Architectural Heritage Conservation

The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) has lost much of its traditional appearance and identity since the mid-twentieth century, mainly due to economic development and urbanization, with the introduction of new technologies, regulations, and building materials. The features and elements of heritage buildings in Saudi cities have suffered from the impacts of modernity, with heritage domestic buildings fading into history and extinction. This paper examines Saudi architectural heritage design in terms of building materials and strategies related to various geographic areas in the five regions of the KSA (Central, Western, Eastern, Northern, and Southern). It then discusses the reasons that led to the disappearance of the architectural heritage of the KSA, followed by explanation of current attempts to conserve the architectural heritage in the local built environment.

Traditional water systems across India were developed by local communities as adaptive responses to the hydrological needs of the region, shaped by geographic terrain and natural drainage patterns. These systems, comprising kunds, vavs, bawaris, baolis, bawdis, kalyanis, jhalras, johads, eri, pushkarnis, kulams, among others, represent a diverse and context-specific legacy of sustainable water management. Despite their historical and ecological significance, many of these structures today remain neglected, structurally compromised, or polluted. Yet, in the face of intensifying water scarcity and the escalating impacts of climate change, these vernacular systems offer critical insights into resilient water practices. This research underscores the importance of documenting traditional water heritage structures as a means of preserving the embedded indigenous knowledge systems and promoting their integration into contemporary water management strategies. It particularly emphasizes the role of digital documentation techniques, which enable the precise recording of the site condition at a specific moment in time. However, the process of digitally documenting such structures poses various technical, logistical, and contextual challenges. The research paper aims to develop standardized methodologies for the digital documentation of traditional water systems in India. It does so through a typological review of water heritage structures of India, followed by an in-depth analysis of five case studies of digital documentation by the author from distinct geographical regions. By examining the approaches adopted, the challenges encountered, and the mitigation strategies employed in each case, the paper proposes a set of context-sensitive standards and guidelines. In a landscape where technical manuals and standard protocols for digital documentation are limited, this paper aims to serve as a foundational reference for future documentation and conservation initiatives.

Anadolu'nun coğrafi açıdan tarıma elverişli ve verimli bölgelerinden birisi olan İç Anadolu kesiminde yer alan Konya ili, aynı zamanda ülkemizin en kurak bölgesi olduğu için tarihin her döneminde sulama sorununa çözüm aramıştır. Bu sorunun çözümü için yapılan çalışmaların en kapsamlılarından birisi de 20. yüzyılın başlarında hayata geçirilen Konya Ovası Sulaması Projesi'dir. Beyşehir gölünden alınan suyun kanallarla Çumra'ya taşınması çalışmalarını içeren proje, Osmanlının son dönemindeki en önemli yatırımlarından birisidir. Dönemine göre iddialı ve büyük projenin idari yönetim binası da aynı ilçede oluşturulmuştur. Proje, bir Alman şirket tarafından hayata geçirilirken, yerleşke içerisine yine aynı firma tarafından inşa edilen idari bina ve lojmanlar adeta Almanların geleneksel konut anlayışının temsilcisi olarak inşa edilmişlerdir. Gerek tasarım ve gerekse estetik anlayış olarak dikkat çekici yapılar olan ve idari bina, lojmanlar ve atölye binasından meydana gelen yapılar, cephe özellikleriyle de birbiriyle uyum içindedirler. Yerleşkede yer alan idari bina çatı katı ile birlikte üç katlı olarak inşa edilmişken, başmühendis lojmanı çatı katı dahil 2 katlı olarak yapılmıştır. Mühendis lojmanları ise tek katlı olup, tüm lojmanlarda bodrum kat bulunmaktadır. Aynı zamanda ilçenin en eski yapıları olan bu binalar günümüzde de halen kullanılmaktadır. Bununla beraber bugüne kadar herhangi bir bilimsel çalışmada konu edilmemiştir. Çalışma, bu özel yapıların ilk kez literatüre kazandırılacak olması açısından önem arz etmektedir.

No presente artigo descríbense os instrumentos de ordenación do territorio dos que se dotou Galicia recentemente. As Directrices de Ordenación do Territorio (DOT), marco de referencia das actuacións na materia, así como o primeiro plan territorial subrexional, o plan de ordenación do litoral (POL). O fío condutor da análise de tales documentos é a sostibilidade. Unha ollada nova ao territorio, desde a comprensión do existente, do legado patrimonial que herdamos e baixo a idea de que xestionamos un recurso escaso e dificilmente renovable. Á luz destes principios a ordenación territorial debe afrontar o reto de recoñecer e interpretar unha realidade complexa que opera nun ámbito continuo e cuxa evolución resulta difícil de predicir. Un compromiso que interpela ao conxunto da cidadanía e que nos obriga a todos a adoptar as medidas axeitadas para poder mitigar os efectos dun modelo de crecemento insostible. Está nas nosas mans, aínda, a posibilidade de inducir cambios que invirtan estas tendencias.

Mardin'in tarihi dokusu üzerinde en belirgin etkiyi bırakan figürlerden biri olan Ermeni asıllı Mimarbaşı Lole, 19. ve erken 20. yüzyılda birçok önemli eserin inşa sürecinde aktif rol üstlenmiş ve onarım süreçlerinde yer almıştır. Çalışma, Mardin'in çok katmanlı tarihi dokusu içerisinde yer edinmiş bir yapı ustasının, günümüze kadar ulaşmış ve kendisine atfedilmiş eserlerinin detaylı bir belgelemesini yapmayı amaçlamaktadır. Mimarbaşı tarafından inşa edilen veya onarımı gerçekleştirilen eserleri tespit etmek ve inşa pratiğini ortaya koymak amacıyla dört aşamalı bir yöntem kullanılmıştır. İlk aşamada literatürden elde edilen veriler doğrultusunda kendisine atfedilen eserler belirlenmiştir. İkinci aşamada Mardin tarihi dokusunda bu eserlerin çevresi ile kurduğu ilişkinin tespiti için harita oluşturulmuş ve üçüncü aşamada özelliklerine göre tablolaştırılmıştır. Son aşamada, ardışık bir yaklaşımla eserler ve özellikleri incelenmiş ve inşa pratiğinin zaman içinde nasıl evrildiğine dair değerlendirmelere yer verilmiştir. Kentin farklı alanlarında konaklar, kiliseler, eğitim ve idari yapıların da arasında yer aldığı birçok eserde etkin rol aldığı görülmüş ve bölgede belirli bir mimari ve kültürel formasyonun mevcutta yer aldığı, Lole tarafından ortaya konan formasyonun bunun dışında olmadığı sonucuna varılmıştır.

By adopting Western historiographical methods, Orientalists applied a linear system of periodization to the study of Islamic architecture and urbanism. This approach segmented Islamic history according to ruling dynasties (Rashidun Caliphate, Umayyad, Abbasid, and so forth) rendering it fragmented and disjointed, despite its coherence within the broader unifying framework of Islam. Emphasizing the physical architectural end products over the underlying mechanisms that shaped them, each dynastic period was associated with a distinct architectural style. Yet, does this mode of periodization align with the actual history of Islamic architecture? This paper seeks to move beyond the Orientalist approach of dynastic-based periodization by proposing an alternative framework grounded in the actual mechanisms of built environment production across Islamic history. It examines how transformations in political power, jurisprudence, and knowledge intersected to shape built environments across Islamic history. The paper adopts Ibn Khaldun's perspective on political modes and the cyclical rise and fall of states as its theoretical framework. It argues that the transition toward political royal modes and the emergence of rational political practices progressively shifted the mechanisms of built environment production from ones rooted in Sharīʿa rights-based mechanisms to those driven by political power and rationalized statecraft. This shift gave rise to authoritarian built environments. As the dominant discourse remains centered on these politicized built environments, the paper reveals the misconceptions embedded in the prevailing periodization framework, ultimately challenging the validity of its orientalist bases.

While the issue of illuminating cultural assets is a design problem in itself, the subject becomes muchmore complicated if the cultural assets to be illuminated are urban landmarks. The lighting of historical urban landmarks is an increasingly common practice in the world and in our country recently. In orderfor these applications to be professional and qualified designs, they must have architectural, technical,economic and ecological sensitivities. In this study, first of all, the subject of illuminating the historicalcity landmarks is discussed at the urban and building scale. Illuminating the historical city landmarks isevaluated on national and international examples. A theoretical structure has been created with theseknowledge. In the light of this information, a lighting dialogue based on the symbolic values of thecultural assets was established between the Maiden's Tower, which is (one of)the landmark of the cityof Istanbul, and Maiden’s Castle, which is the landmark of the city of MersinThe fact that the existinglighting of Maiden’s Castle is incompatible with the cultural heritage values of the historical building isthe main reason for the need for this dialogue. Within the scope of the literature review of the study, itwas determined that professional lighting should have criterias such as the hierarchy of occupancy,space, height perceptions, architectural forms and elements of the buildings and emphasizing the urbansymbol value, based on the information obtained by examining the cultural assets from Turkey and theworld. At this point, the professional and qualified lighting of the Maiden's Tower, which meets thesecriteria, has been accepted as the pioneer of the lighting dialogue established between the two historicalbuildings. In the context of the determined lighting criteria, the current lighting of Kızkalesi has beendiscussed from a critical point of view, with taking into account the past lighting processes. In thiscontext, considering the past lighting processes of Maiden’s Castle, the current lighting has been handledwith a critical perspective and it has been emphasized that Maiden’s Castle should need a qualifiedlighting.

In this study, the lighting designs of cultural assets, which are symbols of the past of societies, are discussed. While lighting designs require professional approaches on their own, these designs should be handled with a much more sensitive approach when it comes to the lighting of cultural assets. From this point of view, based on the lighting design practices which were examined, the original product of the study; inputs that need to be planned and studies that need to be done in lighting of cultural assets have been determined. With this information, the lighting process of cultural assets; A Lighting Management Plan has been created, which includes the definition of the studies that need to be done, the experts and actors that need to be involved. Along with the inadequacy of theoretical and practical knowledge and experience on the subject, the focus is on the lack of legislation in our country for the lighting of cultural assets. As a result, the necessity of preparing a Principle Decision Proposal that defines the lighting process with a multi-dimensional approach has been put forward. The study created with this scope has been presented to the literature in order to guide the professional illumination of cultural assets.

L’architettura contemporanea è una disciplina complessa, dinamica e in continua evoluzione che richiede nuovi strumenti per la sua tutela e conservazione, in quanto non è solo la progettazione di edifici nuovi, ma anche un’espressione profonda della società attuale, dei suoi valori, delle sue sfide e delle sue aspirazioni.

Contemporary architecture is a complex, dynamic, and constantly evolving discipline that requires new tools for its protection and conservation. It is not just the design of new buildings, but also a profound expression of contemporary society, its values, challenges, and aspirations.

Autoria de Valter dos Santos Lameirinha e Manoela Rufinoni.
Resumo: A empresa canadense The São Paulo Railway, Light and Power Company Limited (conhecida como Cia. Light) foi protagonista na produção e fornecimento de energia elétrica para a cidade de São Paulo, entre o final do século XIX e a primeira metade do século XX. Nesse processo, a Cia. Ligth edificou uma complexa rede de estruturas industriais voltadas ao abastecimento de residências, conjuntos fabris, transporte e iluminação pública, artefatos que hoje adquirem interesse como patrimônio urbano industrial da capital paulista. Entre os diversos testemunhos documentais que evidenciam a atuação da Cia. Light, bem como a memória da indústria e do trabalho do setor de energia na cidade de São Paulo, focamos no estudo das chamadas subestações: espaços e edifícios de pequeno, médio e grande porte voltados a abrigar equipamentos geradores e distribuidores de energia elétrica. Parte relevante desse conjunto arquitetônico industrial sobreviveu às transformações urbanas, no entanto, exemplares significativos vêm sendo demolidos nos últimos anos, situação que evidencia a necessidade de inventariá-los. Nesse contexto, apresentamos neste artigo os métodos de investigação e inventariação adotados para identificar e analisar as subestações e os edifícios remanescentes da Cia. Light no município de São Paulo, considerando sua importância histórica na configuração do território e na transformação da dinâmica urbana, bem como sua caracterização como patrimônio industrial.

Some issues concerning the repair and chemical protection methodology of ammonium nitrate granulation RC technological tower shaft №1 of M-9 workshop PJSC "Azot" in Cherkasy was described. Variants of primary and secondary structures corrosion protection are given. Concrete deterioration and defects of secondary protection of concrete are described. It was revealed that during the initial inspection of ammonium nitrate granulation RC technological tower structures, the tower №1 concrete condition in a number of sections has both surface and through destruction. According to the technical assessment results and calculation analysis, which revealed the practical absence of RC tower trunk bearing capacity reserves, the design of its strengthening was proposed. It was implemented by a system of vertical and horizontal RC stiffeners for the possibility of its overhaul. A technological repair works sequence roadmap was developed. Sika Group offers a system of internal and external concrete surfaces chemical protection of tower trunk. Repair and chemical protection against aggressive influences on an internal and external surface of a RC trunk wsa offered. The use of concrete inside and outside continuous chemical protection system of tower trunk has shown that Sika's innovative products and innovative repair systems and technologies are making inroads in the practice of construction production in the absence of a regulatory framework.

Abstract
This study examines the deterioration issues affecting the distinctive stone facades characteristic of the architecture from the French Mandate period (1920-1946) in Damascus. The investigation focuses on the Ain Al-Kourch quarter, a representative area of residential expansion developed during that era.
The research is structured into four chapters. Chapter One provides a contextual background, analyzing the urban and architectural development of Damascus under the French Mandate. It reviews the urban plans and building regulations enacted during this period, while also considering the preceding late Ottoman era and the conditions that facilitated the emergence of the Mandate's architectural style.
Chapter Two presents the case study of the Ain Al-Kourch quarter within the Sarouja district. It delves into the historical, economic, social, urban, and architectural evolution of this sector. This chapter investigates the factors that influenced the internal and external configuration of these buildings and conducts a comparative analysis with structures built immediately after independence in 1946.
Chapter Three involves a detailed selection of specific buildings from the Mandate period within the case study area. It documents the current state of their facades, comparing them with the original designs submitted in the building permits. Furthermore, it analyzes the traditional craftsmanship and the most significant architectural details employed in these facades. The data collected in Chapters Two and Three were analyzed using graphical charts and the SPSS statistical software package, employing necessary statistical standards with the assistance of a statistical expert from the Faculty of Mathematics at the University of Damascus.
Chapter Four identifies and assesses the various environmental and human-induced pathologies affecting the stone facades, including problems related to the stonework, openings, and balconies. This chapter evaluates these issues and proposes targeted treatment and rehabilitation strategies.
The research concludes with a set of findings and recommendations specific to the case study area and its stone building facades. Additionally, it provides broader recommendations pertinent to the preservation of the historical fabric of residential expansion areas dating from the French Mandate period.

Session at the AISU Conference, Palermo, September 10-13, 2025.
Architectural culture has been transmitted through different ways, methods and practices in the Central European space. The area covered by the Habsburg Empire and the countries that were created by its disintegration still arouses interest for architectural historians, both for the exceptional quality of its main architects, as well as for the dissemination of its ideas all over the Empire. Architectural education was pursued by different institutions, like academies of fine arts, polytechnic schools, schools of applied arts, private schools and architectural studios. Both urban planning and architectural design, including restoration of monuments, were matters taught by these educational establishments. Teaching was shaped by masters like Pietro Nobile, Friedrich von Schmidt, August Sicard von Sicardsburg, Henrich Ferstel, Karl König, Theophil Hansen, Carl von Hasenauer, Otto Wagner, Samu Pecz, Frigyes Schulek, Imre Steindl, Alajos Hauszmann, Julian Zachariewicz, Herman Bollé, Jan Kotěra, Jože Plečnik and many others. Current historiography takes into account each of these schools, e.g.  Academies of Fine Arts and Polytechnics in Vienna, Budapest, Lviv, Prague, the School of Applied Arts in Prague, Brno or in Zagreb, however mostly within national borders.
How did these different traditions shape cities? Are we allowed to find a common thread behind these experiences, particularly, even if not only, in the Central European area? Moreover, how did this culture of education leave its mark on architects and scholars who subsequently spent their lives elsewhere?  All of these questions will be discussed by participants of the session.

The Benitez Hall is an icon, not only for being one of the first structures built on the UP Diliman campus but also for what it stands for. However, because of new spatial needs that must be addressed, the iconic building is in danger of losing its significance as a heritage structure. Thus, a Conservation Management Plan was produced to come up with an intervention that would preserve its relevance to the University.

This paper features narratives that establish the significance of the Benitez Hall, and the conservation approach to be applied in the hope of maintaining its essence or “spirit of place.”

Please submit your abstract for issue n. 19 of Studi e Ricerche di Storia dell'Architettura (the ERIH PLUS Journal of the Italian Association of Architectural Historians), focusing on the the coexistence – in every site, building, construction site – of textures, practices, and values belonging to different epochs, often incongruous, at times dissonant. Deadline: October 10, 2025 – Forthcoming June 2026

It is often stated that conservation is rooted in 'artistic and craftmanship traditions'. The present contribution aims at exploring this commonplace in more detail, using the development of conservation education at the Academy of Fine Arts Vienna as a model. Since its first beginnings in the early twentieth century, the programme was focussed on the conservation of paintings and sculpture exclusively. When Otto Wächter introduced paper conservation in 1965, he opened teaching activities at the Master School to a wide range of objects such as works on paper and innovative methods. Beyond these technical aspects, new forms of teaching, social structures, behaviour, and communicating, as well as general approaches to issues of ethics and aesthetics developed within this new area of specialization. In order to also document aspects of social practices and cultural patterns, over 50 guided expert interviews with former students and teachers of the programme were conducted and complemented with archival sources and published literature. This paper will characterize the genesis of a relatively new area of specialization within conservation and will discuss how it related to the tradition of 'painter-restorers' which had been established at Vienna Academy in the early twentieth century.

This piece, written as a Working Note few months back, engages critically with the Oscar-winning film 'The Brutalist' (2024). While invoking the vocabulary of architecture, the film bypasses the ideological and historical foundations of the Brutalist movement, the presence of which in Indian cities like Chandigarh, Delhi, and Ahmedabad remains both significant and under-acknowledged. Using the film as a cultural trigger, the essay reflects on how architectural narratives are often flattened in media representations, and how Brutalism continues to provoke responses that merit renewed attention.

The temple works are of varying scales in terms of project size and engagement of the practice. While some works have carried on for decades, some have been of short visits limited to a few hours. Some have stopped at the approach paper stage while some have stopped at the proposal stage. Some have had the privilege of being able to support analysis of paints and mortars, iconography and paintings while others have had to rely on conjecture considering the needs of the religious establishments that would like to present a complete picture instead of an archaeologically accurate and faithful one. Some have the research on history, archaeology and iconography while others have minimal engagement as far as this aspect is concerned. Crafts of stone work, wood work, lime stucco, baked clay tiles, painting using gum binders and natural pigments, metal work in copper, bronze, silver, gold and alloys, illumination etc have been the engagement in some cases while in others we have had to stop at the stage of appreciating the skill sets of an earlier era. Strange tales and myths have been the spiritual essence of many a sites but the intangible spirit of the temples and the combinations of the visible and invisible worlds that lie at the heart of this building type are a fascinating indulgence. The learning experience for many a young architects who picked up several skills on the way and helped make the drawings, records, and three dimensional  visuals is indeed a collaborative pursuit which made the journeys worthy of the time invested in them.

This remarkable group of buildings, once located in an agricultural and farming setting but now in the growing residential suburb of Keysborough, has the first weatherboard church of 1861 (now part of the Sunday School hall), the second and more substantial Gothic Revival masonry church of 1877 and the 1935 Sunday School hall.
This church and hall complex is an exemplar of a special church complex in a pioneering West Gippsland farming area that would ordinarily yield just a simple weatherboard clad design. In this case the early date of the first church and the substantial nature of the second reflected the depth of Wesleyan faith in the community, the patronage of the wealthy Keys family as well as the ongoing involvement of pioneering families in the locality and within the Shire long after first settlement. The 1935 Sunday School Hall adds historical value to the complex as an additional venue within the group for public gatherings in the area and is still used for church gatherings today. The land and most of the financing of the construction, furnishing and maintenance of the complex was provided by the local community.
Also the result of vigorous activity and effective lobbying by the local farming community, the nearby mid Victorian-era Keysborough State school once helped provide the context of a prosperous farming hamlet. This school is now concealed within a large adjoining housing development but survives. Beyond the church and school complex, the nearby Keys family properties complete the picture of the evolution of a small hamlet within a rich farming area.

años de formación del campo del planeamiento urbano. En este contexto, la Conferencia representará una valiosa oportunidad para el encuentro y el intecambio de información entre los escolares de los dos continentes, con un poco de suerte, promoviendo pautas comunes de investigación. La Conferencia Brasileña " La circulación de ideas sobre estética urbana y arte municipal en Europa y Latino América: 1880-1914" está considerada por sus organizadores como una continuación de la Conferencia Internacional " Camillo Sitte y sus intérpretes" celebrada en Venecia en 1990, y enriquecida por los resultados recientes del "Simposio Camillo Sitte" llevado a cabo en Viena en Noviembre de 2003. Camillo Sitte, Charles Buls, Raymond Unwin, Werner Hegemann, Albert Brinckmann, Thomas Mawson, se encuentran entre los personajes más famosos que influenciaron el debate del planeamiento del periodo en cuestión, más en particular, en relación a la estética urbana. I Congreso Internacional de Historia Urbana " La circulación de ideas sobre estética y arte urbano en Europa y Latino América: 1880-1914" ("The circulation of ideas on urban aesthetics and civic art in Europe and Latin America :1880-1914")

There are several monuments scattered in and around Swayambhu Mahchaitya area and it is believed that Swayambhu Mahachaitya is one of the oldest monuments in Nepal. The tradition of conservation and management system has still been continuing in these cultural heritage, which was developed during the time memorable and there is no written evidence when they were built for the first time, but proves somehow with inscription of later period. Therefore, still need to research or study on them in one hand and in the other hand continuation of tradition on conservation and management system preserved the cultural heritage of Swayambhu area; due to which this significant heritage site has inscribed on the UNESCO's World Heritage List in 1979 as a component of Kathmandu Valley World Heritage Property.Some issues and challenges in conservation and management of the site need to be addressed considering to the traditional system and compatibility with international norms and provisions, that are also connected to the site as listed as a component of the world heritage property.

Die Bauforschung zur antiken Höhensiedlung Zamina und weiterer befestigter Gradine in ihrer Umgebung wurde durch ein Forschungsstipendium des DAI gefördert. Sie ist eingebunden in das deutsch-kroatische Forschungsprojekt der RGK »Vom Karstgebirge bis ins Meer. Eisenzeitliche bis spätantike Formen der Besiedlung, Raumerschließung und -nutzung am Vrana-See (Zadar) in Kroatien«. Im Oktober 2021 erfolgte eine gemeinsame dreiwöchigeBauaufnahme-
Kampagne verschiedener Projektbeteiligter, die vom Handaufmaß bis zum 3D-LiDAR-Scan reichte. Die bauforscherischen Untersuchungen machen  deutlich, wie die Interdependenzen der regionalen naturräumlichen, anthropogenen und wirtschaftlichen Rahmenbedingungen die Siedlungsmorphologie bestimmt haben.

In 2005 the Caja Madrid Foundation, the Regional Government of La Rioja and the Religious Community of the Augustinian Recollects signed an agreement to promote the Cultural Project of Restoration of the church of the 16 th century Monastery of San Millán de Yuso that was included on the World Heritage List in 1997 as birthplace of the Spanish language.An ambitious Communication and Dissemination Plan was launched as part of the restoration project, aimed at introducing young students of the region to the concept of Cultural Heritage and the importance of preserving the values and significance of this World Heritage Site. The Plan consists of a series of activities related to the different parts of a multidisciplinary restoration project that permit the schoolchildren to understand disciplines such as archaeology, historical research, architectural construction, and restoration of furnishings. This initiative is intended to create an educational dynamic that will permit the Regional Office of Education to continue with these workshops even when this restoration process has been completed.

In 2005 the Caja Madrid Foundation, the Regional Government of La Rioja and the Religious Community of the Augustinian Recollects signed an agreement to promote the Cultural Project of Restoration of the church of the 16 th century Monastery of San Millán de Yuso that was included on the World Heritage List in 1997 as birthplace of the Spanish language.An ambitious Communication and Dissemination Plan was launched as part of the restoration project, aimed at introducing young students of the region to the concept of Cultural Heritage and the importance of preserving the values and significance of this World Heritage Site. The Plan consists of a series of activities related to the different parts of a multidisciplinary restoration project that permit the schoolchildren to understand disciplines such as archaeology, historical research, architectural construction, and restoration of furnishings. This initiative is intended to create an educational dynamic that will permit the Regional Office of Education to continue with these workshops even when this restoration process has been completed.

Pathogens contained in airborne respiratory droplets have been seen to remain infectious for periods of time that depend on the ambient temperature and humidity. In particular, regarding the humidity, the empirically least favorable conditions for the survival of viral pathogens are found at intermediate humidities. However, the precise physico-chemical mechanisms that generate such least-favorable conditions are not understood yet. In this work, we analyze the evaporation dynamics of respiratory-like droplets in air, semi-levitating them on superhydrophobic substrates with minimal solid-liquid contact area. Our results reveal that, compared to pure water droplets, the salt dissolved in the droplets can significantly change the evaporation behaviour, especially for high humidities close to and above the deliquesence limit. Due to the hygroscopic properties of salt, water evaporation is inhibited once the salt concentration reaches a critical value that depends on the relative humidity. The salt concentration in a stable droplet reaches its maximum at around 75% relative humidity, generating conditions that might shorten the time in which pathogens remain infectious.

Kaya erozyonu ve onun siddeti ayrismanin siddeti ile dogru orantilidir. Ayrismanin siddetli oldugu kayalarda erozyon hizli ve etkili olarak gelisme gosterir. Kaya yuzey sertligindeki degiskenlik ise kayalardaki ayrisma seviyesinin gostergesidir. Ayrismaya ugrayan kayalarda “Kaya yuzey sertligi” azalma yonunde degisim gosterir. Kaya yuzey sertligi Schmidt cekici ile olculebilir ve sayisal olarak ifade edilebilir, siniflandirilabilir.  Bu calismada; Avsa Adasi’nda (Marmara Denizi, Turkiye), Schmidt cekici kullanilarak Granit Kaya yuzey sertligi olcumu yapilmasi, sonuclarin Avsa Adasi icin ayrisma ve erozyon gostergesi olarak degerlendirilmesi amaclanmistir.  Avsa Adasi granitlerinde, 100 farkli lokasyonda, Schmidt cekici kullanilarak kaya yuzey sertligi olcumu yapilmistir. Olcum verilerinin istatistiksel analizleri yapilmis, analizler ile elde edilen yeni verilerin arazi kontrolleri gerceklestirilmistir. Ilk sonuclar; Avsa Adasi icin sertlik tanimlamalari acisindan siniflandirilarak, ...

Sinhagad, is a fort located 30 kilometres SouthWest of the city of Pune. Previously known as Kondhana, the fort has been the site of many important battles, most notably the battle of Sinhagad in 1670. It was also strategically located at the centre of a string of other forts such as
Rajgad, Purandar and Torna. Perched on an isolated cliff of the Bhuleswar ranges of the Sahyadri mountains, it is situated on a hill rising 1312 metres above sea level. Given natural protection by its very steep slopes, the walls and bastions were constructed at only key places; it has two gates –
the Kalyan Darwaza in the South - East and the Pune Darwaza in the North - East. A letter was received from the Assistant Director, Department of Archaeology, Government of Maharashtra , Pune dated 17.06.2015 appointing KIMAYA as the Consulting Architects for theproposed repairs and restoration being carried out at Sinhagad Fort under the 13th Planning
Commission. The work involved scrutiny of prepared estimates for the work, preparation of drawings for restoration and guiding and supervising the shortlisted contractors (M. Construction Technique, Wadala, Mumbai) regarding the work done. Therefore , site visits were organised on
3rd & 11th June ‘15 to survey the Fort and conduct documentation of dilapidated sections of the FortWall near the Darukhana, Kalavantinicha Buruj and Khankonda Tank.

Conservation and heritage areas both are very sensible and important for any nation. For our country, Nepal, it is more important asit has lots of national and international heritage areas and have to conserve as much as possible in a suitable and best way. As one should know the typical type of process which can be followed as required by any heritage area. To conserve the heritage area, one may follow one or more than one process for same project. According to international conservation pattern or rules, here comes few types of conservation ways which may be fitted for our context too.

Climate change is becoming one of humanity's major concerns. Remarkable steps are being implemented to reduce global emissions in all economic sectors, including the built environment. Historical buildings use a considerable amount of energy and produce emissions; therefore, retrofitting these buildings will enhance the global path towards zero-emissions targets. This paper applies a systematic literature review methodology to identify the research around energy efficiency retrofit in historical buildings, then analyzes this data to find out the common scopes of these studies. After that, the study focuses on the research that covered the life cycle assessment. Lastly, the paper identifies where the research in this field stands, what is accomplished, and what needs to be done. The study used two databases, ScienceDirect and the Web of Science. The output of this study that evaluated 362 publications showed that research in historical building energy efficiency has increased significantly in the last ten years. A few studies cover the topic of whole life cycle assessments and mainly focus on specific processes: energy/emissions, or specific suggested interventions. The suggested future plans for research in this area are to consider the whole life energy and emissions in retrofitted historical buildings.

El Mercado de Abastos de Santiago de Compostela, proyectado en 1937-1938 por el arquitecto Joaquín Vaquero Palacios (1900-1998), debía resolver de partida, a juicio de su autor, dos cuestiones esenciales: servir a las necesidades propias del mercado de la ciudad y estar a la altura de la calidad arquitectónica de su centro histórico, huyendo de cualquier pretensión de monumentalidad y fundiéndose, además, con la antigua trama de origen medieval. En este artículo se analizan dos documentos imprescindibles para comprender las principales decisiones de proyecto de esta obra maestra, su carácter profundamente visionario y su utilidad actual como motor de la recuperación de los sistemas alimentarios de proximidad. El primero de ellos es una memoria técnica inédita que el arquitecto asturiano entregó en 1938, acompañando al proyecto. El segundo de ellos es una memoria de proyecto, en forma epistolar, escrita por Vaquero para acompañar a la revista Composición arquitectónica en 1983.
The Abastos Food Market in Santiago de Compostela, designed in 1938 by the architect Joaquín Vaquero Palacios (1900-1998), had to resolve, from the outset, in the opinion of its author, two essential questions: to serve the specific needs of the city's market and to live up to the architectural quality of its historic centre, avoiding any pretension of monumentality and also blending in with the old medieval layout. This article analyses two documents that are essential for understanding the main design decisions of this masterpiece, its profoundly visionary character and its current usefulness as a driving force for the recovery of local food systems. The first of these is an unknown technical report that the Asturian architect submitted in 1938, accompanying the project. The second is a project memory, in epistolary form, written by Vaquero to accompany the journal Composición arquitectónica in 1983.

The Abastos Market in Santiago de Compostela-Praza de Abastos-designed by the Asturian architect Joaquín Vaquero Palacios (1900-1998), has not yet been sufficiently studied, despite being one of the masterpieces of 20th century Spanish architecture and an essential public infrastructure of Compostela's local food systems. A symbol of Galicia's food culture and a lesson in real architecture and a commitment to social reality, this market was designed, from its conception in 1937, with a profoundly visionary perspective: that of integrating the village and the countryside into the city. In doing so, it anticipated some of the guiding principles of the Milan Pact of 2015 and the European Green Pact of 2019, as well as serving as a tribute to the rich architectural culture of this Atlantic territory.

The Abastos Market in Santiago de Compostela-Praza de Abastos-designed by the Asturian architect Joaquín Vaquero Palacios (1900-1998), has not yet been sufficiently studied, despite being one of the masterpieces of 20th century Spanish architecture and an essential public infrastructure of Compostela's local food systems. A symbol of Galicia's food culture and a lesson in real architecture and a commitment to social reality, this market was designed, from its conception in 1937, with a profoundly visionary perspective: that of integrating the village and the countryside into the city. In doing so, it anticipated some of the guiding principles of the Milan Pact of 2015 and the European Green Pact of 2019, as well as serving as a tribute to the rich architectural culture of this Atlantic territory.

Reparation is the new restoration. In its ethical approach it exemplifies a different attitude towards the built environment and the concept of conservation. Expanding on Wilfried Lipp’s notion of the “repair society” as the guiding principle for the 21st century, reparation goes beyond the pragmatic and material nature of restoring damaged goods to making right what was wrong in a broader sense. As such, it has the potential to define an innovative approach to adaptive reuse, highlighting its social or political dimension and linking it to the current debate on decolonisation.

As a sociocultural product, the home is shaped by specific sociocultural norms and values. Economic development and modernisation have significantly affected the architecture of many Muslim homes, resulting in a disconnection from Islamic culture. This paper explores two sociocultural factors in Muslim housing: privacy and gender segregation. The analysis highlights how the principles of traditional Islamic architecture are still woven into contemporary designs, using Ksar Tafilelt in Algeria as a case study. The aim of this paper is to demonstrate that the Mozabite house in Ksar Tafilelt continues to uphold the social customs and religious beliefs of its residents despite the influences of modernisation. Through fieldwork and comparative analysis, both the traditional house in the original Mozabite settlement and the contemporary house in Ksar Tafilelt are examined in terms of user zones rather than functional zones. This approach investigates how these homes uphold traditional Mozabite architectural patterns while accommodating contemporary comfort needs. The study methodology also includes a combination of questionnaires and interviews conducted with a sample of 70 residents from Ksar Tafilelt. The findings reveal factors that have enabled the Mozabite community to maintain its Islamic identity. They also emphasise a notably conservative, family-oriented culture, which is reflected in the organisation of household spaces. This research study highlights the significance of involving the community in housing projects and comprehending the sociocultural principles of the local population throughout the construction process. This research was conducted as part of a PhD project funded by Cardiff University.

It is stated that 3D recording and modelling of heritage buildings entails accurate building models (as-built). However, this paper presents an analysis of the 3D modelling accuracy for the creation of historical building information models (HBIM), considering the complexity and the deformations of historical buildings, using point cloud data and BIM tools. The 3D modelling processes analysed are based on a three-stage semi-automatic approach leading to the generation of HBIM, including manual and automatic processes. The three stages consist of: (a) optical and terrestrial laser scanning; (b) meshing processes; and finally (c) 3D solid modelling to be assembled into HBIM. Next, this approach analysed the mesh deformations generated automatically in comparison to the initial point cloud data. The deformations and the accuracy evaluation have been undertaken using different commercial software. Finally, our modelling approach shows that it can improve the accuracy of the 3D models achieved using existing BIM technologies.

The paper compares two remarkable fortified historic towns namely Rhodes Town (Rhodes) and Valletta (Malta). In history the two cities were the seats of the Knights of St. John, a formidable military force in the Mediterranean (1306 to 1522 and 1530 to 1798, respectively). Both still possess a rich urban heritage including extensive fortifications. Both are listed as World Heritage Sites. Both are dynamic urban centres and important tourist destinations. The paper compares the similarities and differences on matters of planning and conservation. In particular it will consider to what extent conservation initiatives enable the two cities to cope with modern-day urban and tourism pressures.

The paper aims to critically analyse the main results obtained so far in terms of management in a BIM environment of the information related to the process of knowledge and conservation of the architectural heritage (representation of constructive characters and phases, state of decay and crack pattern, planning of interventions, etc.). Particular attention is paid to evaluating the effectiveness of informative models as a support for ‘structural conservation’ projects, appraising the (currently poor) interoperability with computational models, as well as the possibility of inserting into the BIM model data regarding mechanical properties
and other fundamental information to assess the structural behaviour of historic buildings. Having highlighted the limits, mainly linked to software shortcomings, and the frontiers for research, an interdisciplinary
development path is suggested. Through the guided implementation of a commercial software, an enrichment of its informative and semantic apparatus is proposed, in order to make the model a kind of ‘guide’ that helps the survey and the understanding of the constructive features of architectural heritage.

Digital Twins – as well as HBIM models on which they are based – are among those technological tools that today can facilitate, if well directed, the implementation of methodological assumptions that were already fully
formulated in the Venice Charter: the importance of documenting the building and the interventions carried out as well as the subsequent publication of the information collected; the systematic execution of maintenance activities (today we would say conservation); the use of all techniques contributing to the conservation of architectural heritage. Sixty years later, the changed conditions, including technological advancement, pose different challenges to those involved in conservation. The aim of the contribution is, therefore, to provide a definition of the interdisciplinary concept of Digital Twin as a tool to support planned conservation practise, highlighting its potentialities and risks, also through the critical analysis of the main results obtained so far in the field of conservation and monitoring of historical structures. The first outcomes of the application of this approach to the case study of Palazzo Pallavicino in Parma – particularly interesting because of the large amount of data available – will then be discussed.

The Sorrento Peninsula is characterized by a significant occurrence of examples of vernacular architecture, which exhibit distinctive morphological and constructive features. These have been the subject of numerous studies. However, some buildings have undergone a process of transformation over time, the details of which have yet to be investigated. Architectures that initially held a rural character were enlarged and ennobled, thereby becoming what could be termed as "villas of delights". However, these clearly manifest their origin based on the permanence of some vernacular features. This paper focuses on the analysis of a case study, Villa Murat, which is exemplary in illustrating this process. This thorough interdisciplinary research combines historical investigation, based mainly on archival documents, with a direct examination of the Villa. This has enabled the retracing of the building's evolution and of the events that occurred in it. An integrated survey, which employed photogrammetry and laser scanning, enabled the assessment of the current state of conservation. The ultimate objective of this research is to propose conservative interventions which, in conjunction with the suggested new intended use, could ensure the preservation of the Villa.

The paper proposes an approach for defining a generative modelling process of complex objects and their sharing. The case study is the Stronghold of Arquata del Tronto, a monument of extraordinary historical, cultural and landscape value, damaged by the earthquake in 2016. The first step has been data acquisition on a geometrical level, through laser scanner and UAV photogrammetry, and on a historical level, through archival research to understand construction phases and transformations. The Stronghold was probably built between the 11 and the 12th century on a hill to control the territory. It underwent several transformations and neglection phases over the centuries. The second phase has been the generative modelling following the scan-to-BIM approach. The three-dimensional model is intended to support the design phases, from preliminary analysis to the construction site. For this reason, the Stronghold has been modelled with different Grade of Generation (GOG). The study of the eastern curtain wall, where the signs suffered by the structure due to the earthquake are most evident, was deepened through a Building Archaeology preliminary analysis. The third phase aimed at orienting the HBIM towards three digital information-sharing solutions such as Common Data Environment (CDE), and Virtual Reality (VR) to enhance the cultural and historical values, supporting the reopening of the Stronghold as a venue for conferences and exhibitions.