State Formation And Social Transformation

This paper provides a critical review of State Transformation and Chinese Foreign Policy (Jones & Hameiri, 2021). While the book makes a valuable contribution by highlighting how fragmentation, decentralisation, and internationalisation shape China’s foreign policy, its explanatory framework suffers from key weaknesses. It tends to overstate incoherence within the Chinese party-state, underestimate the CCP’s adaptive resilience, and rely heavily on qualitative evidence without methodological triangulation. Most importantly, it neglects the decisive role of digital and algorithmic infrastructures in shaping both domestic governance and external influence. By engaging these omissions, this critique argues for a more multidimensional, mixed-methods framework that integrates institutional analysis with the algorithmic turn. Such an approach aligns with the author’s broader project on the “Third Generation” in International Relations (Qatrani, 2025), and is essential for understanding China’s evolving state power amid intensifying U.S.–China–Russia rivalry.

This article presents the fifth copperplate inscription explicitly mentioning Sasaoka, who was king of Gauda in the first quarter of the seventh century Ce. Formulated in Sanskrit prose, this document belongs to the class of land-sale grants, and concerns the purchase and donation of a village called Kumudavillika in year 8 of Sasaoka's reign. Among points of interest are the occurrence of the otherwise unknown term naumahattara and the use of the karxapapa as a currency unit.

This report questions how the conflict in Syria since 2011 has impacted the country’s ethnic, religious and tribal communities. It highlights the complex, intersecting and dynamic nature of communal identity as it also explores the constraints and opportunities towards localised solutions for peace formation in support of viable policy recommendations. Using a critical case-study approach, the report focuses on five timely and revelatory cases:

Case 1 - Unpacking Recent Escalations in Deir Ezzor Governorate: Arab Tribal Dynamics and the Kurdish-led Self-Administration - shows that the August 2023 clashes between the Self-Administration and Arab tribes stem from disputes over power, resources, and security. Kurdish dominance and the neglect of Arab interests, along with the Government of Syria (GoS) and Iranian destabilisation efforts, worsen the tension and deepen security issues. Amid these events, some tribal leaders are taking initiatives to promote peace and encourage reforms within the Self-Administration. These efforts aim to heal divisions and highlight the local and geopolitical factors contributing to the unrest. This report thus recommends advocacy for governance that is inclusive of such local peace formation agency and needs.

Case 2 - Demystifying the Late (2023) Uprising of Sweida’s Druze Community - highlights that economic struggles and disillusionment with the GoS push the Druze from neutrality to opposition amid warlords seizing resources and increasing security concerns. Anger over fuel subsidy cuts, agricultural neglect, and perceived GoS failures fuel this shift, with warlords deepening grievances by exploiting local resources. However, certain religious leaders and grassroots movements are enhancing social cohesion and, thus, peace formation. In this context, it is recommended to include Sweida's community perspectives and priorities in peace negotiations and interventions to ensure their voices are heard and their interests are represented.

Case 3 - Syrian Christians’ Criss-Crossing Sectarianisation and Counter-Sectarianisation - finds that the GoS, regional forces and local gatekeepers, notably Church and business elites, boosted Christians’ historic fears through sectarian rhetoric and behaviour, leading to their security dilemma. In fear of the Sunni Arab, and at times Kurdish, ‘Other’, many sided with the GoS, whose sectarian aggression and diminishing governance capacity threaten Christian loss of privilege and suffering from Islamist retribution. Amidst this, low-visibility Christian peace formation agency rose to counter sectarianisation. Supporting this agency calls for a relational approach that considers Christian communities’ cultural, security and material interests and needs considering their relationships with the ‘Other’ and with the Church and its gatekeepers.

Case 4 - Unpacking the Layers of Displacement to and from Afrin, Northwest Syria - Communal Implications of Housing, Land and Property (HLP) Issues - highlights the potential for HLP disputes arising from conflict-induced displacement to result in ethno-communitarian tensions. Orchestrated mass movement of Arab IDPs and armed groups from fallen opposition territories to the historically Kurdish region since 2018 represents an extreme case of seeming intractable sectarianisation. While formal mechanisms have failed to address HLP issues effectively, more ad hoc efforts initiated by activists are showing some promise for solutions. Actors should continue to support the documentation processes of HLP violations in Afrin, while seeking to integrate HLP considerations into all interventions, particularly those framed around social cohesion and peaceful coexistence.

Case 5 - Bringing in the “Forgotten Sect”: Idlib’s Sunnis and its Politically-Contested Education under Haya’t Tahrir al-Sham (HTS), Regional and International Governance - places the Idlib Directorate of Education (IDE), founded by local teachers, at the heart of this contest. An example of the local peace formation agency of Sunni Arabs in Idlib, the IDE focuses on the needs of this community and treats its members as local citizens. In contrast, the HTS governance sees it as a sect that can be ideologised and radicalised, while the Syrian Interim Government treats it as part of a regional trans-state Sunni community. To foster peace, international interveners need to maintain the IDE’s independence, accountability, and transparency by backing peace formation agents, especially those invested in education.


The cases overall call for tailored and, at times, varying policy interventions in response to the distinct local realities induced by Syria’s territorial and communal fragmentation. This may seem to challenge policy coherence. However, the logic here is that engagement is more impactful when dictated by agency in context, as opposed to a rigid categorisation of actors. Agents can change in time and space, and in behaviour relative to forces competing and cooperating with them. Indeed, engagement with local agency can offer opportunities for meaningful intervention when uniform policies for the Whole of Syria approach would simply not be possible due to the different relations communities have had with the GoS and each other.

This research stresses a specific local agency: peace formation. This refers to efforts and processes aimed at forming peace and resolving conflicts from below by mobilising indigenous local and grassroots actors in cultural, social, religious, customary and local governance settings.5 The cases under review reflect this agency in tribal Sunni Arab leaders’ promotion of non-violence and just solutions to conflict in Deir Ezzor; Druze community members' mobilisation to advance Sweida’s communal cohesion; Christian groups countering of sectarianisation; local Kurds and Arab IDPs' informal promotion of fairer HLP arrangements in Afrin; and Arab Sunni teachers backing of a non-ideologised educational system in Idlib.

However, peace formation is constrained. Such constraints are: 1) historic and structurally linked to Syria’s state formation and its sectarianism; 2) imposed by the GoS and non-state governance actors in their capture of resources and constitutive rulemaking; 3) connected to local communities’ security dilemmas; and 4) shaped by sectarianisation and militarisation linked to regional forces, and by a dearth of well-coordinated international policy interventions.

The report recommends localised interventions in addition to the application of international pressure on the conflict parties to foster peace formation as the most viable option for policymakers. Such interventions should span sustainable political, technical, and financial support to peace formation agents. A reflexive, intersectional, and contextual understanding is necessary for designing such support.

Day of Great Hope / (LT) Didžiosios vilties diena.▪️This year Lithuania celebrates the 35th anniversary of the restoration of its independence. Twenty-five years ago, the weekly newspaper 'Dienovidis' asked various cultural, artistic, religious, political and public figures: what thoughts and feelings did they have on that unforgettable day of March 11, 1990, when the Lithuanian Parliament adopted the decision to restore independent Lithuania? My answer was also published on page 4 of this issue of the weekly.

La revista T'inkazos normalmente ha tratado temas micro, sea en las disciplinas de la antropología, de la sociología o de la política; por tanto, no sólo en la revista del PIEB, sino en toda la actividad de esta institución, hay una relativa falencia por la poca importancia dada a temas de la economía y a temáticas más macro que interesen al país.

RESUMEN: En este artículo se examina la intervención de Organismos Internacionales en el Chaco chuquisaqueño. Debido a la existencia de comunidades cautivas en Chuquisaca surgen denuncias ante instancias internacionales, evidenciando relaciones de servidumbre y trabajo forzoso. Además, el artículo hace hincapié sobre la ausencia del Estado en la defensa y garantía de los derechos del Pueblo Guaraní.

Investigar viene de vestigio, de buscar las huellas. Muchas veces creemos las investigadoras que las huellas son de los otros u otras que están adelante y vamos detrás. No necesariamente es así, esas huellas pueden ser de nuestras propias plantas del pie. El vestigio también somos nosotras mismas. Pensar en nuestra huella en la investigación, no como un legado sino como un rastro, los manchones en el mantel después de comer, la tinta en la mano en nuestra propia obra es parte de la investigación. Estas líneas tienen ese fin, regresarme entre las páginas del libro Levantados de la Selva: vidas y legitimidades en los territorios cocaleros del Caquetá  y observar uno de los nudos que estoy en camino de apretar más, en una de las cosas que denomino poética etnográfica o de cómo la etnografía puede ser poesía.
Se permite la reproducción digital e impresa de esta obra.
Editorial CantoRodado
Primera Edición Digital, 2019.
Primera publicación digital en 2018. https://alaorilladelrio.com/2018/12/27/etnografia-como-poesia-artefactos-explosivos-inmateriales-de-las-voces-cocaleras-del-caqueta/ 
contacto@alaorilladelrio.com

According to the International Organization for Migration (IOM), over a billion people live and work outside their home countries. In 2020, an estimated 281 million international migrants resided in countries other than their own, a significant increase from previous decades. Europe and Asia host the largest shares, while migration's impacts on families left behind remain a growing concern. While it provides economic benefits, such as remittances, it also imposes social costs on families left behind. Migrants also navigate identity dilemmas, transnational family ties, and integration challenges, often facing stigma and insecurity. This volume, part of the “Still in Bulgaria. Cultural and Social Effects of Labour Mobility and Migration on Bulgarian Society (1990-2019)” project, explores migration’s effects across history, covering national connectivity, family challenges, stigma, and evolving transnational communities. Migrations reshape home, culture, and identity, creating both opportunities and challenges for those who move and those who are left behind.

Excavations recently carried out by a team from the École française d’Athènes on the Anavlochos mountain range in eastern Crete have uncovered a bench cult building established midway between the settlement located in the highest part of the central valley and the necropolis extending at its foot, as well as two substantial deposits of votive terracottas, both situated on the summit of the mountain. These discoveries allow to reexamine how a sacred landscape was formed and transformed between the end of the Late Bronze Age and the Classical period, to reconsider the location, form and function of the cult spaces that mark it out and to reassess more specifically their importance for the social and political organization of the communities that visited them. Thus, this article consists of a preliminary presentation of the cultic spaces and material recovered from Anavlochos and considers the construction of its sacred landscape in the historical process of poleogenesis.

El presente capítulo se enmarca en un proyecto de investigación de mayor alcance, que busca analizar dimensiones económicas, sociales y morales de la relación entre la sustentabilidad de la deuda y la sostenibilidad de la vida en Argentina. En este contexto, este trabajo establece los lineamientos básicos acerca de cómo pensar la sustentabilidad de la deuda desde tres disciplinas diferenciadas: la economía, la teoría feminista y el derecho. El objetivo central es analizar las implicancias de garantizar la sustentabilidad de la deuda en relación con los derechos humanos, desde la perspectiva de la sostenibilidad de la vida, y en el marco del sistema interamericano para ejercer de contralor de la garantía de esos derechos.

Living in more than one residential place is what is understood as multi-living. As such it involves dealing with different contexts, different authorities, and different cultures. The distance and absence of a constant place are among the main issues that multi-living people face. Space and territory, in their interrelation, are essential components of everyday life for all social actors. Territory is a multidimensional notion that needs to be considered in all its meanings: an existential one (life cycles and living experiences), a physical one (frame: it gives the boundary, the definition) and an organisational one (society, public policies, etc.). Therefore, it includes different elements: a) political and administrative, b) economic, c) social (social capital, networking between actors, etc.), and d) geographical and cognitive aspects (symbolic/identity/imagined community). In its social scope, as far as human society is concerned, territoriality is a concept mainly used in planning, architecture, and urbanism, in geography, anthropology and sociology, as well as in law and political science. To a lesser extent, it is applied in other social sciences, such as economics or history. Linked with territory, its meanings range in each of these disciplines and each language. Therefore, we can think of national territories’ territorialities and local authorities or consider the appropriation of space and places.

The present collection results from the international conference “Territorialities of Multilocality,” held on November 25th and 26th, 2021, in Sofia, Bulgaria. At our scholar meeting, we tried to analyse multilocal and multi-territorial practices, their regional and local concreteness differences, and the specifics of an unusual situation of two or more residences instead of one.

Abstract: The early medieval inscriptions of Bengal exhibit a rich form of
Sanskrit language and distinctive literary style. This particular style of writing
in inscriptions invests a different essence which might be interesting to look
into as far as the literary cultural milieu in early medieval Bengal is concerned.
A regional literary climate had grown probably taking roots from the pan-
Indian Sanskritic cultural atmosphere during the Early Medieval period. The
first emergence of this regional form of rich Sanskrit language is seen in the
6th-7th century. Since there was a dearth of literary material in Bengal at that
time, these inscriptions are the main source of understanding the language and
culture of that period. Here, we will try to focus on the inscriptions of some post-
Gupta rulers, for example, Pradyumnabandhu, Gopacandra, Dharmāditya,
Samācāradeva, Śaśāṅka, Bhāskarvarman, Rāta, Nātha and Khaḍgas to
understand how this language was being nurtured in Bengal in its early phase.
Their rule extended over various sub-regions such as Puṇḍravardhana, Rāḍha,
Vaṅga and Samataṭa-Harikela during the 6th-8th centuries CE.

The similarities, primarily related to colonialism and the concept of identity and territory, seem obvious. But to report a uniform opinion on the most debated issue, particularly since last 7 October, is difficult: some support the Palestinians, some are on Israel's side, others have no opinion. As we will see at the end of this article, it is always the Sioux-Lakota who are the most combative.

En el contexto del narcotrafico como proceso globalizador, es que los habitantes de Putumayo pasan de los cultivos tradicionales de consumo regional al cultivo de la mata de coca para consumo mundial, lo cual hace ofertar mayor cantidad de empleos con una paga segura pero a destajo. La oferta de esta nueva forma de trabajo en conjuncion con la pobreza del resto de la poblacion de Colombia, implico procesos migratorios de otros departamentos a Putumayo y la vinculacion de ninos y jovenes a la dinamica global de mercados. Desde la memoria de hombres y mujeres adultos de entre 28 y 52 anos de edad, explicamos como  fue su experiencia de migracion y trabajo en la zona de Putumayo, Colombia.

El presente trabajo tiene como objetivo el análisis crítico de la evolución de los procesos de globalización en relación con un tema crucial y común en nuestros días: el control de la constitucionalidad de los Tratados Bilaterales de Inversión, para lo cual se toma como referencia dictamen 023-10-DTI-CC expedido por la Corte Constitucional de Ecuador, que analiza la constitucionalidad del Tratado Bilateral de Inversiones suscrito el 21 de marzo de 1996 entre la República del Ecuador y la República de Alemania

The state is often described in transition: public spaces are rearranged by private companies, national social welfare is being privatized to some extent, and supranational institutions have more influence on national policies. "A view from the kitchen" (Diane Elson) is helpful for understanding the changing dynamics of states and societies because different women are affected by these policies in different and often ambiguous ways: women of the globalized South migrate to the North, creating global care chains, while women in Western industrialized countries are confronted with changing welfare regimes, leaving mainly highly educated women to profit from this situation. This article contributes to feminist debates on economic globalization and state internationalization. Our feminist materialist perspective allows a critical view on dominance and power in "governance". Thus, the article adds to feminist debates on globalization from the perspective of state transformation and to debates on governance from the perspective of state transformation grounded in gendered social relations.

La Crète de l'âge du Bronze, c'est-à-dire la période minoenne, a vu se développer une brillante civilisation marquée par l'apparition, vers 2000 av. J.-C., de grands édifices administratifs organisés autour d'une vaste cour centrale, les "palais" (fig. 1). Ces derniers étaient entourés de véritables agglomérations urbaines dès le début du 2e millénaire avant J.-C. Comme on s'en doute, les palais ont monopolisé l'intérêt des archéologues, depuis la naissance de l'archéologie égéenne jusqu'à un..

Over the past decade, scholarship on the Inter-American System of Human Rights has moved beyond the tradition of doctrinal scholarship to examine the political dynamics of the Inter-American System. Through this line of inquiry, we have gained insights into issues of compliance, resistance and backlash, as well as the dynamics of judicial dialogue and crosscourt influence. But there is a blind spot in scholarship on the Inter-American Human Rights system, and it is hindering our ability to understand its evolution in the 21st century. This brief essay is a call for more studies with a socio-legal sensibility, with a hat tip to those who have already begun to inquire in this direction. It is time to focus not only on state actors but also on civil society, and not only on the organs of the Inter-American System of Human Rights as institutional actors, but also the individual actors within those institutions.

Les recherches menées en 2024 dans le cadre du projet de publication des anciennes fouilles et des sondages au Palais de Malia ont porté sur les Maisons Sud. Il s’agit d’un habitat fouillé en 1931 et 1932 sous la direction de Fernand Chapouthier et généralement attribué à la fin de la période prépalatiale et au début de la période protopalatiale (fin 3ème – début 2ème mill. av. J.-C.). L’aile et la façade sud du Palais empiètent en partie sur ces Maisons Sud, marquant ainsi l’extension de l’édifice palatial lors de sa reconstruction à la période néopalatiale, vers 1600 av. J.-C. Remblayées immédiatement après la fouille, les Maisons Sud n’ont fait l’objet que d’une présentation de quelques pages dans le Quatrième Rapport des anciennes fouilles au Palais de Malia. Nous souhaitons désormais fournir une publication plus détaillée de cet ensemble. Ce projet doit nous permettre de mieux appréhender la céramique des phases du Minoen Ancien III et du Minoen Moyen IA et B encore trop peu connues à Malia ; d’établir la séquence de l’occupation domestique puis palatiale sous l’aile sud du Palais et immédiatement à l’extérieur de celui-ci ; et de nourrir l’état des connaissances sur l’habitat de la fin du Prépalatial et du début du Protopalatial en Crète.

The focus of this study is to understand the Change of the Name and Geography of Bengal on the basis of Bengal Inscriptions and and how the Bengali nation has gradually evolved into today's Bengalis. The different geographical divisions of Bengal has been mentioned to the Vedic, Epic, Sūtra and the Epigraphic literatures like Vaṅga,

The study of the paradigm of ideology has imparted a dimension to the understanding of the political processes in pre-colonial India. Basically, it has been brought out by highlighting the evolving structure of society and exploring the religious underpinning of the strategies through which the state derived legitimacy.

The origin of Jaipur state is shrouded in mystery. However, with the help of various sources such as vanshavalis, Nainsi-ri-khyat and Mughal chronicles, it has been possible to trace its origin. In the beginning Jaipur was a one pargana kingdom. The Jaipur state was confined to pargana Amber only. However, during the eighteenth century it had established its control on vast territories comprising about ninety parganas in Eastern Rajasthan

The paper presents the issue of language use and identity among Muslim Roma youth from Bulgaria, living in Berlin, Germany. Interviews with a structured questionnaire on language use and identity was conducted with Bulgarian Muslim Roma living in Berlin, Germany. The results showed that, in order to be accepted by the German Turks, Bulgarian Muslim Roma youth change their language use and identity from Muslim Roma to a new identity-Bulgarian "Osmanli" Turks. The findings showed that the change of language and identity among young Roma in this study served as strategies for integration and acceptance in the German society.

In the Eastern Bloc, assimilation also meant favouring name changes. Communism
wanted to eradicate nomadism, promote "sedentarization" by building entire
neighbourhoods for the popular masses. For example, in Budapest, the old town has
been preserved and it is in the periphery that large blocks of buildings have been built
for the popular mass, including the Romas. Their way of life in a caravan, without a
fixed address, had to disappear, because under communism, the work card had to
control the working masses and make it possible to locate all the people.
Forced assimilation still allowed them to have a job. The Roma language was also
considered archaic. Romas were seen as largely illiterate and misfits for the new
economic, political and social order.
However, we note that assimilation was only partially successful, leaving, after 1989,
the Roma population poorly adapted to the changes and above all, the often illiterate
and underqualified, Romas were considered of little use for the new economic option:
capitalism.
The greatest failure after the fall of Communism is that the Romas remain 90% illiterate
in Hungary and elsewhere. The most painful change was the fact that with the collapse
of Communism (1989), the State no longer guaranteed housing and work for all. The
former satellite countries are collapsing economically with a huge increase in the
unemployed.
Those who are the most affected are people without training, without diplomas. The
whole Roma community is affected. The satellite countries therefore regard the Roma
as parasites, a population that is a burden for society. Their precariousness is multiple:
housing, employment, education of children...
Indeed, under the Soviet regime the Roma had a job, even a subordinate one. There
was even a separate Roma community: the musicians. They had, it seems, an easier
life than the other Roma. Before 1989, restaurants were full and Gypsy musicians
brightened up the evenings to the sound of Gypsy orchestras. The power even
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favoured these musicians, in particular by turning a blind eye to the undeclared tips on
which they could live well.
After 1989, an “ultra” capitalism settled in Hungary. People want to forget the past and
look to Western countries as the model to emulate. The "kolkozes" (mass agricultural
and livestock farms) are destroyed, the law of the market prevails. In Hungary, it was
a period when the “apparatchiks” bought up the land en masse with the old levers of
power still in place and the first, Antal government. This period when the former
apparatchiks use themselves for ridiculous prices also concerns the purchase of real
estate at low prices. The new rich appear to be the new dominant class and are the
heirs of the old regime, called post-communist. In Hungary, this will be called
“Rendszervàltàs”.
In Hungary, the new dominant class of former communists send their children to foreign
universities to constitute 10-15 years later, the new political heads. The “elders”, like
Horn Gyula, who is a former AVH (Communist secret police sadly famous for torture),
Medgyessy Peter, who was a minister under the regime of Jànos Kàdàr,… remain
present on the political scene. The former AVH, Horn Gyula will even be Prime
Minister. One denies the past, one's membership in the Communist Party. The
phenomenon affects all the former satellite countries of the USSR. All the members of
the former communist regime are working to get a facelift. Horn Gyula will be the
mentor of young socialists, like Gyurcsàny Ferenc,…
But these changes also lead to the impoverishment of the popular mass and especially
for those who have no qualifications: the Roma. Solidarity is dethroned by “every man
for himself” and the desire to become rich as quickly as possible. For the Romas, who
are not entitled to the cake of the distribution of goods between "apparatchiks", the
only way out is to migrate to Western countries, in search of El Dorado. This is done
from the 90s. The dismantling of Yugoslavia, with 10 years of war in the 90s will also
precipitate the desire to flee famine, war, discrimination. Discrimination has always
existed, but to a lesser extent, because the Communist Regime had tried to attenuate
the discrimination by work, food and housing for all.
With the fall of Communism, prices are skyrocketing and concern food, energy, water,
rents. If during the communist period, a social safety net existed (virtually free medical
care, pensions for even young people, unfit for work, etc.), after 1989, this social safety
net was broken and became almost non-existent. People are losing their jobs, the
Roma first. We don't need them any more. They became parasites again for the new
society being created, imitating at will what is done in Western Europe. The testimonies
collected highlight this reality.
Since 1989, some Eastern Bloc countries have joined Europe and the Schengen area.
The nationals of these countries (Balkans, Romania, Hungary,…) they arrive in
Western countries for a better future. Many are fleeing discrimination (Romas from
Bulgaria, Romania, etc.) or the war in the Balkans.
In this work, I mainly wanted to collect source information concerning the experience
of Roma under the Communist regime. I wanted to know the forms of discrimination to
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which they were subjected. Learn more about the past of the Roma during the
Communist Regime and after the fall of this Regime.
I also wanted to meet musicians who seemed to be quite privileged under the
Communist Regime and who experienced the descent into hell with the fall of the
Communist Regime.
I also wanted to find out their motivations for leaving their country of origin. How did
they adopt their host country? What essential values do they hold in their host country?
In the host country can Romas preserve their identity, language and traditions? Are
they discriminated against in their host country?
We often hear that the Romas are discriminated against and research has been carried
out on this subject. I wanted to listen to the testimonies of Romas in various countries,
but also to listen to non-Roma people in order to try to know the perception they had
of the Roma.
Living together with the Roma community, is it possible? How? 'Or' What ? Are there
any solutions? Non-Romas were interviewed in 3 cities of Central Europe, in order to
know the perceptions they had of Roma.
I approached families in Hungary, Ukraine, Serbia, Austria, Slovakia and Romania. I
also met Roma families who had migrated to Belgium, Germany, the Netherlands and
France. The migrants came from Serbia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Kosovo, Romania.
Some interviewed Romas are Muslims, some are Christians.

This article provides a revised edition of the Manahali copperplate inscription of Madanapala, dated year 8 of his reign (1151/52 ce), based on the digital photographs provided by The Asiatic Society. While the earliest of his three grants, the Rajibpur plate dated year 2, was jointly issued with Gopala IV, his nephew cum predecessor, the present grant was singularly issued by Madanapala. It has some features different from the other two grants issued earlier or later, of which the prominent are the appearance of Paupdravardhana as a name of bhukti which is otherwise called Pupdravardhana and the use of lunar date. These features could be connected with his attempt to assert the control over expanded territory and the superior position against both Gopala IV and Vijayasena, his contenders. The plate also attests to the attempt of Madanapala to consolidate his control through administrative and fiscal rearrangements.

La presente investigación es un esfuerzo por sistematizar el presupuesto del Sector de Defensa, con los datos disponibles de la publicación anual del Presupuesto General del Estado en la página web del Ministerio de Economía y Finanzas Públicas, complementada con otras publicaciones ministeriales y normativas emitidas por el Estado hacia el sector militar, con la finalidad de describir un panorama general de elementos económicos que ayuden a identificar la evolución de la política presupuestaria en Defensa del Estado boliviano en los primeros catorce años del siglo XXI. Por tanto, no se elaboró antecedentes históricos del sector tampoco información ni referencias sobre las acciones de las FF.AA en las tareas de represión en los conflictos económicos, políticos y sociales que acontecieron en los años de estudio ni otras que caractericen al sector, en sí, la investigación sólo es una pequeña parte del campo de estudio económico del sector militar en Bolivia.

This study explores how the Macedono-Bulgarian and Bulgarian Eastern Orthodox churches in Toronto have attuned themselves to the immigrant community—specifically to post-1990 immigrants who, while unchurched and predominantly secular, have revived diaspora churches. This paradox raises questions about the ways that religious institutions operate in diaspora, distinct from their operations in the country of origin. This study proposes and develops the concept “institutional vernacularization” as an analytical category that facilitates assessment of how a religious institution relates to communal factors. I propose this as an alternative to secularization, which inadequately captures the diaspora dynamics. While continuing to adhere to their creeds and confessional symbols, diaspora churches shifted focus to communal agency and produced new collective and “popular” values. The community is not only a passive recipient of the spiritual gifts but is also a partner, who suggests new form...

In the morning of 22 November 1286, a group of armed men dressed as monks murdered the Danish king Erik V known from his square-cut coins as "Erik Klipping". The direct cause of the assassination was king Erik's unpopular financial policy: he ordered all silver pennings circulating in his realm to be sent back to the royal treasury where they would be cut in order to mint new coins from the clipped parts, 3 and imposed new taxes, too. However, another event made Erik even more famous in Danish history. He was the first king in Denmark who had to sign a royal charter (called "håndfaestning"), in many aspects reminiscent of the Magna Carta Libertatum or king Andrew II's Golden Bull of Hungary.

Tämä teksti pohjautuu Kehitystutkimuksen päivillä Helsingissä 16.-17.2.2023 järjestettyyn paneelikeskusteluun. Suomen Kehitystutkimuksen seuran vuosittain järjestämän kansainvälisen konferenssin teemana oli tänä vuonna konfliktit, kehitys ja rauha. Se kokosi yli sata opiskelijaa, tutkijaa, asiantuntijaa ja käytännön toimijaa eri puolilta maailmaa keskus telemaan näistä ajankohtaisista ja tärkeistä aiheista. Paneelikeskustelussa pohdittiin Ukrainan sodan vaikutuksia sekä konfliktien ja kehityksen yhteenkietoutumista globaalissa Etelässä. Tarkoituksena oli analysoida kriittisesti euro-ja länsikeskeistä keskustelua ja tarjota siihen laajempaa näkökulmaa. Panelistit olivat tutkijanuran eri vaiheita edustavia tutkijoita, joilla on syvällistä ymmärrystä ja asiantuntemusta erilaisista maantieteellisistä ja kulttuurisista konteksteista, mukaan lukien Aasia, Afrikka, Lähi-itä ja Latinalainen Amerikka. Esitämme neljän panelistin ja paneelin puheenjohtajan välillä käydyn keskustelun kysymys-vastaus-muodossa. Alun perin englannin kielellä käyty keskustelu on käännetty suomeksi.

En el articulo se analizan los puntos principales de la reforma del Sistema Interamericano de Derechos Humanos para conocer que intereses politicos tiene cada pais o grupo de paises, y que de cierto tienen algunas de sus reivindicaciones. Se observara que si bien algunas de estas reivindicaciones estan perfectamente fundadas, la reforma no derivara en un fortalecimiento del Sistema pese a que sus carencias son reconocidas por todas las partes. Ningun pais esta dispuesto a ceder en sus posiciones sin antes lograr sus objetivos politicos, no siempre relacionados con la defensa de los Derechos Humanos. ABSTRACT: This article will discuss the key questions of the reform of The Inter-American System for Human Rights in order to know what political interests of each country or group of countries are about it, and what certain are some of their demands. It will be observed that while some of these demands are well founded, nothing will lead to a strengthening of the system, despite its sho...

Introduction COVID-19 related lockdowns have impacted the sexual activity of gay and bisexual men (GBM). We investigated trends in sexual behaviors and the COVID-19 context in which they occurred (COVID-notification rates and jurisdictional restrictions) to understand changes in the duration and severity of periods of lockdown on the sexual behavior of Australian GBM. Methods In an online, prospective observational study of 831 GBM from May 2020 to May 2021, we investigated associations between changes in sexual behavior among Australian GBM, lockdowns, and COVID-19 notification rates through weekly surveys from May 2020 to May 2021. Results The mean age was 45.71 years (SD: 13.93). Most identified as gay (89.0%) and 10.2% were living with HIV. There was an overall increase in the mean weekly number of non-committed relationship partners (0.53–0.90, p < 0.001). The state of Victoria experienced a significant extended COVID-19 outbreak, accompanied by severe lockdown restrictions....

Introducción oy en día, a treinta y cuatro años de la Conferencia de Estocolmo, a catorce de la de Río y a casi cuatro de la de Johannesburgo siguen siendo escasos los avances logrados para solucionar los graves problemas ambientales y sociales del mundo. Pareciera que los esfuerzos internacionales desplegados para atender y tratar de revertir tales problemáticas sólo han quedado en declaraciones retóricas (Santamaría, 2002). 1 Incluso, de los datos aportados por varios organismos internacionales sobre el comportamiento de la problemática ambiental mundial en los últimos veinte años (World Resources Institute (WRI), Programa de las Naciones Unidas para el Medio Ambiente (PNUMA), Worldwatch Institute (WWI), etc.), se puede inferir que el grado de deterioro ambiental es bastante superior a los resultados esperados por las medidas adoptadas para su protección: no se ha revertido el pro

One of the greatest problems faced by rural areas in Bulgaria today is depopulation. The main research question posed in this paper is whether such depopulated regions can benefit from the social and economic integration of ethnic and immigrant communities. A survey on public opinion was conducted in two regions: one developed (Stara Zagora District), and one lagging (Vidin District). It focused on the willingness of local communities to "welcome" newcomers, to cohabit with them and their awareness of the possibility of enriching local cultures with their specific cultural traditions and experience. Results show varying tendencies, depending on the regional socioeconomic level of development and degree of integration of the group. The survey directs the attention to significant social distances emerging in various regional communities between local populations, ethnic and/or immigrant communities. Conclusions reached show that ethnic and immigrant communities can be an important social and economic resource for Bulgarian villages. Nevertheless, this requires work predominantly on the structural level for providing opportunities and eliminating disadvantages, involving the introduction of improved integration and discrimination policies, legal framework and market opportunities, in order to foster better interethnic communication and trust, as an intrinsic quality of social capital, for overcoming existing barriers.

In socializing politics in border region is quite difficult, the limitations of media entering the border areas and the limitations in the use of Indonesian have the public struggle to obtain information about the election. This condition is getting worse with the unstable internal political upheaval in the border region. Therefore, it takes the presence of an opinion leader figure to bridge the information gap between outsiders and rural. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of political socialization in the election process through opinion leaders on community participation in the border region of the Republic of Indonesia-Timor Leste, Raihat District, NTT in the 2019 elections. This research was a quantitative study using an explanatory approach. The results of the research that have been done show that political socialization, through opinion leaders has a significant influence on political participation.

El Centro de Estudios y Análisis Económico, CEAE dedica este nuevo número al balance de los primeros cien días de Barack Obama como cabeza del pueblo estadounidense. Este primer periodo de gobierno, se ha convertido en un ritual evaluador para medir el progreso y ...

A major debate in international migration research is focused around the question of whether immigrants receive benefits from their attachment to ethnic organizations. This study aims to make a contribution to this debate by exploring the nature, goals and functions of an ethno-cultural organization in a Western Canadian city-the Bulgarian Society. Drawing from theoretical concepts regarding ethnic organization as a source of social capital, this research examines the economic, socio-cultural experience and ethnic attachments of members/non-members of an ethnic organization, how they interact with the organization, and their perception of how it affected their integration into Canadian society. Utilizing semi-structured face to face interviews, the results shed light on how immigrants use ethno-cultural organizations to nurture and express their identity and values, gain social acceptance, achieve their personal goals and affect their sense of belonging. The present research also addresses the role and function of small ethnic communities such as Bulgarians in an urban setting. The findings suggest that Bulgarians from recent waves of immigration are experiencing a period of adaptation as members or non-members of the ethnic society. They integrate at all levels in a parallel fashion, being valuable actors on both social and economic stages, however, their sense of ethnic collectivity and organizational belonging is more symbolic and emotional. Members and non-members acknowledge the Society as a source of networking and cultural retention rather than as a main factor for their integration. Résumé La recherche sur les migrations internationales vit un grand débat autour de la question de savoir si les immigrants /immigrés bénéficient de leur attachement à des organisations ethniques. Cette étude vise à contribuer à ce débat en explorant la nature, les buts et les fonctions d'une telle association ethno-culturelle dans une ville de l'Ouest canadien-la Bulgarian Society. À partir de concepts théoriques qui voient une source de capital social dans ces organisations, nous étudions chez leurs membres et non-membres, d'une part, leur expérience économique et socio-culturelle et leur attachement ethnique, et, d'autre part, comment les immigrés y ont recours pour nourrir et exprimer leur identité et leurs valeurs, obtenir de se faire accepter socialement, atteindre leurs buts personnels et influer sur leur sens d'appartenance. La recherche actuelle prend aussi en compte le rôle et la fonction de petites communautés ethniques telles que celle des Bulgares dans un environnement urbain. Les résultats donnent à penser que ceux qui sont arrivés dans les vagues récentes d'immigration passent par une période d'adaptation, qu'ils soient ou non membres de leur société. Ils s'intègrent parallèlement à tous les niveaux en devenant des acteurs insignes dans le domaine économique ainsi que social. Cependant, leur appréciation d'une collectivité ethnique et du fait d'appartenir à son organisation est surtout symbolique et émotionnelle. Qu'ils en soient membres ou non, ils voient leur Société comme une source de réseautage et de mémoire culturelle, plutôt que comme un facteur essentiel de leur intégration.

Le retour de mission trois jours avant la date limite d'envoi de notre dossier de demande d'allocation pour recherche archéologique explique le caractère plus synthétique de notre rapport cette année. Nous espérons que le rapporteur de notre dossier et les membres de la Commission consultative pour la recherche archéologique auprès du MAEDI voudront bien comprendre ces circonstances particulières et ne nous en tiendront pas rigueur.

O Brasil e o Sistema Interamericano de Direitos Humanos: Elementos para compreender a crise "Belo Monte" PENSAMIENTO PROPIO 38 O Brasil e o Sistema Interamericano de Direitos Humanos: Elementos para compreender a crise "Belo Monte" PENSAMIENTO PROPIO 38 O Brasil e o Sistema Interamericano de Direitos Humanos: Elementos para compreender a crise "Belo Monte" PENSAMIENTO PROPIO 38 O Brasil e o Sistema Interamericano de Direitos Humanos: Elementos para compreender a crise "Belo Monte" PENSAMIENTO PROPIO 38 O Brasil e o Sistema Interamericano de Direitos Humanos: Elementos para compreender a crise "Belo Monte" PENSAMIENTO PROPIO 38 O Brasil e o Sistema Interamericano de Direitos Humanos: Elementos para compreender a crise "Belo Monte" PENSAMIENTO PROPIO 38 O Brasil e o Sistema Interamericano de Direitos Humanos: Elementos para compreender a crise "Belo Monte" PENSAMIENTO PROPIO 38 O Brasil e o Sistema Interamericano de Direitos Humanos: Elementos para compreender a crise "Belo Monte" PENSAMIENTO PROPIO 38 44 da senhora Ângela Harkavy, parente de alguns dos desaparecidos. 7. "Em outubro de 2008, a OAB propôs uma Ação de Descumprimento de Preceito Fundamental (ADPF) para que o STF realizasse "uma interpretação conforme a Constituição, de modo a declarar, à luz dos seus preceitos fundamentais, que a anistia concedida pela citada lei aos crimes políticos ou conexos não se estende aos crimes comuns praticados pelos agentes da repressão contra opositores políticos, durante o regime militar". Para a OAB, a Constituição Federal de 1988 não recepciona a interpretação vigente deste dispositivo, pois em seu artigo 5º XLIII, o crime de tortura é insuscetível de anistia (Ventura, 2010: 3). Não se trata de um crime político, portanto, mas de um crime comum e de lesa-humanidade, conforme apontado por nota da OAB após o julgamento do caso." (Freitas, 2013, 12). REFERENCIAS BIBLIOGRÁFICAS Alves, José Augusto Lindgren (2003). Os direitos humanos como tema global,

This article analyses state-society relations in Ethiopia with particular emphasis on the post-1991 period. The objective of the study is to identify and analyse the fundamental factors of state-society relations at the national level: property rights, political representation, and the urban-rural elite cleavage. The article views state-society relations at the local level with reference to perception and practice, taking into account symbols, social control, ability to make decisions and control over the means of violence. The study was conducted in eight purposively selected localities in three administrative regions in Ethiopia. The empirical data was collected at national and local levels using key informant interviews, focus group discussions, and a household survey. The analysis shows that state-society relations in Ethiopia are driven by three major factors: property rights, political representations and the urban-rural divide.