Decision Science

This paper presents the results of econometric estimation of the "rebound effect" for household vehicle travel in the United States based on a comprehensive analysis of survey data collected by the U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA) at approximately three-year intervals over a 15-year period. The rebound effect is defined as the percent change in vehicle travel for a percent change in fuel economy. It summarizes the tendency to "take back" potential energy savings due to fiel economy improvements in the form of increased vehicle travel. Separate vehicle use models were estimated for one-, two-, three-, four-, and five-vehicle households. The results are consistent with the consensus of recently published estimates based on national or state-Ievel data, which show a long-run rebound effect of about +0.2 (a ten percent increase in fiel economy, all else equal, would produce roughly a two percent increase in vehicle travel and an eight percent reduction in fiel use). The hypothesis that vehicle travel responds equally to changes in fhel cost-per-mile whether caused by changes in fiel economy or fuel price per gallon could not be rejected. Recognizing the interdependency in survey data among miles of travel, fuel economy and price paid for fuel for a particular vehicle turns out to be crucial to obtaining meaningful results. vii AN ECONOMETRIC ANALYSIS OF THE ELASTICITY OF VEHICLE TIL4VEL WITH RESPECT TO FUEL COST PER MILE USING RTEC SURVEY DATA

Ce texte examine quatre figures des sciences de la décision pour comprendre comment elles conjuguent rigueur scientifique, engagement éthique et responsabilité communicationnelle. Rachel Cooper incarne la neutralité critique: elle cartographie les biais normatifs en psychiatrie tout en s’abstenant de prescrire des orientations. Hans Rosling illustre l’activisme factuel: il combat les biais cognitifs collectifs par la pédagogie des données, sans pointer de responsables politiques. Robert Reich, quant à lui, assume un engagement civique: il dévoile les choix normatifs derrière les règles économiques et invite les citoyennes à agir. Enfin, la chercheure industrielle représente une rigueur appliquée: elle produit des outils robustes pour des mandats institutionnels, tout en évitant les jugements de valeur. Malgré leurs différences, toutes partagent une responsabilité transversale: rendre leur savoir intelligible et utilisable. L’ensemble conduit à une éthique du discernement circonstancié, où aucune posture unique ne suffit et où la communication devient un enjeu scientifique central.

Ce texte explore la tension entre la puissance des récits incarnés et la nécessité de structures méthodologiques pour transformer ces récits en action collective. Partant du constat que l’expérience vécue des femmes, telle que la cyberviolence, reste souvent inaudible pour les institutions, il mobilise des références philosophiques et féministes variées (Gagnon, Casselot, Boublil, Hamrouni) pour interroger les limites d’une approche strictement qualitative. Il montre comment, sans outils partagés, l’indignation et le témoignage peinent à générer des changements structurels. S’appuyant sur Sandra Harding, il défend l’idée d’une "objectivité forte", capable d’articuler savoirs situés et rigueur scientifique. L’analyse se prolonge par des exemples concrets (Criado Pérez, Geena Davis Institute) qui illustrent comment la collecte de données et la modélisation peuvent amplifier les voix marginalisées et influencer politiques et institutions. L’enjeu : doter l’épistémologie féministe d’outils décisionnels pour que l’évidence vécue devienne véritablement levier d’action.

Decision making is the process of making choices by organizing relevant information and evaluating alternatives. MCDMs (Multi-Criteria Decision Methods) help to select and prioritize alternatives step by step. These tools can help in many engineering fields where the problem is complex and advanced. However, there are some limitations of the different MCDMs that reduce the reliability of the decision that needs to be improved and highlighted. In this study, Elimination and Choice Expressing Reality (ELECTRE) NI (Net Inferior), NS (Net Superior), Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solutions (TOPSIS), Preference Ranking Organization Method for Enrichment Evaluation (PROMETHEE), VIekriterijumsko KOmpromisno Rangiranje (VIKOR), Multi-Objective Optimization Ratio Analysis (MOORA), Weight Sum Method (WSM) and Weighted Product Method (WPM) are applied for the selection of urban heat mitigation measurements under certain criteria. The models were applied using weighting criteria determined by two ways, (i) the direct weighting method and (ii) the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP), for precise weighting factoring through pairwise comparison. This numerical research evaluated the reliability of MCDMs using the same decision matrix under different normalization techniques and shows the impact of AHP on the decision. The results show that WSM and PROMETHEE provided reliable and consistent results for all normalization techniques. The combination of AHP with applied MCDMs improved the frequency of consistent ranking, except with ELECTRE-NS.

Decision making is the process of making choices by organizing relevant information and evaluating alternatives. MCDMs (Multi-Criteria Decision Methods) help to select and prioritize alternatives step by step. These tools can help in many engineering fields where the problem is complex and advanced. However, there are some limitations of the different MCDMs that reduce the reliability of the decision that needs to be improved and highlighted. In this study, Elimination and Choice Expressing Reality (ELECTRE) NI (Net Inferior), NS (Net Superior), Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solutions (TOPSIS), Preference Ranking Organization Method for Enrichment Evaluation (PROMETHEE), VIekriterijumsko KOmpromisno Rangiranje (VIKOR), Multi-Objective Optimization Ratio Analysis (MOORA), Weight Sum Method (WSM) and Weighted Product Method (WPM) are applied for the selection of urban heat mitigation measurements under certain criteria. The models were applied using weighting c...

Over the last decades, most automakers have started to append sustainable materials to lighten the weight in their vehicles to meet stringent, rigorous environmental regulations, which will be more economical, sustainable and improve fuel efficiency. It will also improve the relationship between power and weight of the vehicles, which will translate into greater performance from the present condition. Nowadays, Multi-criteria Decision Analysis (MCDA) is one of the fastest-growing areas of operations research. The methods of MCDA distinguish themselves in terms of procedures, theoretical assumptions, and type of decision addressed. This diversity poses challenges to the process of selecting the most suited method for a specific real-world decision problem. In this research paper, an inter-criteria co-relation model is adopted to solve a real-world discrete sustainable automotive material selection problem.

Background: Recent evidence suggests that individual variation in risk taking is partly due to genetic factors. Methodology/Principal Findings: We explore how self-reported risk taking in different domains correlates with variation in the dopamine receptor D4 gene (DRD4). Past studies conflict on the influence of DRD4 in relation to risk taking. A sample of 237 serious tournament contract bridge players, experts on risk taking in one domain, was genotyped for having a 7-repeat allele (7R+) or not (7R-) at DRD4. No difference was found between ...

Supply chain sustainability can be stated as the consideration of environmental, social and economic factors in its effective and efficient functioning. Over the years, the topic of supply chain sustainability has gained huge importance among both academia as well as the practitioners. The purpose of this paper is to apply the multiple criteria decision making (MCDM) technique of Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) in evaluating a set of critical supply chain risk factors, which need to be effectively tackled to make the supply chain truly sustainable. AHP is used as a structured methodology to prioritize the identified risks associated with supply chain sustainability. The purpose of this paper is twofold. Firstly, it provides the policy makers of an organization to gain a better understanding of the risks affecting supply chain sustainability and their relative criticality. Secondly, it exhibits to them how AHP can be used to assess the risks as a part of the framework that governs...

Multi-criteria decision making is a complex process that involves considering various criteria or factors when making a decision. Over the past few decades, several researchers have developed different methods to tackle this problem. This method offers manifold advantages, however, it faces several limits leading to the development of different modified forms. This paper provides a comprehensive review on the TOPSIS concept to help the researchers gain an overview in different aspects of TOPSIS. The literature review presented in this paper offers a comprehensive survey of the TOPSIS method, providing researchers with an overview of the various aspects of the method, its strengths and limitations, and its various applications. The results of the literature review also are provided based on the application, methodology, and reasons to use TOPSIS method.

The financial world is rapidly evolving. According to Jenitha John, former Global Chair of the IIA, 2025 will demand new strategies in finance and audit. Organizations must rethink controls, technology, and ethics as core pillars. These 15 trends offer a roadmap for CFOs, auditors, and boards seeking resilience and foresight in a digital-first era.

The article discusses the unreliability of social audits and Charlatan professionals in the field of Social Compliance/ESG. It highlights two principles: the Peter Principle and the Dunning & Kruger Principle. The Peter Principle asserts that people's knowledge and ignorance often come much sooner than expected, and that ignorance is invisible. The Dunning Kruger effect (1999) suggests that some people are better at a certain skill than others, and some are much worse at it. This idea suggests that people who are seriously lacking in knowledge or skills should not be able to see that they are lacking. In the field of social compliance, an occupation requires specialized knowledge, abilities, and training that can only be acquired via education and is often subject to an ethical code. Professional tasks need systematic knowledge and skill. A profession requires a body of knowledge, theoretical understanding, practical application, comprehension, and competence. A professional's knowledge includes HR management, personnel, working hours, statutory benefit remittances, human rights, laws, production systems, quality systems, labor management, management systems, core social standard clauses, occupational health & safety, worker interviews, home worker location, and data correlation. However, many people today try to pass themselves off as experts even though they only have one or two of the aforementioned skills. To ensure the reliability of social audits and Charlatan professionals in the field of social compliance, it is crucial to pay attention to their actions rather than their words. Knowledge and experience are essential for professional success, as they allow individuals to apply knowledge effectively in real-world situations. Both knowledge and practical application are crucial for a solid foundation of understanding and are essential for ongoing learning and adaptation. Experience leads to creativity, while knowledge is the information you have, and experience is how you put that information together in the right way. Professional authority requires extensive knowledge in a subject, which is essential for people to perform their jobs well. Society approves professionals' work as long as certain points are met, and codes of ethics guide professionals in their roles in society and interactions with clients. In summary, knowledge and skills are essential for professional success, and it is crucial to maintain a balance between knowledge and practical application. Pseudo-experts, who claim to be experts in social compliance, often make false claims, act like they know a lot about the subject, lie, and treat companies poorly. These experts often lack professional training and knowledge of social auditing or ESG. Pseudoexperts work in intellectual settings where honest people are willing to give information that meets the needs of the job. They may be seen as freeloaders who want to take advantage of knowledge gaps and weaknesses in their surroundings. To get results, pseudoexperts demonstrate their abilities and expertise, persuade others that they are true experts, and attract attention by making their remarks more enticing to their audience than those of others.

The article proposes a consideration of the dual-process theory of higher cognition as a theory of the classifi cation of acts of information processing. One of the reasons why the dual-process approach has been criticized is the fact that the information processing process can sometimes have characteristics that undermine a clear-cut attribution to one of the two traditionally defi ned opposite types. To avoid this criticism, it is proposed that the object of classifi cation should not be the processes of information processing, but separate acts of combining two units of information. Unlike a process, a particular act of information processing at a particular moment in time cannot simultaneously have opposite characteristics, nor can it simultaneously have and not have some characteristic. In order to show the qualitative difference between various information processing acts as falling individually into either Type 1 or Type 2 processing, it is proposed to classify them by a feature that is present in one type and absent in another. It is suggested to take conscious control as such a feature. As a result, in the information processing acts corresponding to Type 2 category, units of information are combined in a consciously controlled way, whereas in the acts to be considered as Type 1, those units either already are combined or combine autonomously due to the existence of indirect associative connections.

Penelitian ini dibertujuan untuk: 1) Menganalisis pengaruh strategi produksi terhadap peningkatan kinerja IKM/UKM Penyamakan Kulit. 2) Menganalisis pengaruh teknologi yang digunakan oleh strategi produksi terhadap peningkatan kinerja IKM/UKM Penyamakan Kulit. 3) Menganalisis pengaruh strategi distribusi terhadap peningkatan kinerja IKM/UKM Penyamakan Kulit. 4) Menganalisis pengaruh teknologi yang digunakan oleh strategi distribusi terhadap peningkatan kinerja IKM/UKM Penyamakan Kulit. 5) Menganalisis pengaruh strategi pemasaran langsung terhadap peningkatan kinerja IKM/UKM Penyamakan Kulit. Menganalisis pengaruh teknologi yang digunakan oleh strategi pemasaran langsung terhadap peningkatan kinerja IKM/UKM Penyamakan Kulit. 7) Menganalisis pengaruh langsung strategi teknologi terhadap peningkatan

Exploring the Masonic approach to consciousness reveals a sophisticated dual-processing framework that parallels contemporary cognitive theories (Kahneman, 2011; Evans & Stanovich, 2013). This paper examines how Masonic traditions integrated rational and intuitive modes of understanding, creating what could be termed an early model of parallel cognitive processing. Through analysing their methodologies and symbolic systems, we uncover insights relevant to contemporary discussions in consciousness studies (Dehaene, 2014), cognitive science, and human development. The analysis reveals striking parallels between Masonic practices and modern dual-process theories of reasoning and decisionmaking.

Business analytics and decision science have emerged as pivotal domains in enhancing strategic business decisionmaking processes. This review delves into various techniques that organizations employ to optimize their operations and achieve competitive advantages. At the forefront of strategic decision-making is data analytics, where vast amounts of data are analyzed to extract valuable insights. Descriptive analytics provides a historical perspective by examining past data trends, enabling businesses to understand their performance over time. This retrospective analysis serves as a foundation for predictive analytics, which utilizes statistical models and machine learning algorithms to forecast future trends and outcomes. By leveraging predictive analytics, organizations can anticipate market shifts, customer preferences, and potential risks, thereby making informed decisions. Prescriptive analytics uses predictive models to guide strategic decision-making, utilizing optimization algorithms and simulation tools to identify optimal actions. Decision science integrates analytical techniques with human judgment, focusing on consumer behavior and psychological factors to tailor marketing strategies and product offerings. Additionally, artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) technologies are revolutionizing strategic decision-making by automating complex tasks and providing real-time insights. Natural language processing (NLP) algorithms analyze unstructured data sources, such as customer reviews and social media posts, to extract valuable information and sentiment analysis. This enables businesses to gauge customer satisfaction levels and identify areas for improvement promptly. Decision trees, regression analysis, and clustering techniques are widely used in business analytics to segment customers, identify patterns, forecast sales trends, evaluate alternatives, assess risks, and optimize resource allocation. In conclusion, business analytics and decision science offer a plethora of techniques that empower organizations to make informed, data-driven decisions. By leveraging descriptive, predictive, and prescriptive analytics, along with AI and ML technologies, businesses can navigate complex environments, capitalize on opportunities, and mitigate risks effectively. This review underscores the importance of integrating analytical techniques with human expertise to achieve strategic objectives and sustainable growth.

07-An illustrated reader of the Chinese province of Hubei (capital Wuhan), and its prefectures, with details and images taken from various on-line web sites, in an effort to advance understanding of urbanization in China and the urban space planning and setting in the 2020s. (by Prof. Emeritus Nicolas Vernicos).

This paper analyses the evolutionary trends in the application of artificial intelligence (AI) in building design, focusing on: a) the decline of knowledge-based expert systems and the rise of systems integrating heuristic and stochastic approaches; b) the increasing use of evolutionary algorithms for optimisation; c) a peak in the influence of probabilistic methods around 2010; and d) the progressive dominance of deep learning since 2012. It is likely that the next significant development will involve the hybridisation of deep learning and symbolic AI, with the contribution of design domain experts in formalising knowledge expected to play a fundamental role in driving this evolution.

This paper introduces a groundbreaking determinant-based mathematical framework for analyzing systemic dynamics and archetypal patterns in the I Ching, combining modular arithmetic with symbolic and archetypal systems. By organizing the King Wen Sequence into a structured 8x8 matrix, this methodology establishes the I Ching as a "periodic table of human situations," where hexagrams act as archetypal elements governed by universal forces of influence. Interactions between these "elements" generate "compound situations," analogous to chemical reactions, modelled using determinants and matrix operations. Grounded in Carl Jung's theory of archetypes, the framework demonstrates logical consistency, scalability, and universal applicability. Practical applications include leadership dynamics, systemic prediction, and symbolic AI.

Due to the increasing complexity of theft, organizations handling substantial consumer data must
implement sophisticated identity and access management (IAM) systems. This study examines the
application of artificial intelligence (AI) in detecting fraud within Identity and Access Management (IAM)
systems, particularly those managing extensive customer datasets. The study examines the challenges
arising from the vast volume, rapidity, and diversity of data, together with the evolving nature of fraud
schemes. Artificial intelligence (AI) encompasses machine learning algorithms, anomaly detection models,
and pattern recognition methodologies. These can swiftly identify potential scam scenarios that
traditional approaches may overlook. The research examines the advantages and disadvantages of
employing AI for fraud detection. It addresses concerns regarding data quality, false positives, and system
scalability. Enhancing scam protection necessitates continuous training of models, as evidenced by real-
world examples, and the integration of AI into current identity and access management systems. This
report provides valuable recommendations for firms seeking to enhance their IAM systems through the
utilization of AI technologies.

Agriculture web portals have become vital tools in the dissemination of information, services, and schemes to farmers across India. These portals serve as a bridge between the government and the farming community, offering a wide range of features, including weather updates, market prices, subsidies, and advisory services. This paper presents an analysis of citizen responses to key agriculture web portals such as PM-KISAN, e-NAM, and Kisan Suvidha, focusing on their usability, accessibility, and effectiveness. The findings highlight positive outcomes in terms of information delivery, but also identify challenges related to digital literacy, internet accessibility, and user-friendliness of these platforms. In recent years, the agriculture sector in India has seen increased digitization, with government web portals playing a pivotal role in disseminating information, policies, and schemes to citizens, particularly farmers. Understanding how citizens, especially farmers, interact with these portals and respond to various government initiatives is critical for improving service delivery. This paper presents a comprehensive analysis of citizen responses and engagement with agriculture-specific web portals in India, using advanced business analytical tools. The study applies data mining techniques, sentiment analysis, and user behaviour metrics to assess the effectiveness of these portals in addressing the needs of farmers. The research highlights key trends in citizen engagement and provides actionable insights for policymakers to optimize the digital agricultural ecosystem.

Industri mebel rotan merupakan salah satu andalan sektor industri di Indonesia dimana sentra pengolahan rotan terbesar adalah di Kabupaten Cirebon, Jawa Barat. Namun, terdapat beberapa kendala dalam industri mebel rotan di Cirebon ini diantaranya semakin ketatnya persaingan antar produsen dunia dan kebijakan pemerintah memperbolehkan ekspor rotan yang menyebabkan keuntungan di pihak negara pesaing Oleh karena itu, dibutuhkan suatu strategi untuk meningkatkan daya saing produk rotan di pasar dunia. Strategi ini dapat diperoleh dengan melakukan analisis value chain. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk menganalisis rantai nilai produk mebel rotan dan mendapatkan strategi kompetitif yang tepat untuk diterapkan oleh setiap pelaku rantai nilai. Metode yang dilakukan adalah analisis finansial, analisis SWOT, analisis Competitiveness Diamond, dan analisis Critical Success Factor (CSF). Objek penelitian adalah perusahaan-perusahaan yang merupakan anggota dari Asosiasi Pengusaha Mebel Indonesia (ASMINDO) Cirebon yang memproduksi mebel rotan single chair. Dari hasil pengolahan data dan analisis diperoleh hasil bahwa strategi yang dapat diterapkan di pihak supplier dalam hal ini pengumpul adalah mendirikan anak perusahaan di tempat tersedia bahan baku dan melakukan merger dengan perusahaan. Strategi yang dapat diterapkan di pihak perusahaan adalah menerapkan upah tenaga kerja per unit produk yang dihasilkan, pengalokasian dana untuk promosi, memprioritaskan buyer langganan, sharing informasi dan inovasi dengan buyer, memiliki fleksibilitas yang tinggi dalam hal kualitas dan harga, bekerjasama dengan asosiasi dan pemerintah dalam kegiatan pameran, dan melakukan merger dengan perusahaan lain ataupun dengan supplier. Sedangkan strategi yang dapat diterapkan di pihak buyer dalam hal ini wholeseller adalah menurunkan harga produk, memaksimalkan promosi dan menjaga hubungan baik dengan perusahaan yang sudah menjadi kepercayaan.

Self-Management. People with good self-management skills can effectively regulate and control their feelings, thoughts, and actions in a range of situations. Strong self-management skills allow employees to set goals on their own while making every effort to achieve them. Such employees understand how important it is to control their emotions and behavior at work. Employers like people with high self-management skills since it can be challenging for someone to control their emotions and thoughts. As a result, they might end up shouting at a client and saying harsh things to their coworkers. Self-management skills enable people to exercise more self-control, which leads to wiser professional judgements. Important jobs and activities, as well as fulfilling research goals, call for little diversion and a good capacity for concentration (4). The most crucial tasks are identified, prioritized, and concentrated on by researchers, who also try to avoid distractions. In order to efficiently handle their time, simplify daily tasks, and keep crucial information and things close at hand, researchers create organizational systems. Finally, they get ready to start the job at hand. They arrive early for classes, meetings, and presentations. After leaving for the day, they make plans for the next day. A novel and effective MCDM is designed based on the separation to the mean solution evaluations (EDAS). In this manner, alternatives are chosen depending on how much they deviate analysis, the EDAS approach (Avg evaluation adjusted for distance from solution) is the best choice. The solution with the greatest separation from the ideal is short range and negative, although the comparison between these distances is insignificant. Alternative: Overall sample n 605, 6th graders in 309, 8th graders in 296. Self-management strategies, perceived barriers, Perceived barriers, Outcome expectancy. Results: From the result it is seen that Outcome expectancy is got the first rank where as is the perceived barriers is having the lowest rank.

Business analytics and decision science have become critical for optimizing strategic business decision-making processes. This evaluation explores various strategies organizations implement to enhance operations and secure a competitive edge. Data analytics is at the forefront of strategic decision-making, as it involves the analysis of enormous amounts of data to extract highly valuable insights. Descriptive analytics offers a historical perspective by analyzing historical data trends, allowing businesses to comprehend their performance over time. This retrospective analysis is a foundation for predictive analytics, which employs statistical models and machine learning algorithms to predict future trends and outcomes. Organizations can make informed decisions by anticipating market shifts, consumer preferences, and potential risks through predictive analytics. Prescriptive analytics employs optimization algorithms and simulation tools to identify optimal actions, utilizing predictive models to guide strategic decision-making. Decision science integrates human judgment and analytical techniques to customize marketing strategies and product offerings by concentrating on consumer behavior and psychological factors. Furthermore, strategic decision-making is being transformed by automating intricate tasks and providing real-time insights through artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) technologies. To extract valuable information and perform sentiment analysis, natural language processing (NLP) algorithms analyze unstructured data sources, including consumer reviews and social media posts. This allows businesses to assess customer satisfaction levels and pinpoint areas for enhancement promptly. Decision trees, regression analysis, and clustering techniques are frequently employed in business analytics to segment consumers, identify patterns, forecast sales trends, evaluate alternatives, assess risks, and optimize resource allocation. In summary, business analytics and decision science provide many methods that enable organizations to make data-driven, well-informed decisions. Businesses can effectively navigate complex environments, capitalize on opportunities, and mitigate risks by utilizing AI and ML technologies and descriptive, predictive, and prescriptive analytics. To accomplish strategic objectives and sustainable development, this review emphasizes the significance of combining human expertise with analytical techniques.

Our first result is a statement of a somewhat general form of a non-substitution theorem for linear programming problems, along with a very easy proof of the same. Subsequently, we provide an easy proof of theorem 1 in Mangasarian (1979), based on a new result in terms of two statements that are each equivalent to a given solution of a linear programming problem being its unique solution. We also provide a simple proof of the result that states that the set of optimal solutions of a bounded linear optimization problem is the set of all convex combinations of its basic optimal solutions and the set of basic optimal solutions are the extreme points of the set of optimal solutions. We do so by appealing to Farkas’ lemma and the well-known result that states that if a linear optimization problem has an optimal solution, it has at least one basic optimal solution. Both results we appeal to have easy proofs. We do not appeal to any version of the “Klein-Milman Theorem” or any result in advanced polyhedral combinatorics to obtain our results. As an application of this result, we obtain a simple proof of the Birkhoff-von Neumann Theorem.

Using* a* relativistic* fairnessLequity* model,* this* study* quantifies* the* fairness* perception* by* a* stimulusLresponse* function.* * Fairness* often* requires* the* comparison*between*two*parties.**The*relativistic*model*takes*into*the*account* of* the* relativity* in* the* comparison,* depending* on* whether* the* comparison* is* based* on* a* selfLcentered* or* an* otherLcentered* frame* of* reference.* Using* the* Ultimatum* Game* (UG)* experimental* paradigm,* fairness* perception* is* quantified*by*the*fairness*stimulusLresponse*function*in*human*subjects,*where* the* yLintercept* represents* the* baseline* fairness* and* the* slope* represents* the* fairness*sensitivity.*The*results*show*that*fairness*perception*is*proportional*to* the*offerLratio*between*the*proposer*and*the*responder*using*the*selfLcentered* frame* of* reference,* with* one* exception.* * The* exception* is* that,* at* absolute* equity*(equal*share*between*the*two*parties),*the*subjects*reported*the*offer*as* the* most* fair,* even* more* fair* than* the* most* hyperLequitable* offers.* * This* suggests* that* the* subjects* switch* the* frame* of* reference* from* a* selfLcentered* frame* of* reference* to* an* otherLcentered* frame* of* reference.* * That* is,* by* switching* from* a* local* (subjective)* frame* of* reference* to* a* global* (objective)* frame* of* reference,* the* optimization* for* fairness* for* both* parties* can* be* achieved,* resolving* the* relativistic* dilemma* that* fairness* for* one* person* is* unfairness* for* another* person.* This* shows* that* the* relativistic* model* can* describe* how* fairness* perception* can* be* biased* relative* to* the* two* parties,* using*a*selfLcentered*and*an*otherLcentered*frame*of*reference.*

Objective: This study tests the hypothesis that the decision-making process in humans is often based on the fairness rather than the monetary gain/loss, when they are confronted with a choice between fairness and monetary gain/loss. Methods: The classical Ultimatum Game (UG) is used as the experimental paradigm to quantify the threshold crossover-point to switch the decision from rejection to acceptance. The fairness stimulus-response function is used for quantifying the decision threshold and the co-variation relationship between fairness and monetary gain/loss. Results: The results show that the level of fairness perception is always 27.5% lower for the rejection decision than the acceptance decision, irrespective of the offer-ratio (i.e., monetary gain/loss) or the baseline level of fairness for that decision. The data also show a co-variation relationship between fairness and offer-ratio (monetary gain/loss), but such proportionality relationship is decoupled at the even-split s...

Kegiatan di komoditas pertembakauan saat ini masih menghadapi berbagai masalah didalam beberapa aspek. Tidak konsistennya jumlah dan mutu produk yang dihasilkan, produktivitas yang rendah, pasar yang belum terorganisasi dengan baik, pasar yang tidak transparan, dimana semua ini menyebabkan rendahnya perolehan harga dan rendahnya pendapatan petani serta lemahnya daya saing produk tembakau. PTPN X sebagai penghasil tembakau Na-Oogst terbesar di Indonesia harus dapat mengoptimalisasi dan meningkatkan fungsi dan peran lembaga pertembakauan, meskipun berbagai isu yang terkait dengan komoditas tembakau mendapatkan sorotan yang negatif terhadap produk tersebut. Meskipun demikian pangsa pasar produk-produk berbasis tembakau masih cukup menjanjikan sehingga perlu untuk dicarikan strategi yang tepat untuk menjaga eksistensi dan daya saingnya. Tujuan penelitian ini dibagi tiga, (1) Mengindentifikasi aktivitas Value Chain perusahaan tembakau cerutu milik SBU tembakau PTPN X; (2) Mengidentifikas...

Partial evaluation of infrastructure investments have resulted in expensive mistakes, unsatisfactory outcomes and increased uncertainties for too many stakeholders, communities and economies in both developing and developed nations. "Complex Stakeholder Perception Mapping" (CSPM), is a novel approach that can address existing limitations by inclusively framing, capturing and mapping the spectrum of insights and perceptions using extended Geographic Information Systems. Maps generated in CSPM offer presentations of flexibly combined, complex perceptions of stakeholders on multiple aspects of development. CSPM extends the applications of GIS software in non-spatial mapping and of Multi-Criteria Analysis with a multidimensional evaluation platform and augments decision science capabilities in addressing complexities. Application of CSPM can improve local and regional economic gains from infrastructure projects and aid any multi-objective and multi-stakeholder decision situati...

Many governments have emphasized public infrastructure as a determinant of regional disparities and a key constraint on Local and Regional Economic Development (LRED). In Sri Lanka, an economic infrastructure programme called "Randora" was initiated in 2006 to increase the competitiveness of backward regions by "improving their business enabling environment" (Department of National Planning & Ministry of Finance and Planning, 2006). Growth and development were to be fostered via the direct and spill-over impacts of a series of infrastructure projects in backwards regions. Despite high expectations, outcomes were frequently disappointing. This has also been the experience in many nations. Infrastructure, investments and development evaluation iii

Selection of the most suitable material for a given biomedical application is very complex, important and responsible task. A decision support system based on the use of method of multi-criteria decision making (MCDM) methods, named MCDM Solver, was developed in order to facilitate the selection process of biomedical materials and increase selection confidence and objectivity. In this paper, a MCDM problem which referes to the selection of the most suitable material for the compensation of the missing parts of the long bones was solved by using the developed MCDM Solver.

Systematic conservation planning and Key Biodiversity Areas (KBAs) are the two most widely used approaches for identifying important sites for biodiversity. However, there is limited advice for conservation policy makers and practitioners on when and how they should be combined. Here we provide such guidance, using insights from the recently developed Global Standard for the Identification of KBAs and the language of decision science to review and clarify their similarities and differences. We argue the two approaches are broadly similar, with both setting transparent environmental objectives and specifying actions. There is however greater contrast in the data used and actions involved, as the KBA approach uses biodiversity data alone and identifies sites for monitoring and vigilance actions at a minimum, whereas systematic conservation planning combines biodiversity and implementation‐relevant data to guide management actions. This difference means there is much scope for combinin...

Medical and financial outcomes in health care derive from choices made by three decision-making components of the system: medicine, management, and regulation. Because they are judged by three different sets of rules, this is a triple standard. Medicine is expected to be evidence-based and to have effective feedback mechanisms. Management is becoming evidence-based but has little effective feedback. Regulation lacks both an obligation to evidence and effective feedback mechanisms. The triple standard is part of why healthcare outcomes consistently disappoint. The solution is to create one set of standards for all decision-makers within healthcare. Implementation of the Figure-of-Eight Learning Loop can help.

The purpose of Medium Secure Services (MSS) is to provide accommodation, support and treatment to individuals with enduring mental health problems who usually come into contact with the criminal justice system. These individuals are, therefore, believed to pose a risk of violence to themselves as well as to other individuals. Assessing and managing the risk of violence is considered to be a critical component for discharged decision making in MSS. Methods for violence risk assessment in this area of research are typically based on regression models or checklists with no statistical composition and which naturally demonstrate mediocre predictive performance and, more importantly, without providing genuine decision support. While Bayesian networks have become popular tools for decision support in the medical field over the last couple of decades, they have not been extensively studied in forensic psychiatry. In this paper we describe a decision support system using Bayesian networks, which is mainly parameterised based on questionnaire, interviewing and clinical assessment data, for violence risk assessment and risk management in patients discharged from MSS. The results demonstrate moderate to significant improvements in forecasting capability. More importantly, we demonstrate how decision support is improved over the well-established approaches in this area of research, primarily by incorporating causal interventions and taking advantage of the model's ability in answering complex probabilistic queries for unobserved variables.

Several topics in medical science aim to explain how it human body functions. Beginning with fundamental biology, it is typically separated into specialized fields like anatomy, pharmacology, and diseases with a little physiology, microbiology, structural biology, and genetics thrown in. Several topics in medical science aim to explain how it human body functions. Beginning with fundamental biology, it is typically separated into specialist fields like anatomy, pharmacology, and diseases with a little physiology, microbiology, structural biology, and genetic thrown in. You can switch from a biological science to a physician career, yes. You can apply to graduate entrance program in medicine or pharmacy. It makes it possible for graduates in biological sciences and the healthcare industry to earn an MD degree swiftly. With additional study and a certificate in medical science, you can still find meaningful employment in the larger fields of medical, pharmaceutical, and health sciences. You will also have a strong basis for becoming a doctor or dentist. Alternative: Male students, Female students, and Female interns. Evaluation Option: Students' views of learning, educational self, perceptions of the environment, and social self of students' perception of teachers from the result it is seen that Students' perception of atmosphere and is got the first rank whereas is the Students' perception of learning got is having the lowest rank. The value of the dataset for medical science in WASPAS method shows that it results in Students' perception of atmosphere and top ranking.

Industri mebel rotan merupakan salah satu andalan sektor industri di Indonesia dimana sentra pengolahan rotan terbesar adalah di Kabupaten Cirebon, Jawa Barat. Namun, terdapat beberapa kendala dalam industri mebel rotan di Cirebon ini diantaranya semakin ketatnya persaingan antar produsen dunia dan kebijakan pemerintah memperbolehkan ekspor rotan yang menyebabkan keuntungan di pihak negara pesaing Oleh karena itu, dibutuhkan suatu strategi untuk meningkatkan daya saing produk rotan di pasar dunia. Strategi ini dapat diperoleh dengan melakukan analisis value chain. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk menganalisis rantai nilai produk mebel rotan dan mendapatkan strategi kompetitif yang tepat untuk diterapkan oleh setiap pelaku rantai nilai. Metode yang dilakukan adalah analisis finansial, analisis SWOT, analisis Competitiveness Diamond, dan analisis Critical Success Factor (CSF). Objek penelitian adalah perusahaan-perusahaan yang merupakan anggota dari Asosiasi Pengusaha Mebel Indonesia (ASMINDO) Cirebon yang memproduksi mebel rotan single chair. Dari hasil pengolahan data dan analisis diperoleh hasil bahwa strategi yang dapat diterapkan di pihak supplier dalam hal ini pengumpul adalah mendirikan anak perusahaan di tempat tersedia bahan baku dan melakukan merger dengan perusahaan. Strategi yang dapat diterapkan di pihak perusahaan adalah menerapkan upah tenaga kerja per unit produk yang dihasilkan, pengalokasian dana untuk promosi, memprioritaskan buyer langganan, sharing informasi dan inovasi dengan buyer, memiliki fleksibilitas yang tinggi dalam hal kualitas dan harga, bekerjasama dengan asosiasi dan pemerintah dalam kegiatan pameran, dan melakukan merger dengan perusahaan lain ataupun dengan supplier. Sedangkan strategi yang dapat diterapkan di pihak buyer dalam hal ini wholeseller adalah menurunkan harga produk, memaksimalkan promosi dan menjaga hubungan baik dengan perusahaan yang sudah menjadi kepercayaan.

Sektor industri kecil sebagai salah satu alternatif penciptaan lapangan kerja yang banyak menyerap tenaga kerja yang sangat dibutuhkan seperti industri sandal sepatu di Kecamatan Waru. Jumlah pengrajin yang ada di Kecamatan Waru diharapkan mampu banyak menyerap tenaga kerja bagi penduduk di sekitar lokasi industri sehingga mampu membantu mengurangi jumlah pengangguran. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk : (1) mengetahui karakteristik pengrajin industri sandal sepatu di Kecamatan Waru, (2) mengetahui peranan industri sandal sepatu terhadap penyerapan tenaga kerja di Kecamatan Waru, (3) mengetahui pemasaran dari industri sandal sepatu di Kecamatan Waru. Jenis penelitian ini termasuk penelitian survey. Subyek penelitian ini adalah semua pengrajin industri sandal sepatu yang ada di Kecamatan Waru sebanyak 58 pengrajin. Teknik pengumpulan data menggunakan kuisioner dengan metode wawancara, pengamatan, dan dokumentasi. Teknik analisis data menggunakan deskriptif kuantitatif dengan prosentase. Hasil penelitian menyatakan bahwa karakteristik pengrajin industri sandal sepatu di Kecamatan Waru Kabupaten Sidoarjo memiliki umur paling banyak yaitu 45-49 tahun, jenis kelaminnya dari 58 orang pengrajin terdapat enam orang perempuan, tingkat pendidikan pengrajin 74,2% adalah SMA, status kawin, pendapatan, banyaknya jam kerja, jumlah tanggungan keluarga, dan jumlah tenaga kerja yang dipekerjakan tidak lebih dari 19 orang. Peranan industri sandal sepatu dari 6 desa ini mampu menyerap tenaga kerja sebesar 2,54% (593 orang) dari jumlah keseluruhan tenaga kerja yang bekerja di sektor industri. Asal wilayah sebaran tenaga kerja pada industri ini yang masih dalam satu desa dimana industri itu berdiri ada 80,6% tenaga kerja, dalam satu Kecamatan Waru lain desa ada 14,7%, luar Kabupaten Sidoarjo 2,9% tenaga kerja. Pemasaran hasil produksi dari industri sandal sepatu di Kecamatan Waru hampir ke kota-kota besar di seluruh Indonesia. Jumlah produk yang dipasarkan sebanyak 11.401 kodi per bulan dengan nilai produk sebesar Rp. 4.743.085.000,-dan dipasarkan ke 9 kota di luar Pulau Jawa dan 18 kota yang ada di Pulau Jawa.

Tujuan pengabdian kepada masyarakat ini adalah: (1) mengeksplorasi dan menciptakan desain-desain alas kaki yang up to date sesuai dengan keinginan dan kebutuhan konsumen berbasis kearifan lokal, dan (2) membuat prototipe alas kaki untuk mendukung sektor Alas Kaki sebagai Industri Prioritas (Nawa Cita). Pemberdayaan masyarakat di Kelurahan Kemasan Kecamatan Krian sangat perlu mendapat perhatian khusus baik dari pemerintah maupun swasta serta dari civitas akademisi, karena masyarakat yang ada sudah mempunyai budaya kerja dibidang alas kaki. Oleh karena itu perlu upaya peningkatan dalam pemberdayaan masyarakat yang ada sesuai dengan kebutuhan dari masyarakat. Jumlah industri kecil khususnya dibidang alas kali ada 39 IKM dengan jumlah tenaga kerja sudah sangat besar totalnya yaitu 245 orang. Metode pelaksanaan yang akan diterapkan ini adalah benchmarking, design by drawing dan teknologi konstruksi alas kaki. Diberikan pembelajaran design by drawing adalah kegiatan yang melibatkan penala...

On 8th November 2016, Prime Minister Sh. Narendra Modi announced demonetization of Rs.500 and Rs. 1000 currency notes with a aim to target corruption, black money, terror funding and counterfeit currency. Demonetization took everyone by surprise. Many people are seen to support this bold move of Prime Minister Modi, the rest have not welcomed it with open arms. Many people are seen standing in long queues outside ATM's, rushing to petrol pumps, rushing to the grocery stores. A start-up company is potentially feasible commercial venture which is generally a newly transpired, rapidly growing business model that focuses to achieve a market requirement by promoting or offering an innovative and extraordinary product, process or service. Startup is usually an enterprise such as a partnership, private limited company or an organization purposely designed for the rapid development of a potentially viable entrepreneurial venture. startup companies exploit technologies such as telecommunications, e-commerce, Internet, computers or robotics in a more innovative and out of the box processes of the development, validation and research for target markets. Government has taken lot of initiative to boost Startups through various supportive schemes such as Make in India, Stand up India, Pradhan Mantri Kaushal Vikas Yojna, Mudra Yojna, etc. The Banking sector has to play significant role in mounting their reach for facilitating sustainable growth in Startup sector. In this research paper the author tries to find out both positive as well as negative impact of demonetization on startup industries.

von Haefen, and participants in the ASU environmental economics conference, a Cornel University (Dyson School) seminar, Camp Resources, and a GSU workshop for helpful comments. We also thank Mark Jacobsen for sharing and explaining the data and code used to create the instrument based on Bento et al. (2009). We thank the staff at the U.S. Department of Transportation (DOT) for assistance in obtaining the confidential NHTS data files. The views expressed herein are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Bureau of Economic Research. NBER working papers are circulated for discussion and comment purposes. They have not been peer-reviewed or been subject to the review by the NBER Board of Directors that accompanies official NBER publications.

A representação de conhecimento em aplicativos computacionais está cada vez mais presente, junto com a popularização de meios avançados de se interagir e utilizar o computador no cotidiano dos usuários. Os meios usuais de interação (através de teclados, mouses, e outros dispositivos) começam a dar lugar para novos meios (touchscreen, comandos de voz, gestos, entre outros), que buscam superar as limitações dos predecessores, incorporando inteligência e naturalidade de interação humano-computador. Para isso é necessário representar conhecimento do domínio da aplicação, de forma que o aplicativo possa reconhecer e processar a informação que o usuário humano está passando por computador através de gestos, movimentos do corpo ou fala. Nesse processo se envolvem técnicas de inteligência computacional, reconhecimento de padrões, visão computacional, entre outros. O conhecimento é geralmente representado, entre outros métodos, se usando Modelo de Markov Oculto (HMM-Hidden Markov Model) que é um modelo estocástico, representado através de grafos de estados que possuem probabilidades de transições entre si, e observações que são funções probabilísticas dos estados. O modelo HMM é definido mediante treino com o algoritmo de Baum-Welch que estima os valores das probabilidades de transição e de observação, com um critério de maximização, a partir de um conjunto de seqüências de dados. Posteriormente, com base nesse modelo treinado, novas seqüências de dados poderão ser classificadas e reconhecidas pelo algoritmo de Viterbi. O objetivo deste trabalho é definir um modelo de HMM que seja possível de se usar em reconhecimento de gestos, fala, e outros padrões. Nossa implementação está baseada em implementações disponíveis como software livre, na linguagem de programação C++, buscando adaptá-las ao uso específico neste projeto, em particular para reconhecimento de gestos de corpo e posteriormente para reconhecimento de fala.

This work deals with an HCR system using a genetic algorithm (GA) to estimate the kernel parameters of an SVM for the recognition of the MNIST database in order to increase the correctness percentage of the classifier with the best combination of parameters . Also discussed are digital image processing (PDI) techniques for image processing and feature extraction. The use of a GA together with an SVM proved to be effective, achieving high accuracy rates.Este trabalho aborda um sistema HCR utilizando um algoritmo genético (AG) para estimar os parâmetros do kernel de uma SVM para o reconhecimento dos caracteres manuscritos da base de dados MNIST com o objetivo de elevar o percentual de acertos do classificador com a melhor combinação dos parâmetros. Também são abordadas técnicas de processamento digital de imagens (PDI) para o tratamento das imagens e extração de características. A utilização de um AG em conjunto com uma SVM mostrou-se eficaz, alcançando elevadas taxas de precisão

Las colecciones de Documentos de Trabajo del CIDE representan un medio para difundir los avances de la labor de investigación, y para permitir que los autores reciban comentarios antes de su publicación definitiva. Se agradecerá que los comentarios se hagan llegar directamente al (los) autor(es).

Sistem inforasi manajemen pengendalian dan evaluasi rencana pembangunan daerah (SIMPERDA) diperlukan untuk menjamin agar transformasi ekonomi dan digital pembangunan daerah di Kabupaten Deli Serdang 2022 dapat di laksanakan sesuai dengan rencana dan evaluasi secara efektif dan efisien sehingga peningkatan daya saing daerah dalam menarik investasi menjadi modal pembangunan jangka panjang, dalam rangka mengintegrasikan perencanaan strategis dan lintas perangkat daerah terhadap prioritas dan sasaran pembangunan  maka penggunaan teknologi informasi menjadi salah satu metode yang bisa menggabungkan laporan kegiatan seluruh ornganisasi perangkat daerah (OPD) dengan entry data target kegiatan,laporan realisasi fisik dan dana pembangunan tiap organisasi secara bulanan, triwulan sehingga rekonsiliasi dapat langsung dimonitoring dan evaluasi kepala daerah. Dalam melakukan penelitian ini penulis  langsung membuat Forum Grup Diskusi yang melibatkan 43 perangkat daerah dan menggunakan Analisis d...