Papers by Azadeh Khaki Ghasr
International Journal of Architectural Engineering & Urban Planning, 2024
The study intends to explore the factors that lead to an increase in place attachment of apartmen... more The study intends to explore the factors that lead to an increase in place attachment of apartments in residents' attitudes toward applying for housing. After analyzing previous research on connectivity, five major components that affect place attachment were identified: perceptual-cognitive, social, historic-cultural, physical, and economic factors. Field research involving 73 Tehran mid-rise apartment residents utilized textual-visual questionnaires to investigate these factors, employing open coding and content analysis for data interpretation. Despite subtle contextual changes, the findings support the relevance of the identified components. According to the participants, influencing factors listed as environmental, sociocultural, perceptual-cognitive, economic, and historic emphasize the relevance of the first five; however, the details, order, and synthesis differ somewhat from those in the research reviewed. Furthermore, based on the literature reviewed, the study concluded a three spatial scale named globalurban-property for the home connectivity scope, with varying strengths. Additionally, based on the field study conducted, the paper added two sub-scales to the property scale, specifically within the context of an apartment. These sub-scales are building and unit. City, community, and neighborhood are subscales of the urban scale. The global scale is also related to the country, which was not highlighted in the context of the present study since all participants were Iranian. Thus, the spatial scales of place attachment for apartments include city, community, neighborhood, building, and unit. Analyses highlight the relationship between a sense of belonging, influencing factors, and spatial scales. The study concludes that residents' place attachment is a protracted process that includes building/unit allocation and context-sensitive design considerations. In conclusion, changes in the sociocultural setting impact inhabitants' perceptions of place attachment.
Technology of Education Journal (TEJ), 2024
Background and Objectives: All academic fields, including architecture, were taught online during... more Background and Objectives: All academic fields, including architecture, were taught online during the COVID-19 pandemic. Architectural design studios were the most challenging courses offered online among all the architectural courses. The benefits and disadvantages of teaching in online design studios have been studied through research on practitioner feedback. The current study focuses on the advantages of online studios and emphasizes the importance of verbal representation in the architectural design process. As verbal representation is utilized in the design process, with verbal description being one of its tools, the question arises: Is it feasible to enhance the verbal representation skills of architecture students, despite the limitations in content transmission and the challenges encountered during online studio delivery? Materials and Methods: The research methodology is qualitative. It is based on a systematic literature review and case study in which authors have used an autoethnography approach, sharing their experiences as online instructors during the COVID-19 crisis. The case study was carried out via thematic analysis supported by coding employing tactics including observations, memos, self-evaluation of students, and questionnaires. The research took place at Shahid Beheshti University's Faculty of Architecture and Urban Planning for five academic semesters (2019-2022). The statistical population included 147 students (111 undergrads and 36 graduates). Findings: The results demonstrate that, due to the constraints of material sharing compared to face-to-face studios, architectural design online studios rely primarily on listening senses and linguistic skills. The results show an improvement in students' verbal representation (both oral and written), which varies depending on the studios. In online studios, 86% of students reported that their writing ability had improved, and 73% reported that their oral representation had improved. It is worth noting that students in online studios rate verbal representation in written format as the second most improved skill out of six. As a result, the level of usage and acceptability of written and oral representation in the creative process in online studios has not been consistent, and it may alter for various reasons. Some key points that make it successful include the instructor's preference for employing verbal description and representation in the studio, the student's potential in verbal description, the theme of the design studio, and where we are in the design process. Conclusions: Online architectural design studios provide students with the chance to improve their verbal representation skills. Additionally, one of the bases of delivering online studios is the ability to express ideas clearly via language, which also plays a compensating role during the design process in maintaining the studios' quality. Use of this feature in hybrid, online, or face-to-face studios could be part of future plans. The valuable tasks to be carried out should be defined and experienced in this context so that they can be implemented at the beginning, middle, or end of the design process. The practice of expressing the scenario, defining the design problem, writing the design statement, preparing sessions for reading descriptions from renowned authors' texts, as well as the sessions for critiquing the works of students and architects in the online studios in tutorial and judgment sessions, can be listed among them.
Journal of School Administration, Sep 23, 2018
مطالعات محیطی هفت حصار, Dec 1, 2021
The socio-demographic and clinical factors associated with quality of life among patients with ha... more The socio-demographic and clinical factors associated with quality of life among patients with haematological cancer in a large government hospital in Malaysia. The Malaysian journal of medical sciences: MJMS, 18(3), 49.
Iran University of Science & Technology, Jun 10, 2020
Even though the positive influences of nature on human health have been known for many decades, f... more Even though the positive influences of nature on human health have been known for many decades, few studies have been carried out exclusively about the psychological benefits of exposure to water and sky as natural blue elements in built environments. Hence, close-ended questionnaire along with structured interviews (with open-ended questions) are applied to investigate the main question of this study: what are the effects of blue elements' exposure on psychological restoration of university students? 81 students of architecture, urban design, and painting with graduate and post graduate degrees are considered as the participants and the main central courtyards of two traditional dwellings, which currently are used as educational environments, are selected as the case studies in the hot-arid climate of Yazd, Iran. The results of the close-ended questionnaire show that among natural elements, water has the most significant influence on fascination and being away (two components contributing to restoration). Besides, although in comparison to water, the sky has less effective influence on fascination and being away in the studied environments, it is as important as green elements in fostering fascination and being away. Through content analysis of structured interviews, it is revealed that not only is water the most preferred and important natural element of both courtyards but also students' pleasantness, refreshment, and relaxation from stress are mainly due to water exposure. In conclusion, the study tries to highlight that in addition to green elements, it is essential to consider blue elements. Besides, some design strategies based on their exposure in educational environments have been recommended in order to foster the psychological restoration of university students.
İTÜ dergisi A, 2022
Architects are seeking to bridge the design-construction divide. This approach, which seeks to re... more Architects are seeking to bridge the design-construction divide. This approach, which seeks to retrieve the situation in which there is no distinction between design and construction, attempts to address an integrated educational pedagogy by linking origins and providing opportunities and challenges for undertaking thought-practice tasks. To accomplish this integration, the article investigates the usage of an overlapping field with architecture in design-build projects. Architecture and intertwining have a same background. This action research analyzes the experience of exploiting their overlap in designing and building a light awning at Yazd University in Iran’s architecture school. The methodology includes analyzing the lived experience of freshmen (N = 24) through pictures, memoranda, and observations and comparing it to secondary feedback from alumni (N = 24) obtained via questionnaire. As found, analogy-based journeys to the intersections provide architectural decision-making situations like material selection, structural pattern recognition, manufacturing concepts, and a holistic viewpoint for component arrangement. Similarity exists when two fields have at least one function, behavior, or structure in common. In this study, structure serves as a strong junction at the form and concept level. This approach guides the experience of the aimed situation, named “architectonic situation,” which is context-sensitive and attempts to provide a comprehensive image to introductory studios. This reality-based approach includes three parts: students, an assignment subject, and a field that overlaps with architecture. It could be recommended to schools that seek to connect with their cultural roots as part of their mission.
In architectural training, focusing solely on the design of architectural elements, regardless of... more In architectural training, focusing solely on the design of architectural elements, regardless of the overall position of their deployment, is imperfect, and on the other hand, facing students with the design of components while considering the whole, is complex and has many interfering factors. The present research, with the question of how to interpose between these two demands, chooses a small, enabling environment for the first year students as the target group, in which students will design a number of architectural elements. This opinion was shared with the students as part of the "whole-driven component" through a rehearsal exercise - the design of the window of the facade of the faculty of Architecture and Urban Planning, Shahid Beheshti University- which will be presented as field studies in the form of an action research method in the present paper. Moreover, this study expresses the differentiating and shared stances of this approach with reference to experts’ opinions and studying the outlooks of the curriculum of the world's leading universities in the undergraduate level focusing on the first year. Findings of the research shows that the "whole-driven component" view starts from component design to whole scope and returns to small scope. Therefore, it has a way such as cycle, which is named component-whole-component cycle. The cycle is open-ended and risible. The benefit of the experience of this viewpoint is that it gradually turns students into holistic thinkers. It also causes novices to realize the values of the context in order to comprehend the general placement of the elements and ultimately decide on them. They find that it is not necessary to make the most of the interventions in the context to make the architect’s work seen, but the virtue of his design is to speak succinctly and to the point on the basis of the diagnosis of needs, and to reflect on the role of components with regards to the whole. The degree of success in this view varies in different contexts and for different students, and it is necessary to apply the practice of different training styles tailored to the needs of different students through the use of the skills and experience of the instructors. In design with a full-blown, holistic perspective, the student faces a real context and architectural design is not shared with the student in a merely theoretical manner. Creativity in design is crucial in this regard wherein it is required in the form of simple but stimulating and sensible answers. Finally, it should be stated that the present paper agrees with the viewpoints of discourse change in relation to speaking of the whole for architectural novices because if confined to present architectural elements that are limited in shape to the students of architecture, there would be little improvement in students' perception of the whole in design And the architectural design would always stay within the bounds of designing mere architectural components such as walls, floors, and ceilings.
Regarding the environmental attributes, this paper compares the sociability of the "Ellieen
yard... more Regarding the environmental attributes, this paper compares the sociability of the "Ellieen
yard" in the Art and Architecture School at Yazd University after applying its moveable
wooden cover to a pre-cover mode. In addition to library studies, the user's feedback, from 25
students and 13 professors, on their lived experiences were presented using techniques such as
open-closed and visual questionnaires. In addition, the field study was continued to learn about
physical and non-physical aspects, and tasks such as making collaborative observations, taking
photos, and making notes on indicators and evidence for the sociability of the yard were done.
According to the study, there are seven kinds of elements that address sociability. They are
divided into visual, mental and visual-mental levels. The case study was conducted on the yard
after it was covered by a retractable cover, varying some of the seven factors examined.
Initially, the presence of the cover helped to evolve the yard's collective role. At the second
level, its position was occasionally modified to that of a destination. The seventh aspect, termed
"emotional", is unique to "Ellieen Yard" and addresses users' attachments, particularly
students. Based on the associated data, we may describe the function of a range of narrations
that are the product of prior lived experiences shared by numerous generations of students. One
of these narrations is about the process of making the yard cover. Such a lived narration
indicates a positive correlation between the sociability of the yard and the participation of
students to promote the academic open space (direct or indirect) to provide more favorable
conditions for a more effective presence in the space.
This study aims to investigate the relationship between inside and outside in traditional Yazd ho... more This study aims to investigate the relationship between inside and outside in traditional Yazd houses from the late Safavid period until the end of the Qajar period. The methodology involves a combination of psychological and phenomenological approaches, and two perception levels are observed: accessibility and social-cultural perceptions. Parallel to the literature survey, the field study analyzes observations of episodes and sequences of the transition from exterior to interior, which were identified and studied utilizing 39 case studies (28 Muslims and 11 Zoroastrian houses). In addition, semi-structured interviews with 11 residents and in-depth interviews with 18 experts who have lived in such houses were performed. Analysis shows that there is a convergence between inside and outside in reacting to both perceptual aspects in the participants' cognition and behavior. Inside and outside of the cases, there are non-net boundaries at both perceptual levels, and they are overlapping and related together. According to the findings, the inside-outside relationship has taken place in at least four layers: outside out, outside in, inside out, and inside in. The inside-outside couple develops a hierarchy based on the 4-layer conceptual model, having the outside guard the inside. The hierarchy's length changes from case to case and gets more extensive or compact. It has also resulted in decisions on the size, quantity, and quality of the house's courtyard(s), as well as neighboring enclosed areas. Furthermore, there are inside-outside social interchangeable relationships that result in social-cultural fluidity in houses when family life is not routine for some social activities. Boundaries are created and altered in this respect based on the situations and requirements of the inhabitants.
A/Z : ITU journal of Faculty of Architecture, 2022
Architects are seeking to bridge the design-construction divide. This approach,
which seeks to ... more Architects are seeking to bridge the design-construction divide. This approach,
which seeks to retrieve the situation in which there is no distinction between
design and construction, attempts to address an integrated educational pedagogy
by linking origins and providing opportunities and challenges for undertaking
thought-practice tasks. To accomplish this integration, the article investigates
the usage of an overlapping field with architecture in design-build projects.
Architecture and intertwining have a same background. This action research
analyzes the experience of exploiting their overlap in designing and building a
light awning at Yazd University in Iran’s architecture school. The methodology
includes analyzing the lived experience of freshmen (N = 24) through pictures,
memoranda, and observations and comparing it to secondary feedback from
alumni (N = 24) obtained via questionnaire. As found, analogy-based journeys
to the intersections provide architectural decision-making situations like material
selection, structural pattern recognition, manufacturing concepts, and a holistic
viewpoint for component arrangement. Similarity exists when two fields have
at least one function, behavior, or structure in common. In this study, structure
serves as a strong junction at the form and concept level. This approach guides
the experience of the aimed situation, named “architectonic situation,” which is
context-sensitive and attempts to provide a comprehensive image to introductory
studios. This reality-based approach includes three parts: students, an assignment
subject, and a field that overlaps with architecture. It could be recommended to
schools that seek to connect with their cultural roots as part of their mission.
مطالعات محیطی هفت حصار, Dec 1, 2021
Problem statement: During clinical treatment in hospital rooms for cancer patients, attention to ... more Problem statement: During clinical treatment in hospital rooms for cancer patients, attention to emotional qualities, helps to increase the hope for these patients but unfortunately, less attention has been paid to such aspects.
Aims: Investigating properties and dimensions of the desirable hospital room in view of native cancer patients in Kermanshah is proposed.
MethodsThe research is a qualitative content analysis based on library studies, field observations, and structured interviews with native patients until theoretical saturation. In this case study, image-based questionnaires were asked of 31 patients in two hospitals of Kermanshah. A theoretical framework based on five aspects of physical, psychological, moral-legal, semantic and social-local development of desired hospital room for cancer patients.
Results: The expectation of native patients is focused on social-local property beside clinical treatment facilities. In this aspect, the concept of territory and connectedness, are emphasized by the patients. In order to approach these two properties, the dimensions are in this way: "being familiar and not being a stranger", "comfort similar to comfort at home", "more connection without nature" and "patient territories according to local custom". In addition, "being hopeful and uplifting", "suitable for the presence of companions" and "fit the space with the number of patients" are of particular importance.
Conclusion: In order to provide the quantitative and qualitative aspects of the desirable hospital room for native cancer patients, there should be more focus on the fifth aspect, the social-cultural-local aspect. It refers to the social sustainability of the patients which designers should consider. It references to the cultural background. Thinking more locally in regulating domains and strengthening the connectedness so that the patients can take the path of fulfilling the emotional and restorative role beside clinical therapies with the goal of giving more hope to cancer patients.
Journal of School Administration, Sep 23, 2018
Iran University of Science & Technology, 2020
Even though the positive influences of nature on human health have been known for many decades, f... more Even though the positive influences of nature on human health have been known for many decades, few studies have been carried out exclusively about the psychological benefits of exposure to water and sky as natural blue elements in built environments. Hence, close-ended questionnaire along with structured interviews (with open-ended questions) are applied to investigate the main question of this study: what are the effects of blue elements’ exposure on psychological restoration of university students? 81 students of architecture, urban design, and painting with graduate and post graduate degrees are considered as the participants and the main central courtyards of two traditional dwellings, which currently are used as educational environments, are selected as the case studies in the hot-arid climate of Yazd, Iran. The results of the close-ended questionnaire show that among natural elements, water has the most significant influence on fascination and being away (two components contr...
Environment-Behaviour Proceedings Journal, 2016
One of the primary goals in mosques design is to connect the users to Allah. By accepting privacy... more One of the primary goals in mosques design is to connect the users to Allah. By accepting privacy as an origin to approach to that, the question notices properties and dimensions of privacy in Persian gardens as great examples of private places in Islamic Iranian architecture. Next question follows orders create privacy affordance to them. The results shows orders are: Light, color, sound, material, and air condition orders. Finding orders have been linked to mosques design through recommendations which focus on preparing privacy and community together, based on Islam worship order. The methodology is descriptive, analytical and observational.© 2016. The Authors. Published for AMER ABRA by e-International Publishing House, Ltd., UK. Peer–review under responsibility of AMER (Association of Malaysian Environment-Behaviour Researchers), ABRA (Association of Behavioural Researchers on Asians) and cE-Bs (Centre for Environment-Behaviour Studies), Faculty of Architecture, Planning & Surve...
Current World Environment, 2015
Physical and spatial attributes are some factors influencing various aspects of content and form,... more Physical and spatial attributes are some factors influencing various aspects of content and form, thus they contribute to change people's behavior and social patterns. Social relations and behaviors seem to require a suitable context. One of the places where people experience their everyday life and spend a substantial amount time is the workplace. In the past, due to smaller facilities and flow of work in the life, much attention was considered understanding the work culture and its customs. In general, we can say that the spirit of place and a sense of culture in current work spaces are ignored. This review study, using qualitative research method, is based on the library studies and trying to use a descriptive study to define workspace as a place. Consequently, the aim of this study is to search the potential qualities of "being", and finally achieve the criteria for the definition of dwelling in these spaces.
Journal of Housing and Rural Environment, 2018
In most architectural schools, the primary emphasis is on pictorial descriptions. As an expressio... more In most architectural schools, the primary emphasis is on pictorial descriptions. As an expression of the quintessential features of architecture, verbal descriptions can play a central key role in architectural education, however. Verbal descriptions of a place are usually a synthesis of horizontal and/or vertical descriptions. Horizontal descriptions refer to features such as edges, centers, circulation, articulation, etc. Vertical descriptions refer to orientation, threshold, stance and the like. This paper assumes that there is a close correlation between verbal and nonverbal descriptions as well as practical skills. This hypothesis opens promising areas for architectural education.
This study aims to explore cover patterns strategies for the exposed historical places in Yazd, c... more This study aims to explore cover patterns strategies for the exposed historical places in Yazd, central Iran. The dimensions and types of patterns employed in adapting historic structures to modern life were investigated by using analytical-descriptive and interpretive-historical methods. The results conveyed that there are three patterns as appropriate to different climates and ecologies. Summer patterns is suitable for shading and includes fixed or movable structures. Winter patterns is fixed and is used in cold seasons. Supplementary solutions including shades can appropriate them for warmer seasons. And all-season patterns are retractable and can be folded or unfolded as climatic conditions might require. The last strategy seems to be superior, but it is time-consuming and expensive. Retractable patterns are most appropriate in the case of historic structures as the modifications they require are minimal and their construction materials are different from those employed in their contexts. Several factors should be taken into consideration in selecting patterns for the historic districts of Yazd that include the distance between supporting bars, budget, the historic value of the covered structure, its essential functions, the functions of the open space during daylight and nights, maintenance, and the consistency of the existing structures to support roofing. “Poosh” can prove to be an appropriate cover for historic structures with religious functions during all seasons. As a traditional solution, its use must be maintained as it supports community sustainability while its employment in other contexts should be restricted. It should also be mentioned that all-seasonal, some summer and few winter patterns require minimal contextual modifications in the historic structure that is being sheltered, while they can facilitate easier and more comfortable access.
journal of housing and rural environment, 2018
Looking at how wood had been used in Iranian rural religious places, this article seeks to invest... more Looking at how wood had been used in Iranian rural religious places, this article seeks to investigate if wood could have been used in the construction of such buildings. The research is descriptive-analytical and is based on observation and documentation. First, the paper gives a brief description and definition about rural wood structures in religious places of Iran. After that, it introduces eight cases selected from more than eighty cases, located in eight rural areas in Iran. Then, the paper describes and analyzes one or two structures for each rural area.
The research found that in seven out of the eight selected areas, there are noticeable cases which have been made of wood structures and it was only in the desert area that no wood structure was observed. Furthermore, is the research found a variety of wood structures either in the main elements such as beams, columns, truss, wood fiber grids or minor elements such as lathing, reed or mat.
The newly built or developed religious places no wood was used in their structures. Despite the rich background of wood structures in vernacular architecture of Iranian rural religious places, in building or developing new places the wood structure alternative has not been considered.
Wood can offer some benefits such as cultural-social adaptability, responsive usability, being familiar to local artisan, economic saving and the like. Furthermore, wood has architectural relationship to religious places and this property is very important to the development of a sense of place.
There are some impediments in using wood in new buildings such as national regulations of rural constructions in Iran which gave no consideration for using this material; the perception of weak resistance of wood against earthquakes; vulnerability of vernacular wood structures to fire, and the like.
In conclusion, the paper argues that if there is a need to demand and explore the possibilities of using wood in contemporary architecture. There are solutions for strengthening and reducing the weight of wood structures in the literature, which can be used in new buildings.
journal of school administration, 2018
The quality and size of school yards are so important While there are some primary schools which ... more The quality and size of school yards are so important While there are some primary schools which have small yards. In other hand, there are some local parks which are empty during weak day in academic year. It seems if in allocation process of schools and local parks, association of them would be considered the decision will optimize both of them. Research method is descriptive-analytical through studies.
The physical model through systems theory are based on five alternatives: near model, connected model, far model, unit model and intersection model. By analysis, three of them are acceptable: near, connected and jointed models
The paradigm is useful in three positions: to land allocation of both primary school and local parks, schools’ relation to existing local parks and local parks’ relation to existing primary schools.
The important condition of approach to Paradigm of Association of Primary Schools and Local Parks is to save frontage of primary schools not to unsuitable intercourse by local parks. also the usage of local parks by people mustn’t be confused.
in result in urban planning scale, there are some usage in neighbor of schools which must be changed. in design scale, saving origins in nature is base for both architectures and landscape designers. making potentials to understand during play is very useful in design of open spaces of primary schools. In other hand landscape designers should support social sustainability in neighborhood by effective presence of old in local parks who can help the children in primary schools.
Uploads
Papers by Azadeh Khaki Ghasr
yard" in the Art and Architecture School at Yazd University after applying its moveable
wooden cover to a pre-cover mode. In addition to library studies, the user's feedback, from 25
students and 13 professors, on their lived experiences were presented using techniques such as
open-closed and visual questionnaires. In addition, the field study was continued to learn about
physical and non-physical aspects, and tasks such as making collaborative observations, taking
photos, and making notes on indicators and evidence for the sociability of the yard were done.
According to the study, there are seven kinds of elements that address sociability. They are
divided into visual, mental and visual-mental levels. The case study was conducted on the yard
after it was covered by a retractable cover, varying some of the seven factors examined.
Initially, the presence of the cover helped to evolve the yard's collective role. At the second
level, its position was occasionally modified to that of a destination. The seventh aspect, termed
"emotional", is unique to "Ellieen Yard" and addresses users' attachments, particularly
students. Based on the associated data, we may describe the function of a range of narrations
that are the product of prior lived experiences shared by numerous generations of students. One
of these narrations is about the process of making the yard cover. Such a lived narration
indicates a positive correlation between the sociability of the yard and the participation of
students to promote the academic open space (direct or indirect) to provide more favorable
conditions for a more effective presence in the space.
which seeks to retrieve the situation in which there is no distinction between
design and construction, attempts to address an integrated educational pedagogy
by linking origins and providing opportunities and challenges for undertaking
thought-practice tasks. To accomplish this integration, the article investigates
the usage of an overlapping field with architecture in design-build projects.
Architecture and intertwining have a same background. This action research
analyzes the experience of exploiting their overlap in designing and building a
light awning at Yazd University in Iran’s architecture school. The methodology
includes analyzing the lived experience of freshmen (N = 24) through pictures,
memoranda, and observations and comparing it to secondary feedback from
alumni (N = 24) obtained via questionnaire. As found, analogy-based journeys
to the intersections provide architectural decision-making situations like material
selection, structural pattern recognition, manufacturing concepts, and a holistic
viewpoint for component arrangement. Similarity exists when two fields have
at least one function, behavior, or structure in common. In this study, structure
serves as a strong junction at the form and concept level. This approach guides
the experience of the aimed situation, named “architectonic situation,” which is
context-sensitive and attempts to provide a comprehensive image to introductory
studios. This reality-based approach includes three parts: students, an assignment
subject, and a field that overlaps with architecture. It could be recommended to
schools that seek to connect with their cultural roots as part of their mission.
Aims: Investigating properties and dimensions of the desirable hospital room in view of native cancer patients in Kermanshah is proposed.
MethodsThe research is a qualitative content analysis based on library studies, field observations, and structured interviews with native patients until theoretical saturation. In this case study, image-based questionnaires were asked of 31 patients in two hospitals of Kermanshah. A theoretical framework based on five aspects of physical, psychological, moral-legal, semantic and social-local development of desired hospital room for cancer patients.
Results: The expectation of native patients is focused on social-local property beside clinical treatment facilities. In this aspect, the concept of territory and connectedness, are emphasized by the patients. In order to approach these two properties, the dimensions are in this way: "being familiar and not being a stranger", "comfort similar to comfort at home", "more connection without nature" and "patient territories according to local custom". In addition, "being hopeful and uplifting", "suitable for the presence of companions" and "fit the space with the number of patients" are of particular importance.
Conclusion: In order to provide the quantitative and qualitative aspects of the desirable hospital room for native cancer patients, there should be more focus on the fifth aspect, the social-cultural-local aspect. It refers to the social sustainability of the patients which designers should consider. It references to the cultural background. Thinking more locally in regulating domains and strengthening the connectedness so that the patients can take the path of fulfilling the emotional and restorative role beside clinical therapies with the goal of giving more hope to cancer patients.
The research found that in seven out of the eight selected areas, there are noticeable cases which have been made of wood structures and it was only in the desert area that no wood structure was observed. Furthermore, is the research found a variety of wood structures either in the main elements such as beams, columns, truss, wood fiber grids or minor elements such as lathing, reed or mat.
The newly built or developed religious places no wood was used in their structures. Despite the rich background of wood structures in vernacular architecture of Iranian rural religious places, in building or developing new places the wood structure alternative has not been considered.
Wood can offer some benefits such as cultural-social adaptability, responsive usability, being familiar to local artisan, economic saving and the like. Furthermore, wood has architectural relationship to religious places and this property is very important to the development of a sense of place.
There are some impediments in using wood in new buildings such as national regulations of rural constructions in Iran which gave no consideration for using this material; the perception of weak resistance of wood against earthquakes; vulnerability of vernacular wood structures to fire, and the like.
In conclusion, the paper argues that if there is a need to demand and explore the possibilities of using wood in contemporary architecture. There are solutions for strengthening and reducing the weight of wood structures in the literature, which can be used in new buildings.
The physical model through systems theory are based on five alternatives: near model, connected model, far model, unit model and intersection model. By analysis, three of them are acceptable: near, connected and jointed models
The paradigm is useful in three positions: to land allocation of both primary school and local parks, schools’ relation to existing local parks and local parks’ relation to existing primary schools.
The important condition of approach to Paradigm of Association of Primary Schools and Local Parks is to save frontage of primary schools not to unsuitable intercourse by local parks. also the usage of local parks by people mustn’t be confused.
in result in urban planning scale, there are some usage in neighbor of schools which must be changed. in design scale, saving origins in nature is base for both architectures and landscape designers. making potentials to understand during play is very useful in design of open spaces of primary schools. In other hand landscape designers should support social sustainability in neighborhood by effective presence of old in local parks who can help the children in primary schools.