Environmental Regulations and innovation

The salmon are a test of a healthy environment, a lesson in environmental needs. Their abundant presence on the spawning beds is a lesson of hope, a reassurance that all is well with water and land, a lesson of deep importance for the future of man. If there ever is a time when the salmon no longer return, man will know he has failed again and moved one stage nearer to his own final disappearance. -Roderick Haig-Brown (1974)'I

The salmon are a test of a healthy environment, a lesson in environmental needs. Their abundant presence on the spawning beds is a lesson of hope, a reassurance that all is well with water and land, a lesson of deep importance for the future of man. If there ever is a time when the salmon no longer return, man will know he has failed again and moved one stage nearer to his own final disappearance. -Roderick Haig-Brown (1974)'I

Resumo (Português)
O artigo examina a sociedade anônima simplificada criada pelo Marco Legal das Startups (LC nº 182/2021). A partir de uma análise de law & economics, avalia-se como esse modelo híbrido pode reduzir custos de transação, aumentar a eficiência econômica e oferecer maior flexibilidade às empresas de menor porte, representando um avanço regulatório relevante.

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Abstract (English)
This article analyzes the simplified corporation introduced by Brazil’s Startup Legal Framework (Complementary Law No. 182/2021). Using a law & economics perspective, it shows how this hybrid form aims to lower transaction costs, enhance efficiency, and provide flexibility for smaller companies, marking an important regulatory innovation.

The machining of FG300 gray cast iron flanges is critical in various industrial applications, requiring optimized parameters to enhance surface quality, reduce tool wear, and improve efficiency. The goal of this research is to maximise cutting depth, feed rate, and speed using a Minimum Quantity Lubrication (MQL) system, which is a sustainable substitute for traditional cooling techniques. MQL minimizes lubricant consumption while ensuring effective cooling and lubrication, contributing to sustainable manufacturing. Turning experiments were conducted using carbide cutting tools under controlled MQL conditions. Tool wear and surface roughness (Ra) were examined as important performance metrics.  The statistical significance of the machining parameters and their impact on the responses were evaluated using the Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) approach.  The findings show that cutting speed has the greatest impact, followed by feed rate and cut depth. The optimized parameters led to improved surface finish, reduced tool wear, and enhanced machining efficiency. This study provides a systematic approach for optimizing machining parameters under MQL conditions, offering valuable insights for industries seeking to enhance productivity while reducing costs and environmental impact. The findings demonstrate that ANOVA-based optimization under MQL can significantly improve the machining of FG300 flanges, making it a promising approach for sustainable and high-precision manufacturing.

Introduction: Global Vehicle production exceeds 80-million-unit recent years, where China alone accounts for over 30% of global vehicle sales. Along with traditional automakers such as Toyota, Volkswagen, General Motors, Ford, Honda, and Hyundai-Kia, electric vehicle (EV) manufacturers like Tesla, BYD, NIO and Rivian (with autonomous driving using AI and sensor technology) are leading the charge. The EV market is projected to grow at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of over 20% through 2030. The rise of connected cars, ride-sharing platforms and subscription based model both for luxury and commercial brands, with increased focus on carbon emissions reduction, recycled materials and adopting circular economy principles, car companies must rehearse it strategic planning for profit protection and market expansion; regional and global, as well as prepare to face supply chain challenges (semi-conductor shortage), technological disruption and economic uncertainty (fuel price, inflation) Purpose of the research: Based on the diagram of strategic planning process, this study outlines all seven levels/categories of strategies for automobile industries globally. Design/Methodology: The is exploratory research. Primarily 50 random companies are selected, along the websites, secondary data are sought and tabulated. Finally, tables and charts are calculated and placed for the pertinent strategies. Results/Findings: The investigation provides the strategic framework for seven categories of strategies such as Functional strategy (efficiency,

China's leading development of a complete battery value chain for electric vehicles (EVs) is restructuring the global automotive sector. In contrast with the normal point of view, which emphasizes the role of industrial policy, this article argues that the competitive advantage of China's EV battery industry lies in firms' core competency and political economic geography. Based on first-hand empirical material and data obtained from years of fieldwork carried out at an EV battery cluster in south China, this paper identifies the Chinese EV battery industry's core competency and details how it is built up from below. The current core competency of Chinese battery firms is their mass manufacturing capability, which allows them to supply vehicle manufacturers (OEMs) with lithium-ion batteries of stable and consistent quality at competitive prices. This competency is acquired by firms through technological learning at the workshop level while making use of the experiences they have accumulated while mass producing batteries for consumer electronics sectors. Furthermore, the rapid learning and accumulation of knowledge of battery manufacturing on a large scale is also facilitated by the local industrial cluster environment where firms are embedded. Supported and promoted by local government policies, Chinese EV battery clusters are composed of firms from different segments of a complete battery value chain. The findings have significant implications for battery and car makers in global competition as well as for national and local governments which aim to promote EV battery development.

Demand for online and real-time measurements techniques to meet environmental regulation and treatment compliance are increasing. However the conventional techniques, which involve scheduled sampling and chemical analysis can be expensive and time consuming. Therefore cheaper and faster alternatives to monitor wastewater characteristics are required as alternatives to conventional methods. This paper reviews existing conventional techniques and optical and fibre optic sensors to determine selected wastewater characteristics which are colour, Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) and Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD). The review confirms that with appropriate configuration, calibration and fibre features the parameters can be determined with accuracy comparable to conventional method. With more research in this area, the potential for using FOS for online and real-time measurement of more wastewater parameters for various types of industrial effluent are promising.

In April 2020 New York established the nation’s first state office dedicated exclusively to the permitting and siting of large scale renewable energy generation facilities via Executive Law § 94-c. Five years and over 20 permitted facilities later, former Executive Law § 94-c has been repealed and replaced with the Renewable Action Through Project Interconnection and Deployment (RAPID) Act – expanding the responsibilities of the Office of Renewable Energy Siting and Electric Transmission (ORES) to include electric transmission siting. In response, ORES has undertaken a regulatory rulemaking process which, among other things, proposes process improvements and regulatory transparency in its evaluation of potential impacts to cultural and environmental resources, and proposes to formalize the Office’s Indigenous Nation consultation procedures as regulatory requirements. This poster reviews the proposed regulatory updates and provides more information on how cultural resource professionals, Nations, applicants, and other interested parties can participate in the energy generation and transmission siting process.

Plants oil will play very important role for lubricant and cutting fluid industries because plant oils are renewable, natural, non-toxic, non-polluting and cheaper than artificial synthetic oils. Plant oils, in comparison to mineral oils have different properties due to their unique chemical structures. Plant oils have better lubrication ability, viscosity indices, and superior anticorrosion properties, which are due to the higher affinity of plant oils to metal surfaces. For the purpose of this work, jatropha curcas seed was extracted to obtain crude oil. Recent research has found that jatropha curcas has good potential as both, biodiesel and bio lubricant. Jatropha oil isnon edible due to the toxic content of its oil and therefore its usage as a biofuel will not be in any competition with other plant-based oils which are edible and are needed in the various food industries.

Roadmap is a strategic plan that describes the steps an organization needs to take to achieve stated outcomes and goals in different layers and these layers are closely related to each other. Lower layer is more important in planning processes. Acquisition layer is one of the most crucial layers in road mapping process. Today there are some international organizations that do policy making and depict technology roadmap in different areas. Manufacturing firms always had the limitation of utilizing these roadmaps. In this paper we examined electric and plug-in hybrid electric vehicles technology roadmap of international energy agency. Batteries as a hurdle in acquisition layer and electric cars of 2011 was ranked and prioritized from difference perspective, which can be used in technological development activities as guidance.

Entre os dias 3 e 5 de junho de 2024, a Faculdade Milton Campos, em parceria
com o Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Pós-graduação em Direito – CONPEDI, realizou o Congresso Nacional de Direito Empresarial: Perspectivas e Desafios da Falência e da Recuperação de Empresas. O evento, em formato híbrido, contou com a presença de renomados especialistas e promoveu discussões profundas sobre temas relevantes para o Direito Empresarial contemporâneo.
Trata-se de um evento científico vinculado ao Programa de Mestrado em Direito
nas Relações Econômicas e Sociais da Faculdade Milton Campos, com conexão temática às suas duas linhas de pesquisa, “O Direito Empresarial na Ordem Econômica Brasileira e Internacional” e “Relações Econômicas, políticas públicas e tensões entre autonomia privada e interferência estatal”, e que almejou expandir o importante debate sobre as repercussões jurídicas que as falências e a recuperação de empresas acarretam para o Direito Empresarial pátrio, com o convite ao público interno e externo para a submissão de trabalhos relacionados aos seguintes eixos temáticos: contextos e premissas das falências e da recuperação judicial e extrajudicial, novas tecnologias aplicadas às falências e recuperações, governança corporativa e compliance, Environmental, Social and Governance (ESG), startups e empreendedorismo, crimes falimentares, arbitragem e solução de conflitos societários e ética empresarial.

New solutions always bring new problems with them. The rise of green vehicles has been heralded as a significant step towards reducing the
environmental impact of transportation. Electric vehicles, hybrids, and other eco-friendly alternatives have gained popularity in recent years,
with reduced emissions and the commitment of the greener future. However, the question still remains: Are green vehicles truly
environmentally friendly? In this comprehensive research article, we have delved into the environmental impact of green by considering some
factors such as manufacturing, energy sources, actual practical use of vehicles, and their overall carbon footprint. By analyzing the lifecycle
of green vehicles, we have aimed to provide the balanced assessment of both their environmental benefits and challenges.

Annexes 249 1 Les objectifs de notre recherche L'objectif premier de cette thèse, c'est de contribuer à une meilleure appréhension du concept d'innovation environnementale de par ses déterminants, et aussi de mieux comprendre les com-1. 1. Les enquêtes CIS intègrent depuis 2008 un module sur les innovations environnementales. * : entreprises indépendantes ou autres unités du groupe : filiales, tête de groupe, entreprises-soeurs (contrôlées par la même tête de groupe), etc. Sont également pris en compte les établissements d'enseignement supérieur, les organismes de recherche, les institutions à but non lucratif, etc.

The growing demand for biodegradable materials has opened an avenue for using vegetable oils such as Neem seed oil, castor oil and water melon seed oil as an alternative to conventional cutting fluids. In this study, some aspects of the turning process on mild steel using HSS cutting tool at variety of spindle speed, feed rate and constant length of cut were observed using Neem seed oil, soluble oil and straight oil in comparison. This study therefore, determined the effect of temperature on cutting fluids (Neem oil, soluble oil and straight oil) when used as cutting fluid for teaching machining operations. Two specific objectives guided the study, two corresponding research questions and two null hypotheses were also formulated. The data collected were analyzed using mean and Analysis of Variance (ANOVA). The findings of the study revealed that, Neem oil remains the best among the three oils in terms of temperature reduction. There was significant difference in the mean temperature...

The increasing attention to the environmental and health impacts of industrial activities by governmental regulations and by the growing awareness level in the society is forcing industrialists to reduce the use of mineral oil-based metalworking fluids as cutting fluid. Cutting fluids have been used extensively in metal cutting operations for the last 200 years. In the beginning, cutting fluids consisted of simple oils applied with brushes to lubricate and cool the machine tool. As cutting operations became more severe, cutting fluid formulations became more complex. There are now several types of cutting fluids in the market and the most common types can be broadly categorized as cutting oils or water-miscible fluids. In this review, the applicability of vegetable oil-based metalworking fluids in machining of ferrous metals has been undertaken. The advantages of metalworking fluids and its performances with respect to the cutting force, surface finish of work piece, tool wear and temperature at the cutting zone have been investigated. It has been reported in various literature that metalworking fluids, which are vegetable oil-based, could be an environmentally friendly mode of machining with similar performance obtained using mineral oil-based metalworking fluids.

In the manufacturing industry, optimizing machining parameters is crucial for enhancing both the quality and efficiency of the production process. This study focuses on the dry turning of C45 steel, a commonly used medium carbon steel known for its good machinability and stable mechanical properties. The objective is to minimize surface roughness (Rt) and maximize the material removal rate (MRR) by identifying the optimal machining parameters: cutting speed (Vc), feed rate (fz), and depth of cut (ap). An experimental factorial design was employed to systematically vary the machining parameters and collect data on the resulting surface roughness and material removal rates. The Simple Additive Weighting (SAW) method, a Multi-Criteria Decision Making (MCDM) technique, was utilized to evaluate and rank the different machining conditions. The SAW method involves normalizing the decision matrix, applying weights to each criterion, and calculating composite scores for each alternative to determine the optimal set of parameters. The SAW optimization process, implemented using Python, utilized powerful libraries such as pandas for data manipulation, numpy for numerical operations, and openpyxl for writing results to an Excel file. The results indicate that the optimal machining parameters are a cutting speed of 240 m/min, a feed rate of 0.30 mm/tooth, and a depth of cut of 0.30 mm under dry conditions. These parameters provide a balanced trade-off between achieving low surface roughness and high material removal rate. This study demonstrates the effectiveness of the SAW method in managing trade-offs between competing objectives and highlights its applicability in real-world manufacturing environments. Future work could expand on this approach by considering additional machining conditions and integrating other MCDM methods to further enhance optimization outcomes. The findings provide valuable insights for manufacturers seeking to improve both the quality and efficiency of their machining processes.

In the manufacturing industry, optimizing machining parameters is crucial for enhancing both the quality and efficiency of the production process. This study focuses on the dry turning of C45 steel, a commonly used medium carbon steel known for its good machinability and stable mechanical properties. The objective is to minimize surface roughness (Rt) and maximize the material removal rate (MRR) by identifying the optimal machining parameters: cutting speed (Vc), feed rate (fz), and depth of cut (ap). An experimental factorial design was employed to systematically vary the machining parameters and collect data on the resulting surface roughness and material removal rates. The Simple Additive Weighting (SAW) method, a Multi-Criteria Decision Making (MCDM) technique, was utilized to evaluate and rank the different machining conditions. The SAW method involves normalizing the decision matrix, applying weights to each criterion, and calculating composite scores for each alternative to determine the optimal set of parameters. The SAW optimization process, implemented using Python, utilized powerful libraries such as pandas for data manipulation, numpy for numerical operations, and openpyxl for writing results to an Excel file. The results indicate that the optimal machining parameters are a cutting speed of 240 m/min, a feed rate of 0.30 mm/tooth, and a depth of cut of 0.30 mm under dry conditions. These parameters provide a balanced trade-off between achieving low surface roughness and high material removal rate. This study demonstrates the effectiveness of the SAW method in managing trade-offs between competing objectives and highlights its applicability in real-world manufacturing environments. Future work could expand on this approach by considering additional machining conditions and integrating other MCDM methods to further enhance optimization outcomes. The findings provide valuable insights for manufacturers seeking to improve both the quality and efficiency of their machining processes.

The major push for this research work is to investigate stakeholders' perception on corporate social responsibility disclosure in annual reports in Nigeria and to tackle the research questions of whether there is a significant difference between the stakeholders that look for social and environmental information. Also if there is significance difference in the type of corporate social disclosure that is sought by potential investors' and whether customers' decisions are independent of social and environmental information disclosed in annual report. This paper under theoretical review explores the relationship between two major concepts in business ethics-stakeholder theory and corporate social responsibility (CSR). It states the fact that CSR is a part of company responsibilities to all stakeholders, and show that there is a need for both concepts in business ethics, and their applicability is dependent on a particular problem we want to solve. The study is empirical and survey method was applied. The results of the investigation established that stakeholders do not consider the annual report as the most important source of social and environmental information. The study exposed the fact that there is no variation in the type of corporate social disclosure that is sought by stakeholders and what is generally seen in corporate annual reports, and that potential investors' and customers' decisions are independent of social and environmental information. It thus recommended that Government should enact a law that makes corporate social responsibility disclosure an obligation with heavy penalty on failure to comply.

Investment Screening Mechanisms (ISMs) are legal rules created to control and assess the entry of direct investments from foreign jurisdictions. This article is premised on the observation of a marked increase in the institutionalization and implementation of ISM in recent years, regardless of the type of domestic economy. It selects fifteen ISM for a descriptive analysis of their organizational structures and procedures, including: Australia, Canada, China, Germany, India, Japan, South Korea, Mexico, Portugal, Russia, South Africa, Spain, the United Kingdom, the United States, and the European Union. Although the criteria for controlling and evaluating foreign investment contains national security as a shared concern, this paper identifies a significant diversity regarding the profile of the institutions responsible for investment screening, including their scope and their procedures for assessment. As a final remark, the paper raised critical concerns about ISM based on its analysis and the literature.

The growing demand for biodegradable materials has opened an avenue for using vegetable oils such as Neem seed oil, castor oil and water melon seed oil as an alternative to conventional cutting fluids. In this study, some aspects of the turning process on mild steel using HSS cutting tool at variety of spindle speed, feed rate and constant length of cut were observed using Neem seed oil, soluble oil and straight oil in comparison. This study therefore, determined the effect of temperature on cutting fluids (Neem oil, soluble oil and straight oil) when used as cutting fluid for teaching machining operations. Two specific objectives guided the study, two corresponding research questions and two null hypotheses were also formulated. The data collected were analyzed using mean and Analysis of Variance (ANOVA). The findings of the study revealed that, Neem oil remains the best among the three oils in terms of temperature reduction. There was significant difference in the mean temperature...

In turning, many parameters like cutting speed, depth of cut, feed rate, cutting tool geometry, cutting temperatures and cutting conditions that affect cutting performance measures, such as, cutting temperature, tool life, cutting force, surface roughness of the machined surface are frequently considered for experimental studies.

Center for Progressive Reform The Costs of Regulatory Delay About the Center for Progressive Reform Founded in 2002, the Center for Progressive Reform is a 501(c)(3) nonprofit research and educational organization comprising a network of scholars across the nation dedicated to protecting health, safety, and the environment through analysis and commentary. CPR believes sensible safeguards in these areas serve important shared values, including doing the best we can to prevent harm to people and the environment, distributing environmental harms and benefits fairly, and protecting the earth for future generations. CPR rejects the view that the economic efficiency of private markets should be the only value used to guide government action. Rather, CPR supports thoughtful government action and reform to advance the well-being of human life and the environment. Additionally, CPR believes people play a crucial role in ensuring both private and public sector decisions that result in improved protection of consumers, public health and safety, and the environment. Accordingly, CPR supports ready public access to the courts, enhanced public participation and improved public access to information. The Center for Progressive Reform is grateful to the Public Welfare Foundation for funding this report, as well as to the Bauman Foundation, the Deer Creek Foundation, and the Open Society Institute for their generous support of its work in general.

The current study examines the role of knowledge management (KM) in green innovation and corporate sustainable development (CSD) activities. The researcher collected data from lower, middle and upperlevel managers of small, medium and large-sized manufacturing and services firms located in Pakistan. The data was analysed through structural equation modelling (SEM) to investigate how KM processes, namely knowledge creation, acquisition, sharing and application, impact on green technology and green management innovation and environment, social and economic aspects of sustainability. As per the results, KM significantly impacts on green innovation and CSD activities. Green innovation also indicated significant positive impact on CSD. The dimensional analysis indicated that with the exception of knowledge creation and acquisition, which indicated an insignificant impact on social sustainability, all the paths indicated significant results. Moreover, KM is found as equally important for all sizes manufacturing and services firms.

In this study, the performance of groundnut oil as an alternate cutting fluid was compared with that of soluble oil during machining of stainless steel. The temperature at the cutting zone, surface roughness and the chip formation were monitored under the two cutting conditions (soluble oil and vegetable oil). The machining parameters used were cutting speed (75 – 135 rev/min), feed rate (0.01 – 0.05 mm3/mm) and depth of cut (0.01 – 0.08 mm). The experiment was designed using Taguchi orthogonal array of Minitab 18 which generated a 9 run machining parameter mix for the experimentation. The Physiochemical properties of the various fluids were also analyzed to determine the properties and constituent elements of the cutting fluids. The actual machining of the stainless steel bar was done using a Colchester mastiff lathe machine. Results show that feed rate and cutting speed had the most significant effect on surface roughness during machining of stainless steel both with groundnut oil...

Scientists and tribologists are currently exploring sustainable and inexhaustible lubricants as a result of increased awareness of environmental and health-related issues. Vegetable oils are being investigated as a potential form of environmentally friendly cutting fluids due to their excellent renewability, biodegradability, and lubricating performance. This report provides an overview of different vegetable oils used as cutting fluids in the machining of engineering materials. The effects of virgin vegetable oils, emulsified vegetable-based oils, and vegetable-oil-based nano-cutting fluids on the cutting force, the surface finish of machined parts, the tool wear, and the temperature of the cutting area were surveyed critically. Compared to mineral-oil-based cutting fluids, studies have demonstrated that vegetable-oil-based cutting fluids meet cleaner manufacturing standards with good or better efficiency.

Revue d'économie industrielle 159 | 3e trimestre 2017 L'innovation soutenable La prévention des déchets : une analyse empirique des déterminants du comportement des entreprises Waste prevention: An empirical analysis of the factors determining companies' behavior

A substantiated argument against the rapid, large-scale push to replace petroleum-powered vehicles with electric vehicles (EVs).  The enclosed argument contains a brief overview of the current state of EV sales and use, then continues into an analysis of the American electrical grid's inability to adapt to future EV-driven demand spikes, the vast immaturity of EV battery and motor technology (along with the fiscal risk therein), and the unseen harm behind said batteries' expansive mineral demands.

Green growth has become an important development strategy for OECD countries and governments have correspondingly implemented various environmental regulation policies, whereas few studies have discussed the impacts of environmental regulation on green productivity growth in OECD countries. Based on a panel data of OECD countries' industrial sectors, this study analyzes the stringency of environmental regulation policies and measures green productivity growth using an extended SBM-DDF approach. The dynamic panel regression investigates the impacts and mechanism of environmental policy stringency on green productivity growth in OECD countries' industrial sectors. The main results are: (i) Porter hypothesis is validated that the environmental policy has a positive impact on green productivity growth within a certain level of stringency (lower than 3.08); (ii) The impact turns to be adverse when the environmental regulation policy is stringent over a certain level, as the compliance cost effect is higher than innovation offset effect. The findings provide new empirical evidence for the strong version of the Porter Hypothesis and some implications for OECD countries to further promote green growth.

h i g h l i g h t s LCCs of BEVs and CVs are compared, considering the effects of traffic policy. BEVs are economically competitive with both national and local subsidies. Traffic policies have a significant impact on the competitiveness of BEVs. The promotion of electric vehicles should prioritize mega-cities.

In the study, various vegetable oil and water mixtures were used as cutting fluid to be tested in machining. These fluids have been used as an alternative to cutting fluids made from synthetic and semisynthetic oils, which have harmful effects on nature and humans, and their performance has been investigated. As vegetable oil, Soy, Sunflower and Canola oils were mixed with water each and separate cutting fluids were obtained. Vegetable oil and water were mixed at 7 % and 93 %, respectively, and turned into a homogeneous liquid. Dry cutting and commercial cutting fluid using for cutting was also performed in comparison turning. In the study, AISI 4140 steel was processed on a CNC turning machine using an uncoated carbide insert. In all experiments, the cutting speed was kept constant as 200 m/min, the feed rate as 0,2 mm/rev, and the depth of cut at 1 mm. Cutting fluids were used in two different ways in experiments as liquid and 4 bar pressure spraying. As a result of the experiments, tool wear and surface roughness values were studied. The best results in all processing terms have been found in experiments with pressurized spraying of a mixture of canola oil and water. The surface roughness value was measured as 1,35 μm and the tool wear value was measured as 0,13 mm. The worst values were obtained in experiments carried out under dry cutting condition. Surface roughness value was measured as 2,31 μm and tool wear value was measured as 0,24 mm.

The use of coolant during cutting processes does not only help in the improvement of surface integrity and increase in tool life, but it also facilitates the conservation of energy due to reduction in power consumed during the process. However, some of these coolants affect human health negatively, hence there is need to consider alternatives. The influence of N5-soluble oil and Arachis oil on machinability of carbon steels is reported in this paper. The performance of the use of soluble oil and Arachis oil using flooded cooling approach was investigated in with interest on their effects on temperature at cutting zone, surface roughness, chip formation and material removal rate. The experimental runs were designed using Taguchi L 18 orthogonal array using Minitab version 16 and temperature at the cutting zone was monitored using a digital thermometer and a k-type thermocouple wire. Analysis of experimental results was done with focus on percentage contributions of various factors affecting surface roughness and material removal rate and chip profile. It was observed that, the use of Arachis oil as cutting fluid produced a surface finish of 35% improvement compared to soluble oil. Additionally, the chips formed using Arachis oil as coolant is more ductile and continuous than those obtained using N5soluble oil.

In this study, the performance of groundnut oil as an alternate cutting fluid was compared with that of soluble oil during machining of stainless steel. The temperature at the cutting zone, surface roughness and the chip formation were monitored under the two cutting conditions (soluble oil and vegetable oil). The machining parameters used were cutting speed (75 – 135 rev/min), feed rate (0.01 – 0.05 mm3/mm) and depth of cut (0.01 – 0.08 mm). The experiment was designed using Taguchi orthogonal array of Minitab 18 which generated a 9 run machining parameter mix for the experimentation. The Physiochemical properties of the various fluids were also analyzed to determine the properties and constituent elements of the cutting fluids. The actual machining of the stainless steel bar was done using a Colchester mastiff lathe machine. Results show that feed rate and cutting speed had the most significant effect on surface roughness during machining of stainless steel both with groundnut oil...

To face the challenges posed by climate change, environmental R&D and innovation are critical factors if we hope to cut emissions; yet, investment in environmental R&D remains below the social optimum. The aim of this paper is to analyse the determinants of investment in environmental innovation and to detect the differences, if any, with the determinants of investment in general innovation. In addition, this paper examines the relationship between environmental innovation R&D expenditure and a range of policy instruments, including environmental regulation and other policy measures including R&D subsidies and environmental taxes. The empirical analysis is carried out for 22 manufacturing sectors in Spain for the period 2008-2013. To overcome problems of data availability, we construct a comprehensive database from different surveys. The main implications from our results are 1). Managerial strategy appears as a relevant driver of environmental R&D investments. 2) The establishment of a policy mix between environmental, energy and technological regulatory measures is recommended. 3) The promotion of self-regulation through actions that encourage companies to follow a policy that affects their energy efficiency and is environmentally friendly.

This paper reports research on relationship between firm's knowledge sourcing strategy and green innovation. The data are taken from Spanish Technological Innovation Panel survey during 2007-2011. The study contributed to the literature by focusing on the moderating role of firm size on the relationship between knowledge sources and green innovations. Results from over 5,000 firms indicate a shift in the focus from internal knowledge to external knowledge when developing green innovations as firms grow in size. Despite benefits from broad knowledge search on green innovations, the relationship has an inverted U shape. The diminishing returns of knowledge breadth on green innovations are present for smaller firms and disappearing as firms get larger. Government policies promoting more coordination and knowledge complementarity between private and public sector will help to influence more knowledge transfer, ensuring a more sustainable and green economy.

Using insights from institutional literature, the resource‐based theory of the firm, and internationalization, we explain variations in the diffusion of organizational eco‐innovations. Studies have previously reported that the drivers of eco‐innovation are regulatory pressures, technology push, market pull, and firm factors. But relatively little attention has been paid to nontechnological forms of eco‐innovation, such as environmental management systems (EMS). Consequently, how exactly to encourage EMS adoption across sectors is still unclear. We attempt to address this question by combining sectoral panel data (2009–2014) from a number of sources in Spain. The econometric analysis reveals that environmental policy is driving the adoption of ISO 14001 largely due to differences across sectors in energy and pollution intensity. In addition, the adoption of ISO 9001 increases the use of ISO 14001 in industry because of complementarities between the two systems. Third, in highly inter...

Scientists and tribologists are currently exploring sustainable and inexhaustible lubricants as a result of increased awareness of environmental and health-related issues. Vegetable oils are being investigated as a potential form of environmentally friendly cutting fluids due to their excellent renewability, biodegradability, and lubricating performance. This report provides an overview of different vegetable oils used as cutting fluids in the machining of engineering materials. The effects of virgin vegetable oils, emulsified vegetable-based oils, and vegetable-oil-based nano-cutting fluids on the cutting force, the surface finish of machined parts, the tool wear, and the temperature of the cutting area were surveyed critically. Compared to mineral-oil-based cutting fluids, studies have demonstrated that vegetable-oil-based cutting fluids meet cleaner manufacturing standards with good or better efficiency.

Purpose-The purpose of the study is to evaluate the compliance of environmental risk management systems implemented by Moroccan banks with ISO 14001 certification or environmental charters. Design/methodology/approach-Data were collected through the distribution of an environmental risk management questionnaire to all Moroccan banks' branches, business centers and various central entities. The study uses regression analysis to model the relationship between environmental management system (EMS) compliance and environmental management explanatory variables to identify the most relevant indicators that can explain the effectiveness and reliability of an EMS. Findings-Empirical evidence reveals that the evaluation of EMS compliance in Moroccan banks should consider two categories of variables: the first category is related to the culture of environmental risk management, and the second one is related to environmental management practices. Originality/value-The results show that the "information" variables play a key role in the overall design of an EMS and represent essential variables in the general definition of the environmental policy and in raising awareness and providing information on the bank's commitment to a pro-environmental approach. The "application" variables confirm that environmental management practices need to be put in place to manage the different environmental risks. The study raises some managerial implications and further research directions.

This work presents the development of cutting fluid from local materials (palm kernel oil). The developed cutting fluid from local materials will be compared with the soluble oil. This comparison will be made on the basis of surface finish of the work piece after machining using both cutting fluid. Generally, there are be a few type of cutting fluid in the market and the application of cutting fluid to the machining process will give a few advantage such as producing a good surface roughness etc. the main purpose of this project is to investigate the performance of palm kernel oil application as a cutting fluid in machining operation especially turning operation. The experiment will be conducted using mild steel materials as work piece. Two work piece of equal materials (mild steel) with equal dimension will be turn on the conventional lathe machine using palm kernel oil prepared into cutting fluid as coolant in the turning of one of the work piece, and the soluble oil as the coolant use in turning the other work piece. The cutting parameters used were cutting speed 335rpm, feed rate 0.5mm/rev, and depth of cut is 0.5mm. These entire parameter tester tests will be kept constant throughout the turning operations. Surface roughness value will be taken for each work piece through the surface roughness, this value will represented in graphs and chart, which will show the surface roughness against cutting speed for palm kernel oil (PKO) cutting fluid, cutting surface roughness against cutting speed for soluble oil. The variation of the surface roundness of the work piece (mild steel) at different cutting speed palm kernel oil (PKO) coolant, also differentiating cutting speed for soluble oil coolant. Palm kernel oil performed very well the specific function of soluble oil as cutting fluid which include good chip formation, reduction of heat generation and realization of a good surface finish. The surface roughness value of the work piece will increase with decrease in speed and vice versa.

Although the antecedents of environmental innovation and open innovation strategies have been well studied separately, the relationship between a firm's openness and environmental technological innovation still remains an interesting topic to research, especially in terms of the various modes of openness on the one hand and the product-process distinction on the other. This study relies on data from the French Community Innovation Survey to differentiate the association of three dimensions of open inbound innovation search strategies-acquiring, sharing, and information sourcing-with environmental product (ecoproduct) and process (ecoprocess) innovations. Inbound innovation, attained through the acquisition of machinery, equipment, and software, is more likely to be associated with ecoprocess than ecoproduct innovations; external R&D only drives ecoproducts. Inbound sharing through R&D cooperation seems associated with the introduction of both ecoproducts and ecoprocesses. For inbound innovation sourcing, external market sources of information are positively associated with firms' involvement in all types of environmental innovation.

A new category of corrosion inhibitors has been formulated. It uses water to propagate and it has been generically referred as Vactive VCI®. These inhibitors promote a greater lubricity and detergency effect, used as cutting fluids; it results in less diametrical grinding wheel wear and better workpiece finishing. It can also promote the corrosion protection of the workpiece and the machine tool since the referred substance creates a protective film on the metallic surfaces, eliminating protective oils application on the parts; thus, it permits the elimination of degreasing step, reducing the number of process steps, and minimizing the environmental impact. Furthermore, it has no risk to human's health and it is biodegradable. This paper compares the performance of the cutting fluid with V-active VCI® to a synthetic standard fluid in grinding process of AISI 4340 steel using aluminum oxide (Al 2 O 3) grinding wheel at three different feed rates (0.25, 0.50, and 0.75 mm/min). The comparison was carried out based on the surface roughness, roundness deviation, diametrical wheel wear, acoustic emission, optical microscopy, and microhardness. The results showed that the fluid with corrosion inhibitor kept stable as the feed rate increased, which evidence the high performance of the tested fluid in severe conditions. In addition, the fluid with corrosion inhibitor was superior in almost all evaluated variables; it was unexpected since the standard fluid is consolidated in industry.

This article compares the test results concerning the wear of cutting tools after face turning under dry friction conditions and lubricated friction conditions with biodegradable cutting fluid or mineral-oil based emulsion. The turning was performed using a CTX 310 ECO machine tool. The wear of the cutting tools was measured by means of stereo zoom microscopy (SX80), while the elements were identified through scanning electron microscopy (JSM 7100F). The tribological tests were conducted for a ball-on-disc configuration in sliding contact using a T-01M tribometer. The surface textures of the face turned specimens were measured with a Talysurf CCI Lite optical profiler. The study also involved determining the foaming tendency and corrosive effects of both cutting fluids. The use of the biodegradable cutting fluid with low foaming tendency resulted in lower wear and higher corrosion resistance of the tool.

In this paper, the influence of four factors on the forces during cutting, especially on the friction force was investigated. These factors are water quantity in MQL, speed, depth, and feed rate. In this study, the optimization of those factors to find their optimal combination for obtaining minimal intensity friction force has been looked into. The null hypothesis is that by using the MQL technique, the friction force can be significantly reduced. The experiment was planned using Taguchi's L9 design of experiments. The study included performing the machining of the workpiece through different combinations of levels for the spindle speed, feed rate, amount of water, and depth of cut as the main parameters.

Scientists and tribologists are currently exploring sustainable and inexhaustible lubricants as a result of increased awareness of environmental and health-related issues. Vegetable oils are being investigated as a potential form of environmentally friendly cutting fluids due to their excellent renewability, biodegradability, and lubricating performance. This report provides an overview of different vegetable oils used as cutting fluids in the machining of engineering materials. The effects of virgin vegetable oils, emulsified vegetable-based oils, and vegetable-oil-based nano-cutting fluids on the cutting force, the surface finish of machined parts, the tool wear, and the temperature of the cutting area were surveyed critically. Compared to mineral-oil-based cutting fluids, studies have demonstrated that vegetable-oil-based cutting fluids meet cleaner manufacturing standards with good or better efficiency.

There has been a great demand for environmentally benign lubricant due to stricter regulation imposed on the use of conventional lubricant made from mineral oils, as it is not safe to the health of workers and to the environment. Following to this, vegetable oil as based lubricant offers the suitable solution for an environmentally friendly lubricant as it is non-toxic and biodegradable. Furthermore, the performance of vegetable oil base lubricant can be enhanced by adding micro/nano-particle with the lubricant. The present study focus on the use and the performance of boric acid powder with palm kernel oil in comparison to conventional oil as a means of lubrication in machining AISI 431 steel with minimum quantity lubrication. A 2 4 full factorial design of experiment has been conducted with cutting speed, feed rate, depth of cut and types of lubricant as the input process variables. Surface finish has been evaluated in each of the machining conditions. It has been found that the feed rate and type of lubricant are the only factors that have significant effect on the surface finish and boric acid powder aided lubricant machining outperformed conventional lubricant. The average improvement in surface finish with boric acid powder aided vegetable oil lubrication is observed to be 7.21%. The cutting speed and depth of cut apparently do not have any significant effect on surface roughness in minimum quantity lubrication, of conventional and vegetable oil on lubrication.

Solar geoengineering, also known as Solar Radiation Modification (SRM), has been proposed to alter Earth's radiative balance to reduce the effects of anthropogenic climate change. SRM has been identified as a research priority, as it has been shown to effectively reduce surface temperatures, while substantial uncertainties remain around side effects and impacts. Global modeling studies of SRM have often relied on idealized scenarios to understand the physical processes of interventions and their widespread impacts. These extreme or idealized scenarios are not directly policy-relevant and are often physically implausible (such as imposing global solar reduction to counter the warming of an instantaneous quadrupling of CO2). The climatic and ecological impacts of politically relevant and potentially plausible SRM approaches have rarely been modeled and assessed. Nevertheless, commentators and policymakers often falsely assume that idealized or extreme scenarios are proposed solutions to climate change. This paper proposes 18 scenarios that appear to be broadly plausible from political and Earth System perspectives and encompass futures that could be both warnings or perhaps desirable. We place these scenarios into four groups following broader strategic contexts: (1) Global Management; (2) Regional Emergencies; (3) Coordinated Regional Interventions; and (4) Reactive Global Interventions. For each scenario, relevant model experiments are proposed. Some may be performed with existing setups of global climate models, while others require further specification. Developing and performing these model experiments-and assessing likely resulting impacts on society and ecosystems-would be essential to inform public debate and policymakers on the real-world issues surrounding SRM.

In the beginning, conventional cutting fluids are used in machining process like turning and these leads to have better performance of machining. As cutting operation become severe the cutting fluid complexity increases. This is focused here on user friendly and ecofriendly cutting fluid use while machining. Machining with this type of fluids give better performance and better heat dissipation to protect tool and work piece from the overheating. From earlier research one of the options for that is coconut oil which is better above point of view and it's having higher thermal and oxidative properties. This coconut oil can be used with Nano particle which raise the heat carrying capacity while machining with hard material. Fluid mainly used in hard material machining like stainless steel, cooper etc. Main focus of this investigation will be on flank wear and surface roughness of work. In this work we also found that coconut oil having 0.5 % Nano boric acid suspended in coconut oil is suited best among the all experimental trial and having lower surface roughness and flank wear.