5 per cent and | per cent levels of significance, respectively Table 2. Estimation of scaling tests and gene effects for different characters in cowpez
*, ** Significant at 5 per cent and | per cent levels of significance, respectively Table 2. Estimation of scaling tests and gene effects for different characters in cowpez
ig. 1. Growth (mm) of Chrysosporiumsp. on five different media after seven days.
ig. 1. Growth (mm) of Chrysosporiumsp. on five different media after seven days.
Table 1. Growth (mm) of Chrysosporium species on five different media after seven days After seven days, the effect of different growth media on mycelium of keratinophilic and non-keratinophilic fungi was determined on colony diameter of keratinophilic fungi and non-keratinophilic fungi was estimated on plate containing five different media i.e., SDA, PDA, CPA, CZA and MEA. Out of these media, SDA, found the best for all Chrysosporiumcarmichaelii, C. georgii,C. indicum, C. keratinophilum, C. merdarium, C. pannicola, C. pannorum, C. pruinosum, C. queenslandicum and C. tropicumfollowed by PDA for all except Chrysosporium georgii, followed by
Table 1. Growth (mm) of Chrysosporium species on five different media after seven days After seven days, the effect of different growth media on mycelium of keratinophilic and non-keratinophilic fungi was determined on colony diameter of keratinophilic fungi and non-keratinophilic fungi was estimated on plate containing five different media i.e., SDA, PDA, CPA, CZA and MEA. Out of these media, SDA, found the best for all Chrysosporiumcarmichaelii, C. georgii,C. indicum, C. keratinophilum, C. merdarium, C. pannicola, C. pannorum, C. pruinosum, C. queenslandicum and C. tropicumfollowed by PDA for all except Chrysosporium georgii, followed by
fable3. Growth (mm) of non-keratinophilus fungi on five different media after seven days. ble3. Growth (mm) of non-keratinophilus fungi on five different media after seven days.
fable3. Growth (mm) of non-keratinophilus fungi on five different media after seven days. ble3. Growth (mm) of non-keratinophilus fungi on five different media after seven days.
le 2. Growth (mm) of Trichophyton sp., Malbranchea, Epidermatophyton, Histoplasma, Microsporum sp.and Sporothrix schenckiion five different media after seven days.
le 2. Growth (mm) of Trichophyton sp., Malbranchea, Epidermatophyton, Histoplasma, Microsporum sp.and Sporothrix schenckiion five different media after seven days.
‘ig. 3. Growth (mm) of non-keratinophilus fungi on five different mediaafter seven days. GUPTA et al., Effects of Different Culture Media on Colony Growth of Keratinophilic and Non-keratinophilic Fungi
‘ig. 3. Growth (mm) of non-keratinophilus fungi on five different mediaafter seven days. GUPTA et al., Effects of Different Culture Media on Colony Growth of Keratinophilic and Non-keratinophilic Fungi
Table 2. Phytochemical screening using ethanolic extract
Table 2. Phytochemical screening using ethanolic extract
Table 1. Phytochemical screening using aqueous extract the presence of all the phytochemical constituents analyzed except flavonoid in both the extracts. Phytochemical screening of M.koenigii leaves showed the presence of glycosides, steroids, tannins, alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins and quinone. The presence of alkaloids in M. koenigii was very prominent in both the extracts (aqueous and ethanolic). The steroids and saponins showed greater intensity of their presence in ethanolic extract. The colour intensity for the presence of flavonoids was maximum in aqueous extract than ethanolic extract. Glycosides showed their presence only in aqueous extraction while tannins and quinones in ethanol only. All the
Table 1. Phytochemical screening using aqueous extract the presence of all the phytochemical constituents analyzed except flavonoid in both the extracts. Phytochemical screening of M.koenigii leaves showed the presence of glycosides, steroids, tannins, alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins and quinone. The presence of alkaloids in M. koenigii was very prominent in both the extracts (aqueous and ethanolic). The steroids and saponins showed greater intensity of their presence in ethanolic extract. The colour intensity for the presence of flavonoids was maximum in aqueous extract than ethanolic extract. Glycosides showed their presence only in aqueous extraction while tannins and quinones in ethanol only. All the
Table 3. Estimation of Total phenolic compounds The antioxidant activity of phenolic compounds is mainly due to redox properties, which allow them to act as reducing agents, hydrogen donors, singlet oxygen quenchers, heavy metal chelatorsand hydroxy radical quenchers (Rice- Evans,et al., 1995). Kaur and Kapoor, 2002 reported the total phenolic content of 7’ foenum-graecum to be 217.5 mg of catechol/100 g of fresh vegetable.The total polyphenol contentof some common Indian leafy vegetables was found to bein the range of 5—69.5 mg of tannic acid/g of extract (Shyamala,et a/., 2005).Phenolic compounds present in plant extracts are reported to have beneficial effects on other chronic diseases such as coronary heart disease (Foresterand Waterhouse,2009). The total polyphenol content of four green leafy vegetables were estimated by Gupta and Prakash in 2009. The plants were found to have varying levels of polyphenols, ranging from 150 mg tannic acid/100 g sample for Centellaasiatica to 387 mg of tannic acid/100 g for M. koenigii. Tfoenum-graecum and Amaranthussp. had similar amounts of total polyphenols (158.33 mg of tannic acid/100 g). Thetotalphenoliccontents in extracts obtained from the stems and leaves of coriander,mintandparsley arestudied by Al- Juhaimi and Ghafoor, 2011. The highest contents (1.24mgGAE/ 100ml)were observedin extract of mint (Menthaarvensis) leaves followed by parsley (Petroselinumcrispum) leaves
Table 3. Estimation of Total phenolic compounds The antioxidant activity of phenolic compounds is mainly due to redox properties, which allow them to act as reducing agents, hydrogen donors, singlet oxygen quenchers, heavy metal chelatorsand hydroxy radical quenchers (Rice- Evans,et al., 1995). Kaur and Kapoor, 2002 reported the total phenolic content of 7’ foenum-graecum to be 217.5 mg of catechol/100 g of fresh vegetable.The total polyphenol contentof some common Indian leafy vegetables was found to bein the range of 5—69.5 mg of tannic acid/g of extract (Shyamala,et a/., 2005).Phenolic compounds present in plant extracts are reported to have beneficial effects on other chronic diseases such as coronary heart disease (Foresterand Waterhouse,2009). The total polyphenol content of four green leafy vegetables were estimated by Gupta and Prakash in 2009. The plants were found to have varying levels of polyphenols, ranging from 150 mg tannic acid/100 g sample for Centellaasiatica to 387 mg of tannic acid/100 g for M. koenigii. Tfoenum-graecum and Amaranthussp. had similar amounts of total polyphenols (158.33 mg of tannic acid/100 g). Thetotalphenoliccontents in extracts obtained from the stems and leaves of coriander,mintandparsley arestudied by Al- Juhaimi and Ghafoor, 2011. The highest contents (1.24mgGAE/ 100ml)were observedin extract of mint (Menthaarvensis) leaves followed by parsley (Petroselinumcrispum) leaves
A dose-response relationship was found in the DPPH radical scavenging activity. The activity increased with an increase in the concentration (from 4 to 20 mg/ ml) of each individual leaf extract.M. koenigii had free radical scavenging activity ranging from 27.31% to 80.54%, 7) foenum-graecum from 23.64% to 72.39%, S. oleracea from 18.42% to 68.18% and A. cepafrom 3.12% to 18.23%. ig 1. Free radicle scavenging activity of varying concentrations of leaf extracts
A dose-response relationship was found in the DPPH radical scavenging activity. The activity increased with an increase in the concentration (from 4 to 20 mg/ ml) of each individual leaf extract.M. koenigii had free radical scavenging activity ranging from 27.31% to 80.54%, 7) foenum-graecum from 23.64% to 72.39%, S. oleracea from 18.42% to 68.18% and A. cepafrom 3.12% to 18.23%. ig 1. Free radicle scavenging activity of varying concentrations of leaf extracts
Value showed in parenthesis is Arc sign value
Value showed in parenthesis is Arc sign value
Table2. Grading of different okra varieties based on fruit infestation (Gupta and Yadav, 1978)
Table2. Grading of different okra varieties based on fruit infestation (Gupta and Yadav, 1978)
g. 2. Relation between probit of mortality of Channa punctatus at 48h and dose of mercuric chloride ig. 1. Relation between probit of mortality of Channa punctatus at 24h and dose of mercuric chloride
g. 2. Relation between probit of mortality of Channa punctatus at 48h and dose of mercuric chloride ig. 1. Relation between probit of mortality of Channa punctatus at 24h and dose of mercuric chloride
3. Relation between probit of mortality of Channc punctatus at 72h and dose of mercuric chloride ig. 4. Relation between probit of mortality of Channa punctatus at 96h and dose of mercuric chloride
3. Relation between probit of mortality of Channc punctatus at 72h and dose of mercuric chloride ig. 4. Relation between probit of mortality of Channa punctatus at 96h and dose of mercuric chloride
- = No mortality
- = No mortality
Fig. 1. Prevalence of E.coli in urine samples Sharma, et al., 2007 in study concluded this fact ofhigher incidence of E.coli at unnatural sites in human intestine which can cause variety of infections including UTI showing 39.5% incidence of E.coli in urine samples. Similarly Gupta, et al., 2001 also reported the higher percentage of E.coli as uropathogens among the other members of Enterobacteriaceae.
Fig. 1. Prevalence of E.coli in urine samples Sharma, et al., 2007 in study concluded this fact ofhigher incidence of E.coli at unnatural sites in human intestine which can cause variety of infections including UTI showing 39.5% incidence of E.coli in urine samples. Similarly Gupta, et al., 2001 also reported the higher percentage of E.coli as uropathogens among the other members of Enterobacteriaceae.
Ho, et al., 2000 reported that at an inter disc with of 25mm allows another 20 isolates to be detected giving a sensitivity of 97.9%. They also told that double disk synergy test is most widely used as it is simple and reliable option. In the present study the double disc method was found to be the best method due to its simplicity and ease of interpretation (Ho, et al., 2000). In conclusion, the fairly higher incidence of ESBL producing E.coli being found in urine samples of patients is quiet alarming, as these organisms are being resistance to Extended Spectrum cephalosporins. It is the major threat to the use of many classes of antibiotics particularly cephalosporins. Hence the comparison was done between the different methods according to the sensitivities, specificities, PPV (positive predictive value) and NPV (Negative predictive value) for the detection of Extended Spectrum 4 Lactamases in the above study and was found that double disc method with highest sensitivity value is the
Ho, et al., 2000 reported that at an inter disc with of 25mm allows another 20 isolates to be detected giving a sensitivity of 97.9%. They also told that double disk synergy test is most widely used as it is simple and reliable option. In the present study the double disc method was found to be the best method due to its simplicity and ease of interpretation (Ho, et al., 2000). In conclusion, the fairly higher incidence of ESBL producing E.coli being found in urine samples of patients is quiet alarming, as these organisms are being resistance to Extended Spectrum cephalosporins. It is the major threat to the use of many classes of antibiotics particularly cephalosporins. Hence the comparison was done between the different methods according to the sensitivities, specificities, PPV (positive predictive value) and NPV (Negative predictive value) for the detection of Extended Spectrum 4 Lactamases in the above study and was found that double disc method with highest sensitivity value is the
able1. Total free amino acid content in field bean varieties, tolerant/susceptible to pod borers H. armigera and A. atkinsoni during growth under ambient field conditions. *. Average of five replications in oven-dried sample *_ Significant
able1. Total free amino acid content in field bean varieties, tolerant/susceptible to pod borers H. armigera and A. atkinsoni during growth under ambient field conditions. *. Average of five replications in oven-dried sample *_ Significant
Table 1. As far as sensory quality concerned the product prepared from cow milk and coconut milk in 3:2 ratio was also of good flavour, body&texture, and almost similar to cow milk sandesh.30% sugar was added to the product to get the required sweetness. The amount of sugar added exerted no significant influence on the colour and appearance of the product with the increase in sugar level.The fat protein and ash content in the finished product decreased. The coconut milk sandesh (3:2) with 30% sugar and treated with 0.1% sorbic acid was stored at (30+ 1°c) for 6 days and at (7+1p c)for 16 days. The product (3:2) also showed maximum sensory ratings at (7 + 1°c).It was found that the moisture content reduced around 11%in both conditions.The chemical analysis was discontinued after 4" and 6" days onwards in the treated samples under ambient storage temperature as there was profuse surface growth which enabled proper sampling of the product. The refrigerated samples were not affected with surface growth, but the hardness and grittiness in body and texture and development of off-flavours lead the treated samples to become unacceptable after 12" to 16" days. Hence the chemical analysis was carried out up to the respective days of storage till the product kept well. The sensory evaluation was conducted on zero day and on the last respective day the product kept well. This was done to correlate the chemical changes with changes in organoleptic quality during the storage of sandesh. The chemical changes were absorbed in moisture content (%), titrable acidity (“lactic acid),Free fatty acid (% Oleic acid), HMF content (micromoles/ 100g), Tyrosine content(mg/100g). There were also changes taken place in sensory characteristics as flavour, colour and appearance, body & texture and overall acceptability. The changes in chemical constituents (Table 1) in cow and coconut mix milk sandesh (3:2) were noted during the storage period at ambient & refrigeration temperature. A gradual decrease in moisture content (%) was observed throughout the storage period. The initial moisture content of mixed sandesh 25.58% had decreased to 22.49% after 6 days and 16 days at ambient & refrigeration temperature respectively. The titrable Acidity of mixed sandesh (3:2) 0.51% (% lactic acid) had increased to determined by Rose-Gottlieb method.The protein of the product was estimated by Rowland’s method, 1938. The total carbohydrates were calculated by difference. The HMF value content in the sample was estimated by Keeney and Bassette, 1959. The tyrosine value was estimated according to the method of Juffs(1973).Further different ratio of coconut milk and cow milk were fortified to prepare the sandesh and these products were evaluated for different sensory characteristics bynine point hedonic scale(BIS, 1981).The prepared sandesh from (3:2) ratio of cow milk and coconut milk were evaluated for different sensory characteristics by nine point hedonic scale (BIS, 1981).The prepared sandesh(3:2) were kept at ambient and refrigeration temperature for storage to evaluate the chemical changes.
Table 1. As far as sensory quality concerned the product prepared from cow milk and coconut milk in 3:2 ratio was also of good flavour, body&texture, and almost similar to cow milk sandesh.30% sugar was added to the product to get the required sweetness. The amount of sugar added exerted no significant influence on the colour and appearance of the product with the increase in sugar level.The fat protein and ash content in the finished product decreased. The coconut milk sandesh (3:2) with 30% sugar and treated with 0.1% sorbic acid was stored at (30+ 1°c) for 6 days and at (7+1p c)for 16 days. The product (3:2) also showed maximum sensory ratings at (7 + 1°c).It was found that the moisture content reduced around 11%in both conditions.The chemical analysis was discontinued after 4" and 6" days onwards in the treated samples under ambient storage temperature as there was profuse surface growth which enabled proper sampling of the product. The refrigerated samples were not affected with surface growth, but the hardness and grittiness in body and texture and development of off-flavours lead the treated samples to become unacceptable after 12" to 16" days. Hence the chemical analysis was carried out up to the respective days of storage till the product kept well. The sensory evaluation was conducted on zero day and on the last respective day the product kept well. This was done to correlate the chemical changes with changes in organoleptic quality during the storage of sandesh. The chemical changes were absorbed in moisture content (%), titrable acidity (“lactic acid),Free fatty acid (% Oleic acid), HMF content (micromoles/ 100g), Tyrosine content(mg/100g). There were also changes taken place in sensory characteristics as flavour, colour and appearance, body & texture and overall acceptability. The changes in chemical constituents (Table 1) in cow and coconut mix milk sandesh (3:2) were noted during the storage period at ambient & refrigeration temperature. A gradual decrease in moisture content (%) was observed throughout the storage period. The initial moisture content of mixed sandesh 25.58% had decreased to 22.49% after 6 days and 16 days at ambient & refrigeration temperature respectively. The titrable Acidity of mixed sandesh (3:2) 0.51% (% lactic acid) had increased to determined by Rose-Gottlieb method.The protein of the product was estimated by Rowland’s method, 1938. The total carbohydrates were calculated by difference. The HMF value content in the sample was estimated by Keeney and Bassette, 1959. The tyrosine value was estimated according to the method of Juffs(1973).Further different ratio of coconut milk and cow milk were fortified to prepare the sandesh and these products were evaluated for different sensory characteristics bynine point hedonic scale(BIS, 1981).The prepared sandesh from (3:2) ratio of cow milk and coconut milk were evaluated for different sensory characteristics by nine point hedonic scale (BIS, 1981).The prepared sandesh(3:2) were kept at ambient and refrigeration temperature for storage to evaluate the chemical changes.
Table 1: Analysis of variance for thirteen quantitative characters in 27 genotypes of pigeon pea DIF-Days to Initial Flowering, DFF-Days to 50% Flowering, PH-Plant Height, NPBPP-Number of Primary branches per Plant, PPP-Pods p lant, PPC-Pods per Cluster, PL-Pod Length, DM-Days to Maturity, GPP-Grains per Pod, SI-Seed index, BYPP-Biological Yield per Plat dI-Harvest Index, GYPP-Grain Yield per Plant ** significant at 1% level of significance.
Table 1: Analysis of variance for thirteen quantitative characters in 27 genotypes of pigeon pea DIF-Days to Initial Flowering, DFF-Days to 50% Flowering, PH-Plant Height, NPBPP-Number of Primary branches per Plant, PPP-Pods p lant, PPC-Pods per Cluster, PL-Pod Length, DM-Days to Maturity, GPP-Grains per Pod, SI-Seed index, BYPP-Biological Yield per Plat dI-Harvest Index, GYPP-Grain Yield per Plant ** significant at 1% level of significance.
Table 1. Ehno- medicinal uses of plant genetic resources of Vindhyan zone
Table 1. Ehno- medicinal uses of plant genetic resources of Vindhyan zone
ANAND et al., Ethno-medicinal Forest Genetic Resources of District Sonbhadra, Uttar Pradesh
ANAND et al., Ethno-medicinal Forest Genetic Resources of District Sonbhadra, Uttar Pradesh
Trends in Biosciences 6 (5), 2013
Trends in Biosciences 6 (5), 2013
x 1. Habit wise percentage of ethno-medicinal forest genetic resources ANAND et al., Ethno-medicinal Forest Genetic Resources of District Sonbhadra, Uttar Pradesh
x 1. Habit wise percentage of ethno-medicinal forest genetic resources ANAND et al., Ethno-medicinal Forest Genetic Resources of District Sonbhadra, Uttar Pradesh
‘able 2. Family wise number of forest genetic resources having ethno-medicinal uses resources, about 32 plants were herbaceous in nature, while 14 plants were climber, 19 were shrub and 47 were tree in nature. Figure | explicated that 41.96 % of the documented plants is tree, which shows that local people have more ethno- medicinal use of trees/ tree products in comparison to herb, shrub and climber. It may be because of permanent/perennial nature, more abundance and easy identification of trees. Table 2 revealed that among the plant families, Fabaceae(18) have higher number of ethno-medicinal plants followed by Euphorbiaceae (7), Astaraceae (6), Liliaceae (5) and Poaceae (5). The plant parts have different role in the disease treatment. Therefore, the percentage of plants in regards to plant parts used were calculated and presented in table 3. Table 3 explicated that the highest percentage of use of leaves were recorded in 41.96 % of documented plants followed by root (23.21%), bark (16.96 %) and fruits (13.39 %). Whereas, use of bulb in the treatment of various ailments and diseases was recorded only in 0.89 percent of documented plants. It clearly indicates that leaves have more medicinal property in most of the plant in comparison to other plant part.
‘able 2. Family wise number of forest genetic resources having ethno-medicinal uses resources, about 32 plants were herbaceous in nature, while 14 plants were climber, 19 were shrub and 47 were tree in nature. Figure | explicated that 41.96 % of the documented plants is tree, which shows that local people have more ethno- medicinal use of trees/ tree products in comparison to herb, shrub and climber. It may be because of permanent/perennial nature, more abundance and easy identification of trees. Table 2 revealed that among the plant families, Fabaceae(18) have higher number of ethno-medicinal plants followed by Euphorbiaceae (7), Astaraceae (6), Liliaceae (5) and Poaceae (5). The plant parts have different role in the disease treatment. Therefore, the percentage of plants in regards to plant parts used were calculated and presented in table 3. Table 3 explicated that the highest percentage of use of leaves were recorded in 41.96 % of documented plants followed by root (23.21%), bark (16.96 %) and fruits (13.39 %). Whereas, use of bulb in the treatment of various ailments and diseases was recorded only in 0.89 percent of documented plants. It clearly indicates that leaves have more medicinal property in most of the plant in comparison to other plant part.
ible 2. Mean, range, genotypic, phenotypic and environmental variance, GCV, PCV, H? (broad sense) and GA as percent of mean for different characters in potato [Solanum tuberosum L.| Cl= 75 days to harvest, C2= 90 days to harvest
ible 2. Mean, range, genotypic, phenotypic and environmental variance, GCV, PCV, H? (broad sense) and GA as percent of mean for different characters in potato [Solanum tuberosum L.| Cl= 75 days to harvest, C2= 90 days to harvest
Table 3. Genotypic (r,) and phenotypic (r_) correlation coefficient of seed yield with quantitative characters
Table 3. Genotypic (r,) and phenotypic (r_) correlation coefficient of seed yield with quantitative characters
fable 4. Path co-efficient analysis showing direct (bold) and indirect effects in potato [Solanum tuberosum L.]
fable 4. Path co-efficient analysis showing direct (bold) and indirect effects in potato [Solanum tuberosum L.]
ble 1: Total protein content in field bean varieties infested by the pod borers H. armigera and A. atkinsoni during growth under ambient field conditions.
ble 1: Total protein content in field bean varieties infested by the pod borers H. armigera and A. atkinsoni during growth under ambient field conditions.
Table1. Analysis of variance for different characters in potato [Solanum tuberosum L.| The research was carried out during Rabi 2009-2010 at Main Potato Research Station, Sardarkrushinagar Dantiwada Agricultural University. The 24 diverse genotypes were obtained from Potato research station, SDAU, Deesa and CPRI, Shimla. The experiment was conducted in Randomized Block Design with three replications during second week of November and grouped into two sets viz., 75 days and 90 days harvest. Each genotype was represented by four rows plot of 2.5m X 3 m size. The inter and intra row distances were 50 cm and 20 cm, respectively which accommodated 60 plants per plot. The observations were recorded for plant height (cm), number of stem per plant, number of tubers per plant, Average weight of tubers (g), Tubers dry matter (%),Total tuber yield (q/ha), Marketable yield (t/ha), Chip color, Reducing sugar and Total Soluble Solids (TSS). Analysis of variance was calculated on the method suggested by Panse and Sukhatme, 1978. Correlation Coefficient Analysis (Al- Jibouri et al., 1958). Path Coefficient Analysis (Dewey and Lu., Potato crop has wide adaptability and can be grown in a wide range of agro-climatic conditions throughout the year. India is the major potato producing country in the world. Globally, India ranks 4" in area, 3" in production and 10" in productivity. About 82 per cent potatoes are grown in plain areas during short winter days from October to March, 10 per cent in the hill areas during long days from April to September
Table1. Analysis of variance for different characters in potato [Solanum tuberosum L.| The research was carried out during Rabi 2009-2010 at Main Potato Research Station, Sardarkrushinagar Dantiwada Agricultural University. The 24 diverse genotypes were obtained from Potato research station, SDAU, Deesa and CPRI, Shimla. The experiment was conducted in Randomized Block Design with three replications during second week of November and grouped into two sets viz., 75 days and 90 days harvest. Each genotype was represented by four rows plot of 2.5m X 3 m size. The inter and intra row distances were 50 cm and 20 cm, respectively which accommodated 60 plants per plot. The observations were recorded for plant height (cm), number of stem per plant, number of tubers per plant, Average weight of tubers (g), Tubers dry matter (%),Total tuber yield (q/ha), Marketable yield (t/ha), Chip color, Reducing sugar and Total Soluble Solids (TSS). Analysis of variance was calculated on the method suggested by Panse and Sukhatme, 1978. Correlation Coefficient Analysis (Al- Jibouri et al., 1958). Path Coefficient Analysis (Dewey and Lu., Potato crop has wide adaptability and can be grown in a wide range of agro-climatic conditions throughout the year. India is the major potato producing country in the world. Globally, India ranks 4" in area, 3" in production and 10" in productivity. About 82 per cent potatoes are grown in plain areas during short winter days from October to March, 10 per cent in the hill areas during long days from April to September
Table2. Mean, range, genotypic, phenotypic and environmental variance, GCV, PCV, H? (broad sense) and GA as percent of mean for different characters in potato [Solanum tuberosum L.|
Table2. Mean, range, genotypic, phenotypic and environmental variance, GCV, PCV, H? (broad sense) and GA as percent of mean for different characters in potato [Solanum tuberosum L.|
fable 3. Genotypic (r,) and phenotypic (r,) correlation coefficient of seed yield with quantitative characters
fable 3. Genotypic (r,) and phenotypic (r,) correlation coefficient of seed yield with quantitative characters
C2 = 100 days to harvest RSQUARE= 0.9874 RESIDUAL EFFECT = 0.1122 Table 4. Path co-efficient analysis showing direct (bold) and indirect effects in potato [Solanum tuberosum L.|
C2 = 100 days to harvest RSQUARE= 0.9874 RESIDUAL EFFECT = 0.1122 Table 4. Path co-efficient analysis showing direct (bold) and indirect effects in potato [Solanum tuberosum L.|
able 1. Determination of salt tolerance and phosphate solubilization in Pseudomonas isolates from wheat rhizosphere (Table 1). For phosphate solubilization the culture of each isolate was spot inoculated on Pikovskaya’s agar medium (Pikovskaya 1948) and incubated at 28 °C up to 5 days. Phosphate solubilization activity was determined by development of clearing zone around bacterial colony (Wahyudi et al., 2011). study, a total 22 Pseudomonas isolates were have obtained from the rhizosphere of wheat. The isolates were characterized on the basis of physiological, biochemical, morphological features. Isolates of Pseudomonas species from rhizosphere of different crops were widely studied by Valverde et al., 2003, Ahmad, et al., 2008. Rawat and Abrar, 2011,
able 1. Determination of salt tolerance and phosphate solubilization in Pseudomonas isolates from wheat rhizosphere (Table 1). For phosphate solubilization the culture of each isolate was spot inoculated on Pikovskaya’s agar medium (Pikovskaya 1948) and incubated at 28 °C up to 5 days. Phosphate solubilization activity was determined by development of clearing zone around bacterial colony (Wahyudi et al., 2011). study, a total 22 Pseudomonas isolates were have obtained from the rhizosphere of wheat. The isolates were characterized on the basis of physiological, biochemical, morphological features. Isolates of Pseudomonas species from rhizosphere of different crops were widely studied by Valverde et al., 2003, Ahmad, et al., 2008. Rawat and Abrar, 2011,
+++=shown maximum growth ++= shown medium growth shown poor growth - = Shown no growth able2. Determination of antibiotic sensitivity (Tetracycline) of Pseudomonas isolates from wheat rhizosphere
+++=shown maximum growth ++= shown medium growth shown poor growth - = Shown no growth able2. Determination of antibiotic sensitivity (Tetracycline) of Pseudomonas isolates from wheat rhizosphere
Compost Preparation: Compost was prepared by long method of Mantel 1972. Wheat straw was spread on cemented floor and wetted thoroughly by sprinkling water. This moistened straw was mixed with other ingredients and again with water. A heap
Compost Preparation: Compost was prepared by long method of Mantel 1972. Wheat straw was spread on cemented floor and wetted thoroughly by sprinkling water. This moistened straw was mixed with other ingredients and again with water. A heap
Fig. 1. Growth behaviour of different strain of A. bisporus The present study showed the confirmative results with finding of Mehta (1991) were studies on behaviour growth of different strains of A. bisporus. The six strains of A. bisporus strains S 649, RAL 89 and TM 7 were gradual yielded, strains
Fig. 1. Growth behaviour of different strain of A. bisporus The present study showed the confirmative results with finding of Mehta (1991) were studies on behaviour growth of different strains of A. bisporus. The six strains of A. bisporus strains S 649, RAL 89 and TM 7 were gradual yielded, strains
Table 1. Comparison of growth behaviour of the three strains of A. bisporus
Table 1. Comparison of growth behaviour of the three strains of A. bisporus
Fig. 2. Yield potential of different strain of A. bisporus
Fig. 2. Yield potential of different strain of A. bisporus
Table 1. Estimation of components of variance and genetic parameters for different characters in wheat
Table 1. Estimation of components of variance and genetic parameters for different characters in wheat
Table 2. Estimation of genotypic (rg) and phenotypic (rp) correlation coefficient for different quantitative characters in bread wheat * and ** Significant at 5% and 1% level of significance respectively.
Table 2. Estimation of genotypic (rg) and phenotypic (rp) correlation coefficient for different quantitative characters in bread wheat * and ** Significant at 5% and 1% level of significance respectively.
Table3. Direct and Indirect effects at genotypic and phenotypic level for different quantitative characters on gain yield. Days to 50% flowering, Days to maturity, tillers per plant, tillers per square meter, grains per spike and biological yield. direct effect on grain yield per plot was contributed (Table 3) mostly by test weight (0.688) followed by spike length (0.638), grain per spike (0.349). On the other hand maximum negative direct effect was exhibited by effective tillers per plant (-0.120) followed by biological yield (-0.370) and flag leaf length (- 0.419). The rest of the traits showed moderate to low positive or negative direct effect on grain yield per plot.
Table3. Direct and Indirect effects at genotypic and phenotypic level for different quantitative characters on gain yield. Days to 50% flowering, Days to maturity, tillers per plant, tillers per square meter, grains per spike and biological yield. direct effect on grain yield per plot was contributed (Table 3) mostly by test weight (0.688) followed by spike length (0.638), grain per spike (0.349). On the other hand maximum negative direct effect was exhibited by effective tillers per plant (-0.120) followed by biological yield (-0.370) and flag leaf length (- 0.419). The rest of the traits showed moderate to low positive or negative direct effect on grain yield per plot.
ble3. Effect of gamma rays on panicle length in M, generations of Rathu Heenati and PTB33
ble3. Effect of gamma rays on panicle length in M, generations of Rathu Heenati and PTB33
jle2. Effect of gamma rays on number of productive tillers per plant in M, generations of Rathu Heenati and PTB33 10.27 (150Gy) to 17.80 (100Gy). The mean number of productive tillers was found to be lesser at 300Gy (12.07) and 350Gy (11.83). The range across the individuals of M, families at different doses of Rathu Heenati varied from 24.00 to 35.40 cm. The maximum mean value of 32.50 cm for panicle length was found to be with 200Gy. The mean values recorded for panicle length across the irradiated families (29.53-32.50 cm) were found to be more than the control (29.07 cm) (Table 3). In case of gamma irradiated families of PTB33, the mean values showed no significant difference between the families. However, the mean values for panicle length of irradiated families (22.38- 25.50 cm) were lesser than the mean value of non-irradiated PTB33 (27.60 cm) did not show much variation from control. In case of Rathu Heenati, the mean number of grains per panicle was found to be 146.20 with families derived from
jle2. Effect of gamma rays on number of productive tillers per plant in M, generations of Rathu Heenati and PTB33 10.27 (150Gy) to 17.80 (100Gy). The mean number of productive tillers was found to be lesser at 300Gy (12.07) and 350Gy (11.83). The range across the individuals of M, families at different doses of Rathu Heenati varied from 24.00 to 35.40 cm. The maximum mean value of 32.50 cm for panicle length was found to be with 200Gy. The mean values recorded for panicle length across the irradiated families (29.53-32.50 cm) were found to be more than the control (29.07 cm) (Table 3). In case of gamma irradiated families of PTB33, the mean values showed no significant difference between the families. However, the mean values for panicle length of irradiated families (22.38- 25.50 cm) were lesser than the mean value of non-irradiated PTB33 (27.60 cm) did not show much variation from control. In case of Rathu Heenati, the mean number of grains per panicle was found to be 146.20 with families derived from
Table1. Effect of gamma rays on plant height in M, generations of Rathu Heenati and PTB33 observed to the maximum across the families derived from the seeds irradiated with higher doses in both the accessions. The mean plant height of 142.40, 142.00 and 152.00 cm were observed in families of 300Gy and 350Gy and non-irradiated Rathu Heenati respectively. The same trend was observed with irradiated families and non-irradiated PTB33. Reduction in mean number of productive tillers was observed with all the families derived with gamma ray irradiation. The mean values in number of productive tillers ranged from 6.54 (250Gy) to 8.87 (200Gy). The mean number of productive tillers with non- irradiated Rathu Heenati was found to be 15.20. Though the same trend was observed with PTB33 and its irradiated families, the mean number of productive tillers was found to be higher when compared to Rathu Heenati (Table 2). The mean number of productive tillers across the irradiated families ranged from
Table1. Effect of gamma rays on plant height in M, generations of Rathu Heenati and PTB33 observed to the maximum across the families derived from the seeds irradiated with higher doses in both the accessions. The mean plant height of 142.40, 142.00 and 152.00 cm were observed in families of 300Gy and 350Gy and non-irradiated Rathu Heenati respectively. The same trend was observed with irradiated families and non-irradiated PTB33. Reduction in mean number of productive tillers was observed with all the families derived with gamma ray irradiation. The mean values in number of productive tillers ranged from 6.54 (250Gy) to 8.87 (200Gy). The mean number of productive tillers with non- irradiated Rathu Heenati was found to be 15.20. Though the same trend was observed with PTB33 and its irradiated families, the mean number of productive tillers was found to be higher when compared to Rathu Heenati (Table 2). The mean number of productive tillers across the irradiated families ranged from
able 6. Effect of gamma rays on single plant yield in M generations of Rathu Heenati and PTB33 Amirthadevarathinam, et al., 1990, Gupta and Sharma, 1994 and Siddiqui and Sanjeeva, 2010. The experimental findings under reference suggested that the induced variability measured as coefficient of variation increased in the treated population as compared to the respective controls of these traits in both the varieties. In general, it was found that the relationship between increase in variability and doses was not linear (Nallathambi and Raja, 1990). Conclusively, the mean values for Different traits shifted either to positive or negative direction away from the control due to mutagenic treatments. Further advancement and advanced studies will be helpfull to select the better genotypes with BPH resistance as well as photoperiod insensitive.
able 6. Effect of gamma rays on single plant yield in M generations of Rathu Heenati and PTB33 Amirthadevarathinam, et al., 1990, Gupta and Sharma, 1994 and Siddiqui and Sanjeeva, 2010. The experimental findings under reference suggested that the induced variability measured as coefficient of variation increased in the treated population as compared to the respective controls of these traits in both the varieties. In general, it was found that the relationship between increase in variability and doses was not linear (Nallathambi and Raja, 1990). Conclusively, the mean values for Different traits shifted either to positive or negative direction away from the control due to mutagenic treatments. Further advancement and advanced studies will be helpfull to select the better genotypes with BPH resistance as well as photoperiod insensitive.
IJIVNY UTaaglauon OF PalniMa Tays. 1LNe NUMOEY OF praiNs per panicle ranged from 28.00-245.00 in individuals observed across the M, families of Rathu Heenati (Table 4). Across the M, families of PTB33, the mean values for the number of grains per panicle ranged from 27.00 (250Gy) to 186.70 (200Gy). In case of spikelet sterility maximum percentage was 31.62 at 300Gy of gamma ray. Spikelet sterility percentage was found to be higher in all the families derived from gamma ray irradiation. In PTB33, mean spikelet sterility percentage 29.83 was observed with families derived from 250Gy of gamma rays. The spikelet sterility was found to be of higher in the gamma ray irradiated families than the control (Table 5). The mean single plant yield across the M, families of Rathu Heenati and PTB33 were found to be lower than the respective controls. The highest mean value of 18.86 g was recorded in families derived from 250Gy of gamma ray irradiation in Rathu Heenati (Table 6). In PTB33, the maximum mean single plant yield was found to be 20.26 g in families derived from 300Gy of gamma ray irradiation. The comparative analysis made on the means and variances for these traits in M, and M, generations indicated profound influence of the gamma rays on the traits viz. 1) number of grains per panicle, 2) spikelet sterility and 3) single plant yield. There was a significant reduction in the number of grains per panicle and single plant yield with the increase in the dose of gamma rays. All the three traits showed the same pattern with PTB33. In both Rathu Heenati and PTB33, the number of grains per panicle was found to be increased in M, generations of all the doses (Appendix I and II). Similar observations were made by Fu, ef a/., 2008 and Babai et al., 2010. The extent of variability was higher in M, generation. Invariably, the variability increased significantly in both the varieties, irrespective of increase or decrease in the mean values. Similar results were reported by
IJIVNY UTaaglauon OF PalniMa Tays. 1LNe NUMOEY OF praiNs per panicle ranged from 28.00-245.00 in individuals observed across the M, families of Rathu Heenati (Table 4). Across the M, families of PTB33, the mean values for the number of grains per panicle ranged from 27.00 (250Gy) to 186.70 (200Gy). In case of spikelet sterility maximum percentage was 31.62 at 300Gy of gamma ray. Spikelet sterility percentage was found to be higher in all the families derived from gamma ray irradiation. In PTB33, mean spikelet sterility percentage 29.83 was observed with families derived from 250Gy of gamma rays. The spikelet sterility was found to be of higher in the gamma ray irradiated families than the control (Table 5). The mean single plant yield across the M, families of Rathu Heenati and PTB33 were found to be lower than the respective controls. The highest mean value of 18.86 g was recorded in families derived from 250Gy of gamma ray irradiation in Rathu Heenati (Table 6). In PTB33, the maximum mean single plant yield was found to be 20.26 g in families derived from 300Gy of gamma ray irradiation. The comparative analysis made on the means and variances for these traits in M, and M, generations indicated profound influence of the gamma rays on the traits viz. 1) number of grains per panicle, 2) spikelet sterility and 3) single plant yield. There was a significant reduction in the number of grains per panicle and single plant yield with the increase in the dose of gamma rays. All the three traits showed the same pattern with PTB33. In both Rathu Heenati and PTB33, the number of grains per panicle was found to be increased in M, generations of all the doses (Appendix I and II). Similar observations were made by Fu, ef a/., 2008 and Babai et al., 2010. The extent of variability was higher in M, generation. Invariably, the variability increased significantly in both the varieties, irrespective of increase or decrease in the mean values. Similar results were reported by
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