Papers by Abdul Aziz Abdul Raman
RSC Advances, 2020
This study investigated the potential of palm kernel shell (PKS) as a biomass feed for adsorbent ... more This study investigated the potential of palm kernel shell (PKS) as a biomass feed for adsorbent production. This work aims at synthesizing green adsorbent from activated PKS by integrating iron oxide and zeolite. The newly developed adsorbents, zeolite-Fe/AC and Fe/AC, were analyzed for surface area, chemical composition, magnetic properties, crystallinity, and stability. The adsorbent efficiency in removing effluent from the palm oil mill was evaluated. The influence of operating parameters, including adsorbent dosage, H 2 O 2 , reaction time, and initial solution pH for adsorption performance was studied. The Fourier transform infrared analysis revealed that the adsorbents contain functional groups including OH, N-H, C]O and C]C, which are essential for removing pollutants. The SEM-EDX analysis shows holes in the adsorbent surface and that it is smooth. The adsorption study revealed that under optimized conditions, by using 4 g L À1 of adsorbent and 67.7 mM H 2 O 2 , zeolite-Fe/AC was able to remove 83.1% colour and 67.2% COD within 30 min. However, Fe/AC requires 5 g L À1 of adsorbent and 87.7 mM to remove 86.8 percent and 65.6 percent, respectively. This study also showed that zeolite-Fe/AC has higher reusability compared to Fe/AC. Among Freundlich and Temkin models, the experimental data were found to be best fitted with the Langmuir isotherm model. The kinetic analysis revealed that for both adsorbents, the adsorption process fitted the pseudo-second-order model (R 2 ¼ 0.9724). The finding reflects monolayer adsorption of zeolite-Fe/AC and Fe/AC. This study thus demonstrates the applicability of low-cost green adsorbents produced from PKS to treat oil refinery effluent and other recalcitrant wastewaters.
Chemistry and Technology of Fuels and Oils, May 1, 2011
Energy Conversion and Management, Jul 1, 2016
Biofuels produced from palm oil have shown great potential as a useful fossil fuel substitute and... more Biofuels produced from palm oil have shown great potential as a useful fossil fuel substitute and are environmental friendly. Utilization of palm oil as biofuel requires zeolite based catalytic technology that facilitates selective conversion of substrates to desired products, including biogasoline and biodiesel. However, the synthesis and integration of suitable zeolite based supported catalysts for the desired products are the key challenges in biofuel production. The alternative to overcome these problems is to use nano heterometallic materials supported on zeolite catalysts. In this study, Zeolite Socony Mobile-5 (ZSM-5) based catalysts loaded with heterometallic nano oxides were synthesized. Next, the catalysts used for the palm oil cracking to produce biogasoline were characterized by field emission electron microscopy (FESEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and Brunauer, Emmett and Teller (BET) analysis. Taguchi method was used to assess and optimize the catalytic cracking process. The catalytic cracking results illustrated that under optimized conditions, ZSM-5 (30), Fe-Zn-Cu-ZSM-5 (31), Fe-Zn-Cu-ZSM-5 (32) and Fe-Zn-ZSM-5 (33) yielded 14%, 59%, 49% and 56% biogasoline, respectively. Higher efficiency of Fe-Zn-Cu-ZSM-5 (31) might be attributed to higher content of loaded metal oxides as compared to the other synthesized catalysts. The yield of biogasoline in this study, catalyzed by Fe-Zn-Cu-ZSM-5 (31), was 8% more than the literature values. Therefore, the present study proved that the newly developed Fe-Zn-Cu-ZSM-5 (31) was an efficient and economical catalyst for producing biogasoline from cracking of palm oil.
Petroleum Science and Technology, Jul 13, 2012
Taylor & Francis makes every effort to ensure the accuracy of all the information (the "Content")... more Taylor & Francis makes every effort to ensure the accuracy of all the information (the "Content") contained in the publications on our platform. However, Taylor & Francis, our agents, and our licensors make no representations or warranties whatsoever as to the accuracy, completeness, or suitability for any purpose of the Content. Any opinions and views expressed in this publication are the opinions and views of the authors, and are not the views of or endorsed by Taylor & Francis. The accuracy of the Content should not be relied upon and should be independently verified with primary sources of information. Taylor and Francis shall not be liable for any losses, actions, claims, proceedings, demands, costs, expenses, damages, and other liabilities whatsoever or howsoever caused arising directly or indirectly in connection with, in relation to or arising out of the use of the Content.
Environmental Engineering and Management Journal, 2015
This study investigated the feasibility of electrocoagulation (EC) process on the treatment of pa... more This study investigated the feasibility of electrocoagulation (EC) process on the treatment of palm oil mill effluent (POME). The effect of several parameters namely initial pH, current density, stirring speed and operating time on removal efficiency of total suspended solids (TSS) and chemical oxygen demand (COD) were investigated. The experiments were conducted batch wise using 400 mL of the POME per batch and pair of aluminum electrodes immersed in the reactor. At optimal initial pH value of 6, current density of 12 mA/cm 2 , stirring speed of 100 rpm and operating time of 15 minutes, removal of 86% and 36.5% of TSS and COD was attained respectively. The EC treatment is found to be suitable as a preliminary treatment of POME.
Treatment of textile effluent containing recalcitrant dyes using MOF derived Fe-ZSM-5 heterogeneous catalyst
RSC Advances, 2016
Fe-ZSM-5 is synthesized through a newly established 2-step process. 82% yield of Fe-ZSM-5 catalys... more Fe-ZSM-5 is synthesized through a newly established 2-step process. 82% yield of Fe-ZSM-5 catalyst is possible at low temperature and pressure. 100% degradation of dyes is achieved with lesser amounts of catalyst and H2O2.
Asia-Pacific Journal of Chemical Engineering, 2020
Metal nanoparticles are often used as an alternative to conventional adsorbents for water purific... more Metal nanoparticles are often used as an alternative to conventional adsorbents for water purification. They have higher adsorptive capabilities and affinity towards pollutants while being required in lower amounts than conventional adsorbents. Nano‐adsorbents have shown superior adsorption efficiencies towards trace heavy metals in water, which are a significant pollutant in industrial wastewaters. It is desirable to synthesize the nano‐adsorbents in a rapid, controlled, eco‐friendly, and low‐cost manner, using agro‐industrial residues and size‐controllable irradiation methods. In this work, silver nanoparticles were synthesized through ultrasonic irradiation in the presence of cellulose derived from sugarcane bagasse. The cellulose functioned as the capping agent to promote the synthesis of uniform, monodisperse silver nanoparticles. The nanoparticles were characterized by field emission scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy, and Fourier‐transform infr...
Frontiers in Chemistry, 2019
For every ton of biodiesel produced, about 100 kg of glycerol is also generated as a by-product. ... more For every ton of biodiesel produced, about 100 kg of glycerol is also generated as a by-product. The traditional method of removing glycerol is mainly by gravity separation or centrifugation. This method generates crude glycerol, which may still contain impurities such as methanol, oil, soap, salt, and other organic materials at ppm levels. The effective usage of crude glycerol is important to improve the economic sustainability of the biodiesel industry while reducing the environmental impacts caused by the generated waste. The application and value of crude glycerol can be enhanced if these impurities are removed or minimized. Thus, it is important to develop a method which can increase the economic and applicable value of crude glycerol. Therefore, in the present study, the dual step purification method comprised of acidification and ion exchange techniques has been used to purify the crude glycerol and convert it into higher-value products. The acidification process started with the pH adjustment of the crude glycerol, using phosphoric acid to convert soap into fatty acid and salts. Then, the pretreated glycerol was further purified by ion exchange with a strong cation H + resin. Gas chromatography (GC) was used to analyze both crude and purified glycerol and expressed as the weight percentage of glycerol content. A maximum glycerol purity of 98.2% was obtained after the dual step purification method at the optimized conditions of 60% of solvent, the flow rate of 15 mL/min and 40 g of resin. Further, the glycerol content measured being within the accepted amount of BS 2621:1979. Therefore, this study has proven that the proposed crude glycerol purification process is effective in improving the glycerol purity and could enhance the applicability of glycerol in producing value-added products which bring new revenue to the biodiesel industry.
Chemical Engineering and Processing - Process Intensification, 2020
The effect of the impeller designs and impeller clearance level (C/T) on power consumption, mixin... more The effect of the impeller designs and impeller clearance level (C/T) on power consumption, mixing time and air entrainment point in a single liquid phase under turbulent conditions (Re>10 4 ) were investigated. Different impeller designs including conventional and new designs, were used to consider both axial and radial flow impellers. The electric conductivity method, suspended motor system and observation method were employed to determine the mixing time, the power consumption and the air entrainment point, respectively. The reduction in the impeller clearance level form T/3 to T/6 resulted in a decrease in power number values for up-flow pumping impellers while it was increased for down-flow pumping. The same trend was observed for the mixing time results. Moreover, axial flow impellers and specially HE3 are preferable for higher agitation speeds due to the less air entrainment. The results verified that the axial flow impellers and specifically down-flow impellers are more efficient than the radial flow impellers. ANFIS-Fuzzy C-means (ANFIS-FcM) and nonlinear regression were used to develop models to predict the mixing time based on the energy dissipation rate and clearance. The results verified that the model predictions successfully fit the experimental mixing time data.
Journal of Water Process Engineering, 2020
In this work, we investigated the synergy of oxidation-adsorption and surface interaction in flui... more In this work, we investigated the synergy of oxidation-adsorption and surface interaction in fluidized bed Fenton process with granular activated carbon (GAC) as carriers. Experiments were conducted to evaluate the synergy of oxidation and adsorption in the removal of a model pollutant, Reactive Black 5. The effects of carrier loading and solution pH on the process performance were investigated. To determine the nature of interaction between the carriers, Fenton's reagent and pollutant, the surface of the GAC was analyzed using FTIR, SEM/EDX, XPS and BET analyses. The highest COD and color removal obtained were 83% and 99% respectively, at 20 g carrier loading and pH 3. More than 28% of the initial COD was removed through adsorption by the carrier. The process performance increased with increase in carrier loading but decreased when the loading exceeded a certain threshold. Although the highest COD removal was obtained at pH 3, effective removal was still achieved at pH 7. The surface analysis of the carrier reveals that both Fenton's reagent and organic pollutant are adsorbed on the surface of the carrier, indicating that the removal of the pollutant is through both adsorption and oxidation. The performance of GAC in this study is superior to the commonly employed carrier, SiO 2 . This study shows that GAC can be used as an effective carrier in fluidized bed for Fenton process.
Journal of the Taiwan Institute of Chemical Engineers, 2019
The present study investigates the effects of impeller design and dispersed phase volume ratio on... more The present study investigates the effects of impeller design and dispersed phase volume ratio on mean drop sizes (d 32 ) in immiscible liquid-liquid stirred vessel through experimental and modeling approaches. Various impeller designs including conventional and new impeller designs were employed to cover both radial and axial flow impellers. The microscopic method associated with image processing tools was used for the drop size analysis. The results showed the hydrofoil impeller produced the largest drop sizes while the double-curved blade turbine produced the smallest drop sizes, corresponding to about 37% difference. Increasing the dispersed phase volume ratio from 1% to 10%) increased the d 32 by approximately 20 to 40%. Adaptive neurofuzzy inference system based on fuzzy C-means (ANFIS-FCM) clustering algorithm was used to develop a model to predict drop sizes, and its validation and accuracy were examined by comparing the results to the experimental data. The results also proved the superior prediction capability of the ANFIS-FCM method over the empirical correlations for the most cases.
Ultrasonics Sonochemistry, 2015
This paper aims at investigating the influence of ultrasound power amplitude on liquid behaviour ... more This paper aims at investigating the influence of ultrasound power amplitude on liquid behaviour in a low-frequency (24 kHz) sono-reactor. Three types of analysis were employed: (i) mechanical analysis of micro-bubbles formation and their activities/characteristics using mathematical modelling. (ii) Numerical analysis of acoustic streaming, fluid flow pattern, volume fraction of micro-bubbles and turbulence using 3D CFD simulation. (iii) Practical analysis of fluid flow pattern and acoustic streaming under ultrasound irradiation using Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV). In mathematical modelling, a lone micro bubble generated under power ultrasound irradiation was mechanistically analysed. Its characteristics were illustrated as a function of bubble radius, internal temperature and pressure (hot spot conditions) and oscillation (pulsation) velocity. The results showed that ultrasound power significantly affected the conditions of hotspots and bubbles oscillation velocity. From the CFD results, it was observed that the total volume of the micro-bubbles increased by about 4.95% with each 100 W-increase in power amplitude. Furthermore, velocity of acoustic streaming increased from 29 to 119 cm/s as power increased, which was in good agreement with the PIV analysis.
Proceedings of International Electronic Conference on Sensors and Applications, 2014
Color concentration detection is one of the main monitoring processes in textile industry. Highly... more Color concentration detection is one of the main monitoring processes in textile industry. Highly sensitive sensors and less cumbersome procedure in monitoring color concentration are required. Potential for using fiber optics sensor in such measurement is promising because of its high sensitivity and faster response. In this study, concentration of Remazol Black B (RBB) dye solution was measured by using Mach-Zehnder interferometer (MZI) sensor with concatenating tapered multimode fiber (MMF) between two sections of single-mode fiber (SMF). The interaction between the operating parameters, diameter of MMF and concentration of RBB dye solution was studied. Central composite design (CCD) coupled with Response surface method (RSM) was applied to obtain optimum operating parameters for achieving well-responding operating variables, wavelength shift in quadratic model. The proposed sensor was tested experimentally at optimum conditions for this model (MMF with diameter of 19.5 µm; dye solution with concentration of 200ppm and corresponding wavelength of 1550nm). Quadratic model for wavelength shift demonstrated 0.54±0.04 nm/ppm or uncertainty 8.0%. The difference between the experimental and modeled data was only less than 10% which showed good agreement between them. This can be said that high linearity of the devices during OPEN ACCESS 2 sensing was achieved that it makes the device properly attractive for chemical sensing in practical applications.
Sensors, 2013
Demand for online and real-time measurements techniques to meet environmental regulation and trea... more Demand for online and real-time measurements techniques to meet environmental regulation and treatment compliance are increasing. However the conventional techniques, which involve scheduled sampling and chemical analysis can be expensive and time consuming. Therefore cheaper and faster alternatives to monitor wastewater characteristics are required as alternatives to conventional methods. This paper reviews existing conventional techniques and optical and fibre optic sensors to determine selected wastewater characteristics which are colour, Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) and Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD). The review confirms that with appropriate configuration, calibration and fibre features the parameters can be determined with accuracy comparable to conventional method. With more research in this area, the potential for using FOS for online and real-time measurement of more wastewater parameters for various types of industrial effluent are promising.
Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, 2013
A literature review on measurements of drop size distribution in liquid-liquid dispersion produce... more A literature review on measurements of drop size distribution in liquid-liquid dispersion produced in a stirred vessel is presented in this work. The methods of measurement can be classified into in situ and external measurement. Two main groups of measurement techniques, namely, a laser system and image analysis, are reviewed. Several issues regarding the applications of the techniques and possible ways to overcome the problems are discussed. The suitability of different techniques depends on the operating conditions and properties of the drops. Laser systems provide fast in situ measurements which are useful for online monitoring and detecting process changes but unable to deliver reliable drop size and distribution values. In situ image analysis techniques could give accurate measurement of drop size, but a long time is required to analyze drops from a large number of images. However with development of automated image analysis, analysis time can be reduced. Therefore real-time monitoring and process control by image analysis techniques can be possible.
… : Are We up …, 2009
THE EFFECT OF CLAY IN THE FORMULATION OF NON-TRADITIONAL COMPLETION FLUID FOR UNDERBALANCE PERFOR... more THE EFFECT OF CLAY IN THE FORMULATION OF NON-TRADITIONAL COMPLETION FLUID FOR UNDERBALANCE PERFORATION Munawar Khalil*, Badrul Mohamed Jan, Abdul Aziz Abdul Raman ... REFERENCES Badrul MJ, Rae G, Noor I, Suhadi AN, Devadass M. 2007. ...
Chemistry and Technology of Fuels and Oils, 2011
In the title of the article "ultralight fluid" should be replaced by "ultralight completion fluid... more In the title of the article "ultralight fluid" should be replaced by "ultralight completion fluid," and "ground" should be replaced by "milled." In the text of the paper "ground" should be replaced by "milled," "drill-in fluid" should be replaced by "completion fluid," "drilling" should be replaced by "perforation," and "pressure difference" by "underbalance condition."
Chemical Engineering Research & Design, 2016
The treatment of distillery industrial effluent by means various combinations of electrocoagulati... more The treatment of distillery industrial effluent by means various combinations of electrocoagulation with Advanced Oxidation Processes (AOPs) such as ozonation, electrocoagulation, peroxi-electrocoagulation, photo-electrocoagulation, ozoneelectrocoagulation and peroxi-photo-electrocoagulation process on the removal of percentage color, COD and energy consumption. The effects of various operating parameters such as ozone flow rate (5 to 15 LPM), initial effluent pH (2 to 10), current density (0.10 to 0.50 A/dm 2 ) and H 2 O 2 concentration (50 to 500 mg/L) on the removal of pollutant were studied in this study. Moreover comparison of all the processes in terms of color removal, COD removal and energy consumption was also carried out. The experimental results showed that100% of color and COD removal could be achieved by ozone-electrocoagulation process with an energy consumption of 5.7 kWh/m 3 within four hours of reaction time. The extent of color and COD removal was analyzed using a UV/Vis spectrophotometer and closed reflux method.
Environmental progress & sustainable energy, Nov 17, 2017
A microbial fuel cell (MFC) is a sustainable technology which commonly uses graphite as cathode f... more A microbial fuel cell (MFC) is a sustainable technology which commonly uses graphite as cathode for the production of hydrogen peroxide. Besides, water formation through four-electron oxygen reduction mechanism is a commonly observed product. Determining the selectivity of H 2 O 2 /H 2 O reaction through experimental means is time consuming because of the slow kinetics of oxygen reduction reaction. Therefore, quantum chemical approaches are essential to comprehend the molecular nature of this process. Thus, density functional theory (DFT) was employed and quantum chemical calculations were performed to predict the chemical reactivity, stability, and thermodynamic properties of molecules participating in oxygen reduction reaction at graphite cathode. The calculations showed that graphene with higher value of "highest occupied molecular orbital" (HOMO), i.e., 24.544 eV has a higher tendency to donate electron for oxygen reduction reaction Furthermore, with an aim of predicting the most favorable conditions for H 2 O 2 production, two different points, i.e., at the edge and middle of graphene plane were investigated. Calculated values showed that oxygen adsorption with the lowest energy requirement of 43.638 kcal/mol is energetically favorable at the edge of graphene plane. Nevertheless, oxygen complexes (O 2 *, HOO*, and HO*) characterized by high HOMO values 24.96, 24.37, and 24.34 eV are highly polarizable in the middle of the graphene plane. Furthermore, thermodynamic feasibility analysis showed that oxygen reduction required for hydrogen peroxide production had lower DG values of 290.94 (edge) and 298.44 (middle) kcal/mole than that of water synthesis (i.e., DG 5 248.37(edge), 248.97 (middle) kcal/mole) at two-electron reduction step. Therefore, it was concluded that H 2 O 2 which followed the lowest energy pathway would be more thermodynamically feasible compared to water synthesis. V
Carbon Footprint Evaluation of Industrial Wastes Based Solid Fuel in the Context of Its Use in a Cement Plant
Waste and Biomass Valorization, Apr 21, 2022
Uploads
Papers by Abdul Aziz Abdul Raman