Semi-public Space

Semi-public spaces in residential complexes act as intangible bridges between private areas and public urban spaces, playing a vital role in the overall social sustainability of neighborhoods. While the importance of public and private spaces in fostering social interaction and cohesion has been widely studied, the role of semi-public spaces in enhancing social sustainability from different aspects has not received the same attention. This study seeks to identify key indicators of semi-public spaces that contribute to the social sustainability of multi-unit residential complexes, using the Story and Simulation (SAS) approach. Fuzzy-logic Cognitive Mapping (FCM) software was used to model relationships between variables, drawing on input from both experts and residents. The findings indicate that key indicators—such as security, accessibility, socioeconomic inclusivity, distribution of green spaces, sense of belonging, and perception of privacy in semi-public spaces—are crucial for enhancing social sustainability. Based on the significance of these indicators, a framework for the future development of multi-unit residential projects was designed. As case studies, three residential complexes with different typologies were selected to test and validate the extracted indicators. Data analysis revealed significant variations in these indicators across the selected complexes, attributable to differences in infrastructure, facilities, management, planning policies, and residents’ social engagement. Additionally, the design, typology, and morphology of these complexes played a key role in influencing the social sustainability of their semi-public spaces. This research presents a scenario highlighting the current unsustainable outlook for semi-public spaces, which, if left unaddressed, could undermine the livability of residents in critical situations.

The study intends to explore the factors that lead to an increase in place attachment of apartments in residents' attitudes toward applying for housing. After analyzing previous research on connectivity, five major components that affect place attachment were identified: perceptual-cognitive, social, historic-cultural, physical, and economic factors. Field research involving 73 Tehran mid-rise apartment residents utilized textual-visual questionnaires to investigate these factors, employing open coding and content analysis for data interpretation. Despite subtle contextual changes, the findings support the relevance of the identified components. According to the participants, influencing factors listed as environmental, sociocultural, perceptual-cognitive, economic, and historic emphasize the relevance of the first five; however, the details, order, and synthesis differ somewhat from those in the research reviewed. Furthermore, based on the literature reviewed, the study concluded a three spatial scale named globalurban-property for the home connectivity scope, with varying strengths. Additionally, based on the field study conducted, the paper added two sub-scales to the property scale, specifically within the context of an apartment. These sub-scales are building and unit. City, community, and neighborhood are subscales of the urban scale. The global scale is also related to the country, which was not highlighted in the context of the present study since all participants were Iranian. Thus, the spatial scales of place attachment for apartments include city, community, neighborhood, building, and unit. Analyses highlight the relationship between a sense of belonging, influencing factors, and spatial scales. The study concludes that residents' place attachment is a protracted process that includes building/unit allocation and context-sensitive design considerations. In conclusion, changes in the sociocultural setting impact inhabitants' perceptions of place attachment.

The constant decline in the number of public space and the attendant emergence of pseudopublic spaces with limited access occur simultaneously with the aggression of commercial culture and the emergence of cultural spectacle. Shopping centres provide physical spaces for social activities, and increasingly they have been replacing all aspects of urban life. Nowadays it is becoming an alternative centre in the city with its own "public space". With the creation of places for public, cultural and recreational events, and above all, places for leisure and socialization, shopping centres have become more than a "commercial city". According to various authors, the quality of POP(o)S has been called into question, and even though it usually suggests a negative phenomenon, this paper focuses on its advantages and possibilities. Paper also investigates the ways to use privately owned public spaces, with special focus on open spaces, plazas, and atrios owned by shopping centres. Paper presents three case studies: Ušće shopping centre in Belgrade, Rajićeva shopping centre in Belgrade and Manufaktura shopping centre in Lodz. With the comparison of the above mentioned, the aim is to recognize different patterns of use of POP(o)S in correlation to the model of the built structure. New urban design strategy should provide integration of different civic functions, in order to create a new type of public realm, which would improve the connectivity and usability of surrounding public spaces and urban environment. The aim of the paper is to present that carefully located and well-integrated shopping centers can contribute to the circulation of activities and people, thus to the preservation of city values and promotion of public life. However, question how could one consider private space as public space remains.

COVID-19 restrictions have exacerbated the effects of an urbanisation mode that, through the combination of rampant neoliberalism, pervasive translocalism and ubiquitous digital transduction, has produced a fragmented and enclavic space with high spatial inequalities. Threatening to enhance these inequalities, centres of public life, as shopping and entertainment malls, are subject to an inexorable process of creative destruction determined by transnational capitalist logics. The system of distributed centrality of the modern shopping centre is further polarised by the ultra-modern mega-enclosures. The ultra-modern mega-enclosures introduce a participatory transductive experientialisation that supplants the scripted eventfulness of the modern shopping centre. This form of experientialisation integrates consumption and production to exploit free labour and further dispossess the public and private local entities of their asset ownership and control. However, this new form of consumerism, here defined as post-consumerism, also seems to support a countering agency of the individual prosumer by providing infrastructure and materials for autonomous reproduction of socio-spatial relationality. Yet, if the resilience of the networks of these countering processes is uncertain, their vulnerability and readiness to cope with sudden disruptive changes are unknown. An observational study on the effects of COVID-19 pandemic lockdown shed light on the hybrid actualvirtual realities that are strongly anchored in places with a high degree of participatory transductive experientialisation. Crowdsourced Instagram data from two case studies, a modern and an ultra-modern centre in Auckland, New Zealand, were comparatively analysed. Findings showed that during the period of closure, the networks of the ultra-modern centre maintained the sustained autonomous activity of the previous period, while those of the modern centre saw a sharp activity decline. This indicates a stronger resilience of the relational networks of the ultra-modern centre, here described as a place of superlative abstract civicness, suggesting a higher individual appropriation and association of its meta-stable spatialities, underpinning a critical affirmative interpretation of the post-consumerist urban condition.

Circular Economy (CE) is a new production and consumption model aiming to redefine processes sustainably by adopting the "take-make-reuse-recycle" concept in all industries, including the architecture-construction industry. Studies show that we spend more than the current amount of Earth's natural resources and need to reduce global resource production and consumption by a third. This paper investigates the "design by research" method to translate theoretical circular economy concepts into practical village-scale design activities in urban + architecture studio education. The studio aims to develop a design model for circular villages that are affordable, sustainable, and socially connected. Circular villages can collectively positively impact the land and each other. For this study, Sille village in Konya– Turkiye has been analyzed from macro-region scale to micro village scale through the year-long M. Arch graduate urban + architecture design studio. Three main approaches were prominent in developing circular/sustainable planning and design strategies for the village: (1) self-sufficiency in terms of resources, food, energy, and workforce, (2) continuity of natural-cultural values and aspects along with the associative collective memory and contextual relationships and (3) utilizing digital tools in the application of circularity concepts. Exploring the potentials and limits of digital tools to accomplish the circularity principles at urban and architectural design levels brings novel insights to the design notion in architectural education.

Cul-de-sacs are examined together with the urban reading in Siverek. Studying cul-de-sacs is instrumental to understand the morphology of Islamic cities. Cul-de-sacs provide a buffer zone between main roads and houses. For this reason, both the privacy phenomenon, which is one of the important issues for Islam, and the safe space need of the residents are important spatial elements. Until 1968, the city of Siverek developed organically within a compact texture of narrow and curvilinear streets, open courtyards, and a adjacent high-walled residences. In this texture, many semi-private cul-de-sacs have an organic form, which is one of the critical spatial elements of the city. Residential walls or courtyard walls form the natural line of traditional streets. In this study, typological analyses of cul-de-sacs were made, and form grammar, a productive method used to analyze architectural language, is included. It aims to examine the relationship between residential settlement and street using the data set created with shape grammars and to make urban propositions for neighbourhood structures in the context of a cul-de-sac using L-systems in the next step. Some parameters have been determined in forming cul-de-sacs that form the urban texture. These parameters were transferred to the model using digital tools. A method thought to be used in urban production has been put forward. The most important reference of this method is dead-end streets.

On 8-13 February 2020 City Space Architecture, the publisher of The Journal of Public Space, participated in the 10th World Urban Forum in Abu Dhabi as an exhibitor, and in collaboration with 16 global institutions promoted the exhibition 'PUBLIC SPACE IS VITAL FOR AN EQUITABLE URBAN FUTURE'. On April 7, while about 40% of global population was under coronavirus lockdown, City Space Architecture and the School of Architecture at The Chinese University of Hong Kong jointly announced the online initiative '2020: A Year without Public Space under the COVID-19 Pandemic' through The Journal of Public Space: after one month of consultation, by email and through online meetings, with academic scholars and colleagues from different geographical locations, we, public space scholars and activists, felt the urgency to build social and health resilience by establishing an open environment for discussion and learning, while taking advantage of technology and virtual platforms tha...

Defining space by dividing it to inside and outside is one of human's ways to recognize his position in environment. Architecture is created to response to this need for inside/outside spaces. Design of inside and outside Spaces and relation between them always has been one of necessities for definition and limitation of human living spaces, but little attention to relation of this two spatial realms and poor design of transitional spaces between them has caused to lack of quality in current Iranian architecture. This study aims to explore relation of inside and outside in architecture and focus on condition of transition, boundary and connection of those. For achieving this purpose concept of inside, outside and in-between has been investigated and by exploring cases of this kind of connection (especially in past and recent Iranian architecture), the aims, approaches, functions and physical forms of in-between spaces has been presented. This results and findings can enhance des...

On 8-13 February 2020 City Space Architecture, the publisher of The Journal of Public Space, participated in the 10th World Urban Forum in Abu Dhabi as an exhibitor, and in collaboration with 16 global institutions promoted the exhibition 'PUBLIC SPACE IS VITAL FOR AN EQUITABLE URBAN FUTURE'. On April 7, while about 40% of global population was under coronavirus lockdown, City Space Architecture and the School of Architecture at The Chinese University of Hong Kong jointly announced the online initiative '2020: A Year without Public Space under the COVID-19 Pandemic' through The Journal of Public Space: after one month of consultation, by email and through online meetings, with academic scholars and colleagues from different geographical locations, we, public space scholars and activists, felt the urgency to build social and health resilience by establishing an open environment for discussion and learning, while taking advantage of technology and virtual platforms tha...

This study aims to investigate the relationship between inside and outside in traditional Yazd houses from the late Safavid period until the end of the Qajar period. The methodology involves a combination of psychological and phenomenological approaches, and two perception levels are observed: accessibility and social-cultural perceptions. Parallel to the literature survey, the field study analyzes observations of episodes and sequences of the transition from exterior to interior, which were identified and studied utilizing 39 case studies (28 Muslims and 11 Zoroastrian houses). In addition, semi-structured interviews with 11 residents and in-depth interviews with 18 experts who have lived in such houses were performed. Analysis shows that there is a convergence between inside and outside in reacting to both perceptual aspects in the participants' cognition and behavior. Inside and outside of the cases, there are non-net boundaries at both perceptual levels, and they are overlapping and related together. According to the findings, the inside-outside relationship has taken place in at least four layers: outside out, outside in, inside out, and inside in. The inside-outside couple develops a hierarchy based on the 4-layer conceptual model, having the outside guard the inside. The hierarchy's length changes from case to case and gets more extensive or compact. It has also resulted in decisions on the size, quantity, and quality of the house's courtyard(s), as well as neighboring enclosed areas. Furthermore, there are inside-outside social interchangeable relationships that result in social-cultural fluidity in houses when family life is not routine for some social activities. Boundaries are created and altered in this respect based on the situations and requirements of the inhabitants.

The constant decline in the number of public space and the attendant emergence of pseudopublic spaces with limited access occur simultaneously with the aggression of commercial culture and the emergence of cultural spectacle. Shopping centres provide physical spaces for social activities, and increasingly they have been replacing all aspects of urban life. Nowadays it is becoming an alternative centre in the city with its own "public space". With the creation of places for public, cultural and recreational events, and above all, places for leisure and socialization, shopping centres have become more than a "commercial city". According to various authors, the quality of POP(o)S has been called into question, and even though it usually suggests a negative phenomenon, this paper focuses on its advantages and possibilities. Paper also investigates the ways to use privately owned public spaces, with special focus on open spaces, plazas, and atrios owned by shopping centres. Paper presents three case studies: Ušće shopping centre in Belgrade, Rajićeva shopping centre in Belgrade and Manufaktura shopping centre in Lodz. With the comparison of the above mentioned, the aim is to recognize different patterns of use of POP(o)S in correlation to the model of the built structure. New urban design strategy should provide integration of different civic functions, in order to create a new type of public realm, which would improve the connectivity and usability of surrounding public spaces and urban environment. The aim of the paper is to present that carefully located and well-integrated shopping centers can contribute to the circulation of activities and people, thus to the preservation of city values and promotion of public life. However, question how could one consider private space as public space remains.

This paper explores the built environment of a shopping mall and considers the perceptions of its users, measuring the intensity of users both in open public spaces and shopping malls. This paper aims to compare the concentration of users in the selected shopping malls built in New Belgrade and open public spaces in the city centre. It considers the preferences consumers have towards shopping malls and public spaces, by determining their opinion on the (dis)advantages of the shopping malls over features of the city centre. The methodological frameworks of the research are questionnaires, surveys and a method of mapping users on social maps (via social networks). The identity of shopping malls versus public places in Belgrade is observed through technical analyses and qualitative surveys using online and on-site questionnaires, as well as the study of social media (twitter). A structured questionnaire was developed to measure customers’ shopping motivation, preferences, as well as th...

The accelerating depoliticization of the contemporary civic space has its epitome in the privatised urban centres. The transition from the spatialites of the transactional, spectacular and eventful consumerist modern shopping centre to the Pseudoidentitopia, faux relational civic simulation of the ultra-modern mini-city of universal consumption has dramatically increased the abstractive, decentring and exclusionary condition of the civic centre. By addressing how the pervading spatialised digitisation has contributed to consolidate the public relevance of these places, this paper sheds light on the sociospatial effects of this transition focussing on the depoliticization agency of the new paradigm. Driving on studies on spatial inequality and social exclusion, privatisation and commercialisation of public spaces, as well as research on the reassembling potential of locative social media, it investigates the production of "agonistic" counterspaces for emancipatory commoning in digitally augmented public spaces emerging as ultra-prosumerist metastable spaces that combine both physical and virtual relational capacities. The emerging differential, autonomous and independent spatial production of counterhegemonic instances of resistance and emplaced dissensus are used to articulate an affirmative reading of the emerging metastable urban centralities that contributes to the growing discourse on the Right to the Mediatised City.

This section considers forms of collaboration in situated and community projects embedded in important spatial transformation processes in New Zealand cities. It aims to shed light on specific combinations of material and semantic aspects characterising the relation between people and their environment. Contributions focus on participative urban transformations. The essays that follow concentrate on the dynamics of territorial production of associations between multiple actors belonging both to civil society and constituted authority. Their authors were directly engaged in the processes that are reported and conceptualised, thereby offering evidence gained through direct hands-on experience. Some of the investigations use case studies that are conspicuous examples of the recent post-traumatic urban development stemming from the Canterbury earthquakes of 2010-2011. More precisely, these cases belong to the early phases of the programmes of the Christchurch recovery or the Wellington seismic prevention. The relevance of these experiences for the scope of this study lies in the unprecedented height of public engagement at local, national and international levels, a commitment reached also due to the high impact, both emotional and concrete, that affected the entire society. The articles of this section have been collated to document projects that provide complementary contributions to the discourse on urbanism in the area that addresses contemporary problems affecting public space, social infrastructure and power relations in network developments. The common ground of authors' approaches is the use of an empirically grounded spatio-social perspective. This implies establishing an intimate relation between theoretical work and empirical practice, not only to entirely appreciate the contribution to theory of a particular phenomenon and vice versa, but, more importantly, to align the nature of the research practice to that of the studied phenomenon. This approach develops ad-hoc mixed research methodologies that disentangle, while maintaining associated, complex and concurrent aspects of each process's spatial production: the conceived, lived and represented dimensions.

Woundedlands are places of crisis of the civic sphere where architecture contributes to escalate the agency of forces that annihilate associative, differential and commoning processes. They are exemplary expression of the destructive capacity of contemporary technology to increase control, abstraction and exclusion. This paper addresses two salient Woundedland types: the WALL and the MALL. The WALL-a harsh boundary displacing and negating access to the stranger-epitomizes the increasing instances of unmovable and unforgiving socio-spatial divides. The heavily armed Korean Demilitarized Zone is chosen as an egregious walling example. The MALL-a supreme urban embodiment of digitally enhanced urban de-commoning and homogenizing forces-typifies the postconsumerist spectacular production of implanted and exogenous pseudo-civic centralities. The heterotopic metropolitan centre of Sylvia Park-the main malled centre in New Zealand-is selected as a representative instance of the dissociative enclaves of spectacle. Two major phenomena characterize the spatial production of these Woundedlands: pervasive translocalization-the diffusing mobilization of territorialization patterns-and multiassociative transduction-the iterative production of combinant and immersive metastable spatialities. This paper presents design proposition sets that address these phenomena and reimagine these Woundedlands as productive utopias: Wonderlands of reappropriated and (re)creational spatialities. These are cultural responses to the contemporary mode of production, challenging and transmuting its alienating apparatuses. They recast symbols of geopolitical and mercantile warfare into possible analogue worlds with a rich mix of instrumentalities that support existing counterforces. They have metastable spatialities that affirm the emerging forms of communing, relationality and differentiation of the digitally augmented social networks. The propositions contribute to a better cultural understanding of the current spatial paradigm. Alternative discursive frameworks of coordinated narratives with scenario-based and context-specific sign-value articulations support tightly crafted chains of recoded elements that leverage on the agency of desire. Allegorical fabulatory proses envision (extra)ordinary commoning machines for pluralism, justice and jouissance affirm the value and necessity of utopia.

The dominance of city streets and squares (markets), as primary retail agglomeration, is greatly reduced by construction of shopping malls. The numerous contents of the city center are disappearing along with the opening of the new shopping malls, which are taking the role of open public spaces. Furthermore, cities and their open public spaces are reflections of users changing needs. During the last two decades in Serbia, shopping centers are beginning to dominate the city center and its suburbs, as a visual sign and place for socialization and consumption. This paper explores the built environment of a shopping mall considering perception by its users and measure the intensity of users both in open public spaces and shopping malls. The aim of this paper is to compare the concentration of the users in the selected shopping malls built in New Belgrade and open public spaces in the city center and to compare the preferences consumers have towards shopping malls and public spaces, by d...

This section considers forms of collaboration in situated and community projects embedded in important spatial transformation processes in New Zealand cities. It aims to shed light on specific combinations of material and semantic aspects characterising the relation between people and their environment. Contributions focus on participative urban transformations. The essays that follow concentrate on the dynamics of territorial production of associations between multiple actors belonging both to civil society and constituted authority. Their authors were directly engaged in the processes that are reported and conceptualised, thereby offering evidence gained through direct hands-on experience. Some of the investigations use case studies that are conspicuous examples of the recent post-traumatic urban development stemming from the Canterbury earthquakes of 2010-2011. More precisely, these cases belong to the early phases of the programmes of the Christchurch recovery or the Wellington ...

This issue of The Journal of Public Space explores the relationship between public space and entrepreneurship. The ideas developed during the Habitat III Conference in Quito, when considering: how to implement the ambitious aims of the New Urban Agenda in context of the current socioeconomic realities and to reach a fairer share of the benefits brought by urbanisation? In December 2017, the organisation of the 10th Conference of the International Forum on Urbanism (IFoU) at the Chinese University of Hong Kong offered an opportunity to discuss such questions with international scholars and professionals. The papers in this special issue originated from this conference and later submissions to The Journal of Public Space. The theme 'Public Space in the Entrepreneurial City' was chosen based on the following three observations. 1. Entrepreneurial action of public governments The entrepreneurial way of governmental action had been illuminated since the 1980s, following among others John Mollenkopf's review on Modern urban history through the lens of the entrepreneurial triumph of the American city. Within this context, David Harvey brought the trend to the current and described the trend globally as "[…] local governmental powers [that] try and attract external sources of funding, new direct investments or new employment sources" (Mollenkopf, 1983: 14, 41-46; Harvey, 1989: 7). In the following years, the 'entrepreneurial city' continued to be approached and discussed critically in the context of a clear shift of the public sector taking over characteristics once distinctive to the private sector: Cities acting as entrepreneurs-risk-taking, inventiveness, promotion and profit motivation-while shifting planning responsibilities to a small number of private actors (Hall and Hubbard, 1998: 153). This was seen as one of the reasons for the increasing inequality in cities, questioning the right to the city. The 'entrepreneurial city' as such led particularly to new spatial conditions and typologies as governments delegated the responsibilities for the production and management of public space to private actors. Entrepreneurial mayors, who advocated the idea to "corporatise" the city and "leverage significant private investments", got wide international attention (Goldsmith, Giuliani and Daley 1999: 1-15). Despite the emerged critical opposition, their model was multiplied anyhow elsewhere and in different forms. Hong Kong, the place where the 2017

Европейская культура раннего Нового времени отмечена стремительным развитием городской культуры, включавшем в себя появление разнообразных публичных пространств, становившихся новыми центрами социального общения. Эти трансформации существенно изменили тактики поведения горожан. В данной статье на основе дневника английского чиновника Сэмюэля Пипса анализируется, какие возможности для общения предоставляло пространство Лондона XVII века, и как могли варьироваться модели поведения в отношении общения в частном доме, различных публичных заведениях, а также садах и парках.
History of early modern Europe was marked with the rapid development of urban culture
which included the emergence of various public spaces that were to become the new centres of
social intercourse. These transformations significantly changed behaviour tactics of the urban residents.
Based on the diary of the British official Samuel Pepys, the article considers the opportunities
for communication that the space of seventeenth-century London offered and the variations in behaviour
patterns with respect to socializing in a private home, in different public establishments,
and gardens and parks.

Author
Torell, Lisa
Abstract
Potential of the Gap has been about method and place. In site-specific, contextual or relational art, the relationships between and relationships to are critical to the critical artistic licence. That is, relations between or to man, object, situation and context. I have engaged with the relationship between place, language and identity in relation to systems and logic. Convention and function. It has taken place in, about and alongside the public space and semi-public space. The work has been performative, with place and audience as a material in it self, and the gap as a tool and artistic device for challenging what is taken for granted, exposing structures, to enable a rethink and thinking afresh. In addition to developing and strengthening the method, I also wanted to review the terminology of the site-specific field, to make it more accessible and enable multidisciplinary interaction. To simplify certain concepts and to add others in order to more easily be able to share process and result.
Has part(s)
Paper I: Torell, L. (Edt.). (2016). Plats till plats – 9 konstärers reflektion kring platsrelaterat arbete. Stockholm, Konstfrämjandet. ISBN 978-91-637-8863-5. Also available at https://issuu.com/researchanddevelopment/docs/plats_till_plats.

Paper II: Torell, L. (Edt.). (2017). Place to place: 9 Artistic Reflection about Site-specificity and Place-related Processes. Stockholm, Konstfrämjandet. ISBN 978-91-982834-4-0.

Paper III: Torell, L. (2016). Figure 2224. In Cugouglu & Ewerlöf (Edt.). Between Places. Reflections on identity and place. (p. 36-45). Norrköping, Sweden, Verkstad konsthall. Also available at https://issuu.com/creativecukurcuma/docs/between_places_final_ebook.

Paper IV: Torell, L. (2017). On Highway 25, Shared Society Means a Common Debt, How We Were Thinking and With What?. In Fürst & Kaur (Edt.). Inte det molnet | Not That Cloud. Stockholm, Mount Analogue. ISBN 978-91-983195-3-8.

Paper V: Torell, L. (2015). Närmandet, ironi och metod. Paletten Art Journal, 3(301), 2–8. Also available at https://paletten.net/.

Publisher
UiT The Arctic University of Norway

(See https://www.giveusspace.nz/) A project to improve residents’ well-being by ensuring better understanding, access to and usage of key semi-public spaces. Through collaborative work and action-based research between the Universities and local communities, the project created a pilot digital toolset that provides access to information on the use and perception of this kind of space, fosters social interaction, improves management and generates new knowledge. Through a multi-stakeholder engagement in three case studies, which involved New Zealand communities in Auckland and Wellington, it explored semi-public space territorialisations regarding association narratives, claims and conflicts, and tactics of reappropriation.

The places on which this study focuses are and have always been indigenous places. However, for the most part, Māori identities are not adequately reflected in these landscapes. The project will ultimately raise awareness amongst inner city and suburban residents of the cultural landscape they occupy through developing an understanding of existing conceptualisations of indigeneity in the landscape. This data will then be used to highlight possible policy and development-based responses to increase awareness of and education (mātauranga) about this cultural landscape through the urban form itself.

The work contributes to promote participation, empower and increase capacity in both local and translocal communities as well as support governing bodies in the achievement of the objectives set by the UN 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, the Sustainable Development Goal 11 – Make cities inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable – and the associated New Urban Agenda, where public spaces are considered crucial for people’s well-being. Three main toolsets for augmented spatial analysis, participatory engagement and cultural landscape studies were developed.

In shopping malls, which lately have become one of the basic characteristics of cities, behavior and interactions are defined by the primary purpose of this space-consumption. Potential interactions are reduced to temporary, superficial formal communication. Simulation of city streets with shops and small squares, where cafés are covered by the roof of the shopping mall, takes over the role which downtown had, until recently. This paper is presenting in which ways shopping malls may simulate the city center to legitimize itself as a public space. How do shopping "cities" transform relationship of internal and external, public and private space? The paper aims to explore the ways in which the inner space of these centers dictates behavior of visitors and shape the way they spend their free time. What is the new image of the city that these centers create? It examines the issue of sustainability of architectural objects in addition to its primary function; at the same time can have a strong position in the communication, representing the tools of communication and carries the meaning in the service of consumption, marketing, promotion and spectacle. The role of cultural space of the mall, as a quasi-space is explored with the case study method of two dominant shopping malls in Belgrade. The study refers to dominant phenomena in architecture, which is the result of the influence of classic consumption power. The goal of the paper is to access important issue of different representation of an architectural experience in reality in relation to the experience of architecture through the mass media.

This paper explores the built environment of a shopping mall considering perception by its users. The aim of this paper is to compare the preferences consumers have towards shopping malls and public spaces, by determining consumers' opinion on the (dis)advantages of the shopping malls over features of the city center. The research question is about the competitiveness of shopping mall with open public space with the focus on the main qualities of it. Furthermore, the paper aims to explore the ways in which the inner space of these malls dictates behaviour of their visitors and shape the way how they spend their free time. The methodological frameworks are observations, questionnaires and surveys. Identity of shopping malls versus public places in Belgrade is observed through technical analyses and qualitative surveys using questionnaires. This research suggests that understanding experiences of contemporary urban change in public space requires a broader performative understanding of users' needs and its qualities.

and the University of Auckland (QUT Ethics Approval Number 1600000966). The purpose of this project is to foster a discussion on public space as a common good, through the collection of experiences, stories, habits and activities, documenting public space and its users from different geographical contexts. Participation will involve people taking a picture of their favourite public space and sharing it through their own Twitter or Instagram profiles. The project asks people to include also a short description of the picture, in order to know where the selected public space is located, what it means to them and why they would like to share it with a broader public. All entries are to be submitted using the following hashtags:

Recent socioeconomic and technological advancements are transforming the routines of consumption into post-consumerist practices. From a socio-spatial perspective, this is primarily driven by the augmentation of two main processes: prosumption and transduction. Addressing the condition of public space in rapidly developing cities in East Asia and Australasia, this paper discusses how these two forces have contributed to a novel spatial dimension: meta-publicness. The discussion is theoretically framed by two main streams of the research on public space: the one that approaches it as the irreducible realm of agonistic pluralism and the one which sees it as crucial to socio-spatial ontogenetic processes. The major recent concept adopted in the new civic mall planning and management, experientiality, is discussed considering two main aspects: the role of eventful spectacularised environments in these hyper-mediated depoliticised spaces, and the re-politicising agency of their hyper-mediated connectedness. This paper concludes that if a democratisation of the spectacle has introduced relevant antagonistic decommodification forces, there is an internal weakness of the system that exposes these places to an even higher hegemonic dominance.

The reviewed book is one of the first edited volumes on the social and cultural role of the cafе. Drawing on such empirical trends as a rapidly increasing number of commercially viable cafеs and their growing significance in contemporary urban landscapes, the editors coin the notion of a “cafе society.” This concept, along with the Oldenburg’s term “third place”, is used as a core theoretical framework to unite fourteen researchers from different disciplines (sociology, urban studies, history, anthropology, geography, and communication studies) and countries (Norway, the UK, the USA, and Australia). The essays composing this book explore cafе as a cultural form and a social institution, touching upon such “Big Questions” as public sphere, civil society, and democracy; social interaction, sociability, and community; class, gender, and age; glocalisation, gentrification, and mediatisation.

Рецензия посвящена одной из первых в мире коллективных монографий о социальной и культурной роли кафе. Отмечая стабильный коммерческий успех индустрии кафе в разных странах и общий рост значимости этих заведений в современном городском ландшафте, редакторы сборника вводят термин café society. Этот концепт, вместе с ольденбурговским понятием «третьего места», выполняет функцию теоретической рамки, которая объединила четырнадцать представителей разных дисциплин (социология, урбанистика, история, антропология, география, коммуникативистика) и стран (Норвегия, Великобритания, США, Австралия). Авторы работ, составляющих книгу, исследуют кафе как культурную форму и социальный институт, затрагивая при этом такие проблемы, как публичная сфера, гражданское общество и демократия; социальная интеракция, социабельность и комьюнити; класс, гендер и возраст, глокализация, джентрификация и медиатизация.

This paper continues the series of articles that presents the results of research on annual do-it-yourself urban public event called City Picnic, organized by the group of civic activists in Omsk. To hold this free open-air festival, they raise money through crowdfunding and commercial sponsorship, lease half-abandoned private recreation camp, and convert it into one-day public space with a full spectrum of urban entertainment, including concerts, performances, exhibitions, lectures and workshops, RRFM, pop-up cafes, children’s playgrounds, etc. What follows is a cross-disciplinary case study that explores City Picnic by means of Foucauldian heterotopology and public sphere theory. Interpreting data collected through discourse analysis, I draw on the work of Dehaene and De Cauter, who were the first to problematize heterotopia’s relation to the public and the private, and then examine City Picnic in a broader context of contemporary public sphere and urban public space scholarship. As a result, City Picnic turns out to be a semi-public, or ‘club’ space (whilst its coordinators assume and position City Picnic as a public space); a mixed space that includes public, private, and parochial realms (where the rise of the last two, accompanied with attendance increase and territorial sprawl, poses a threat to its publicness); a proto-political space (whilst one of its basic principles claims: ‘No politics’); and a practice of occupation of a non-place, or ‘transformer space’.

Статья продолжает серию публикаций по итогам исследовательского проекта, посвященного омскому мероприятию «Городской пикник». Используя средства, собранные при помощи народного финансирования и привлечения коммерческих спонсоров, группа гражданских активистов раз в год арендует частную спортивную базу и превращает ее в однодневное публичное пространство, посетителям которого предоставляется полный спектр современных городских развлечений: концерты, перфомансы, выставки, лекции и мастер-классы, фримаркет, pop-up кафе, детские площадки и т.д. В статье изложены результаты кроссдисциплинарного кейс-стади, интерпретирующего «Городской пикник» с точки зрения двух подходов – фуколтианской гетеротопологии и теории публичной сферы. В качестве исходной теоретической модели используется концепция М. Дехане и Л. Де Каутера, которые впервые проблематизировали вопрос о соотношении понятия гетеротопии с категориями публичности и приватности; затем «Городской пикник» рассматривается в более широком контексте современных исследований публичной сферы и городского публичного пространства (Л. Лофланд, Э. Бриз, Н. Фрейзер и др.). Дискурс-анализ вербальных и визуальных текстов о «Городском пикнике» обнаружил следующие его свойства: полупубличность, или клубность (хотя организаторы воспринимают и позиционируют его как публичное пространство); сложное переплетение публичной, приватной и парохиальной сфер (причем развитие приватных и парохиальных связей, сопровождающееся разрастанием территории мероприятия и увеличением количества его посетителей, угрожает публичности «Городского пикника»); протополитический потенциал (в то время как один из ключевых принципов мероприятия гласит «Без политики»). Кроме того, «Городской пикник»  представляет собой практику апроприации не-места, или оккупирования «пространства-трансформера».

This paper reports on an in-the-wild design experiment aim- ing to support participation and engagement in the semi- public space of a temporary art exhibition. Through inter- views with 19 visitors we analyze the collaborative produc- tion of text about artworks in the exhibition in the physical space of the gallery. Our design, deployed throughout the venue for one month, makes use of people’s personal mo- bile phones to interact with shared digital displays in the gallery. The findings help us understand and develop the notion of local participatory IT from actual use. We discuss people’s diverging perceptions of what one is participating in and why as well as the impact of previous experiences with mobile technology. This leads us to propose three strong concepts to support understanding and design of technologies that foster local participation: Local area net- working, hyperlocality, and global read/local write.

This paper reports on a design experiment in an art gallery, where we explored visitor practices of commenting on art, and how they were shaped in interaction with a newly designed collocated, collaborative writing technology. In particular we investigate what potentials previous practices carry with them that may affect early use and further development of use. We base our analyses on interviews in the art gallery and on socio-cultural theories of artefact- mediated learning and collaboration. The analyses help identify three forms of collaborative writing, which are placed in the space between future use possibil- ities and initial familiarity based on everyday practices. These forms met and at times collided in a space where the actual use was shaped. We furthermore look back on initial assumptions made in design regarding a productive collaborative writing style, and confront these with the three above forms of practice. The ini- tial familiarity leads to two different early practices that get in the way of each other, and the collaborative writing idea. They point instead towards a discur- sive sharing of individual feelings, a different kind of past experiences than an- ticipated in design.

The time has come to change our thinking and to open our front gardens hidden behind high walls to the street. Together we can return to our typical rural village doorways which have almost disappeared over the time. Let's show our neighbours that we are open to them and offer our front garden with a bench as an attractive semi-public space for meetings and dialogs. If we convert our front garden from a private into a semi-public space, we can help to unify the streetscape. The street will become an attractive and safe public space. Let’s get rid of high fences as a significant barrier, or at least use some lower wooden ones. Let’s move the fence onto the building line of the house as it was in the time of convenient and nice village streets. The rural residential street has the potential to become an attractive and safe public space in an embrace of the greenery, let’s restore the doorways and the affable character of our village streets. The residents will once again become the "masters of the street" instead of currently dominating cars. Front gardens, green strips and islands will thanks to landscape architectural improvements become an adornment of the whole streetscape.

Development of the countryside consisting of rural settlements and landscapes stands for an integrated transdisciplinary issue. To make rural development efficient, it is important to encourage and support sustainability concerning both, economic and environmental aspects. Regarding environmental sustainability, an important role is played by landscape architecture. Within the urban area, the emphasis should be put especially on public and semi-public space design in order to enhance social interaction and community life. Besides economic productivity of the open agricultural land surrounding rural settlements, the social utilization of these areas should be also considered and improved. Relevant tools for restoration and further smart and sustainable development of rural spaces are provided by landscape architecture. They consist in improving the green infrastructure (GI) of rural spaces. In this paper, we will introduce the approach of GI improvement by the 3-level planning concept as a design tool.