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below, we should not allow certain language problems to be ‘a hole in the cheese”. — Figure 29 below, we should not allow certain language problems to be ‘a hole in the cheese”.

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further examples of miscommunications caused by NES using nonstandard phraseology as in in answer to Question 2 (see Appendix 1) — was due to the ability of the NNES to innovate.

Table 1. Radiotelephony and language proficiency requirements in English-speaking countries

When a brand new controller is meteorology, altimetry, air traffic control separations or navigational aids, seem too different be aware of the impact of the communication skills needed.

integrating the subjects learnt. Simulation helps students to connect acquired knowledge in able to participate, and after the problematic situation is exposed by the “pilot” (a student situations to help students to get a complete view of routine and non-routine situations designated by the teacher), they, in turns, will participate until the situation is worked out.

This type of exercise stimulates students positively. They are

aircraft and COMMUNICATE in English. A simulation will be more effective if planning involves all the disciplines taught in the 10 % of what we SAY and DO, and when simulating real experiences, they DO separate syllabus. It could be designed as the final integration exercise of the course or as a subject in

pilots, and any other material considered relevant for the development of the simulation.

Conclusions

Aircraft involved: Wind one-three-zero degrees, one-zero knots. Visibility six kilometres. Haze. Temperature one-five, dewpoint one-three. QNH one-zero-zero-one. Simulation goes on until both aircraft have departed and CKMAS has landed.

Appendix 3

Figure 1. The test development process including layers and sub-layers of architecture

Figure 2. Summary of studies included in the review of theoretical and empirical research Step 2: Models of language use

Table 1. Method used in the matrix validation (Step 4) Results and discussion

Table 2. Weighting of construct components based on coding references As can be noted, the total number of coding references for each domain is included in dimensions, one interesting finding is the greater number of references for the dimension of

Table 3. Final matrix of construct specification

Table 5. Suggestions for training activities in the domain of English as a Lingua Franca

Note. * In bold, components of the construct confirmed by language testers/ESL teachers. >As underlined text, additional components of the construct suggested by language testers/ESL teachers.

Construct definition within the aviation radiotelephony domain

teaching, learning and assessment of the use of the English language in aviation. Doc 9835 (ICAO, 2004) features a pyramid with six skills that should guide the

to structure and 26 to pronunciation. Vocabulary errors have not been analyzed due to time

onstraints. *? The following table shows the total number of occurrences distributed by levels. We aim at 400 debriefings for each level, so that we can also have the chance to expand

level, the ten most frequent errors were selected: Table 3. Ten most frequent Structure errors distributed in levels of proficiency in the Aeronautical Science program prepositions, articles, among others. After calculating the total occurrences for each type and

Chart I. Distribution of Structure Errors the percentage of occurrences.

occurrences, leaving the other 21 types to account for 37,67%, as shown below:

Perspectives

from the lists, which were the support for the discussions. Below, we present two tables with the most frequent errors and examples extracted

Table 5. Examples of the Ten Most frequent Structure Errors

Table 6. Examples of the Ten Most frequent Pronunciation Errors

Table 7. Individual Ratings regarding Structure (Preliminary Results)

Table 8. Individual Ratings regarding Pronunciation (Preliminary Results)

Figure 2. Language as a Human factor (the author) The below image depicts, in a simple way, language as a factor in communication. Historically, it has been comprehended by the term “communications”, whicl

How would you rate the following “errors” as threats to communication in aviation?