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* Effective smectite = the content of smectite in the 2 u fraction multiplied by the amount of the clay fraction. nm = not measured.

Table 4 * Effective smectite = the content of smectite in the 2 u fraction multiplied by the amount of the clay fraction. nm = not measured.

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Figure 1. (a) Geological map of the Weinviertel (Image source: © Roland Meingast, Hubert Feig|storfer and Jakob Gredler according to [6]; the geological zones are given according to Heinrich, Hofmann and Roetzel 2004 [17]). (b) Geological map of Southern Burgenland. Key: 16 = loess and loess— clay; 45 and 47 = gravel covered by silt; 58 = sediments, undifferentiated (clay, sand, and gravel); 120 = serpentinite (Image source: © Hubert Feiglstorfer based on geological map: © Geologische Bundesanstalt, Wien).
Figure 1. (a) Geological map of the Weinviertel (Image source: © Roland Meingast, Hubert Feig|storfer and Jakob Gredler according to [6]; the geological zones are given according to Heinrich, Hofmann and Roetzel 2004 [17]). (b) Geological map of Southern Burgenland. Key: 16 = loess and loess— clay; 45 and 47 = gravel covered by silt; 58 = sediments, undifferentiated (clay, sand, and gravel); 120 = serpentinite (Image source: © Hubert Feiglstorfer based on geological map: © Geologische Bundesanstalt, Wien).
Table 1. Analysed samples from Weinviertel, Burgenland and West Hungary.
Table 1. Analysed samples from Weinviertel, Burgenland and West Hungary.
Figure 2. Sampling sites in Weinviertel, Burgenland and Hungary. (Image source: © Hubert Feig|stor- fer; the map is based on Google Earth 2021 Image Landsat/Copernicus).
Figure 2. Sampling sites in Weinviertel, Burgenland and Hungary. (Image source: © Hubert Feig|stor- fer; the map is based on Google Earth 2021 Image Landsat/Copernicus).
Figure 4. Farm house made of a variety of earth-building techniques, located in Grofriedenthal ir Lower Austria (Image source: © Hubert Feig|storfer).
Figure 4. Farm house made of a variety of earth-building techniques, located in Grofriedenthal ir Lower Austria (Image source: © Hubert Feig|storfer).
Figure 5. Earth lump (“Lehmwuzel”) from a wine press house in Heiligenbrunn in Burgenland (image source: © Hubert Feig|storfer).
Figure 5. Earth lump (“Lehmwuzel”) from a wine press house in Heiligenbrunn in Burgenland (image source: © Hubert Feig|storfer).
Figure 6. Rammed-earth wall of a wine press house (locally known as “Kellerstéckl”) in Csaterberg, Burgenland (image source: © Hubert Feig|storfer).
Figure 6. Rammed-earth wall of a wine press house (locally known as “Kellerstéckl”) in Csaterberg, Burgenland (image source: © Hubert Feig|storfer).
Figure 7. Layers of straw between the individual rammed-earth layers at a wine press house (“Kellerstéckl”) in Csaterberg, Burgenland (image source: © Hubert Feig|storfer).
Figure 7. Layers of straw between the individual rammed-earth layers at a wine press house (“Kellerstéckl”) in Csaterberg, Burgenland (image source: © Hubert Feig|storfer).
Figure 8. Clay slurry and lime wash on top of a layer of clay from the wattle and daub wall of a farmhouse in Jak, Hungary (image source: © Hubert Feig|storfer). 4. Results
Figure 8. Clay slurry and lime wash on top of a layer of clay from the wattle and daub wall of a farmhouse in Jak, Hungary (image source: © Hubert Feig|storfer). 4. Results
Table 2. Grain-size distribution. The values are given in mass %. Table 3. Bulk mineral analysis. The values are given in mass %.
Table 2. Grain-size distribution. The values are given in mass %. Table 3. Bulk mineral analysis. The values are given in mass %.
Table 4. Clay mineral analysis. The values are given in mass %.
Table 4. Clay mineral analysis. The values are given in mass %.
Table 4. Cont. The average mineral content of the samples is as follows: quartz, around 40%; potash feldspar, around 6%; phyllosilicates, i.e., mica and clay minerals, between 15% and 23% carbonates, between 20% and 25%.
Table 4. Cont. The average mineral content of the samples is as follows: quartz, around 40%; potash feldspar, around 6%; phyllosilicates, i.e., mica and clay minerals, between 15% and 23% carbonates, between 20% and 25%.
Figure 9. Cumulative curves from the grain-size distributions: red curve = loess from Erdpress, green curve = clay from a rammed-earth wall in Csaterberg.
Figure 9. Cumulative curves from the grain-size distributions: red curve = loess from Erdpress, green curve = clay from a rammed-earth wall in Csaterberg.
clay sample (15111) differs strongly, with a comparatively low content of quartz (25%) and potash feldspar (3%), and a high content of phyllosilicates (50%), while the content of carbonates is similar to the content given for the samples from Niedersulz and Erdpress which were described above. Figure 10. Diffractograms from bulk samples: red curve = loess from Niedersulz, green curve = clay from a rammed-earth wall in Csaterberg.
clay sample (15111) differs strongly, with a comparatively low content of quartz (25%) and potash feldspar (3%), and a high content of phyllosilicates (50%), while the content of carbonates is similar to the content given for the samples from Niedersulz and Erdpress which were described above. Figure 10. Diffractograms from bulk samples: red curve = loess from Niedersulz, green curve = clay from a rammed-earth wall in Csaterberg.
Figure 11. Diffractograms from clay fractions: red curve = loess from Niedersulz, green curve = clay from a rammed-earth wall in Csaterberg. The samples are saturated and glycolated magnesium.
Figure 11. Diffractograms from clay fractions: red curve = loess from Niedersulz, green curve = clay from a rammed-earth wall in Csaterberg. The samples are saturated and glycolated magnesium.
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