Aeronautical Meteorology

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The term 'Cyclone' derived from a Greek word meaning the coil of a snake, is used for tropical revolving storms occurring in the Bay of Bengal and the Arabian Sea. These storms are confined to definite regions of the earth and occur, for the most part, in the tropical portions of the western sides of the great oceans. The term cyclone is applied to all tropical storms although they are known as 'hurricanes' in the Atlantic and Eastern Pacific, as 'typhoons' in the Western Pacific, as 'willy willias' in the Australian Seas and as 'Baguios' in the Philippines

Contrary to popular understanding, tropical storms are not just weather events that can easily be described by ground-or space-based observations. Instead the phenomena are a combination of complex physical processes that occur under the accuracy of temperature and humidity conditions. The water vapour originally produced by high temperatures, serves as a source of energy that maintains tropical storms, since this water vapour have managed to reach to the 0.0098°C isotherm level which is located about 4.5 km in tropical latitudes. The electrical capacitors and particle accelerators are sources of acceleration and electric fields similar to those triggered by tropical storms. Both devices (mechanical and electrical) provide a good opportunity to better understand the nature of winds and electric fields that triggers the cold front as it passes over a region.

Contrary to popular understanding, tropical storms are not just weather events that can easily be described by ground-or space-based observations. Instead the phenomena are a combination of complex physical processes that occur under the accuracy of temperature and humidity conditions. The water vapour originally produced by high temperatures, serves as a source of energy that maintains tropical storms, since this water vapour have managed to reach to the 0.0098°C isotherm level which is located about 4.5 km in tropical latitudes. The electrical capacitors and particle accelerators are sources of acceleration and electric fields similar to those triggered by tropical storms. Both devices (mechanical and electrical) provide a good opportunity to better understand the nature of winds and electric fields that triggers the cold front as it passes over a region.

This paper describes collaborative work by two higher education institutions in Brazil and China that joined forces to build a corpus with a view to investigating the language of aircraft maintenance documentation for teaching and lexicography purposes. The corpus consists of three languages, including English, with Chinese and Portuguese still under construction. The paper opens with an overview of language-related studies in the aircraft maintenance field, drawing attention to this specific niche and its demands. It discusses trials already performed with the English and Chinese sub-corpora, challenges faced, and the importance of task-sharing in multidisciplinary teams. It emphasizes the need to combine linguistics and professional expertise not only to develop materials for the aviation industry but also to assist the development of trainees who can experience a professional setting during their education. The corpus will be used in (among others) preparing pedagogical material ...

Low level turbulence in the lowest few thousand feet of the atmosphere may be due to the frictional drag of the moving air over the earth's rough surface or to overturning of air in convective cloud. In the former case the strength of the low level winds and the roughness of terrain are the determining factors, and in the second the degree of instability. Severe turbulence normally accompanies cumulonimbus clouds. Another form of turbulence in clear air, especially at high altitude, is due to strong horizontal and vertical windshear (vector wind differences) present near jet streams. It is called Clear Air Turbulence or CAT for short, and has often been likened to a fast bumpy ride in a car over cobblestones. Most of the reports of CAT are light or moderate in character but 5 to 10 per cent are severe. Areas Of CAT are shown on flight documentation to alert the pilot to the possibility of its presence and he may well ask his passengers to fasten their safety belts in the high risk areas. The final part of this topic will appear in the next issue and will illustrate some examples of forecast flight documentation. REFERENCE

Although Aeronautical Meteorology language is not generally regarded as standard communication between air traffic controllers and pilots, it plays an important role in Air Traffic Control (ATC) communication since it comprises phraseology and plain language used to communicate weather phenomena which interfere in aviation operations. Then, this paper focuses on the meteorology terminology used by Brazilian experts and discusses whether Aeronautical Meteorology is a hybrid field. Based on the theory of lexical semantics for terminology proposed by L’Homme (2020), the syntactic and semantic properties of a small set of Portuguese terms were analyzed in two separate textual corpora, i.e. a corpus representative of Aviation language and a corpus representative of Aeronautical language. For that, the combinatorics of terms were examined by means of a concordancing tool and were categorized by means of semantic labels. Quantification and comparison of the results obtained seem to suggest...

BY
Mustafa Cavcar*
Anadolu University, 26470 Eskisehir, Turkey

References
[1] Talay, T.A., Introduction to the Aerodynamics of Flight, NASA SP-367, National
Aeronautics and Space Administration, Washington, D.C., 1975, p. 6-9.
[2] Airbus, Getting to Grips with Aircraft Performance, Airbus Industrie, Customer
Services, Blagnac, 2000, p. 11-16.

The purpose of this work is to revise and expand an aeronautical meteorology glossary, available at REDEMET, a homepage hosted on the Department of Airspace Control website, taking into consideration corpus data in the field. For that, to best meet the needs of institutions and users, data were compiled from some segments of the Aeronautical Meteorology domain. During the compilation of this corpus, it was noticed that there was a great scarcity of specialized sources of this Aviation subdomain in English and, mainly, in Portuguese, including material by the Department of Airspace Control (DECEA), the only official Brazilian institution with the role of regulating standards relevant to Aeronautical Meteorology. By taking into account that a given government institution is considered an authoritative source concerning terms used in a specialized domain, it would be advisable to align professional and academic expertise, and institutional interests. Therefore, based on contributions of corpus linguistics theories, terminology, and institutional translation, this work relied on established parameters for the compilation and processing of information for inclusion in the corpus, and focused, in this first stage, on the selection of candidate terms, according to corpus analysis. The first results showed that institutional and academic segments present some subtleties regarding terminology, as, on the one hand, some words are more specific to the academic register and, on the other hand, there are different uses of terms in the institutional setting, by ICAO, WMO, or FAA.

Effective communications and collaboration are essential in the multicultural, complex and dynamic context of international radiotelephony (RT) communications, in which pilots and air traffic control officers (ATCO) use aviation English (AE) as a lingua franca. Accidents that happened due to cultural differences in aviation have been investigated (e.g., Helmreich, 1994; Merrit, 2000), as well as cultural interfaces and cross-cultural factors in aviation safety (Monteiro, 2012). However, the impact of cultural background on interactions between pilots and ATCOs in English is still underestimated and the industry lacks a categorization of culturally influenced factors confirmed by aviation stakeholders. Therefore, with the purpose of providing the aviation industry with tools and strategies to improve language for communication as a human factor issue, this paper first describes a two-phase, exploratory sequential mixed methods study. It consists of a qualitative exploration of cultur...

Effective communications and collaboration are essential in the multicultural, complex and dynamic context of international radiotelephony (RT) communications, in which pilots and air traffic control officers (ATCO) use aviation English (AE) as a lingua franca. Accidents that happened due to cultural differences in aviation have been investigated (e.g., Helmreich, 1994; Merrit, 2000), as well as cultural interfaces and cross-cultural factors in aviation safety (Monteiro, 2012). However, the impact of cultural background on interactions between pilots and ATCOs in English is still underestimated and the industry lacks a categorization of culturally influenced factors confirmed by aviation stakeholders. Therefore, with the purpose of providing the aviation industry with tools and strategies to improve language for communication as a human factor issue, this paper first describes a two-phase, exploratory sequential mixed methods study. It consists of a qualitative exploration of cultur...

Low level turbulence in the lowest few thousand feet of the atmosphere may be due to the frictional drag of the moving air over the earth's rough surface or to overturning of air in convective cloud. In the former case the strength of the low level winds and the roughness of terrain are the determining factors, and in the second the degree of instability. Severe turbulence normally accompanies cumulonimbus clouds. Another form of turbulence in clear air, especially at high altitude, is due to strong horizontal and vertical windshear (vector wind differences) present near jet streams. It is called Clear Air Turbulence or CAT for short, and has often been likened to a fast bumpy ride in a car over cobblestones. Most of the reports of CAT are light or moderate in character but 5 to 10 per cent are severe. Areas Of CAT are shown on flight documentation to alert the pilot to the possibility of its presence and he may well ask his passengers to fasten their safety belts in the high risk areas. The final part of this topic will appear in the next issue and will illustrate some examples of forecast flight documentation. REFERENCE

Effective communications and collaboration are essential in the multicultural, complex and dynamic context of international radiotelephony (RT) communications, in which pilots and air traffic control officers (ATCO) use aviation English (AE) as a lingua franca. Accidents that happened due to cultural differences in aviation have been investigated (e.g., Helmreich, 1994; Merrit, 2000), as well as cultural interfaces and cross-cultural factors in aviation safety (Monteiro, 2012). However, the impact of cultural background on interactions between pilots and ATCOs in English is still underestimated and the industry lacks a categorization of culturally influenced factors confirmed by aviation stakeholders. Therefore, with the purpose of providing the aviation industry with tools and strategies to improve language for communication as a human factor issue, this paper first describes a two-phase, exploratory sequential mixed methods study. It consists of a qualitative exploration of cultur...

O profissional do turismo deve ter uma formação multidisciplinar, envolvendo diversas áreas e, ao mesmo tempo, com foco em segmentos especí cos do mercado, além do conhecimento de pelo menos uma língua estrangeira. Este artigo apresenta uma pesquisa que tem como objetivo a elaboração de um Glossário Trilíngue de turismo de aventura (português-inglês- espanhol). A elaboração do glossário é importante para facilitar a comunicação entre os pro ssionais da área. Além disso, seu processo de elaboração pode contribuir para a formação do pro ssional do turismo, constituindo uma ferramenta de ensino- aprendizagem da terminologia usada na área. O glossário é desenvolvido por meio de pesquisas individuais realizadas por alunos de graduação em Turismo, que são responsáveis por um conjunto de termos e pela busca de seus equivalentes em inglês ou espanhol. A metodologia da pesquisa é baseada em Barros (2004) e Krieger & Finatto (2004). O projeto é nanciado pela FAPESP.Palavras-chave: Terminologi...

Low level turbulence in the lowest few thousand feet of the atmosphere may be due to the frictional drag of the moving air over the earth's rough surface or to overturning of air in convective cloud. In the former case the strength of the low level winds and the roughness of terrain are the determining factors, and in the second the degree of instability. Severe turbulence normally accompanies cumulonimbus clouds. Another form of turbulence in clear air, especially at high altitude, is due to strong horizontal and vertical windshear (vector wind differences) present near jet streams. It is called Clear Air Turbulence or CAT for short, and has often been likened to a fast bumpy ride in a car over cobblestones. Most of the reports of CAT are light or moderate in character but 5 to 10 per cent are severe. Areas Of CAT are shown on flight documentation to alert the pilot to the possibility of its presence and he may well ask his passengers to fasten their safety belts in the high risk areas. The final part of this topic will appear in the next issue and will illustrate some examples of forecast flight documentation. REFERENCE

Standardizing terminology is very important to maintain the accuracy of information being disseminated, mainly in specialized elds and at institutional settings. In the case of Aeronautical Meteorology, it is a very speci c domain in the Aviation broader area, and it could comprise distinct classi cations of the same term (PEIXOTO, 2020). In addition to that, there is scarce literature on Aeronautical Meteorology in Portuguese language. In light of this, the use of corpora may pose very positive in uence to best relate normative and descriptive use of language. Taking this into account, this work is based on terminology (

(ICAEA) 1 annual conference focused on exploring the aviation English training needs of ab-initio pilots and air traffic controllers, as well as aircraft maintenance personnel. Globally, much of the demand for new pilots and air traffic controllers is located in areas of world for which English is not a first or national language. Exploring this resulting need to train non-native English speaking personnel was a primary focus of the 2019 ICAEA conference, including consideration of the language proficiency required for success in initial training, test design and implementation, instructional techniques, and the actual language used by this target population. Further, although the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) Language Proficiency Requirements (LPRs) do not directly apply to maintenance personnel, the widespread use of English in the international aviation maintenance industry necessitates language-training solutions. For the first time, the ICAEA conference included a specific track for presenters to share their knowledge and experience related to training aircraft maintenance personnel which, until now, has been an underrepresented and underdeveloped area of aviation English. The conference featured plenary presentations, Q&A panels, and practical workshops. More than 100 participants from over 35 countries attended ICAEA's first event in Asia in seven years. Attendees included representatives from airlines, flight training organizations (FTOs), air navigation service providers (ANSPs), civil aviation authorities (CAAs), universities, and training and testing providers from all over the world.

The earth is surrounded by a large envelope of gases called atmosphere. The condition of the atmosphere and the changes it undergoes influence all physical, chemical and biological activities over the earth. The study pertaining to lower atmosphere and its changes is called atmosphere physics or meteorology. In modern usage, meteorology denotes the science of weather and includes the study of atmospheric phenomena. Definition Meteorology can be defined as the science that deals with the study of the atmosphere. The temperature at the tropopause is of the order of-80˚C over the equator and around-56˚C over the poles. The height as well as temperature of the tropopause varies with the seasons and weather situation, the lowest values occurring during the winter. The tropopause is not a continuous surface. There are breaks separating polar, extra-tropical (middle) and tropical tropopauses, sometimes one overlapping the other. These breaks facilitate the exchange of air between the tropopause and the region above. Inversions and isothermal layers can be seen in the troposphere. Nearly 75 percent of the mass of the atmosphere is in the troposphere. 1.3.2. Stratosphere Above the troposphere is an isothermal layer followed by a region of inversion extending upto nearly 50km. This is termed as the stratosphere. Temperatures increase from around 20km becoming roughly 0˚C by about 50km, which is stratopause. This rise in temperature is due to the absorption of ultraviolet radiation in the ozone layer between, say, 20 and 50km. This region sometimes gets rapidly warmed, mainly in the higher latitudes, at times by as much as 30 to 40˚C in a matter of a few days. This phenomenon is termed explosive warming of the stratosphere. 1.3.3. Mesosphere Above the stratosphere is the mesosphere extending from roughly 50 to 80km. The temperature in this region once again decreases with altitude, lowering to about-95˚C at the mesopause around 80km. 1.3.4. Thermosphere Temperatures rise rapidly above the mesopause, reaching nearly 1000˚C by about 300km. This region is known as the thermosphere. 1.3.5. Exosphere The lighter gases, hydrogen and helium, slowly become free of the earth's gravitational field and escape to space by about 600km. This region has been named as the exosphere, which gradually merges into the interplanetary space. 1.4.Composition of atmosphere 1.4.1.Gases The atmosphere we live in is a mixture of gases composed mainly of nitrogen and oxygen. The proportion of the various gases in the atmosphere by volume is 78 percent nitrogen, 21 percent oxygen and the rest 1 percent made up of small amounts of argon, carbon dioxide, neon, helium, krypton, xenon, hydrogen and traces of ozone, methane, sulphur dioxide, nitrogen oxides etc. The atmospheric gases are held on to the earth by the pull of gravitation. Each constituent has its own role to play in sustaining life on earth. Oxygen is essential for us to live and for combustion to take place. The role of nitrogen is also important. We cannot breathe pure oxygen. Nitrogen slows down the burning process. Carbon dioxide constitutes 0.03 percent and provides food for plants through photosynthesis, which replenishes oxygen. Ozone is found mostly between 20 and 50km with the maximum concentration around 25km amsl. It absorbs the ultraviolet radiation from the sun and thus filters the injurious radiation from harming us. Carbon dioxide and water vapour absorb the infrared radiation emanating from the earth and prevent excessive radiational cooling. The atmosphere acts as a protective cover to the earth by regulating the heat flow. 1.4.2. Water vapour Water vapour is present in varying proportions. This composition remains more or less constant upto a height of 80km. The moisture content in the atmosphere varies depending on the latitude, temperature, wind and atmospheric systems. Water can be present in the vapour, liquid or solid phase, sometimes as much as 4 percent. Water and its change of phase are important in the occurrence of weather phenomena. Water vapour decreases as altitude increases. 1.4.3. Aerosols Atmospheric aerosols are a suspension of fine solid and liquid particles in the atmosphere. These clouds of suspended matter range from dust and smoke to mists, smogs and haze. They are not always the result of pollution from human activities; some enters the atmosphere from volcanic eruptions or dust storms. Some aerosols particles are invisible to the human eyes because they are smaller than the wavelength of light.

We begin this editorial inspired by the words of Santos Dumont, the Brazilian most illustrious aviator, “a flying poet, a dreaming and persevering designer, who through his creations made a difference to history, and who is therefore able to teach us lessons even today (BORGES, 2016, p. 01). Indeed, this project of an Aviation English[1] special edition began as a dream and took us a dose of perseverance to be accomplished. The idea was sparked two years ago, when we were launching the book of our research group GEIA[2], entitled Pesquisas sobre Inglês Aeronáutico no Brasil (SCARAMUCCI, TOSQUI-LUCKS, DAMIÃO, 2018), during the 5th GEIA Seminar, in Salvador, Bahia, Brazil. At that moment, we wanted to gather research results from the dissertations and theses of GEIA[3]members, most of them written in Portuguese, since it is a policy of most Brazilian Federal and State Universities, at least in the area of Linguistics and Applied Linguistics, that they are written in our national langu...

This study assessed the pattern of planetary layer lapse rate across the major climate belts of Nigeria. Six years’ data (2010-2015) for air temperature values between 1000 mbar and 850 mbar atmospheric pressure levels were acquired from Era-Interim Re-analysis data centre. The data was retrieved at 6-hourly synoptic hours: 0000H, 0600H, 1200H and 1800H at 0.125o grid resolution. Results showed that the lower tropospheric layers throughout the various climate belts has a positive lapse rate. Findings also revealed that the average annual lapse rate condition were: Tropical wet zone (Port Harcourt) -5.6 oC/km; Bi-modal Tropical continental zone (Enugu) 5.8 oC/km; Montane zone (Jos) -6.5 oC/km; Mono-modal Tropical continental zone (Kano) -6.6 oC/km; and Hot semi-arid zone (Maiduguri) -6.6 oC/km. This average values presents the lapse rates to be close to the Saturated Adiabatic Lapse Rate (SALR). Average diurnal results for the climate belts showed that lapse rate is higher during the...

Understanding the spatial distribution of temperature, especially the relationship between temperature and altitude, is essential for understanding both climatological and hydrological processes and their variabilities. This is because those processes are sensitive to air temperature, especially in sub humid tropical regions, where air temperature influences the movements of pollutants and controls exchanges of energy and water fluxes between land and atmosphere particularly within the lower troposphere. This study examined the trend of lower tropospheric lapse rate in the coastal area of Port Harcourt, Nigeria. Six years' data (2010-2015) for temperature between 1000 mbar and 850 mbar pressure levels was retrieved from era-interim re-analysis platform for the analysis. The data was acquired at 6-hourly synoptic hours: 0000H, 0600H, 1200H and 1800H at 0.125˚ grid resolution. Findings from the computed environmental lapse rate (ELR) show that conditional instability with an annual lapse rate of 5.5˚C/km persists at the area from January to December. It was revealed that the months of December and January constituted the highest ELR trends of 6.5˚C/km and 5.9˚C/km respectively. This indicates that the month of December assumes a normal tropospheric lapse rate trend. The average range of lapse rate trend in the area which is close to the moist adiabatic lapse rate (MALR) of 5.0˚C/km than the dry adiabatic lapse rate (DALR) shows that the study atmospheric environment is rich in water vapour. The 6-hourly synoptic analysis of the ELR pattern shows that lapse rate range between 1˚C/km-6.4˚C/km and 6.5˚C/km-10˚C/km dominates throughout the year at 0000-0600 Hrs and 1200-1800 Hrs respectively. This demonstrates a higher and lower lapse rate trend during the day and night periods respectively. Relating study findings to the potential of air to disperse emissions in the area suggests that air emissions will be conveyed through far and near distances across the boundary layers due to the moderate dispersive potential of air regarding the closeness of the average ELR to the MALR. Policies that will ensure that pollutants are dispersed aloft especially emission stacks How to cite this paper: Weli, V.E. and Edokpa, D.O.

Weather is nothing more than the different elements it is composed of, as well as the way they interact with each to create different atmospheric conditions or weather events. We first need to identify what the elements are that make up the weather. Eight primary elements/factors drive all weather:

Aviation English has been used globally and now is regarded as lingua franca of aviation communication. Communication in any foreign language entails cultural connotations. Moreover, reactions caused by perceived potential misconceptions of one's cultural or ethnic identity are contextdependent. Aeronautical communication in global context by definition does not belong to any specific culture, so it should be devoid of any cultural elements being effective at the same time. Participants of different cultural groups take part in this type of communication on a regular basis. On the one hand, they are equipped with the tool such as standard phraseology binding in so called routine situations in order to avoid communication breakdown as this specific code seems to go beyond the borders of culture. There is no time for an analysis of who is who, but only for the completion of the mechanical operational tasks. On the other hand, according to the conducted research, it has been observed that the operational interlocutors cannot efficiently escape from their own cultural backgrounds when communicating in both routine and non-routine situations. Therefore, still some differences in cultural perception of conversation partners do exist and influence the aeronautical communication. The article describes the current situation and presents common culture indicators in a selected context. The research shows that without any doubt, and in order to be effective communicators, the airline pilots and air traffic controllers should adopt positive orientation towards their interlocutor's culture.

This paper presents the Online Dictionaries ANACpédia developed by ANAC-National Civil Aviation Agency, with the cooperation of DECEA-Department of Airspace Control, of the Air Force Command. The theoretical approach is based on the principles of Corpus Linguistics and Socioterminology. Examples of terminology case files developed by the team will be provided, as well as the manual term selection methodology, at first, and the subsequent automatic data search from an English, Spanish and Portuguese corpus consisting of written texts published by aviation authorities in these languages. The usefulness of automated search and concordance tools to enrich the dictionaries and the latest research on sub-areas will be discussed.

An ‘Integrated Automatic Aviation Meteorological Instrument System’ (IAAMS) is installed atMumbai International Airport in May-2008. The system is State-of-the-Art and has features like automatic generation ofaviation reports; METAR / SPECI, AFTN (Aeronautical Fixed Telecommunication Network) connectivity fordissemination of aviation weather reports to user agencies and ATIS (Automatic Terminal Interface System) forautomatic broadcasting of aviation weather reports to airborne pilot. Besides these features system is having facility toenter manually weather parameter for which sensors are not available such as cloud coverage, past weather, presentweather for generation of aviation reports. The system meets the requirements of operational desirable accuracy ofInternational Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO, 2004) and vector averaging of winds as per World MeteorologicalOrganization guidelines (WMO, 1992). The paper is mainly focusing on the different technical features of this newsyst...

Understanding aviation communication has obvious implications for flight safety and for the training of pilots and Air Traffic Controllers (ATC). Its study also sheds light on the use of Aviation English as a type of English for a very specific purpose and on real-world communication constraints in a highstakes environment. We present results from a study combining human factors and linguistics, in which pilots were recorded in flight simulator experiments probing communication accuracy under diverse conditions. An analysis of the audio recordings in terms of whether errors were omissions or mistakes, whether errors occurred with words or numerals, and which types of aviation information were affected, revealed complex interactions between language background, pilot qualification, workload and ATC speech rate. The differences between native English speakers (NES) and non-native English speakers (NNES) are complex and more nuanced than might be expected. These results not only are relevant for aviation safety, training and testing, but they also provide insights on communication under challenging conditions and on the relation between language proficiency and cognition, with implications for second language teaching and the use of English for Specific Purposes (ESP) in highly constrained environments.

The International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) published the Language Proficiency Requirements for pilots and air traffic controllers (ATCOs) in 2003. Research has shown that there is still a lack of clarity regarding what needs to be assessed in terms of the English used by pilots and ATCOs in radiotelephony

The International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) published the Language Proficiency Requirements for pilots and air traffic controllers (ATCOs) in 2003. Research has shown that there is still a lack of clarity regarding what needs to be assessed in terms of the English used by pilots and ATCOs in radiotelephony (DOUGLAS, 2014; EMERY, 2014; KIM; BILLINGTON, 2016; KIM; ELDER, 2015; MONTEIRO, 2019; READ; KNOCH, 2009). The purpose of the present study was to investigate the nature of the listening tasks performed by pilots as an essential step in test development and validation. This explanatory sequential mixed-methods study (CRESWELL, 2015), elicited questionnaire responses from 156 pilots (Phase 1) and subsequently interviewed six aeronautical English experts (Phase 2) to better understand the characteristics of the listening tasks that pilots undertake during radiotelephony communications. Quantitative and qualitative data were analysed, and findings were merged. They provide in...

Although Aeronautical Meteorology language is not generally regarded as standard communication between air traffic controllers and pilots, it plays an important role in Air Traffic Control (ATC) communication since it comprises phraseology and plain language used to communicate weather phenomena which interfere in aviation operations. Then, this paper focuses on the meteorology terminology used by Brazilian experts and discusses whether Aeronautical Meteorology is a hybrid field. Based on the theory of lexical semantics for terminology proposed by L'Homme (2020), the syntactic and semantic properties of a small set of Portuguese terms were analyzed in two separate textual corpora, i.e. a corpus representative of Aviation language and a corpus representative of Aeronautical language. For that, the combinatorics of terms were examined by means of a concordancing tool and were categorized by means of semantic labels. Quantification and comparison of the results obtained seem to suggest that the behavior of the terms in the two corpora share a fair amount of similarities.

This study assessed the pattern of planetary layer lapse rate across the major climate belts of Nigeria. Six years’ data (2010-2015) for air temperature values between 1000 mbar and 850 mbar atmospheric pressure levels were acquired from Era-Interim Re-analysis data centre. The data was retrieved at 6-hourly synoptic hours: 0000H, 0600H, 1200H and 1800H at 0.125o grid resolution. Results showed that the lower tropospheric layers throughout the various climate belts has a positive lapse rate. Findings also revealed that the average annual lapse rate condition were: Tropical wet zone (Port Harcourt) -5.6 oC/km; Bi-modal Tropical continental zone (Enugu) 5.8 oC/km; Montane zone (Jos) -6.5 oC/km; Mono-modal Tropical continental zone (Kano) -6.6 oC/km; and Hot semi-arid zone (Maiduguri) -6.6 oC/km. This average values presents the lapse rates to be close to the Saturated Adiabatic Lapse Rate (SALR). Average diurnal results for the climate belts showed that lapse rate is higher during the...

Dans le cadre professionnel, la notion de « norme langagiere » est souvent consideree comme equivalente a celle de « langue controlee », c’est-a-dire un ensemble de recommandations censees limiter les difficultes liees a l’utilisation de la langue naturelle. Ce point de vue ne tient pas compte du fait qu’un autre type de norme s’instaure spontanement dans des groupes de locuteurs, en particulier quand ils ont un objectif en commun. L’article vise a montrer que ces deux types de normes, prescrite et spontanee, doivent etre pris en compte par les linguistes s’ils esperent contribuer a ameliorer la transmission d’informations. Les resultats obtenus pour deux etudes systematiques, l’une, realisee sur un corpus oral, dans le domaine du controle aerien, l’autre, realisee sur un corpus ecrit, dans celui du spatial sont presentes. Ils montrent comment se fait, en situation reelle, la mise en œuvre des normes langagieres. Les auteurs emettent des propositions pour ameliorer la constitution d...

As the ENAC 1 organises English training for France's air traffic controllers and must comply with ICAO 2 language proficiency requirements, it has specific needs in terms of English radiotelephony teaching. Consequently, it has initiated, in collaboration with CLLE-ERSS 3 , a study of the usage of English by French controllers with international pilots. The aim of this project is to describe the different uses of English phraseology and plain language within pilot-controller (or air-ground) communications via a comparative study between two corpora: one representing the prescribed norm and made up of examples of English from two phraseology manuals; the other consisting of the orthographic transcription of recordings of real air-ground communications. The comparative study presented here is conducted at a lexical level. It focuses on the discrepancies observed in the distribution of the corpora lexicon. In the long run, the results from the contrastive study can be used to improve English radiotelephony teaching.

Weather events in air traffic control standards and communication: discourse patterns and implications for language teaching and assessment Eventos meteorológicos em normas e comunicações de controle de tráfego aéreo: padrões discursivos e implicações para o ensino e a avaliação de línguas

Effective communications and collaboration are essential in the multicultural, complex and dynamic context of international radiotelephony (RT) communications, in which pilots and air traffic control officers (ATCO) use aviation English (AE) as a lingua franca. Accidents that happened due to cultural differences in aviation have been investigated (e.g., Helmreich, 1994; Merrit, 2000), as well as cultural interfaces and cross-cultural factors in aviation safety (Monteiro, 2012). However, the impact of cultural background on interactions between pilots and ATCOs in English is still underestimated and the industry lacks a categorization of culturally influenced factors confirmed by aviation stakeholders. Therefore, with the purpose of providing the aviation industry with tools and strategies to improve language for communication as a human factor issue, this paper first describes a two-phase, exploratory sequential mixed methods study. It consists of a qualitative exploration of cultur...

In 2017, we celebrated 10 years of Aviation English Proficiency Requirements in Brazil. This paper will outline some interesting facts and information about a decade of air traffic controllers' training and testing in Brazil, concerning courses offered, people trained on the job, test development and test applications. There will be some information about methodology used in the courses and the Blended Learning Training Program, as well as the creation of a research group to support the practices. It will be possible to see the evolution of the processes through time. The numbers are impressive and reflect a country with the size of a continent.

This article aims to present the discussions of both preparation and delivery processes of a workshop targeted at aviation English professionals. Pursuing a corpus-based pragmatic investigation of the language used in real radio communications by pilots and air traffic controllers when dealing with abnormal situations, it was proposed that participants discussed issues about the importance of the interlocutors' roles in the language production, the recognition of linguistic features related to fluency and interaction, and the revision of the concepts of native x non-native speakers regarding language proficiency. To such an end, five transcripts evolving from native and non-native interactions to non-native speakers’ communication, all succeeding in getting the message across, were debated through specific questions which conducted the discussions. These questions addressed topics related to the use of modalizers (or hedges), plain English, shared knowledge and peer proficiency....

While non-native English Speakers (NNES) are trained in aviation communication and they must attain a certain English proficiency level before being awarded an aeronautical licence, native English speakers (NES) are not in practice subject to the same requirements. This paper discusses some of the issues posed by NES not following the standard aviation phraseology and examines the English Language Proficiency and radiotelephony requirements for NES in English speaking countries. The recommendations of ICAO (2010) concerning the responsibilities of NES are rarely implemented. Practical suggestions for the training of NES were made by participants of the 2018 ICAEA workshop and are augmented with suggestions coming from flight training experience. The main recommendation is for mandatory training and testing of aviation phraseology and communication procedures for NES pilots and Air Traffic Controllers. Training should include language awareness and testing should include understandin...

International aviation professionals converse in a register of English derived from postwar radiotelephony. Decades of use and regulatory pressure established Aviation English (AE) as the lingua franca for pilots and air traffic controllers. Recently, the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) required aviation professionals prove AE proficiency, resulting in development of a variety of AE programs and tests derived from English language pedagogy, without accounting for unique aviation language requirements. This dissertation explores linguistic characteristics that must be accounted for in international AE programs. Although AE standard phraseology is a limited code, regulation allows limited use of "plain language". Unfortunately, this caveat has paved the way for native English speakers (NESs) to use colloquial English that is often opaque to non-native English speakers (NNESs). Accordingly, the ICAO further required international pilots and controllers to have conversational English (CE) proficiency. Structural differences in AE predict an emergent prosody with rate and rhythm differences from CE. In addition to environmental differences, this distinct prosody predicts differences in production and perception of AE and CE. My dissertation v examines both of these phenomena, first by evaluating prosodic differences between AE and CE; next by analyzing AE listening and repeating performance. To compare AE and CE prosody, I examined two radio corpora: air traffic controllers and radio newscasters. From these data I quantified rhythm, intonation and speech rate differences across registers. Using laboratory listening performance studies of pilot and non-pilot NESs and NNESs, I examined AE intelligibility differences. NNES pilots scored worse on CE tasks and better on AE tasks than NES non-pilots, indicating CE proficiency is not a predictor of AE proficiency. Dissertation findings suggest AE language training should focus on AE and not on CE, as is current practice. Given phonological and other differences between AE and CE, enlisting all AE users to learn and adhere to AE phraseology will save time and money in training and alleviate miscommunication and confusion in flight, potentially saving lives.

Social media have developed at a rapid pace since the beginning of the 21 st century and have undoubtedly come to play an integral part in the social and professional life of billions of people worldwide, defining many of our communication habits and affecting the way we talk. As the title suggests, the present paper centers on social media terminology in English and focuses on those social media terms that have become buzzwords-that is, terms which have migrated into general language and which are used in everyday communication. In particular, the aim of this paper is to discuss the status of these widely used linguistic units from a terminology perspective, i.e. whether they are terms or words, and to examine three term-formation patterns characteristic of widely used social media vocabulary: terminologization, conversion and derivation.

In the re2vised version many questions have been changed and some more questions were added. So the readers are advised to follow the re2vised version than the earlier ones. While these questions are helpful for a wide range of students of meteorology, oceanography etc., these are especially useful for the students of B.Tech Aeronautical meteorology students which were recently given by Ayapilla Murty. The answers for these questions were appended in another folder. Readers are advised to answer first and later see the answers. Readers are advised to workout the problems by verifying some text books or my lecture notes. If they can not get the answer then only they are advised to see the answers given in other folder. Otherwise they can not appreciate and understand the gravity of the problems.

This article makes the case for an aviation English test which screens and assesses incoming non-native English-speaking flight students to US flight training organizations. The need for such a test arises from the lack of standardization in flight students’ aviation English proficiency assessments throughout their flight training and the potential negative consequences of inadequate proficiency for students, training centers, and other stakeholders. Looking into proficiency tests that are used as screening measures in other domains, it becomes clear that an adequate screening test for flight training candidates is needed. An existing proficiency test specifically designed for flight and ATC training candidates is also discussed. Results of this investigation point to two main conclusions: first, there is a need for a deeper understanding of the flight training domain through observation, collection and analysis of written and spoken texts in a variety of genres and registers that a...

This paper presents the Online Dictionaries ANACpédia developed by ANAC-National Civil Aviation Agency, with the cooperation of DECEA-Department of Airspace Control, of the Air Force Command. The theoretical approach is based on the principles of Corpus Linguistics and Socioterminology. Examples of terminology case files developed by the team will be provided, as well as the manual term selection methodology, at first, and the subsequent automatic data search from an English, Spanish and Portuguese corpus consisting of written texts published by aviation authorities in these languages. The usefulness of automated search and concordance tools to enrich the dictionaries and the latest research on sub-areas will be discussed.

Effective communications and collaboration are essential in the multicultural, complex and dynamic context of international radiotelephony (RT) communications, in which pilots and air traffic control officers (ATCO) use aviation English (AE) as a lingua franca. Accidents that happened due to cultural differences in aviation have been investigated (e.g., Helmreich, 1994; Merrit, 2000), as well as cultural interfaces and cross-cultural factors in aviation safety (Monteiro, 2012). However, the impact of cultural background on interactions between pilots and ATCOs in English is still underestimated and the industry lacks a categorization of culturally influenced factors confirmed by aviation stakeholders. Therefore, with the purpose of providing the aviation industry with tools and strategies to improve language for communication as a human factor issue, this paper first describes a two-phase, exploratory sequential mixed methods study. It consists of a qualitative exploration of cultur...

While non-native English speakers (EL2) aviation professionals must attain ICAO ELP Level 4 and are tested for the comprehension of a variety of accents, native English speakers (NES) are not. This paper reports on the outcomes of a workshop held at the 2018 ICAEA Conference, titled “What should we teach Native English Speakers?”. Groups of Aviation English teachers, Air Traffic Controllers, pilots and representatives of aviation regulators explored the different ways in which NES and EL2 student pilots approach Aviation English and learn to communicate while learning to fly. The aims of the workshop were to foster a discussion of the ways participants may have already prepared NES to deal with EL2 pilots or ATC, and to elicit suggestions of what could or should be included in a syllabus for NES, with the aim of raising their awareness of the difficulties faced by EL2s and of ways to alleviate those.

Inglês aeronáutico é o termo empregado para se referir às comunicações que ocorrem entre pilotos e controladores de tráfego aéreo durante os voos em espaço aéreo internacional. Neste artigo, apresentaremos dados de quatro corpora de inglês aeronáutico: dois de comunicações aeronáuticas reais e dois de atividades didáticas envolvendo aprendizes brasileiros, sendo um de pilotos e o outro de controladores. Será discutida a metodologia empregada para a compilação de cada um deles e realizada uma análise contrastiva de termos oriundos dos quatro corpora. Os resultados poderão ser aplicados tanto para informar o desenvolvimento de currículos quanto na elaboração de atividades didáticas voltadas a esses aprendizes, a fim de que desempenhem suas atividades com segurança.