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Figure 2. Omissions and mistakes for low and high pilot qualification, in the ‘Information Density’ flights proportion of mistakes (8.65%) than PPL or lower licensed pilots (18.12%).

Figure 2 Omissions and mistakes for low and high pilot qualification, in the ‘Information Density’ flights proportion of mistakes (8.65%) than PPL or lower licensed pilots (18.12%).

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Earlier research hypothesized that NNES pilots would demonstrate a lower level of communication accuracy in the more challenging conditions (fast ATC speech rate, high information density, high pilot workload, and radio frequency congestion) than NES pilots would, and that pilots with lower qualifications would be less accurate than pilots with higher qualifications. Actual results Table 3: Percentage of incorrect calls and incorrect items because most calls contain several items. ror cacn Nignt, we Counted DOW te number OF MCOImTect calls (CONTAINING at 1east ONE CIPOr) anda the number of incorrect items, because the call and item levels reveal different aspects of communication. The percentage of incorrect calls per flight provides a measure of the potential impact of miscommunication on radio congestion, when ATC might need to ask pilots to repeat their calls, but it is a coarse measure of communication accuracy. The percentage of incorrect items, which reflects a oilot’s comprehension of ATC transmissions and that pilot’s production, is a finer-grained measure of communication accuracy; as shown in Table 3, it is usually lower than the percentage of incorrect calls, pilot’s comprehension of ATC transmissions and that pilot’s production, is a finer-grained measure o
Earlier research hypothesized that NNES pilots would demonstrate a lower level of communication accuracy in the more challenging conditions (fast ATC speech rate, high information density, high pilot workload, and radio frequency congestion) than NES pilots would, and that pilots with lower qualifications would be less accurate than pilots with higher qualifications. Actual results Table 3: Percentage of incorrect calls and incorrect items because most calls contain several items. ror cacn Nignt, we Counted DOW te number OF MCOImTect calls (CONTAINING at 1east ONE CIPOr) anda the number of incorrect items, because the call and item levels reveal different aspects of communication. The percentage of incorrect calls per flight provides a measure of the potential impact of miscommunication on radio congestion, when ATC might need to ask pilots to repeat their calls, but it is a coarse measure of communication accuracy. The percentage of incorrect items, which reflects a oilot’s comprehension of ATC transmissions and that pilot’s production, is a finer-grained measure of communication accuracy; as shown in Table 3, it is usually lower than the percentage of incorrect calls, pilot’s comprehension of ATC transmissions and that pilot’s production, is a finer-grained measure o
Figure 1. Percentage of mistakes (out of total errors) in the Information Density flights Thus, when communication is more challenging, the nature of communication error changes Flight 2A (3 items or less) to 18.1% in Flight 2B (4 items or more). and more mistakes are made. 3.1. Flight condition. As shown in Figure 1, the percentage of mistakes increased from 8.67% in
Figure 1. Percentage of mistakes (out of total errors) in the Information Density flights Thus, when communication is more challenging, the nature of communication error changes Flight 2A (3 items or less) to 18.1% in Flight 2B (4 items or more). and more mistakes are made. 3.1. Flight condition. As shown in Figure 1, the percentage of mistakes increased from 8.67% in
Figure 3. Mistakes in the fast Speech Rate flight, for pilot licence and language background language background and licence level for increased ATC speech rate as shown in Figure 3. hand-side of dotted line). One possible conclusion that can be drawn is that when communication itself
Figure 3. Mistakes in the fast Speech Rate flight, for pilot licence and language background language background and licence level for increased ATC speech rate as shown in Figure 3. hand-side of dotted line). One possible conclusion that can be drawn is that when communication itself
Table 4. Omissions and mistakes for word and numeral items, relative to opportunity for each flight condition, with statistically significant result coloured red.
Table 4. Omissions and mistakes for word and numeral items, relative to opportunity for each flight condition, with statistically significant result coloured red.
Table 6. Aviation communication items with examples,
Table 6. Aviation communication items with examples,
Result 9. By far the most common error in the data was the failure to respond to traffic Figure 4. Errors per information item type information. There was no expectation that experimental conditions would affect the locus of error and indeed the data showed no statistically significant difference for item type, neither within a flight pair (A and B flights) nor across the set of 8 flights. Of interest, however, was the type of items which give rise to errors and the relative frequency of these errors, relative to opportunity, as shown in Figure 4. Two results for the locus of error are worth mentioning: Result 9 (see Figure 4) and Result 10 (see Figure 5).
Result 9. By far the most common error in the data was the failure to respond to traffic Figure 4. Errors per information item type information. There was no expectation that experimental conditions would affect the locus of error and indeed the data showed no statistically significant difference for item type, neither within a flight pair (A and B flights) nor across the set of 8 flights. Of interest, however, was the type of items which give rise to errors and the relative frequency of these errors, relative to opportunity, as shown in Figure 4. Two results for the locus of error are worth mentioning: Result 9 (see Figure 4) and Result 10 (see Figure 5).
Figure 5. Omissions and mistakes for information items containing both words and numerals Figure 5 illustrates both Result 1, that there were more omissions than mistakes overall, and Result 5, that there were more mistakes with numerals than with words. This holds true for both Altitude and Heading; for Transponder Code, errors only concerned the numerals (i.e. there were no word errors) - with slightly more omissions than mistakes. In the case of Radio Frequency, which can be referred to by a phrase (e.g. Sydney Centre) in addition to a digit string (e.g. 124.55), there were more overall errors
Figure 5. Omissions and mistakes for information items containing both words and numerals Figure 5 illustrates both Result 1, that there were more omissions than mistakes overall, and Result 5, that there were more mistakes with numerals than with words. This holds true for both Altitude and Heading; for Transponder Code, errors only concerned the numerals (i.e. there were no word errors) - with slightly more omissions than mistakes. In the case of Radio Frequency, which can be referred to by a phrase (e.g. Sydney Centre) in addition to a digit string (e.g. 124.55), there were more overall errors
Figure 6. Word omissions and mistakes for information items containing only words, relative to opportunity (mistakes and omissions) on words than on numerals but again more mistakes with numbers than with words (such a rare word mistake could be Camden instead of Canberra as in example (8)), that is there were more omissions with the name of the radio station than with the digit string (which is obligatory). were more omissions with the name of the radio station than with the digit string (which is obligatory).
Figure 6. Word omissions and mistakes for information items containing only words, relative to opportunity (mistakes and omissions) on words than on numerals but again more mistakes with numbers than with words (such a rare word mistake could be Camden instead of Canberra as in example (8)), that is there were more omissions with the name of the radio station than with the digit string (which is obligatory). were more omissions with the name of the radio station than with the digit string (which is obligatory).
Table 5. Radio calls with more than 2 errors 4. Discussion
Table 5. Radio calls with more than 2 errors 4. Discussion
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