Strategy (Business)

Lingkungan produksi (production environment) merupakan fondasi arsitektural dan operasional dari setiap entitas yang bergerak dalam penciptaan barang atau jasa. Konsep ini melampaui definisi sederhana dari lokasi fisik atau pabrik; ia adalah ekosistem yang terintegrasi dan kompleks, yang mewakili keseluruhan sistem, kondisi, dan interaksi yang memungkinkan transformasi nilai-yakni, proses mengubah input (bahan baku, informasi, tenaga kerja) menjadi output yang memiliki nilai jual dan utilitas bagi pelanggan. Secara historis, lingkungan produksi sering dipandang hanya sebagai pusat biaya yang tugasnya hanyalah memproduksi sesuai volume yang diminta. Namun, di era manajemen strategis kontemporer, pandangan tersebut telah bergeser secara fundamental. Lingkungan produksi kini diakui sebagai aset strategis yang menjadi sumber utama Keunggulan Operasional dan diferensiasi pasar. Keunggulan ini bergantung pada bagaimana perusahaan berhasil mengoptimalkan interaksi antara tiga dimensi utama: dimensi fisikteknis (efisiensi teknologi, otomatisasi), dimensi manusia-sosial (keterampilan, budaya, tacit knowledge), dan dimensi proses-sistem (standar operasional dan kontrol kualitas). Dalam lanskap kompetitif yang ditandai oleh disrupsi teknologi dan permintaan konsumen yang fluktuatif, lingkungan produksi harus bertransformasi menjadi arena yang tangkas (agile) dan adaptif. Lingkungan yang efektif tidak hanya mampu menghasilkan produk dengan biaya rendah, tetapi juga mampu berinovasi pada proses, menjamin kualitas superior, dan, yang paling penting, memelihara Kapabilitas Dinamis untuk merespons perubahan pasar dengan kecepatan yang superior. Kegagalan dalam mengelola lingkungan produksi-misalnya, melalui tata letak yang tidak efisien atau budaya kerja yang buruksecara langsung akan menghasilkan pemborosan, cacat produk, dan kerugian finansial yang berkelanjutan. Oleh karena itu, studi mendalam tentang lingkungan produksi menjadi krusial. Ini adalah titik di mana teori strategis bertemu dengan praktik operasional, dan di mana manajer ditantang untuk memastikan bahwa setiap elemen, mulai dari mesin hingga interaksi karyawan, bekerja secara harmonis untuk menciptakan dan mempertahankan nilai ekonomis jangka panjang.

This paper investigates the role of IT governance and business-IT alignment in company divestment. Divestments are described as strategy’s missing link. Divestment is commonly an affirmation of dynamic volatile internal or external business landscapes and the aspiration is consistently to bolster and underline the company’s efficacy and performance. Divestiture will oblige enactment of the company business strategy and it thus includes a strategic proportion. Divestment can be a pertinent and lucrative strategy. The successful accomplishment of a divestiture is generally calculated by the dimension of accomplishment in realizing the elemental strategic goal that the company set out to achieve when adopting a divestment strategy. The paper will also highlight the relevance of Information Technology (IT) in a divestment strategy by discussing the habits of an effective IT governance model and the business-IT alignment levels and approaches to support the company’s strategy and g...

Menuju sepuluh PTS yangbertaraf Nasional STIE INABAmempersiapkan sebuah rencanastrategi periode tahun 2012hingga tahun 2022. Visi STIEINABA adalah menjadi PTSsepuluh terbaik di Indonesia.Tetapi untuk mewujudkan visi ini,kebutuhan perencanaan stratejikyang dirancang dandikembangkan harus tepatsehingga visi itu dapat dicapaidengan baik. Metode dananalisis, menunjukkan bahwastrategi STIE INABA dirancangdari penusunan visi, misi, tujuandan deskripsi kegiatan. Rencanastrategis STIE INABA tidakdilakukan dengan analisa SWOTyang dapat menghasilkanalternatif strategi, sehingga tidakdapat diterjemahkan ke dalamempat perspektif dari BSC. Dalamperspektif keuangan STIE INABAmasih mengandalkanpenerimaan dari mahasiswa,bukan dari pemanfaatanprofesionalisme dan pendapatanlainnya. Perspektif pelangganadalah mahasiswa bisnis dankomunitas. Perspektif bisnisinternal yaitu akademik,penelitian dan pengabdiankepada masyarakat. Sedangkanperspektif belajar dan tumbuhditemukan profesionalismekaryawan dan Dos...

Against the backdrop of a global energy transition, the development and application of renewable energy has become a crucial strategic priority for addressing climate change, promoting a low-carbon economy, and ensuring energy security. This article explores the significance and implementation strategies of renewable energy initiatives from three perspectives: necessity, key development paths, and potential challenges.

Africa's governance crisis, characterized by systemic corruption and leadership deficits, hinders its vast developmental potential. This paper investigates how integrity-driven leadership, defined by transparency, accountability, and ethical decision-making, can transform governance for sustainable progress. Drawing on empirical data, case studies, and X platform insights, the study finds that Sub-Saharan Africa's 2024 Corruption Perceptions Index (CPI) score of 33/100 reflects entrenched corruption, with 90% of countries scoring below 50. Case studies of Botswana's transparent resource management, Rwanda's post-genocide digitization, South Africa's reconciliation under Mandela, and Mauritius's stable democracy highlight integrity's transformative impact. Key challenges include weak institutions, ethnic manipulation, and external pressures like illicit financial flows. Recommendations include institutional reforms, youth and women empowerment, anti-corruption technology, and pan-African collaboration to align with Agenda 2063's vision. By prioritizing ethical leadership, Africa can unlock inclusive growth and social cohesion.

The Russia-Ukraine war, which erupted in February 2022, has had profound implications for NATO and European security. This study examines the long-term consequences of the conflict on regional defense strategies, alliance dynamics, and geopolitical stability. The war has highlighted vulnerabilities in NATO's deterrence posture, necessitating strategic adjustments and increased military coordination among member states (Rynning, 2015, p. 112). Simultaneously, European nations have been compelled to reassess their defense expenditures, military readiness, and security policies to address emerging threats posed by a resurgent Russia (Wolff, 2015, p. 78). This research employs a qualitative approach, analyzing policy documents, defense reports, and scholarly literature published after 2015 to provide a comprehensive overview of the evolving security landscape. Findings indicate that NATO is likely to adopt a more robust collective defense posture, emphasizing rapid response capabilities and strategic deterrence, while European states may pursue greater defense autonomy and enhanced cooperation within the alliance framework. The study also explores potential implications for broader international security, including shifts in transatlantic relations, the role of the European Union in defense policy, and the future of arms control agreements. By synthesizing contemporary research and policy analysis, this paper contributes to a nuanced understanding of how ongoing conflicts reshape regional security architectures, offering insights relevant for policymakers, scholars, and international relations practitioners seeking to navigate the postwar European security environment.

Companies operating in the Financial Technology (FinTech) industry use cutting-edge technical solutions to provide a comprehensive variety of financial services to their customers. The key purpose and research topic will be investigated to evaluate whether they are more similar to traditional banks or trendy tech businesses that are using their innovation to promote financial inclusion and sustainability. This is because while evaluating Fin Techs, one can pose the issue of whether or not they follow the conventional processes that are used in the evaluation of technology businesses, banks, and other financial intermediaries. According to the early results of the empirical research, the second hypothesis is more in keeping with the present attitude in the stock market. Through the comparison and contrast of the market valuation methodologies used by traditional banks and FinTech businesses, as well as the demonstration of the potential for digital engagement and the crosspollination of complementary business models, the objective of this study is to fill a vacuum that has been identified in the existing body of literature. In terms of methodology, the stock market values of these firms and the multipliers accompanying them will be used to conduct an experimental analysis of the inequalities. Findings.

The earned value management is a powerful and important technique in analyzing and controlling the project performance. While it allows exact measurement of project progress, it lets corrective actions in a timely manner. In fact, the earned value allows project managers to find out any project time and cost deviations by calculating the performance indices. In this paper, to improve the applicability of the traditional earned value technique, we develop an integrated approach by combining statistical quality control charts with traditional earned value technique, to monitor and control project time and cost performances. The results applied to a real construction project compete favorly against traditional approaches

This study focuses on values and corporate social performance (CSP) in the context of large Finnish family firms. My starting point for the study is the notion that values play a key role in CSP, especially in the family business context. The main research question is: How are the values of active family business owners reflected in their family firms' corporate social performance? To be able to answer this question, firstly we have to find answers to the following questions: Which values do the active family business owners have and what kind of CSP is there in their family business firms? The theoretical framework is built on agency and stewardship theory (institutional level), stakeholder theory (organisational level) and value theories of Rokeach and Schwartz (individual level). Also previous values and CSP studies in the family business context are reviewed. When we are discussing CSP, we are actually discussing the role of business in society. Society consists of social, economic, political and technological environments, which partly define the CSP of firms. A qualitative multiple case study approach was chosen as the research strategy, since this seemed a suitable method for addressing the research aims. The empirical cases are eight large Finnish family firms. The case data consist of interviews with an active family business owner of each company. The owners represent four different value typologies. The analysis of values and CSP revealed three typologies of value-based CSP in the family firms. Although, there were signs of more than one typology in almost every case, in each case one typology was emphasised.

This position paper provides a comprehensive analysis of the consultancy business for Monitoring and Evaluation (M&E) experts, a rapidly evolving sector critical to development, humanitarian, and corporate initiatives. The paper first defines the modern M&E consultancy, moving beyond its traditional scope to encompass strategic advisory, capacity building, and complex data analysis. It then identifies and elaborates on the core competencies required for success, highlighting the crucial balance between technical M&E skills, critical soft skills, and ethical integrity. The paper also examines the primary challenges faced by consultants, such as project-based instability, data quality issues, and ethical dilemmas, while simultaneously identifying significant opportunities presented by digital M&E, specialization, and long-term partnerships. A central argument of this paper is the urgent need for professionalization within the sector, advocating for standardized certifications, a unified code of conduct, and professional bodies to enhance credibility and ensure quality. The paper concludes by presenting a forwardlooking vision for M&E consultancy, positioning it not merely as a technical service but as a strategic partner in achieving sustainable and impactful outcomes.

This study investigates the effect home countries pose on the assessment of luxury brand names, a theory involving the stereotype consumers shape in their minds as of a negative or positive image they hold about the country products are manufactured influencing their assessment of brand names. From a methodological standpoint, an experiment employing advertising stimuli under three contexts was conducted: first, with a negative home country effect (featuring a stereotyped poor manufacturing quality image); the second, with a positive home country effect (known for its good quality in manufacturing); and a third stimulus that did not mention the country of origin. Data was collected via a printed questionnaire that was answered by a 330 people sample. Results indicated that positive country of origin effect stimuli did not influence the assessment of luxury brand names but did positively influence that of non-luxury. The negative home country effect impacts both luxury and non-luxury brand names though more significantly the latter. Luxury brand assessments were hardly impacted by the absence of reference as to the country of origin but the stimuli did raise non-luxury brand name evaluations when this outcome was compared to the results gathered involving negative home country effects.

By definition, the main function of marketing is to transform demand into supply, but it also studies the needs for change in organizations and imposes them to ensure the next steps towards growth via new models of value creation. Following this principle, as well as summarizing the current processes in the marketing environment, the paper examines the concept of "transformational marketing", defined by V. Kumar. It emphasizes some key points, problems and activities for the transformation of business organizations, as well as the framework and the important factors for the concept are the generation and application of knowledge in organizations.

This paper examines the pervasive misunderstanding of key strategic concepts, namely strategy, vision, and mission, in both public and private sector organizations. It argues that this confusion leads to a short-term focus, a lack of integration, and an inability to achieve sustainable goals. The paper provides a clear conceptual framework, distinguishing these concepts and offering a set of actionable guidelines and diagnostic questions for leaders. By adopting a disciplined approach to strategic management, organizations can move beyond mere buzzwords to achieve long-term effectiveness and deliver tangible value to their stakeholders.

This handbook is for university students following the courses 'Doing
Business' and ‘The generation of business ideas and the acquisition of
patents'.
It is like an 'OPEN BOOK', i.e. it is updated regularly, and new chapters
are added.
The purpose of the book is to provide learners with the opportunity to
study the typical issues of small and medium business and
innovative start-ups and their socio-economic implications in a simple
and straightforward way. Therefore, complex and redundant language
was avoided to help the reader an easier understanding of business
economics topics. Of course, each topic in this textbook must be
expanded upon by the lecturer during class, just as any student can
delve into the several topics of business economics by reading the many
books available in public and private libraries and on academic websites. 
This handbook is aimed at the study of entrepreneurship issues.
Students study the features of business, how to develop a business idea,
planning and business management.
The book is composed of four sections each for distinct stages of learning
business economics in relation to doing business.
Part, one deals with fundamental topic about enterprise and
entrepreneur, business models, innovation and an introduction to
Possibilist Method using for business creation.
Part two deals business idea and business creation (generation of
business idea, market, marketing, business plan, canvas) 
Part three is an introduction to business strategy and business
management.
Part four covers some useful activities for starting your new business
(Crowdfunding, Patent – with special paragraphs on Crowdfunding and
Patenting in Kazakhstan).

nacido el 2 de junio de 1992, ejerce funciones como ayudante estudiante en las asignaturas "Matemática Financiera" y "Sistemas Integrados de Gestión" con una antigüedad docente de dos años. Es becario del grupo de investigación: "Tercer Sector" Zanfrillo Alicia Inés: nacida el 1 de marzo de 1966, profesora adjunta en las asignaturas "Sistemas de Información" y "Sistemas Integrados de Gestión", con una antigüedad docente de 20 años.

This study examined how promotions at the University of Abuja affected workers' performance, using workers' perceptions that fairness in promotion decisions drives workers' output as a moderating factor. Both primary and secondary sources of data were utilized in the investigation. Descriptive statistics, exploratory factor analysis, confirmatory factor analysis, and the partial least squares structural equation modeling technique were employed for the study. The findings indicated that when employees perceived that fairness in promotion decisions motivated them to perform better, the influence of promotions on their performance was positive and significant. Additionally, the mediation analysis revealed that when employees believed that fairness in promotion decisions motivated their performance, promotions had a favorable and significant impact on their performance, although this was only a partial mediation. The overall results demonstrated that promotions significantly and positively impacted workers' performance. The study recommended that the University of Abuja administration should prioritize equity in promotion processes to enhance employee performance. Furthermore, to support employees in meeting promotion requirements, the university's management must ensure impartiality in promotion decisions.

In this study we have analyzed and interpreted the main statistical indicators of potato produced in Romania. First of all, we start by presenting some information about potatoes: origin and appearance, their importance and necessity in the life of people and animals. Then on the basis of the specific statistical indicators, it was interpreted the evolution of the cultivated area, the percentage of the main counties in the cultivated area with potatoes, the average yield per hectare, as well as the import and export of potatoes in a given period. Each indicator was analyzed and corresponding remarks and conclusions have been drawn.

The problem of corruption, fraud and greed amongst corporate fiduciaries has heightened expectation of the global public for corporations to demonstrate greater level of accountability, transparency, and integrity in the way they do business. The rapid pace of globalization makes the need for reforming corporate governance in the Caribbean urgent. In Latin America and the Caribbean, businesses must persuade investors and creditors that they can confidently invest in the region. This means displaying clearer relationships between participation and control, more transparency, consistent and detailed financial statements, as well as maintaining good relations with financial markets. This paper explores emerging global corporate governance trends and Caribbean developments. It reflects a comprehensive review of relevant literature and provides highlights of inconclusive research findings of four case studies being conducted in Jamaica. In addition, the research for this work benefited from the joint views and opinions of 120 delegates drawn from 24 countries across the Caribbean, who met at the first Caribbean Corporate Governance Forum held in September 2003. Many conclusions can be drawn from thoroughly assessing the issues of this paper, one of which is the urgency for the initiation and implementation of a Caribbean-wide Corporate Governance Framework.

The problem of corruption, fraud and greed amongst corporate fiduciaries has heightened expectation of the global public for corporations to demonstrate greater level of accountability, transparency, and integrity in the way they do business. The rapid pace of globalization makes the need for reforming corporate governance in the Caribbean urgent. In Latin America and the Caribbean, businesses must persuade investors and creditors that they can confidently invest in the region. This means displaying clearer relationships between participation and control, more transparency, consistent and detailed financial statements, as well as maintaining good relations with financial markets. This paper explores emerging global corporate governance trends and Caribbean developments. It reflects a comprehensive review of relevant literature and provides highlights of inconclusive research findings of four case studies being conducted in Jamaica. In addition, the research for this work benefited from the joint views and opinions of 120 delegates drawn from 24 countries across the Caribbean, who met at the first Caribbean Corporate Governance Forum held in September 2003. Many conclusions can be drawn from thoroughly assessing the issues of this paper, one of which is the urgency for the initiation and implementation of a Caribbean-wide Corporate Governance Framework.

Marketing theory has long been dominated by frameworks that claim universality and permanence. Among these, The 22 Immutable Laws of Marketing by Al Ries and Jack Trout has served as a cornerstone, shaping both academic discourse and industry practice since its publication in 1993. Yet, the digital economy has shifted the battlefield. Consumer attention is fragmented, algorithms dictate visibility, and psychological manipulation has become central to competitive survival. This paper explores the evolution of marketing laws from the classical foundations laid by Ries and Trout to the contemporary adaptation represented by Hadrian Stone's The 23 Laws of Marketing: Master Then or Die. By reframing marketing as psychological warfare within the attention economy, Stone's work expands the scope of immutable principles to account for the ruthless, algorithm-driven realities of the modern marketplace. This paper situates Stone's contribution as both a critique and an extension of the classical canon, arguing that his framework represents a necessary recalibration of marketing doctrine for the 21st century.

In Kenya, food insecurity affects people living in the rural, urban, high potential, arid and semi arid areas and the food policies have had limited success. This paper examines insights into how policy re – orientation can be used to enhance food security in Laikipia Central. The study was a descriptive survey involving a target population of 39 purposely selected government field officers. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used to analyze the primary data collected using structured questionnaires. The response rate was 79.5 percent and the findings showed that food policies have not been successful in addressing food availability and accessibility. Therefore to improve on the policy effectiveness and efficacy it was recommended for policy re – orientation to improve on the policy implementation process girded on firm decision to act, to leverage on the available resources for affordability and flexibility, integrated approach leveraging on will and commitment and to empo...

Bu çalışma, Turkish Cargo’nun 2025–2033 dönemine yönelik küresel büyüme stratejisini analiz etmeyi amaçlamaktadır. Çalışmada, küresel hava kargo sektörünün dinamikleri, dijitalleşme, e-ticaretin yükselişi, çevresel düzenlemeler ve rekabet koşulları çerçevesinde Turkish Cargo’nun stratejik yönelimi değerlendirilmiştir. Nitel araştırma yöntemi benimsenerek ikincil veriler üzerinden analiz yapılmış; sektör raporları, şirket açıklamaları, UTİKAD gibi kuruluşlardan alınan röportajlar ve akademik kaynaklardan yararlanılmıştır. Turkish Cargo’nun kısa (2025–2027), orta (2028–2030) ve uzun vadeli (2031–2033) stratejik hedefleri; taşıma hacminin 3,9 milyon tona yükseltilmesi, %8 küresel pazar payına ulaşılması, 44 uçaklık bir filo oluşturulması ve 150 direkt destinasyona uçuş yapılması şeklinde belirlenmiştir. Bu hedefler, SmartIST terminalinin kapasitesinin artırılması, özel kargo hizmetlerinin geliştirilmesi, dijital sistemlerin entegrasyonu ve sürdürülebilirlik yatırımları gibi temel stratejilerle desteklenmektedir. SWOT, PESTEL ve Porter analizleriyle desteklenen bu planlama, şirketin güçlü yönlerini pekiştirirken dışsal tehditlere karşı çözümler üretmeyi amaçlamaktadır. Elde edilen bulgular, Turkish Cargo’nun küresel liderlik vizyonuna ulaşmasının mümkün olduğunu göstermektedir. Ancak bu sürecin başarıya ulaşabilmesi, operasyonel mükemmeliyetin yanı sıra esnek stratejik yönetim ve paydaş odaklı sürdürülebilirlik yaklaşımıyla mümkündür.

This book is interested to present how to apply artificial intelligence (AI) in economics using Econographicology (Ruiz Estrada, 2017) as the main analytical and theoretical framework to support the application of AI in economics. This book is divided into twelve chapters.

The second chapter presents a simple methodology for using artificial intelligence (AI) chatbots in the policy modelling. We outline, step by step, how to systematically proposing a methodology the support of AI chatbot such as ChatGPT. This new methodology, called Artificial Intelligence Policy Modelling (AIPM), offers a transformative approach to teaching, learning, and researching policy modelling from a methodological perspective. The process begins with the manual creation of a basic prototype, which is then enhanced through the integration of AI chatbots to evaluate and analyse any socio-economic phenomena. The AIPM shifts policy modelling from being primarily a theoretical discipline toward becoming a practical tool for understanding and analyzing dynamic, complex socio-economic systems through a more realistic and applicable lens. Today, it is possible to create, evaluate, and simulate socio-economic problems using real images or videos generated with ChatGPT. This enables faster comprehension and facilitates the identification of efficient and feasible solutions. Ultimately, AIPM developed through this methodology can be applied across all areas of economics, including microeconomics, macroeconomics, development, applied economics, economic thought, finance and banking, management, business economics, and other related fields.

The third chapter is interested to evaluate how artificial intelligence (AI) can help in the economic modeling. The fast development of AI, big data, data sciences, neural networks, and graphical models is opening opportunities to Economists and Academics to a new era under the uses of these alternative technologies. However, AI can replace the traditional way how we analyze and solve economic problems. In our case, this research presents an alternative economic method under the presentation of an application (theoretical framework) that is using AI, big data, data sciences, neural networks, and Econographicology simultaneously. The new electronic application is called “The Autonomous Economic Decision Maker Simulator (AEDM-Simulator). Finally, we introduce the AEDM-Simulator theoretical framework and a few examples of how to use the AEDM-Simulator to solve any economic issue(s). The AEDM-Simulator is used as a main database based on the uses of all volumes (39) and issues (250) from the Journal of Economic Modelling (JEM) published by Elsevier in the last past thirt-nine years (1984-2023).

The fourth chapter is to provides an overview of the role of humanoid robots (HR) in the economy from a macroeconomic perspective. In the first section, we present a general introduction to robots. The second section offers a brief history of robots. The third section focuses on the basic requirements for building a humanoid robot (HR). In the fourth section, we delve into a microeconomic analysis of the impact of humanoid robots (HR) on firms, specifically regarding cost, revenue, and profit maximization. In the fifth section, we evaluate from a macroeconomic view, we assess the impact of humanoids robots (HR) on the productivity, unemployment, inflation, economic growth, income distribution, and international trade. Additionally, this research emphasizes that humanoid robots (HR) are likely to create two possible outcomes, both of which require two mechanisms. We highlight key aspects of the emerging role of humanoid robots (HR) as a potential and effective substitute for human labour across various production sectors in the economy, as well as the profound changes occurring in the macroeconomic performance of any country.

The fifth chapter introduces a novel theoretical and graphical model designed to scrutinize the interplay between marginal revenue (R’) (Hawkins, 1970) and marginal production cost (C’) (Bulow and Pfleiderer, 1983), and its impact on overall profit maximization (Pmax) performance. Additionally, we put forward the concepts of the Maximum Critical Optimum Inflection Point (MCOI-Point), the firm's border limit, and the zero point as pivotal indicators within this framework. Termed as "The Return to the Zero Point of the Firm", this model offers a comprehensive perspective on firm behaviour. We conduct simulations under three distinct scenarios: (i) Scenario 1: Halting the decline of marginal revenue (R’) while maintaining lower marginal production costs (C’) in the long run to prevent reaching zero (potential bankruptcy). This scenario, labelled as Full Firm Surviving Sustainability, aims to sustain profits, thereby averting final collapse; (ii) The scenario 2: Keeping firm marginal revenue (R’) constant from the MCOI-Point, alongside maintaining consistently low marginal production costs (C’). This approach fosters the steady accumulation of profits in the long run, referred to as Long Constant Profit Sustainability.; (iii) The scenario 3: Generating a substantial surge in marginal revenue -R’- (exponentially), coupled with a thorough minimization of marginal production costs (C’) in the short term. This scenario is aimed at rapid financial growth. All three scenarios commence from the MCOI-Point, necessitating a series of systematic strategies to ensure the success of any firm and its ability to weather market crises. These strategies encompass coordinated efforts across various departments including Human Capital, Research and Development, Sales and Marketing, Finance, and Production. Through this synchronized approach, firms can achieve sustainable profit maximization and chart a clear path for their business operations.

This sixth chapter is interested to propose an alternative Multi-Dimensional (MD) graphical computational system to observe or simulate different macroeconomic scenarios simultaneously in real-time or live. It is called “The Macroeconomic Interactive Mega-Surface Model (MIMS-Model)”. Therefore, the construction of this multi-dimensional graphical computational system is based on the application of Econographicology (Ruiz, 2017) and Database analysis.

The seventh chapter shows the rationale behind the Cryptodata Multi-Level Analytical Intelligence System (Cryptodata MCAI-System) lies in the effectiveness of multi-level mega-data analysis frameworks, combined with the utilization of multidimensional graphs as a powerful tool for artificial intelligence learning. This approach enables a comprehensive understanding and resolution of economic, financial, and business challenges. The primary goal in developing the Cryptodata MCAI-System is to provide a new artificial intelligence learning tool capable of efficiently evaluating dynamic and complex economic, financial, and business issues, thereby facilitating a wide range of potential solutions. As such, the Cryptodata MCAI-System seeks to present academics, researchers, and policymakers with an alternative artificial intelligence approach. It introduces a suite of different types of multidimensional artificial intelligence learning tools, including the mega-dynamic disks coordinate space (vertical and horizontal position) learning machine tool, and the mega-disks networks mapping (MDN-Mapping) learning machine tool.


The eight chapter introduces a groundbreaking system, the Auto-Sustainable Artificial Intelligence Generator System (ASAIG-System), which exhibits the capability to autonomously collect, process, and provide feedback, ultimately culminating in full autonomy. This system enables the acquisition of data with unprecedented precision, facilitating rapid and rational decision-making in short timeframes. The ASAIG-System offers a novel theoretical framework for the development of self-sustaining learning machines, poised to eventually supplant human involvement in complex decision-making processes with enhanced long-term precision. Finally, his research chapter introduces the Auto-Sustainable Artificial Intelligence Generator System (ASAIG-System), highlighting its potential to revolutionize decision-making processes through autonomous data collection, processing, and feedback mechanisms. The study underscores the system's auto-sustainability and its implications for a wide range of industries and applications. Additionally, pure technical considerations and human-machine interaction are addressed to ensure responsible deployment of the ASAIG-System.

The nineth chapter delves into the transformative impact of ChatGPT-4 and Google Scholar on the landscape of socio-economic research and problem-solving. The evolution of search engines, driven by advancements in artificial intelligence (AI), sophisticated algorithms, and robust programming tools, has significantly enhanced precision and expanded databases. This paradigm shift opens up unprecedented opportunities for analysing and addressing dynamic and intricate socio-economic challenges. The twelfth chapter introduces a novel evaluation model, termed the "Economic Solutions Searcher Evaluation Model (ESSE-Model)," designed to gauge the effectiveness of ChatGPT-4 and Google Scholar. An experimental study is also conducted to compare their performance in finding solutions to a specific socio-economic problem, exemplified by unemployment control. Finally, this research chapter provides a comprehensive analysis of the transformative influence of ChatGPT-4 and Google Scholar on socio-economic research and problem-solving. The introduction of the ESSE-Model and the experimental study offer valuable insights into the effectiveness of these platforms. Moreover, technical considerations and best practices are addressed to ensure optimal performance of these advanced tools in research endeavours.

The chapter tenth provides an overview of the role of humanoid robots (HR) in the...

This community service activity was carried out at PT Cahaya Murni Indolampung through product innovation and distribution strategies in the context of international business competition. The company serves as a real example of how local enterprises can adapt to the dynamics of the global market by developing innovative products and implementing effective distribution strategies. This activity not only highlights the company's management practices but also links them to theories and concepts in International Business, particularly regarding export strategies, competitive advantage, and the role of firms in the global value chain. The results show that continuous innovation and adaptive distribution are key factors in strengthening the company's competitiveness in international markets. Moreover, the success of PT Cahaya Murni Indolampung significantly contributes to the economy of Lampung through job creation, increased export value, and the region's stronger role in international trade. Thus, this community service project provides applied insights that International Business concepts can be practically implemented to support both corporate growth and local economic development.

In the post-COVID-19 context, both France and Spain are adapting to the evolving expectations of tourists, particularly in relation to environmental responsibility and the diversification of leisure and business activities. This comparative analysis of France’s and Spain’s tourism strategies towards 2030 focuses on the sustainability of tourism practices and the challenges posed by overtourism and the management of visitor flows. The comparison draws upon both statistical analysis and qualitative coding based on national tourism strategic plans. Spain’s approach centres on the adaptation of its territories and the diversification of its tourism offerings, notably through the integration of soft mobility practices. France, by contrast, emphasises enhanced competitiveness in response to international rivalry and the extension of international stays through the strategic use of data-driven marketing. Spain’s comprehensive strategy proposes a new climate-responsive planning-policy framework aimed at transforming the sector while promoting social and territorial equity. France, meanwhile, places particular emphasis on major international events, such as the 2024 Olympic and Paralympic Games. From the global to the local scale, there is a marked shift in national tourism governance towards the explicit integration of the United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals.

Com certeza esta é a parte mais importante deste trabalho, agradecer àqueles que de alguma forma contribuíram para que ele se tornasse uma realidade. Ao longo da minha vida e da minha formação acadêmica, várias pessoas iluminaram os meus passos e me guiaram para que chegasse até aqui. Agradeço a Deus a oportunidade da vida e a convivência com pessoas tão especiais como vocês. Muito obrigada a todos. Poucos alunos de graduação têm a oportunidade de vivenciar uma experiência tão rica e gratificante como o Programa Especial de Treinamento -PET, base da minha iniciação científica e da minha inserção em atividades de ensino e extensão. Assim, agradeço à Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Ensino Superior (CAPES) a iniciativa e a manutenção do Programa e a Profa. Dra. Silvia Regina de Almeida Reis, tutora do PET -Odontologia, a imensa contribuição para a minha formação profissional e meu crescimento pessoal. De forma muito especial agradeço, a minha orientadora, Profa. Dra. Maria Isabel Pereira Vianna, a compreensão frente às minhas inúmeras atividades e responsabilidades, a confiança, a amizade e o carinho que desenvolvemos neste período. A minha co-orientadora, Profa. Sônia Cristina Lima Chaves, a precisão de suas contribuições, a amizade, a atenção, o carinho, a supervisão nos tempos de residência, o modelo metodológico e a disponibilidade da orientação, mesmo que à distância ou em momentos tão complexos. Agradeço ainda a todos os professores que, de forma muito próxima e marcante, acompanharam a minha formação, seja na graduação, na residência ou durante o mestrado, especialmente, Alessandra Castro Alves, Maria Cristina Cangussu e Ana Luiza Villasbôas. Aprendi muito com cada uma de vocês. Aos meus colegas de mestrado (Alan, Conceição, Cristiana, Eugênio, Jorge, Luciana, Marcelo, Robert, Robson e Sérgio), hoje meus amigos. De certo sentirei saudades das aulas, do estresse, das reuniões e dos nossos encontros, mas principalmente, sentirei saudades da convivência quase diária com vocês. A Efigênia, pela compreensão nas minhas ausências, pela oportunidade, pelo carinho e pela confiança. Aos meus colegas da SESAB (Olga, Kinha, Sara, Ray, Rosivan, Elen e Maristela), sempre compreensivos. A Mariângela, a amizade gratuita e sincera, e o apoio, quando eu mais precisava. A Ana de Fátima e Jaqueline, amigas da Área Técnica de Saúde Bucal da SESAB, o companheirismo, a cooperação e a disponibilização da base de dados e de material bibliográfico. Sem cada um de vocês, eu não teria conseguido. A Sandro a grande amizade e a contribuição na reta final deste trabalho. Este estudo descritivo analisou a atenção à saúde bucal em 11 municípios da Bahia, a partir do processo de descentralização, da oferta de serviços e da experiência de cárie dentária na população de 15 a 19 anos. A análise foi realizada por agregados, utilizando dados secundários. Para cada um dos municípios foram delineados o perfil sócio demográfico, a caracterização do sistema municipal de saúde, a oferta de serviços odontológicos, a partir do SIA-SUS, e a prevalência e severidade da cárie dentária, obtidas a partir do banco de dados do levantamento das condições de saúde bucal da população brasileira, concluído pelo Ministério da Saúde no ano de 2003. Foi possível verificar que a descentralização das ações e serviços de saúde no âmbito do SUS não tem correspondido ao aumento da cobertura de 1 a consulta odontológica, mas, tem contribuído para a expansão da oferta de serviços ambulatoriais e coletivos em saúde bucal. Apesar da redução da participação percentual dos procedimentos cirúrgicos na produção ambulatorial, estes ainda prevalecem como principal tipo de serviço ofertado em municípios de pequeno porte, onde também encontra-se a pior qualidade no registro das informações no SIA-SUS. Para todos os municípios, o registro de Procedimentos Coletivos é o que apresenta maiores problemas. Contudo, há que se considerar as limitações da base de dados utilizada. Além da capacitação dos profissionais para manejo adequado dos sistemas de informação, faz-se necessária a sensibilização acerca da importância dos sistemas de informação em saúde, sua contribuição para uma análise mais integrada da situação de saúde bucal e para tomada de decisões. Descritores: descentralização, sistemas locais de saúde, saúde bucal, sistema de informação, cárie dentária.

Performance of small and medium-sized businesses (SMEs) in Kiambu County, Kenya, was investigated in this study in relation to business growth methods.  SMEs are well known for their role in generating jobs and advancing the economy as a whole. The study focused on four key growth strategies commonly used by SMEs: market penetration, market development, product development, and diversification. The objective was to determine how each of these strategies influenced SME performance, assessed through indicators such as profitability, market share, customer satisfaction, and business growth. A descriptive research design was adopted for the study. Data were collected from a sample of 370 SMEs through structured questionnaires administered to business owners and senior managers responsible for key functional areas including marketing, operations, finance, and strategic planning. Stratified random sampling was used to ensure fair representation across different sectors. In addition to examining the internal strategies, the study explored the role of external environmental factors such as county government policies, access to financing, and infrastructure in shaping the effectiveness of business growth strategies. The data collected was analyzed using both descriptive and inferential statistical methods. The reliability of the research instrument was confirmed with a Cronbach’s Alpha value of 0.8. Regression analysis revealed that the four business growth strategies collectively explained 61 percent of the variation in SME performance (R² = 0.61). Market development, with a coefficient of 0.071 and a t-value of 2.087, showed the strongest positive influence on SME performance. Product development had a coefficient of 0.062 and a t-value of 2.152, while market penetration had a coefficient of 0.044 and a t-value of 2.925. Diversification demonstrated a modest but statistically significant influence with a coefficient of 0.023 and a t-value of 2.000. Descriptive findings indicated that a majority of SMEs in Kiambu County actively apply business growth strategies to improve performance and competitiveness. Many respondents highlighted the importance of innovation, customer loyalty programs, strategic pricing, and exploring new market segments as essential elements for success. Firms that consistently launched new or enhanced products and engaged in targeted marketing campaigns reported stronger customer retention and increased brand visibility. SMEs that expanded into related markets or adjusted their offerings based on local demand were better positioned to cope with competition and changing customer needs. The study was conducted in compliance with ethical research standards, with approvals obtained from the Ethics Review Committee of Mount Kenya University and the National Commission for Science, Technology and Innovation (NACOSTI). The findings offer valuable insights for SME owners, policymakers, and support institutions seeking to strengthen the sustainability and performance of SMEs. The study provides evidence-based recommendations to support strategic decision-making, guide policy development, and promote long-term SME growth in Kiambu County and other similar regions.

There is significant confusion and debate in entrepreneurship and strategy research about the nature and locus of uncertainty. Does uncertainty reside internally in the agent or externally in the environment? This article introduces a relational view of uncertainty (RVU) to help reframe this issue. In this framework, uncertainty is understood neither as purely subjective nor objective but as a relational phenomenon that depends on the agent's ability to navigate the challenges posed by their context. One advantage of RVU is that it enables scholars to explore new questions about the benefits and drawbacks for agents of acknowledging uncertainty-questions that a subjectivist framework, which treats uncertainty as purely perceptual, cannot address. Unlike the objective view, moreover, which sees uncertainty as an external and untreatable, RVU suggests that agents can sometimes mitigate uncertainty by strengthening their capabilities or drawing on the expertise of others.

With the constant stream of changes we face daily, we encounter more chaos, which has become the norm in human life. This chaos blinds us from seeing opportunities, weakens our mental health, and silences our hopes and passions. We find ourselves in a seemingly never-ending state of uncertainty.
No one can forge a path toward a brighter future or execute a strong vision if their mind is in chaos and lacks clarity. Achieving certainty amid the debris of chaos is no easy feat.
This presents a daunting challenge for any leader. Helping people escape their bubbles of uncertainty requires the ability to see beyond the chaos. To do that, the leader must learn how to create clarity.
What is the nature of chaos? How can chaos be used to achieve success? How do you think and act beyond chaos to realize your vision? How can clarity be gained?
Answering these questions, along with many others, through real-life stories and practical discussions, Oleg Konovalov, an acclaimed global thought leader and top authority in visionary leadership, outlines a practical framework for developing a strong mindset and emerging from chaos into visionary clarity. Your success lies beyond the chaos.

Following Stanley Deetz's (1992) work, this paper argues that storytelling can operate as a powerful medium for corporate colonization. Stories exist as sites where subjectivity forms through the intersection of various ideologies. As one such ideology, managerialism structures the world in ways that privilege the interests of corporate elites. Using Burke's (1931) concept form, the paper suggests that stories can draw audiences into the acceptance of premises about how they should act, such that they become managerial subjects with a particular narrative structure ordering their experiences. (Contains 79 references.) (Author/RS)

Equity valuation using P/E multiples is widely used globally across all investment banks primarily to assist their clients, advising them whether to purchase or sell a business or to raise capital for growing a business. The success of any business deal critically depends on valuation. Accurate valuation, thus, interests most of the analysts/investment bankers. Despite such wide and critical usage there is limited research around the topic. Literature suggests that researchers have estimated the accuracy of this technique but their work is limited to a few markets and some specified intervals of time. The results they come up with should not be generalized to all markets that exist around the globe rather should be empirically tested on other markets as well. With a little empirical evidence on the effectiveness of P/E equity valuation method as far as international equity markets are concerned, this report adds to its empirical evidence for UK buyouts. This report estimates accurac...

This paper examines three strategic tools used by organizations globally. This examination would be a theoretical diagnostic perspective in analyzing these strategic planning tools. The three strategic tools that would be investigated are SWOT analysis, PESTEL analysis, Porters 5 forces. These strategic planning tools play an important role in the fields of strategic planning, assessing the business environment, mitigating risks, assessing external and internal factors, developing strategies, analyse the competitive industry, profitability. These three pivotal strategic marketing and business analytical tools, each of these offers an exceptional perspective for assessing internal capabilities, and external environments factors, business dynamics, and marketing strategies. SWOT analysis presents a systematic method for recognizing strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats, fundamental for strategic decision-making. The PESTEL analysis proposal several insights into macro-environmental factors, these include political, economic, social, technological, environmental, and legal that heavily influence an organization. Porter's Five Forces model investigates the competitive forces within an industry, emphasizing impending threats and market attractiveness. By incorporating these frameworks, businesses can enhance they, competitive positioning, strategic planning and market responsiveness in a progressively complex business landscape. These insights from the study would be critical for firms aiming to enhance they organizations using these strategi tools. This study analysed, accessed, and synthesized the SWOT, PESTEL, Porters five forces literature, acknowledging for new theoretical perspectives and frameworks to surface.

This research examines the effectiveness of employee motivation on job performance within the Parliament Office of Guyana. The sample is 111 staff across 11 departments, of all levels-upper, middle and lower-level management as well as lower than lower-level management. Emanating from senior management meetings was the issue of dwindling employee performance which may be owing to the need for motivation. As such, this study endeavours to identify the factors of motivation which may be needed and whether those factors influence the job performance of employees. A purposive sampling method was employed, with questionnaires distributed to all 123 employees, the entire employee population. The pre-tested questionnaire includes 15 closed-ended questions capturing demographics, factors of motivation and effects. The analysis off the data collected was analysed with SPSS version. The results of the findings showed that monetary factors such as allowances, stipends, bonuses, and annual increments dominated in influencing job performance while an insignificant number of employees are self-motivated or influenced by intrinsic factors. Non-monetary factors such as working conditions, opportunities for personal growth, job interest, and social prestige, have influenced performance in a smaller magnitude. The study also showed that the factors of motivation influenced dedication, productivity, initiative, efficiency, and work quality. A significant number of respondents testified to being more engaged and effective when motivated. Nevertheless, punctuality was not influenced. In conclusion, both monetary and non-monetary factors of motivation influence employee performance at the Parliament Office of Guyana.

Social media in short is tools of sharing information, ideas, careers, hobbies, etc. in network and online community. Social media users usually access social media through internet-based technology that have features at mobile devices. Social media have some common functionality such as social media are interactive Web 2.0 Internet-based applications [1] [2], usergenerated content, such as text posts or data generated through all online interactions, is the main thing of social media [1] [2], Users create service-specific profiles for the website or app that are designed and maintained by the social media organization [1] [2], social media facilitate the development of online social networks by connecting a user's profile with those of other individuals or groups. [1] [2] User can create interactive platforms which individuals, communities, and organizations can share, co-create, discuss, participate and modify user-generated content. Social media convenience make social media is favorite tool to share information and social media can be use as powerful tool to promote business or anything. It's transforming old marketing to a new level. This new marketing method/campaign bring out a curiosity. Is social media can be use as tool to promote multi-level marketing? What is the impact of implementing social media on multi-level marketing? Because of the questions above, it came idea to analyze the impact of social media on multi-level marketing.

Müşteri taleplerinin çeşitlenmesi ve buna bağlı olarak ürün hayat devirlerinin kısalması, müşteri odaklı yönetim yaklaşımlarının şekillenmesinde en önemli etken olmuştur. Üretim sürecini hızlandırarak bu talepleri karşılamak ve küresel rekabet şartlarına uyum sağlayabilmek için firmalar, üretim sistemlerini yeniden gözden geçirmek ve teknolojik gelişmeleri bu sistemlere uygulamak zorunda kalmışlardır. Üretim sistemlerindeki bu köklü değişiklikler maliyet yönetimi konusundaki problemleri de beraberinde getirmiştir. Geleneksel maliyet sistemleri, yeni üretim ortamlarını destekleyecek bilgi desteğini sunmak konusunda yetersiz kalmışlardır. Bunun ötesinde otomasyonun üretim sistemlerinde giderek daha fazla yer bulması direkt işgücüne olan önemi azaltmış; buna bağlı olarak değişen maliyet yapısı, ürün maliyetlendirmesi konusundaki aksaklıkları gündeme getirmiştir. Bu ve benzeri sebepler maliyet yönetimi konusunda yeni yaklaşımlar geliştirilmesini kaçınılmaz kılmıştır. Tez çalışmasının bi...

The world around us is moving at an extremely fast pace than ever before and Information technology plays a pivotal role in driving this momentum forward. With its growth and innovations, the biggest challenge information technology brings is its Security, which is commonly known as Cyber Security. From Small Organizations to massive government infrastructures, Everyone takes exceptional measures to prevent cybercrimes So that businesses can continue to Operate Smoothly. This paper mainly focuses on Business Continuity & Disaster Recovery after a Cyber Attack. It also explains the latest Cyber Security Techniques, trend changes & Threats.

Abstrak Fenomena tingginya turnover tenaga kerja Generasi Z di Indonesia terjadi secara paradoksal di tengah keterbatasan lapangan kerja dan meningkatnya kompetisi pasar tenaga kerja. Berdasarkan data empiris dan pendekatan psikologi bisnis, artikel ini bertujuan untuk menjelaskan penyebab rendahnya retensi Gen Z melalui integrasi Model KoBHAR-yang terdiri dari tiga pilar utama: Trust and Relations, Power Balance, dan Information Symmetry. Studi ini menemukan bahwa ketidaksesuaian antara ekspektasi psikologis Gen Z dan budaya organisasi tradisional (yang cenderung top-down, tidak transparan, dan minim partisipasi) berkontribusi besar terhadap disengagement dan intensi keluar kerja, bahkan saat peluang kerja alternatif sangat terbatas. Dengan menggunakan pendekatan teoritis Self-Determination Theory dan Psychological Contract, artikel ini menyajikan argumen bahwa Gen Z bukan sekadar "kutu loncat", melainkan generasi yang reflektif, berorientasi pada nilai (valuedriven), dan sangat peka terhadap lingkungan kerja yang tidak selaras secara moral dan psikologis. Artikel ini menawarkan strategi retensi melalui reformasi hubungan industrial berbasis kolaborasi, keterbukaan, dan pemenuhan kebutuhan psikologis, serta memberikan implikasi praktis di tingkat individu, organisasi, dan kebijakan ketenagakerjaan nasional.

In today's corporate world, every company needs to survive in the long run by becoming financially sustainable. Firms
must cope with a variety of financial variables for a successful long-term financial existence, where the two most crucial
issues are capital structure and profitability. The finance manager must design the capital structure in such a way so that
the company can earn a good profit to satisfy all of its stakeholders. A modest attempt has been made in this study to
understand how far profitability is affected by the capital structure design. This study considered 100 manufacturing
companies of India's National Stock Exchange (NSE) as the sample companies. The study has been purely based on
secondary data, and the required data has been gathered from the 'CAPITALINE' database for a period of 10 years, i.e.,
from 2011 to 2020. This study considered ROIC ( proxy of profitability) as the dependent variable and leverage (proxy of
capital structure) as the independent variable. Besides, some control variables such as firm size, Tangibility, uniqueness,
growth, and firm quality have also been taken into account. A dynamic panel data regression model has been used in this
study to examine the relationship between profitability and capital structure. The findings of the study clearly revealed
that profitability is affected by the choice of capital structure design.
KEYWORDS: Capital Structure, Leverage, Profitability, ROIC, Dynamic Panel, NSE

A generalidade dos autores que se dedica ao estudo da gestão do conhecimento sustenta a existência de uma relação entre esta e o desempenho organizacional, numa óptica de criação e manutenção de vantagens competitivas sustentáveis. Neste artigo apresentamos um modelo de equações estruturais, através do qual se procura testar, na globalidade e para a mostra estudada (50 organizações industriais do Distrito de Viseu), a validade do pressuposto teórico enunciado, avaliando relações de dependência ou interdependência simultâneas entre um conjunto de variáveis que evidenciou possuir relações de maior magnitude em estudos prévios e no âmbito dos quais utilizámos análises de regressão múltipla. Os resultados obtidos sugerem a existência de um impacto positivo da gestão do conhecimento na competitividade organizacional, reforçando as conclusões retiradas a partir das análises de regressão múltipla previamente realizadas, e sustentando empiricamente o modelo teórico de que partimos. Palavras-chave: Gestão do conhecimento, competitividade organizacional, modelo de equações estruturais, questionário de gestão do conhecimento, indicadores de desempenho organizacional. Até à década de 1980, pouca importância era atribuída ao conhecimento como um "activo", um "capital" ou um "bem" organizacional. Actualmente, este constitui um recurso valioso e insubstituível enquanto força motriz das empresas que actuam, cada vez mais, em contextos marcadamente incertos e imprevisíveis e onde a gestão estratégica da informação é recompensada, bem como a improvisação, a inovação e a apropriação do conhecimento. De facto, num mundo onde os mercados, os produtos, a tecnologia e a própria sociedade se transformam a um ritmo vertiginosamente acelerado, 191

The prevailing model of Public-Private Partnership (PPP) have been hindered by a combination of factors, including regulatory hurdles, non-transparent procurement processes, weak institutional capacity, and a failure to conduct thorough feasibility studies. The study addressed the challenges of Public-Private Partnership model implementation in Addis Ababa and suggested context specific model. It employed sequential explanatory mixed research design. A six-step thematic analysis model development was applied to conceptualize key themes used for adapting a PPP housing model and applied Thematic Analysis. The finding indicated a factor loading of 0.905 a strong positive correlation between the enabling condition created by the city and success. On the other hand, standardized factor loading of-0.928 indicated a strong negative correlation between challenges and successful PPP model implementation. Moreover, lack of transparent procurement with a factor loading of 0.288, a weak positive correlation with the success, is found to be a serious challenge. The findings of the thematic analysis show lack of proper model selection, and fail to adhere to the principles of transparent procurement and participatory risk management which resulted in delays. Therefore, the study recommended an adapted model that emphasizes on transparent and competitive procurement as well as participatory risk identification and sharing among partners.

The idea of Modernism as a drive for scientific innovation is currently being challenged. Alternative ways of thinking are explored to deal with scientific innovation. The process often starts with deconstructing modernism as a premise for a search of perspectives on change and transformation. Rationales for such turnaround are addressed from many sciences, such

formulent le projet épistémologique de questionner la formation de la connaissance finalisée à l'orientation de l'action organisationnelle. Le thème de la communication a marqué les années quatre-vingt, mais la plupart des travaux ont analysé le processus de communication, sans exploiter à fond le rôle de la parole dans la vie des organisations. L'objet de cet article est de développer la recherche en gestion stratégique interprétée comme discours qui nourrit la pensée et l'action des organisations. Au centre de la recherche, nous découvrons les relations entre logiques et rhétoriques du discours organisationnel et nous démontrons que les entreprises se forment et changent par des séquences de pensées et d'actions, dont le médium est toujours conversationnel. La dialogique devient alors la méthode privilégiée d'intervention pour le changement stratégique. Dans ses conclusions, l'article touche la question de la recherche -action dans la gestion des processus de changement.

This study examines the implementation of Triple
Bottom Line (TBL) sustainability practices—
economic, social, and environmental—in
selected budget hotels (Chanel Paris Hotel Corp.,
Microtel Inns and Suites by Wyndham South
Forbes, and Herbel Apartelle) and their impact on
customer satisfaction, loyalty, and repeat

visitation. Using a quantitative descriptive-
correlational design, data were collected from

250 respondents (210 guests and 40 employees)
via purposive sampling. Results indicate that
employees perceive TBL practices as highly
implemented (mean = 3.47), with environmental
sustainability scoring highest (mean = 3.51).
Guests reported high satisfaction across service
quality dimensions (mean = 3.42), particularly in
reliability (mean = 3.47) and empathy (mean =

3.43). Notably, social sustainability showed the
strongest correlation with customer satisfaction
(*r* = .661, *p* < 0.05) and loyalty (*r* = .569,
*p* < 0.05), while generational and gender
differences influenced perceptions of
sustainability practices. Based on these findings,
a 5-year strategic plan was proposed, integrating
digital innovation (e.g., AI-driven chatbots, CRM
systems), eco-certifications, and community
engagement to enhance competitive advantage.
The study underscores the strategic value of TBL
practices in fostering sustainable hospitality
operations and customer retention, offering
actionable insights for budget hotels aiming to
align profitability with planetary and social
responsibility..

The process of finding evidence at a crime scene requires special skills from the forensic scientist. These skills can be acquired through training and review of various references and literature published regularly in specialized journals. However, handling evidence requires a specialized scientific approach capable of transforming ordinary phenomena observed at a crime scene into direct and conclusive evidence of the true nature of the criminal act. The work focuses on highlighting details related to the classification and collection methods, the method of classification and collection, and how to handle evidence or samples with optional background information at a crime scene. The work includes a detailed explanation of many of the implications of the term "material evidence" in forensic science, and the specialist working with it must possess a special set of qualifications that enable him to deal with the scene of the event in various environments. Our goal in this work is for the concept of evidence in forensic sciences to be not words but rather the nature of the effective tool through which the party responsible for the occurrence of the event can be determined.

Abstrak -Santri yang bersekolah diluar kota tempat tinggalnya mendorong santri untuk bisa menggunakan alat elektronik untuk mobilitas pembayarannya yang jauh dari orangtuanya. Pada penelitian ini, lebih lanjut akan membahas tentang perilaku non tunai pada kalangan santri. Tujuan penelitian dapat mengukur tingkat tingkat perilaku transaksi santri di Jombang khususnya di Pondok Pesantren Darul Ulum dan Tebuireng. Jenis penelitian ini adalah penelitian kuantitatif dengan metode deskriptif. Penelitian ini berusaha memberikan informasi dengan menggambarkan perbandingan yang terjadi. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa penggunaan e-money lebih tinggi pada Pondok Pesantrn Darul Ulum dibandingkan dengan Tebuireng. Keterbatasan penelitian pertama, jumlah responden yang relatif terbatas; kedua faktor demografi yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini hanya terbatas pendidikan (santri) saja; ketiga, studi ini hanya berfokus pada faktor demografi saja dan tidak memasukkan faktor psikologi.