Architectural Heritage Conservation

All museums, especially those showing archaeological exhibits, confront numerous challenges in preventing microbial damage, and thus every effort should be made to conserve these building materials and pass them down to future generations. Archeological artifacts are a significant element of the world's cultural legacy. Microbial activity's impact on cultural asset deterioration is a global issue, and disinfecting them over time is a difficult undertaking. A novel comparative review between chemical, natural essential oils, and physical (ozone) conservation of archaeological objects against microbial deterioration was investigated. The chemical preservation of archaeological items can result in degradation (erosion and surface damage), as well as a risk to human health and the environment. Ozonation can be used to successfully reduce microbial burdens. Because of its great oxidizing strength and spontaneous decomposition, ozone may eventually replace chemical sanitizers as a typical sanitizing agent. As a result, new ecologically friendly safe natural essential oils methods for protecting archaeological artifacts are required to prevent them from microbial deterioration. The use of essential oils is esthetically acceptable for disinfection with negligible toxicity to humans and the environment, ensuring a good quality of life for employees and users for the preservation of cultural assets is the study's key recommendation.

This paper investigates the reproduction of traditional adobes, focusing on the effect of fibre type and quantity. Several adobes were produced in the laboratory using 30% to 70% by volume sawdust or straw. Their physico-mechanical properties were compared with values published in the international literature and normative documents. Sawdust adobes present improved mechanical properties, while straw adobes have lower sorptivity. The results enrich the database of information regarding adobe bricks and highlight the importance of site- and use-specific adobe production. They also contribute towards the understanding of the effect of production methodology on the properties of adobes.

This paper proposes to identify an approach methodology for the incorporation of building-integrated photovoltaic systems (BIPV) in existing architectural heritage, considering regulatory, conservation and energy aspects. The main objective is to provide information about guidance criteria related to the integration of BIPV in historical buildings and about intervention methods. That will be followed by the development of useful data to reorient and update the guidelines and guidance documents, both for the design approach and for the evaluation of potential future interventions. The research methodology includes a categorization and analysis of European and Swiss case studies, taking into account the state of preservation of the building before the intervention, the data of the applied photovoltaic technology and the aesthetic and energy contribution of the intervention. The result, in the form of graphic schedules, provides complete information for a real evaluation of the analyzed case studies and of the BIPV technological system used in historical contexts. This research promotes a conscious BIPV as a real opportunity to use technology and a contemporary architectural language capable of dialoguing with pre-existing buildings to significantly improve energy efficiency and determine a new value system for the historical building and its environment.

The transition towards a cognitive and post-industrial economy has led to the emergence of new strategies of capture of the immanent productive capacities of the social forces. Heritage entities are subject to, and also participate in, processes by which common creativity and knowledge are being harnessed by novel forms of rent and control. The objective of this paper was to show that conceiving heritage as a common situated in specific contexts rather than as a universal essence can open up novel epistemological spheres of communication between different knowledge practices. Also, it can help bridge some ontological gaps among the various stakeholders in the arena of heritage, such as academics, managers, architects, local communities and market forces. This entails considering heritage as an emergent material and immaterial construction process involving many different agents. Currently, these processes tend towards the privatization of common values and the shattering of local communities. Normally, this situation entails a fundamental alienation between objects and subjects, and the reification of heritage. This paper suggests that considering heritage as a common could provide a different perspective to tackle this crucial problem. Accordingly, scholars should not only be bound to a critical discursive stance, but should also commit to ‘ontological politics’ that would situate them as mediators between the global hierarchies of value generated by heritage and the common productive potential of local communities.

This article examines the heritage destruction undertaken by the Islamic State (IS) in Iraq and Syria. To date, their iconoclasm has been mostly characterised either as acts of wanton barbarism devoid of religious or political justification, or as a cynical performance designed as a mass media spectacle. Drawing on a systematic analysis of two key IS propaganda outlets – their on-line magazine, Dabiq, and the various slick films released by Al-Hayat – this article argues that the heritage destruction perpetrated by the IS are not only situated within a carefully articulated theological framework and key to the creation of a new and ideologically pure ‘Islamic State’, but that they are also constituted by several complex layers of religious and political iconoclasm. To demonstrate, this article documents the iconoclasm undertaken by the IS along two key axes: Symbolic Sectarianism (Shia and Sufi mosques and shrines); and Pre-Monotheistic Iconoclasm (ancient polytheistic sites). Attacks on key sites within these categories, such as the Sayyida Zaynab shrine in Damascus or the Mosul Museum, not only adhere to their religious and political framework but also serve broader geo-political agendas and are attacked as proxy targets for their physical and ideological opponents.

This article explores the workings of nostalgia as a major driving force in heritage-making. Based on my fieldwork in Luang Prabang, an ancient royal town of northern Laos which became a UNESCO Listed World Heritage Site in 1995, I propose that it is necessary to disentangle the multiple nostalgic attachments which lie behind the often-mentioned label ‘nostalgia’ from those which are not necessarily nostalgic. I explore the various engagements of diverse actors with nostalgia, and how these engagements, rooted in personal experiences, intersect with specific postures towards time, history, heritage, development, and culture. Secondly, my aim is to highlight the performative aspects of nostalgia in the fabric of heritage. I argue that, by attempting to preserve spaces, practices, and objects, UNESCO experts and national civil servants effectively transform them. Far from stopping transmission and culture mechanisms, patrimonial recognition creates aesthetic forms, historical narratives, politics of transmission, and, more generally, social configurations. I delve into the processes through which Luang Prabang has been turned into a heritage scene and a tourist attraction, and I contend that such transformation is rendered possible by the concatenation of UNESCO projects, cosmopolitan gentrification, tourism development, and state programmes.

In Spain, the birth of interest in the nation's industrial heritage dates from the 1980s and occurred alongside the process of deindustrialization. Policies concerning derelict industrial sites have shifted gradually from destruction to preservation, rehabilitation, and enhancement, and industrial heritage enhancement projects are now widespread in the country. However, a clear mismatching has arisen between institutional and academic initiatives and local communities, which exhibit widespread disinterest in or even rejection of industrial remains. This problematic situation can be related to the utilization of industrial heritage as an economic resource without paying much attention to its connections with memory and identity. Also, the mismatching is due to a positivist approach to industrial heritage whereby the monument and the museum are prioritized. We argue that projects which consider industrial remains as part of cultural landscapes might shorten the gap between the institutional and economic side of industrial heritage and its identity-building and popular facets.

Since March 2015, the Saudi-led military intervention in Yemen has had
devastating consequences for the country, its people and its rich cultural
heritage. This article traces the responses of the world’s foremost
multilateral body concerned with heritage promotion and protection,
the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization
(UNESCO). Drawing on extensive interviews, archival research and longterm
ethnographic research on UNESCO itself and, more specifically, its
responses to the war in Yemen, it documents UNESCO’s profound failures
in protecting Yemen’s heritage and in confronting the Saudi-led
coalition. To do so, the article utilises the framework of ‘gridlock’ to
analyse how and why multilateral bodies such as UNESCO become
hamstrung in confronting powerful member states in conflict.
The article concludes by arguing that UNESCO’s failures in Yemen hold
powerful lessons about the role of multilateral institutions in addressing
conflict.

Ruins are a statement on the building materials used and the construction method employed. Casa Ippolito, now in ruins, is typical of 17th-century Maltese aristocratic country residences. It represents an illustration of secondary or anthropogenic geodiversity. This paper scrutinises these ruins as a primary source in reconstructing the building's architecture. The methodology involved on-site geographical surveying, including visual inspection and non-invasive tests, a geological survey of the local lithostratigraphy, and examination of notarial deeds and secondary sources to support findings about the building's history as read from its ruins. An unmanned aerial vehicle was used to digitally record the parlous state of the architectural structure and karsten tubes were used to quantify the surface porosity of the limestone. The results are expressed from four perspectives. The anatomy of Casa Ippolito, as revealed in its ruins, provides a cross-section of its building history and shows two distinct phases in its construction. The tissue of Casa Ippolito-the building elements and materials-speaks of the knowledge of raw materials and their properties among the builders who worked on both phases. The architectural history of Casa Ippolito reveals how it supported its inhabitants' wellbeing in terms of shelter, water and food. Finally, the ruins in their present state bring to the fore the site's potential for cultural tourism. This case study aims to show that such ruins are not just geocultural remains of historical built fabric. They are open wounds in the built structure; they underpin the anatomy of the building and support insights into its former dynamics. Ruins offer an essay in material culture and building physics. Architectural ruins of masonry structures are anthropogenic discourse rendered in stone which facilitate not only the reconstruction of spaces but also places for human users; they are a statement on the wellbeing of humanity throughout history.

Immaterial manifestations of culture have received increasing attention over the past two decades. This is of particular relevance to the contemporary built heritage professional who must not only consider intangible heritage within assessments but attempt to understand its relationship with the physical building fabric. Underpinned by a 'Practice Theory' ontology, this research explores how social network analysis (SNA) can reveal entanglements between tangible and intangible heritage by focussing on practices and relationships. Using the Grade II* Long Street Methodist Church and Sunday School, Greater Manchester, UK, the study demonstrates how the basic use of SNA for built heritage assessment can offer a deeper insight into the significance of a listed building. The study demonstrates how SNA can support: an equality of visibility across heritage domains, a better understanding of tangible-intangible relationships and the illumination of underlying practices that sustains these relationships. Perhaps most importantly, it emphasizes the dynamic and unpredictable nature of heritage by de-emphasizing the centrality of the building within heritage assessment processes and reconceptualizing it as an inherent part of social phenomena. In doing so, it suggests one must accept the notion that socio-material practices should be considered for conservation and safeguarding, alongside the physical building itself.

Built ethnological heritage is acquiring an increasingly participatory and open meaning, in agreement with new conceptualizations of cultural heritage and an understanding of tradition as a dynamic process. However, there is a contradiction between the regulatory documents associated with cultural heritage that advocate these principles, and the types of cultural expression or assets that they recognize and aim to safeguard. This article aims to draw attention to these inconsistencies and proposes the replacement of the traditional comprehensive paradigm of vernacular architecture-excessively formalistic and focussed on constructions-with one that is more inclusive and culturally centred, in which expressions of modern industrial culture are recognized and where the subject community has agency and is effectively engaged. Furthermore it is t is argued that an understanding of this new architectural heritage be integrated without delay into the democratic structures of our societies. To this end, a process of change is required similar to that previously experienced by other cultural sectors, for instance, within the art world.

It is stated that 3D recording and modeling of heritage buildings entail accurate building models (as-built). However, this paper presents an analysis of the 3D modeling accuracy for the creation of historical building information models (HBIM), considering the complexity and the deformations of historical buildings, using point cloud data and BIM tools. The 3D modeling processes analyzed are based on a three-stage semi-automatic approach leading to the generation of HBIM, including manual and automatic processes. The three stages consist of: (a) optical and terrestrial laser scanning; (b) meshing processes; and finally (c) 3D solid modeling to be assembled into HBIM. Next, this approach analyzed the mesh deformations generated automatically in comparison to the initial point cloud data. The deformations and the accuracy evaluation have been undertaken using different commercial software. Finally, our modeling approach shows that it can improve the accuracy of the 3D models achieved using existing BIM technologies. KEYWORDS: Point cloud data, modeling accuracy, digital historical reconstitution, architectural heritage, historical building information models, 3D solid object, terrestrial laser scanning, optical scanning doi: 10.1080/15583058.2017.1415391 https://doi.org/10.1080/15583058.2017.1415391

Resumen. La gestión del patrimonio histórico en Menorca tiene una larga trayectoria y cuenta con varios hitos significativos en cuanto a la protección, especialmente desde el punto de vista de la ordenación territorial y el urbanismo. En este texto exponemos las circunstancias y las acciones derivadas de la legislación y de la aprobación de determinadas normas, más centradas en la gestión de las intervenciones sobre el patrimonio arqueológico y enmarcadas en lo que se conoce como arqueología preventiva que, a diferencia de la gestión integral del patrimonio histórico, cuenta con un corto recorrido en las islas. Gracias a estas acciones, en Menorca se han llevado a cabo numerosas acciones de salvaguarda del patrimonio arqueológico, que de otra manera no se hubieran materializado. Sin embargo, ese proceso no ha estado exento de dificultades. Palabras Clave: Arqueología preventiva, gestión del patrimonio histórico, Menorca, arqueología urbana.

Art historian Juan Pablo Bonta has presented a nine-step model for analysing how the interpretation of architectural oeuvres becomes canonised. We suggest that in terms of the built heritage, canonisation and heritagisation are essentially the same process, so Bonta’s model can be used for analysing heritagisation processes. This article testifies to this assumption by examining how the interpretation of historic Nordic wooden towns became stabilised in Finland. The concept was introduced in the 1960s to describe the Nordic urban heritage that was threatened by massive town development projects. The identification of the heritage category enabled the preservation of some remaining wooden districts. Examining this process allows us to discuss the role of expertise in the building preservation. In the case of wooden towns, experts’ early recognition was a crucial precondition for the preservation of the heritage, which enabled novel generations to form a living relationship with it. Seen through the experts’ writings, the heritagisation process of the wooden towns also reflect the expanding scope of the built heritage discipline. Based on our findings, the canonisation model is applicable not only to the individual oevres, as Bonta addresses, but also to broader built environments and, more conceptually, to heritage categories.

Aim of the chapter is to present a critical reflection on computer-based visualization of the architectural heritage and investigate on its relationship with other disciplines, starting from interdisciplinary experiences and from examples of other subject areas, in particular the archaeological one. In particular
digital tools are used indifferently and simultaneously in dissimilar research fields, and scholars of different fields work and publish together. A clear definition of the ontologies, principles and procedures for advanced surveying, modeling, and visualization could allow the interdisciplinary collaboration.
But cornerstone is the awareness of the disciplinary characteristics of the architectural heritage’s issues for its critical digital representation.

The analysis by microscopy of the compositions and microstructures of geomaterials found in historic structures and buildings is integral to archaeological, art‐historical, conservation and restoration‐related investigations, and supports decision making for material replacement and repair. In archaeology there is a need to elucidate past social, economic and technological processes, and to understand the environmental impacts of past human activities related to materials use. Standard light and electron microscopy are most commonly employed, but high resolution methods such as transmission electron and three‐dimensional tomography such as µ‐CT are also being used. Experimental and novel developments, where they overlap with advanced materials science, are uncommon. The application of scientific characterisation frames cultural heritage value, reinforcing our understanding of authenticity and integrity. Characterisation is constrained, in turn, by the values system that operates in cultural heritage. International charters and conservation philosophy necessitate the application of science to contextualising conservation. However, the appearance of science in heritage work has also led to the performance of science for its own sake ('endoscience', sensu Muñoz Viñas, Contemporary Theory of Conservation, Routledge, 2011). This moves some to suggest that there is a disconnect between scientific work and its practical value. Apparent communication problems between scientists applying microscopy and other stakeholders require changes to management of material characterisation in heritage projects.

This article develops the conceptual framework of the ritualization of heritage destruction to analyse and interpret the targeting of pre-monotheistic heritage sites and artefacts by the Islamic State. It draws upon anthropological studies of initiation rituals in violent male cults alongside literature on heritage destruction to conduct a systematic analysis of key Islamic State propaganda outlets. The analysis reveals that the heritage destruction wrought by the Islamic State functions as part of a broader process of ritualization that is instrumental in forming bonds between members and ensuring their allegiance. Such rituals serve multiple purposes: they physically and ideologically separate new recruits from existing social norms and laws; they breed a deference to leadership and create a unified identity towards the potentiality of violence; and they situate heritage destruction itself within a complex symbolic kaleidoscope of prescribed actions and specific attire, invoking connections to an imagined past and repeating the actions of their forbearers. The article concludes by noting that such analysis of the ritualization of heritage destruction is not only vital to understanding how groups such as the Islamic State successfully transform ordinary young men into a violent jihadist communitas, but also in further understanding, and responding to, such attacks on heritage sites.

The present work is framed in two notions: 1) that in the habitat all scales are interdependent, and 2) that it is
necessary to integrate knowledge from various disciplinary origins, for a better understanding of the current
world and for the achievement of more responsible actions. This approach is particularly applied to the field of
conservation and restoration of natural and cultural heritage. Recent exercises are brought to explain the specific
case of Ambalema, Tolima, Colombia, with emphasis on specific actions carried out by the University of Ibagué
through its North Tolima Architecture Lab, Ambalema headquarters.
Since the declaration of the historic center of Ambalema, as a national monument in 1980, and mainly in the
course of the twenty first century, both from the academy and from civil society, efforts have been carried out to
maintain and enhance the cultural heritage values of this place of recognized historical importance in Colombia.
In this case, the historical review exceptionally transcends the usual assessment of the colonial, or postcolonial,
by going back in time to find the true material and technical roots in pre-Hispanic practices.
The consequent deterioration of the passage of time calls for interventions, which, if not careful and attentive to
the patrimonial importance of the context, may become a reason for the gradual deterioration of the historical
Ambalema related value. Simultaneously, it is crucial to combat disinterest on the part of the population, by
motivating and inviting them to participate in the practical exercises that are being carried out in that municipality.
This approach has been successfully applied in the actions mentioned. The physical works carried out on site by
the aforementioned architectural lab are detailed here, as well as the participation achieved by groups of local
inhabitants in the activities accomplished. The full coherence of this material work is taken advantage of, as a
point of convergence of the concepts indicated above, to obtain applicable lessons and new theoretical-practical
perspectives on: technique as function of memory.

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to discuss the relation between building conservation and circular economy (CE), which are often erroneously seen as inherently contradictory to one another.

Design/methodology/approach

The work draws from a comparative approach. The paper reviews a body of literature on architectural conservation and CE to establish an understanding on the state-of-the-art for both disciplines separately. Then, the relation between thereof is developed through a theoretical discourse.

Findings

Both architectural conservation and CE aim at safeguarding value, although they define “value” differently. Fabric-focused conservation and CE favor minimal intervention to material, albeit they arrive at this conclusion from different bases. Consequently, both approaches struggle with the low cost of virgin resource extraction and waste production and the high cost of human labor in contemporary Western societies. CE could be harnessed for building conservation by adopting its vocabulary and methodology, such as lifecycle assessment and material flow analysis. Transitioning toward CE can help increase the preservation of built heritage while redefining what is meant by “heritage” and “waste.”

Originality/value

Prior to this paper, there have been no articles addressing the relationship of the concepts explicitly and to this extent. The paper provides a theoretical basis for further discourse and outlines some implications of CE for the construction and built heritage disciplines.

The purpose of this paper is to discuss the theoretical genealogy and main uses of heritage in actually existing communist countries. This is performed by carrying out a critical review of Èleazar Aleksandrovič Baller’s Communism and Cultural Heritage, (1984, Progress, Moscow). The analysis of Baller’s work reveals that the logics of heritage in communist countries differed in various ways from capitalist countries, mainly because of the almost total state control over the heritage apparatus and the subordination of heritage policies to Marxist–Leninist ideology. Heritage was fundamental in dealing with the problem of change and continuity with the traditions, narratives and identities of previous society, and in the process of transforming citizens into ‘new men’ through the cultural revolution and the inculcation of ideology through museums and monuments.

Technological revolutions have changed the field of architecture exponentially. The advent of new technologies and digital tools will continue to advance the work of architects globally, aiding in architectural design, planning, implementation, and restoration.

The Handbook of Research on Emerging Digital Tools for Architectural Surveying, Modeling, and Representation presents expansive coverage on the latest trends and digital solutions being applied to architectural heritage. Spanning two volumes of research-based content, this publication is an all-encompassing reference source for scholars, IT professionals, engineers, architects, and business managers interested in current methodologies, concepts, and instruments being used in the field of architecture.

THE NECESSITY OF THE STUDY OF HUMANITIES IN ANALYSIS OF INTANGIBLE ARCHITECTURAL HERITAGE OF EUROPE IN THE 1930S: MOHSEN FOROUGHI, THE STUDY OF EDUCATION AND INHERITED CULTURE OF ARCHITECTS LINKED TO THE POWER

The general perspective of the chapter is based on the thematic argumentations as follows. Prior to that, a brief presentation of characters who played focal roles in exposing power in the thirties in Europe and the Middle East seems indispensable. The first character is the Persian monarch Reza Shah Pahlavi (15 March 1878 – 26 July 1944) was the King of Iran from 15 December 1925 until he was forced to abdicate by the Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran on 16 September 1941.He founded the Pahlavi dynasty in 1926 in Iran. Reza Shah and his role in making new Iran is also detected further on in the chapter. The presence of the king in the process of modernization of the country is unequivocal. In this regard, his role is highly comparable to the Italian conductor of fascism Benito Mussolini in the interwar period.
The nationalist system founded by Reza shah, had sensitive affinities with the fascist system in Italy whereas both were flourished amidst a somewhat romantic interpretation of their respective histories.

The vernacular architecture in many regions in Eastern Austria was characterized by the use of unfired clay, at least until the 19th century, and in some areas until the 20th century. Farmhouses and associated farm buildings, such as storage buildings or press houses for the production of wine and cider, were erected using different earth construction techniques. The study area stretches from the Weinviertel, a region located in the province of Lower Austria in the north-east of Austria, to the Burgenland, a region located in the south-east of Austria, which belonged to Western Hungary until 1921. From a geological point of view, in the east of Austria—in the Vienna Basin and the Molasse Zone—huge areas of Tertiary clay are covered with loess deposits, which is the best-known basic material used in local earth-building traditions. A core question in the research on vernacular earthen heritage focuses on the impact of the geological conditions in Eastern Austria on the local earth-building techniques. The mineralogical composition of the different clays had an impact on the local building techniques. From a material-culture point of view, research on the relationship between the mineralogical properties of clay resources and local building techniques sheds light on the factors which influenced the evolution of certain vernacular building features. Tertiary clays and loess from the Pleistocene favoured the making of earth lumps, cob walls and adobe bricks over the whole Eastern Austrian region. Contrarily, regions in Burgenland with a high amount of gravel preferred, by tradition, to make walls by ramming. The clay mineral smectite acts as a binding agent in earth-building techniques over the whole investigated region—Weinviertel, Burgenland and Western Hungary.

This paper presents the analysis of the design and construction of the traditional houses in northern Greece and the correlation with the use of the metric system of the architect’s cubit and the existence of architectural tracing and proportions. Of particular significance is the detection of certain metric models widely applied in the urban centres of northern Greece during the nineteenth century, and the general application of the Pythagorean theorem on the triangular tracing. The analysis was based on the application of the functional and constructional module on plans and façades of houses in order to investigate its influence on the standardisation of the design of the spaces and their elements, as well as of the construction. This makes it possible to reconstruct the design principles that characterise the traditional houses in the Ottoman Empire and the proportions of their parts, as well as to identify similarities and differences between the various urban centres of northern Greece. Another finding of the research involves the way in which the structural grid is applied to the design of the façades and to the placement of the structural elements and the openings of the timber-frame construction. As a result, conclusions are drawn concerning the role and the effect of the measuring system and the various metric models on the constructional rationale and on the development of the form of the traditional house.

Gathering knowledge and data for diagnosis is highly important for the safeguarding and conservation of architectural heritage. These data should be organised in order to create a complex list of procedures to find sufficiently sensitive, effective and reasonably inexpensive technical processes to survey and to repair, renew and maintain load-bearing structures of potential heritage values.
The research is based on an analysis of the concept "heritage value". As a typical multidisciplinary field of research, practical tasks in heritage preservation show that heritage value should be understood as a complex value composed of varied elementary segments coming from different fields of human activities. Whereas each field has its own logical verifying rules and its own research methodology, each elementary segment is evaluated separately.
The present article introduces the "E-P Heritage value assessment method" (E-P method) as a methodology for assessing the heritage values of buildings and structures or of their parts. The second purpose is to find a sufficiently sensitive process how to avoid invasive diagnostics on the architectural heritage. The procedure is aimed to be applied both on protected and nonprotected buildings and structures.

İstanbul’un günümüze ulaşan en önemli antik yapılarından biri Myrelaion Rotondası’dır. Gerek ‘rotonda’ şeklindekiözgün mimari formu gerekse tarihsel süreçte değişimler gösteren mimari ve işlevsel özellikleriyle İstanbul’un kadim tarihinde özel bir yere sahiptir. Konuya ilişkin yapılan bilimsel çalışmalarda; yapının ilk inşa edildiği döneme ve bu dönemdeki niteliğine yönelik farklı değerlendirmelerin olduğu anlaşılmaktadır. Bu çalışma ile antik Rotonda yapının tarihsel süreci ve bu süreçteki fiziki değişimleri ele alınarak yapının özelliklerine dair kapsamlı bir araştırmanın ortaya konulması hedeflenmiş, yapının ilk inşa edildiği dönem ve o dönemdeki işlevine dair değerlendirmelerde
bulunulmuştur. Rotonda yapının güncel durumuna ilişkin ise yakın tarihteki niteliksel değişimleri, çevresel ölçekte fiziki durumu, kent dokusuyla ilişkisi ve korunmasına yönelik yapılan girişimler, kentsel arkeoloji bağlamında incelenerek yapının güncel durumunun kültürel mirasın korunması çerçevesinde iyileştirilmesi ve kentin güncel yaşam dokusuyla bütünleşmesine dair tespit ve önerilerde bulunulmuştur.

After the devastating earthquake, tsunami and fires of 1755, the city of Lisbon was rebuilt as a modern disaster resilient city, implementing strict planning controls and earthquake resistant construction technologies. This is reflected in the regular grid layout of the historic city, namely the Baixa Pombalina, and its built fabric. But the city has changed considerably since 1755. Through GIS mapping of the city, this study identifies the exposure of the built heritage of Lisbon Downtown to natural hazards including earthquake, tsunami, flood and landslide. It then highlights some of the changes that have occurred within the city’s landscape since 1755 and the potential impacts that these may have had on the ability of the city’s fabric to perform as designed. In particular, it focuses on the historic urban precinct of Baixa Pombalina, the heart of the rebuilt city and part of the tentative UNESCO World Heritage property of Lisbon. Although many studies have been undertaken to examine the seismic performance of the Pombaline buildings, few have examined the greater context in which the buildings exist and its potential impact on their performance. Will the buildings be able to withstand a similar event now or have they been compromised by the changes that have occurred in and around them? This study considers the vulnerability of the city’s historic structures and sites to various hazards and identifies areas of further research needed to enable the development of appropriate mitigation strategies to strengthen the resilience of the historic city.

This chapter illustrates the importance of incorporating local perceptions of heritage.It addresses governance structures of heritage and the political economies that give rise to them. It stems from a growing dissatisfaction with the ever more dysfunctional and socially and economically unfair character that heritage management has adopted in Spain since the start of a devastating economic crisis in 2008. The aim of our exploratory inquiry is to prompt a necessary debate about new forms of heritage governance in Spain that could have broader implications elsewhere in heritage management.
To do so, we first situate recent conceptualizations of heritage in the current postindustrial economic context. We draw inspiration from the theory of cognitivecapitalism . This theory argues that the modern economy has superseded the classicaldifferentiation between economic wealth derived from labor processes on oneside and physical capital on the other. Instead, cognitive capitalism holds that most wealth created in contemporary economy derives from information technology and knowledge, which are the products of human imagination and networks of interaction among people and objects. Such “immaterial wealth” is inherently difficult to value quantitatively or to restrict for proprietary use, as is the case with cultural heritage. As a result, wealth created is realized through mechanisms such as patents or other means to protect intellectual property, with the beneficiaries of that wealth determined by prevailing systems of political economy. We argue that cultural heritage is subordinated to these processes of valorization in the contemporary economy, and that the political economy of heritage increasingly follows the logic of property rights such as patents and copyrights. To counter this tendency, we consider it necessary to develop alternative strategies of heritage management, such as the one we present here: the Ecomuseum of Santo Adriano in Spain.

This paper constitutes an effort to investigate the application of specific design and constructional tracing in post-Byzantine churches situated in northwestern Greece, mainly in the wider area of the town of Florina and the Prespa Lakes, covering a period from the fifteenth to the nineteenth century. Firstly, a review of the relevant previous studies concerning the investigation of proportions and constructional tracing in Byzantine churches is presented. Secondly, a brief analysis of the metric systems of the Byzantine and the Ottoman period is given in order to define the applied modules. Furthermore, the typology of post-Byzantine churches is analysed. The main part of the paper includes the investigation of the constructional grid and the proportions in several plan drawings, in combination with the use of triangular tracing (right triangles). The analysis is also extended to façades and sections, in order to demonstrate the standardisation of the construction. Apart from the above, the application of the golden section in some examples is also examined. Finally, conclusions are drawn concerning the design and application of models and tracing on the construction of post-Byzantine churches.

Urban real estate property values are mainly conditioned by several aspects, which can be summarized in two  main classes: intrinsic and extrinsic ones. Intrinsic characters are specific goods while extrinsic features are related to a diversity of goods. Therefore, there is an extremely close correlation be-tween rigidity location" of property (fixed location) and its value. Possibilities
offered by recent developments of statistical techniques, principally Geographi-cally Weighted Regression (GWR), in analyzing housing market have given a new impetus in mass appraisal of urban property. More particularly, Geograph-ically Weighted Regression has been adopted in analyzing housing market, in order to identify homogeneous areas and to define the marginal contribution that a single location (outlined by these areas) gives to the market value of the property. The model has been built on a sample of 280 data, related to the trades of residential real estate units occurred between 2008 and 2010 in the city of Potenza (Basilicata, southern Italy). The  results of territory zoning into homo-geneous market areas, in addition to the undoubted usefulness in the field of real estate valuations, has useful implications in terms of taxation, programming territorial transformations and checking ongoing or ex post planning decisions.

The restoration of the former Pirelli Tower in Milan (dating back to the early 50s) it is exemplary of various issues in the approach to the "conservation of the new", because it was realised with a broad use of industrial products evoked different kind of reflections, if only within the same planning methodology, common to all interventions of architectural restoration. Indeed this restoration has constituted an exemplary episode where only a careful, critical evaluation allowed the understanding of which elements it would be important to conserve and which elements could be substituted or updated, conducting case-by-case evaluations. Conservation of a "new" architecture, indeed, is not different from another restoration problem except for the closeness in time to the original works and, sometimes, also with its creator. The topic is very interesting, complex and stimulating, especially today when the new technology is rapidly evolving call attention to more questions.
That is also due to the Technical-Scientific Commission (chaired by Adriano De Maio and Giulio Ballio and composed by Pietro Petraroia, Maria Antonietta Crippa, Giovanni Carbonara and Carla Di Francesco) it was performed a conservative intervention and not a remake, with choices in respect of historical and cultural values of the building. Elaboration of preliminary and final design are of the Renato Sarno Group of Milan and the study Multari + Corvino of Naples.
The main intervention concerned the recovery of the structures itself of over 10,000 m2 of continuous façades in aluminium and glass in a skyscraper designed by Italian master Gio Ponti and the repair of the damages to the r. c. structures (designed by another Italian master, Pier Luigi Nervi) to the plane's impact. The straightening and the repair of r.c using entirely innovative methods and the conservation of the structures of the whole façade translated also into financial savings (of 20% with respect to the complete substitution of the curtain wall). This idea of authenticity leads to a method of restoration where all single parts may be not always replaced for every functional upgrade. These are important news, especially for modern architecture which usually preferred the value of what appeared new, showing parts always perfect any was the time they were built. This is the sign of a time where people pay attention also to the conservation of those items that few years ago were considered only industrial products.

Kültepe (Kayseri) became an important trade and cultural center between Anatolia, Northern Syria and Mesopotamia starting with the end of the third millennium B.C. Kültepe structures, consisting of mudbrick walls on stone foundations and wood pillars to carry the roof, formed the basis of the typical Hittite architecture. The area excavated in Kültepe so far is only a part of this grand settlement; however, it is quite a large area compared to many other sites covered by protective constructions. So, it is very important to develop active conservation methods for Kültepe's unsheltered adobe ruins that are under thread of erosion. In this study, a laboratory characterization was made for future experimental preservation studies, in which the physical, mineralogical and chemical properties of the in situ soil remains from a collapsed structure in Kültepe were measured. Initially, color classification, grain specific gravity and specific surface area were identified. Grain size distribution, consistency limits, volumetric and linear shrinkage ratios of the material were determined by mechanical analyses, and the soil was classified based on its granulometry and plasticity characteristics. Clay minerals were identified by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscope (SEM-EDS) analyses, and sand grains were studied under binocular microscope and polarization microscope for mineralogical analyses. As for the chemicals analyses, soil pH was measured, soluble salt content was examined by simple spot tests and conductivity measurements, and organic matter, calcium carbonate contents were approximately determined according to weight loss on ignition.

The gestalt principles are perception and what is visually communicated by objects. These principles describe the visual language within which we work. Understanding how a designer realizes things visually will help designers communicate better. Many designers use Gestalt principles to have a structure visual stimulus, so as to create interfaces that are easy for users to understand. Because the understanding of visual perception is a critical item in any designer's toolkit. Islamic heritage buildings also contain many architectural values, especially the Sultan Hassan Mosque in Cairo. Through this paper, we will verify the use of gestalt principles of visual perception in the building design. Because the psychological organization of the design, achieves the understanding and awareness of the current relationships between the elements, depending on the extent of regularity, accuracy, and consistency of the design elements. This makes us recognize the esthetic values of Sultan Hassan's building and mosque. The visual delight we get from architecture begins with how we perceive it. So, in order to understand how visual delight arises, we must first understand how we perceive and interpret visual stimuli. Especially since the principles of gestalt confirm that the human brain tends to make tricks and illusions. Therefore, we found the mosque designer had exploited this fact during the design process, to exclude any possibility of the resulting misunderstanding. The designer achieved the psychological preparation of the visitor by using some principles of visual perception of the Gestalt theory, such as growth, continuity, and hierarchy.

Authorship, not only as a synonym for architectural
quality, but also as a capability of adaptation and
modification, due to the arrival of new needs and new
functions. Resilience as the capability of an artefact to
respond to the needs of historical, spatial and functional
transformations. Sometimes, authorship and resilience
coexist within a single architectural work. The building
is thought as an organism, subject to one or more life
cycles, which grows, changes and deteriorates. Some
industrial buildings have already partially undergone
a recovery or reuse process, while numerous others
still await a revitalization. It is essential to put in the
artefact a function that is placed in continuity with the
original principles of the work and which can enhance its
architectural aspects.

This paper reports findings from a study of the
adaptive re-purposing of farm buildings for a wide array
of agritourism activities. The research is being conducted
in New Zealand where the international visitor sector is
thriving. In response, an increasing number of farmers are
attempting to boost their farm incomes by adding tourism
ventures to their business portfolios. In doing so, many
of them are using and preserving rural cultural heritage,
particularly old agricultural and other rural buildings,
while also diversifying farm activity. This element of agritourism therefore has an important role in the protection
and adaptive re-use of farm buildings, farm landscape
change, and the creation of new value and values in the
countryside. In the cases we have studied, this entrepreneurial activity is largely farmer-driven and undertaken
with some, but limited, financial support from central and
local government. In considering the policy implications
of our work, we call for the provision of advisory services
to facilitate and enable New Zealand farmers to create
profitable and sustainable high-quality tourism services
that simultaneously preserve farm buildings.

This paper is a case study of the trams now kept at Depot No. 5 at Legnicka 65 in Wrocław, Poland. The site provides a context for exploring two core issues around archaeological approaches to the contemporary past. The first is how materiality and immateriality are deeply interwoven in the context of modern heritage sites, with the overlap providing the grounds for discussion on the material theology of modern ruins. The second is the consequences of seeing modern ruins as heritage sites worth preserving for future generations. The conclusion of this paper is that if heritage is to be saved, it should be saved first of all from its saviours.

The purpose of our study is to test close range photogrammetry as an engineering tool, in an architectural project for two different sites. The first is an urban site in Reims (Champagne, France), where we are studying the conversion of an eight hectares wide waste ground, left vacant following old military barracks. The second is the old malt house of Ingwiller (Alsace, France), where it is necessary to establish the survey of existing buildings, and test the ability of current spaces to spring up again an activity. The two project scales are different: one is urban, whereas the other one is in the domain of building architecture. One must be able to seize their context by a global outline of their study areas, as well as know their dimensions. Such projects requires appropriate analysis tools. Multiple-view photogrammetry can become an additional and effective tool for architectural engineering, through the use of a digital model of existing buildings. The use of a digitized representation in the very early phases of design allows to directly work with shapes and building volumetry, and to choose the working point of view independently of the initial photos. The use of the PhotoModeler TM software package makes it possible to integrate the production of a digital model during the architectural design phase. This study allows us to test compatibility in the concurrent evolution of the digital model and of the architectural project. One must serve the other in a permanent and continuous evolution.

The development of a specification to standardise the capture, presentation and delivery of point clouds for cultural heritage applications is a necessary step in the acceptance of laser scanning as an every day survey technique. For a number of years English Heritage, England's national body for the conservation of cultural heritage, has maintained a specification stating the requirements for the capture of metric survey data by photogrammetric, rectified and orthorectified photography, REDM and hand methods. The development of laser scanning and its obvious potential in cultural heritage has led to the development of a similar set of standards for this new technology.

The ultimate purpose of this work is to reconstruct photogrammetrically a distinguished building in the centre of Athens, which has been torn down years ago. Five old photographs were available taken apparently with the same camera, the nominal calibration parameters of which could be somehow 'guessed'. As a first step, it was decided to employ our own bundle-adjustment software, which works within a commercial CAD environment. Besides, unlike most commercially available 3D reconstruction software, it allows full control over the whole adjustment process (by presenting individual image point residuals, producing RMS errors for check points, accommodating additional calibration parameters etc.). A second task was to compare these results with PhotoModeler, in order to evaluate this widely used (but in certain aspects 'obscure') tool against a rigorous photogrammetric approach. Besides solutions with no control information, a few full and partial control points were established from existing architectural drawings, allowing self-calibration procedures. The two software tools produced essentially equivalent results, thus validating the precision of the PhotoModeler approach. However, certain additional features of a proper bundle adjustment program (e.g. recovery of radial lens distortion, self-calibration with minimal or unconventional control), discussed here, may allow a fuller exploitation of the powerful reconstruction and visualisation tools of the PhotoModeler type. It was confirmed that, using suitable software, rigorous approaches can be applied to historic images, and results of reasonable precision may be expected, limited only by possible inaccuracies in scale.

Niell addresses the fascinating topic of Cuban heritage and urban change in Havana in the period of political upheaval in the Spanish empire between 1754 and 1828. While the stated objective of the book is to analyse the transformations in the monument of El Templete and Havana’s Plaza de Armas,
it encompasses a much wider range of topics and processes. Th theoretical framework draws strongly on critical heritage studies, using a broad – although elusive – defiition of heritage as the uses of the past in the present, and in particular the author builds on the idea of dissonant heritage elaborated
by Tunbridge and Ashworth (1996). Th book develops the argument that the Bourbons used urban transformations in Havana – particularly in the Plaza the Armas – to impose their reformist agenda together with a more rigorously colonial society. Heritage was fundamental in the negotiation of
these transformations, and Greco-Roman neoclassicism became the authorised language of what Niell defies as ‘cultural modernity’. As conveyed in heritage discourse and practice this allowed both Spanish authorities and local Creole elites to negotiate their interests and identities, while disinheriting Afro-Cubans from the national narrative and excluding them in practice from Havana’s political community.

Aim of the paper is a reflection on the concept of Historical Town and on the issues in its surveying. The background is analyzed to state the more significant topics and to trace an operational line of study. The point of view is the historical-critical methodology for architectural analysis. The urban heritage is seen as a work of art made by the sylloge of architectures and urban spaces, defined by the modification and stratifications processes occurred during centuries. In particular the values of the urban heritage roots on a “relational” system; it can be studied with historical synchronic and diachronic interpretations and values’ judgments, useful to make evident the current characteristics, i.e. what we have to preserve.