Sea Sand

The increasing demand for lightweight material specifications has forced researchers to develop lightweight materials that are inexpensive, can be produced on a large scale, and are environmentally friendly. One solution that has been developed is an aluminum composite reinforced with sea sand. Indonesia has the second longest coastline in the world, which means that the country is rich in maritime resources, one of which is sea sand. The ceramic contents of SiO2, SiC, and Al2O3 allow sea sand to be used as a reinforcement in aluminum composites for engineering purposes. The most effective manufacturing method of AA6061-sea sand composites is stir casting, but the homogeneity and distribution of particles are the main disadvantages of the stir casting method. Various factors affect particle distribution and homogeneity, one of which is the flow during the stirring process. The increase in turbulent flow in the stirring process affects the homogeneity and distribution of the particles. One way to create a turbulent flow when stirring is to add baffles. This paper examines the effect of adding baffles during the stir casting process on the mechanical properties of AA6061-sea sand composites. The mechanical properties of AA6061-sea sand composites were characterized using the Brinell hardness test according to ASTM E-10. The test results show that the addition of baffles during the stir casting process decreases the hardness of the AA6061-sea sand composites due to the turbulent flow that occurs. This makes the material more porous, which makes the AA6061-sea sand composites less hard.

Beaches have a high hedonic value and economic potential; they are pillars of tourism which has been increasingly associated with vacationing wholly, or partially, at coastal locations and beach recreational activities according to the 3S (Sun, Sea and Sand) touristic model. The visitor's satisfaction and the attractiveness of a beach depends on several climatic factors such as temperature (i.e. thermal sensation index-PET), wind, cloudiness and rain. Future changes in the climatic conditions under Climate Change, such as temperature increases (and corresponding thermal discomfort) can affect the attractiveness of the beaches. A specialized bioclimatic index (the Climate Index for Tourism-CIT) was used in order to: (a) assess the ideal climate conditions for a tourist to visit the beach; and ii) evaluate the present and future attractiveness of the island 3S destinations of Kos and Santorini, as a touristic product..

La protection de l’environnement à travers une gestion écologique des déchets oléicoles est devenue actuellement un élément préoccupant. La présente étude s’intéresse à la valorisation des margines traitées par la technique d’infiltration-percolation sur cinq filtres différents à base de sable marin, de sol agricole et de cendres volantes sur la germination (taux, vitesse et moyenne journalière de germination des graines) et la croissance (longueur des racines et des tiges; poids frais et poids sec) de quatre espèces végétales : le radis (Raphanus sativus R.), le navet (Brassica rapa L.), la tomate (Solanum lycopercium C.) et la luzerne (Medicago sativa L.). Les effluents bruts sont d’un pH acide (5,9), une conductivité électrique de 26,6 (mS∙cm-1), une teneur en matière en suspension de l’ordre de 32,1 g∙L-1. Ils sont très chargés en matière organique avec une teneur en demande chimique en oxygène (DCO) de 268 g∙L-1, en demande biologique en oxygène (DBO5) de 1,34 g∙L-1 et en phéno...

The study was carried out to evaluate the influence of substituting sand content in concrete mixes with small proportions of crumb rubber on the mechanical and microstructural properties of concrete. The influence of crumb rubber on the mechanical properties of the concrete mixes was evaluated at early and prolonged ages, in addition to the conventional standard age. The microstructural property of the crumb rubber modified concrete samples was evaluated by testing and characterizing concrete samples obtained from the central part of the concrete cubes which were cured for 28 days. The properties of concrete samples were obtained from slump, bulk density, compressive strength, split tensile strength, scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive spectroscopy tests. The results showed improvement in the mechanical properties of the concrete samples with increase in the age of curing in water. It further revealed that substitution of certain proportion of sand with crumb rubber could result in concrete with slightly improved mechanical properties of the crumb rubber modified concrete whereas substitution of greater quantities of sand with crumb rubber can lead to reduction in the strength parameters of the concrete samples. The microstructural characteristics of the concrete specimens substantiated the trend in the mechanical properties of the concrete samples.

La protection de l’environnement à travers une gestion écologique des déchets oléicoles est devenue actuellement un élément préoccupant. La présente étude s’intéresse à la valorisation des margines traitées par la technique d’infiltration-percolation sur cinq filtres différents à base de sable marin, de sol agricole et de cendres volantes sur la germination (taux, vitesse et moyenne journalière de germination des graines) et la croissance (longueur des racines et des tiges; poids frais et poids sec) de quatre espèces végétales : le radis (Raphanus sativus R.), le navet (Brassica rapa L.), la tomate (Solanum lycopercium C.) et la luzerne (Medicago sativa L.). Les effluents bruts sont d’un pH acide (5,9), une conductivité électrique de 26,6 (mS∙cm-1), une teneur en matière en suspension de l’ordre de 32,1 g∙L-1. Ils sont très chargés en matière organique avec une teneur en demande chimique en oxygène (DCO) de 268 g∙L-1, en demande biologique en oxygène (DBO5) de 1,34 g∙L-1 et en phéno...

Dredging works are usually required to maintenance activities in many ports all over the world and represents a huge volume of disposal material. The use of dredged aggregates can be considered in several applications as erosive process control, coastal stabilization, beach replenishment, production of construction materials (aggregates, bricks, concrete), for sub layers of road engineering with stabilized materials, or for construction works (quarry fillings, disposal waste cappings). Researches revealed the feasibility of dredged marine sand (DMS) in the construction of base and sub-base harbour pavements incorporating this material to hydraulic binder mixes (cement and/or lime with additives) in order to improve the grading of aggregates and correct the granular skeleton. Its main objective is to improve the packing and to obtain the compressive properties required for geotechnical applications. In this work the study of dredged marine sand (DMS) from the Port of Sant Carles de la Rápita (Tarragona, Spain) as constructive material is presented. The analysis of chemical and physical characteristics of DMS is described. Two experimental phases were carried out once these characteristics were determined. DMS was used in the production of concretes as fine aggregates. A pilot experience was carried out with concrete port pavements produced in industrial scale. Fresh and hardened properties of the concretes were determined and compared to the control mix. Results show satisfactory behaviour of DMS as constructive material when incorporated in concrete as corrective sand.

Concrete itself as a mixture of water, cement, sand and aggregate in addition with admixtures.as the natural sources of aggregates are different the strength shows variation. There is shortage of natural sand due to heavy demand indifferent construction activities such as residential, commercial, bridges etc.it is very needful to find suitable substitute. The cost effective & simplest way to getting substitute to natural sand is by crushing natural stone to get manufactured sand i.e. M-sand of desired size & shape which would free from all deleterious materials. Now a day V.S.I. crusher is a cheapest machine for crushing stone in cubical shape & manufacture M-sand.in Maharashtra every city or town does not have V.S.I. crusher so artificial sand i.e. M-sand is not available at everywhere so we want to combine natural sand with artificial sand. For the purpose of testing concrete mixes are designed for M20 with 50% natural sand & 50% crushed sand and also all natural sand replaced by ...

The study was carried out to evaluate the influence of substituting sand content in concrete mixes with small proportions of crumb rubber on the mechanical and microstructural properties of concrete. The influence of crumb rubber on the mechanical properties of the concrete mixes was evaluated at early and prolonged ages, in addition to the conventional standard age. The microstructural property of the crumb rubber modified concrete samples was evaluated by testing and characterizing concrete samples obtained from the central part of the concrete cubes which were cured for 28 days. The properties of concrete samples were obtained from slump, bulk density, compressive strength, split tensile strength, scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive spectroscopy tests. The results showed improvement in the mechanical properties of the concrete samples with increase in the age of curing in water. It further revealed that substitution of certain proportion of sand with crumb rubber could result in concrete with slightly improved mechanical properties of the crumb rubber modified concrete whereas substitution of greater quantities of sand with crumb rubber can lead to reduction in the strength parameters of the concrete samples. The microstructural characteristics of the concrete specimens substantiated the trend in the mechanical properties of the concrete samples.

Dredging is essential to maintain suitable depth for shipping by removing dredged sediments from sea and river banks. It is also an important process to supply construction material. In Pahang, increasing flood cases is occurring due to increased sea and river bed level. Thus, dredging is needed to be performed in this location. In addition, the rapid growth of the construction industry requires a sustainable approach. The reuse of dredged sediments as construction material could be a sustainable approach. Therefore, this research aims to study the engineering properties of dredged sediments and to compare the strength of concrete made from dredged sediments with conventional concrete. The samples for this research obtained from the location of this study at Sungai Pekan. Laboratory testing was performed to determine the engineering properties of dredged sediments and compressive strength of concrete produced from the dredged sediments. The highest average compressive strength of th...

The study was carried out to evaluate the influence of substituting sand content in concrete mixes with small proportions of crumb rubber on the mechanical and microstructural properties of concrete. The influence of crumb rubber on the mechanical properties of the concrete mixes was evaluated at early and prolonged ages, in addition to the conventional standard age. The microstructural property of the crumb rubber modified concrete samples was evaluated by testing and characterizing concrete samples obtained from the central part of the concrete cubes which were cured for 28 days. The properties of concrete samples were obtained from slump, bulk density, compressive strength, split tensile strength, scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive spectroscopy tests. The results showed improvement in the mechanical properties of the concrete samples with increase in the age of curing in water. It further revealed that substitution of certain proportion of sand with crumb rubber could result in concrete with slightly improved mechanical properties of the crumb rubber modified concrete whereas substitution of greater quantities of sand with crumb rubber can lead to reduction in the strength parameters of the concrete samples. The microstructural characteristics of the concrete specimens substantiated the trend in the mechanical properties of the concrete samples.

This paper reports an experimental investigation conducted to evaluate the durability performance of concrete mixtures prepared utilizing blends of Type I Portland cement (OPC) and natural pozzolans (NPs) obtained from three different sources in Saudi Arabia. The control concrete mixture containing OPC alone as the binder and three concrete mixtures incorporating NPs were prepared keeping water/ binder ratio of 0.4 (by weight), binder content of 370 kg/m3, and fine/total aggregate ratio of 0.38 (by weight) invariant. The compressive strength and durability properties that included depth of water penetration, depth of carbonation, chloride diffusion coefficient, and resistance to reinforcement corrosion and sulfate attack were determined. Results of this study indicate that at all ages, the compressive strength of NP-admixed concrete mixtures was slightly less than that of the concrete containing OPC alone. However, the concrete mixtures containing NP exhibited lower depth of water p...

Air entrained concrete can be produced by introducing suitable air-entraining agent, one such commonly available material in India is hydrogen peroxide which is being used in my experimental work. The primary objective of this study to find the appropriate amount of hydrogen peroxide (3%) for strength and density, water absorption, other properties of concrete. For which the amount of H2O2 is varied from 0 %, 2.5%, 5%, and 7.5% H2O2 by weight of 100 kg of cement. The test which was carried out in the experimental work were density, workability, strength, water absorption, the slump of air-entrained concrete and aggression resistance of air-entrained concrete against an acid attack such as H2SO4, etc. Total 48 No. of the concrete cube was cast for the experimental work. The result of the experiment work shows if H2O2 is used in the range of 5-6% it will provide better workability, less water absorption and improved resistance against acid attack with acceptable 5-7% decrease in compressive strength I. INTRODUCTION A. General Cement concrete is perhaps the most widely construction material across the world. Advances in construction methods and a better understanding of concrete engineering has led to concrete being used in more challenging and harsher conditions. There is also a growing realization that concrete is not a maintenance free material. At the same time, several cases of premature deterioration have also been reported. These factors have led to a lot of research in diverse areas related to durability of concrete structures. The present work is also an effort to improve the understanding of the role of special absorbing formwork in improving the quality of concrete close to the surface (referred to as 'near surface concrete'), and thereby contributing to the durability of the structure.

In today’s modern world there has been enormous development in the field of “Concrete Technology”. With this development, there has also been enormous use of concrete in our day today life. Concrete mainly comprises of cement, sand and aggregate as its main constituents, which when mixed with water in correct proportion gives a byproduct called as “Concrete”. The excess use of concrete has led to the environmental impact in terms of resources utilization as well as in terms of pollution. To overcome these impacts the concept of “Green Concrete” came into existence. Green Concrete is a concrete in which one or more of its constituents are replaced by a resource saving material, which ultimately has reduced environmental impacts in terms of both, resource utilization and pollution impacts together. The current paper is an experimental work carried out to assess the comparative study of “Green Concrete” and “Conventional Concrete” in terms of their “Compressive Strength” parameter. M25...

The study was carried out to evaluate the influence of substituting sand content in concrete mixes with small proportions of crumb rubber on the mechanical and microstructural properties of concrete. The influence of crumb rubber on the mechanical properties of the concrete mixes was evaluated at early and prolonged ages, in addition to the conventional standard age. The microstructural property of the crumb rubber modified concrete samples was evaluated by testing and characterizing concrete samples obtained from the central part of the concrete cubes which were cured for 28 days. The properties of concrete samples were obtained from slump, bulk density, compressive strength, split tensile strength, scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive spectroscopy tests. The results showed improvement in the mechanical properties of the concrete samples with increase in the age of curing in water. It further revealed that substitution of certain proportion of sand with crumb rubber could result in concrete with slightly improved mechanical properties of the crumb rubber modified concrete whereas substitution of greater quantities of sand with crumb rubber can lead to reduction in the strength parameters of the concrete samples. The microstructural characteristics of the concrete specimens substantiated the trend in the mechanical properties of the concrete samples.

The present paper deals with the study of Experimental investigation on strength and durability properties of steel and glass fibre reinforced concrete composite. In present project work M 35 grade (1: 1.7: 2.4) concrete with constant w/c ratio of 0.45 is designed mixed, cubes and cylinders are casted. The strength and durability properties are carried out for various mix designations and compared with normal conventional concrete. The physical tests on materials are carried out on cement, fine aggregate, coarse aggregate. Specific gravity, water absorption, fineness modulus, normal consistency setting time tests are carried out. Cube compressive strength and split tensile strength for 7 and 28 days are obtained. The various mix designation set for fibre reinforced concrete are tested for 7 and 28 days and compared with normal conventional concrete. Water absorption, porosity, fire resistance tests are also carried out to check durability properties. Average compressive strength v/s...

Dredging works are usually required to maintenance activities in many ports all over the world and represents a huge volume of disposal material. The use of dredged aggregates can be considered in several applications as erosive process control, coastal stabilization, beach replenishment, production of construction materials (aggregates, bricks, concrete), for sub layers of road engineering with stabilized materials, or for construction works (quarry fillings, disposal waste cappings). Researches revealed the feasibility of dredged marine sand (DMS) in the construction of base and sub-base harbour pavements incorporating this material to hydraulic binder mixes (cement and/or lime with additives) in order to improve the grading of aggregates and correct the granular skeleton. Its main objective is to improve the packing and to obtain the compressive properties required for geotechnical applications. In this work the study of dredged marine sand (DMS) from the Port of Sant Carles de la Rápita (Tarragona, Spain) as constructive material is presented. The analysis of chemical and physical characteristics of DMS is described. Two experimental phases were carried out once these characteristics were determined. DMS was used in the production of concretes as fine aggregates. A pilot experience was carried out with concrete port pavements produced in industrial scale. Fresh and hardened properties of the concretes were determined and compared to the control mix. Results show satisfactory behaviour of DMS as constructive material when incorporated in concrete as corrective sand.

Mining is a process of extraction of valuable minerals or geological substances from the earth; however, mining degrades the ecosystem. Earlier studies have discovered that about 10-15% of the ore mined is not utilized and discarded due to lack of cost-effective extraction technology for low graded ore in India. These soils cause environmental degradation as they do not support the growth of vegetation. Thus, the land becomes abandoned and fits for nothing. These soils have created an unsolved problem in mining industries. Bringing a solution to this issue is a challenging task. And it is necessary due to the presence of heavy metals in them. Concomitantly, there is a substantial demand for the construction materials. Due to increase in the population the need for shelter is increasing day by day. So, it is imperious to use these mining soils in building materials such as bricks, concrete blocks and other products which are of high value in day-today life. In the present study we attempt to prepare non modular bricks by using iron tailings or soils and clay soil. Here in this study we prepared different bricks varying their composition with respect to percentage of mine waste viz... 0,20,40,60,80, 100.The bricks made up 20%, 40%, 60% of mine soil replaced with the regular clay soil, attained compressive strength of 10.07MPa, 7.11MPa, 3.95MPa respectively with a water absorption of 14.57%, 15.61%, 18.44% respectively. So, mined soil which is unfertile and useless otherwise can answer sustainability by going for Brick making.

Soil stabilization has become the more issue in construction activity. In this study we focus on improvement of soil by using Fly ash and ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS). In many villages there was demolition of houses due to flood situation and landslide so stabilization of soil is very important factor in this area. In these studies we use local Fly ash and Ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS) for stabilization of soil. Soil are generally stabilized to increase their strength and durability or to prevent soil erosion. The properties of soil vary a great deal at different places or in certain cases even at one place the success of soil stabilization depends on soil testing. Various methods are there to stabilize soil and the method should be verified in the lab with the soil material before applying it on the field. The various percentages of Fly ash and GGBS were mixed with soil sample to conduct soil test. Using fly ash reduces the plasticity index which has potential impact on engineering properties also GGBS has cementations property which acts as binding material for the soil. On addition of 15% Fly ash and 5% GGBS increase the strength of soil (according to IS2720:1985) it's recommended for better result.

In order to promote sustainable development in the remote islands this present research attempted to study the suitability of seawater, that available abundantly surrounding the remote islands with Portland composite cement (PCC) and crushed river stones to produce concrete. This research aims to utilize seawater, and Portland composite cement (PCC) to produce high-performance concrete in order to eliminate the main problems of clean water shortage in the low land areas and the remote islands. Infrastructure development can be sustained through the effective use of natural available local materials on the remote islands. The method used in this research is an experimental method in the laboratory. Two variations of concrete were made using freshwater and seawater, respectively as a mixing material with a water to cement ratio (w/c) of 0.55. The evaluation result on concrete compressive strength and bond strength of seawater concrete were discussed. Experimental results showed the co...

Dredging works are usually required to maintenance activities in many ports all over the world and represents a huge volume of disposal material. The use of dredged aggregates can be considered in several applications as erosive process control, coastal stabilization, beach replenishment, production of construction materials (aggregates, bricks, concrete), for sub layers of road engineering with stabilized materials, or for construction works (quarry fillings, disposal waste cappings). Researches revealed the feasibility of dredged marine sand (DMS) in the construction of base and sub-base harbour pavements incorporating this material to hydraulic binder mixes (cement and/or lime with additives) in order to improve the grading of aggregates and correct the granular skeleton. Its main objective is to improve the packing and to obtain the compressive properties required for geotechnical applications. In this work the study of dredged marine sand (DMS) from the Port of Sant Carles de la Rápita (Tarragona, Spain) as constructive material is presented. The analysis of chemical and physical characteristics of DMS is described. Two experimental phases were carried out once these characteristics were determined. DMS was used in the production of concretes as fine aggregates. A pilot experience was carried out with concrete port pavements produced in industrial scale. Fresh and hardened properties of the concretes were determined and compared to the control mix. Results show satisfactory behaviour of DMS as constructive material when incorporated in concrete as corrective sand.

Water treatment is a process of changing the quality of for potable drinking water & domestic uses. The water treatment plant is designed for the city of Mithi district Tharparkar. The source of water is Naukot canal near Naukot city and the water is supplied to the Mithi city through a big pipeline. The treated water will be supplied to the residents of Mithi city and the treatment plant is designed for 30 years. The treatment units of water treatment plant (WTP) were designed with step-by-step calculations and according to the quality of the water. The future population of the Mithi city from 2025 to 2055 was projected as 449,677.32 and the average discharge for the population of 30 years was estimated as 210,448.8 m 3 /d. The detailed calculations and drawings were displayed, the results of each unit of WTP were tabulated. It is concluded that it is possible to use this work as a source for other WTP units to build. The removal performance of the WTP units was significantly affected by a variety of factors, such as the age of WTP, repair, economic and political circumstances, technical problems, and water demand.

Demand for concrete in developing countries is high; it's ingredients cement, fine and coarse aggregate are equally in need in immense quantity. High degree of consumption leads to depletion of natural resources like Natural River Sand causes deepening of river courses, bank slides, loss of vegetation, erosion and flooding; disturbance to aquatic life, thus, ecological imbalance. The shortage of resources leads to high costs, affecting the construction industries. Thus, there is a need for finding an alternative to prevent harmful impact on environment. Sea sand is abundantly available and shall be a potential resource capable of supplying fine aggregate for domestic constructions. It is also economical form of fine aggregate at coastal regions. The present study focuses on strength and elastic behavior of concrete using sea sand (SS) as partial and complete replacement of river sand. The proportions of fine aggregate replaced ranged from 0% to 100% at an increment of 20%. The different mixes were proportioned for M25 grade concrete. The results shows, 20% partial replacement of sea sand with natural sand, gives better performance in strength as well as durability of concrete.

Concrete is one of the major construction material used in the construction now a day. It is a composite material containing cement, coarse aggregate, fine aggregate and water. In the future, fresh water will be very difficult to get and obtain. It is said that in 2024 half of the mankind will live in the areas where fresh water is not enough. Also, UN and WMO are predicting 5 billion people will be in short of even drinking water. The depletion of natural sand deposits and illegal sand mining is a common issue on these days. Extraction of river sand as fine aggregate affect negatively on river ecosystems, navigation and flood control. This paper presents an experimental critical review of existing studies based on the effects of using sea-sand and/or seawater as raw materials of concrete on the properties of the resulting concrete, short and long term strength as well as durability. It has been shown by some researchers that concrete made with sea water and sea sand develops its early strength faster than that of ordinary concrete, but the former achieves a long term strength similar. Attempts were made to over come the problems of using sea water and sea sand in concrete by adding some suitable material. The samples are from cochin, by the means of laboratory tests to assess the compatibility of modifying the samples. Compressive strength, flexural strength and tensile strength test was conducted on the various concrete specimens with various proportion for the comparison analysis. The effort of improving this technology saves fresh water and river, reduces water scarcity. I. INTRODUCTION In the year of 2016, the amount of cement produced in the world reached 4.20 billion tonnes and the estimated concrete production was around 25 billion tonnes. The production of aggregates (including both coarse and fine aggregate) reached about 40 billion tonnes in the year 2015. The consumption of huge amounts of raw materials, mainly river sand and freshwater, in concrete production has raised very serious environmental issues. The depletion of natural sand deposits and illegal sand mining is a common issue these days. Extraction of river sand as fine aggregate impacts negatively on river ecosystems, navigation and flood control. Similarly, the consumption of a great amount of freshwater poses a great challenge due to water shortage in many parts of the world. Besides sand and water, consumption of the other main constituents of concrete, has also caused major environmental concerns, but the present discussion is mainly concerned with alternative solutions for sand and water. The need of desalted sea sand and sea water cause to extra huge production cost. The direct use of both sea-sand and seawater without desalting in concrete production is particularly implemented for marine and coastal projects, for which the supplies of freshwater and river sand are limited where. Several studies agree that in comparison with concrete mixed with fresh water, concrete mixed with sea water increases early age strength and reduces setting time. The concrete produced with seawater using blast furnace slag cement and a low water cement ratio increases the resistance towards chloride penetration. Sea water can be used instead of fresh water where it is not available such as isolated islands and coastal areas. As a result, the topic of seawater sea sand concrete or sea sand seawater concrete has attracted the attention of us. The purpose of this project is to study about the use of sea-sand and seawater as raw materials for concrete to replace river sand and freshwater. In general, concrete cast with seawater but ordinary fine aggregate is referred to as seawater concrete, while concrete cast with sea-sand but freshwater is referred to as sea sand concrete. The demand for manufactured fine aggregates is increasing highly as river sand cannot meet the rising demand of construction sector. The limited supply capacity of natural sea sand cannot meet the supply guarantee needs. Under this circumstances the manufactured sand is impossible. In many countries sea sand has been used for making cement concrete since long time ago, naturally, its technology depends on the research achievement and specific conditions of each country. Therefore, studying the differences in properties of both river and sea sand will give an idea whether sea sand can be altered in such a way that it can be used as a substitute for the depleting river sand. Removing process of river sand from river bed has environmental impacts. The discussions presented in this report have clearly indicated that sea-sand and seawater structures are most attractive in marine/coastal construction, where steel corrosion is a major concern and access to river sand and freshwater is limited but sea-sand and huge amount of sea water are easily available, mainly in island and costal area where fresh water availability is low.

Ordinary Portland cement (OPC) is conventionally used as the primary binder to produce concrete. The amount of the Co2 released during the manufacture of OPC due to the calcinations of limestone and combustion of fossil fuel is in the order of one ton for every ton of OPC produced. Attempts are made to reduce the use of Portland cement in concrete are receiving much attention due to environment-related. In the present study Metakaolin and marble duat used as a partial replacement for cement. Metakaolin is a calcinied clay and It is a Dehydroxylated form of the clay mineral Kaolinite. Stone having higher percentage of Kaolinite are known as china clay or kaolin was traditionally used in the manufacture of porcelain ceramic material. The particle size of Metakaolin is smaller than cement particles and where as Marble dust is obtained from cutting and manufacturing industries of marble. In India near about 3500 metric tons of marble dust slurry per day is generated. So, Marble dust is very easily available with very less cost. Kaolinite is also called as green pozzolana because it emits less co2. In this project an experimental work is been performed to determine mechanical properties of concrete with metakaoline and marble dust is replaced with cement with the known percentages such as 0%,10%,11%,12%,13%,14%,15% for the grade of M20.

These days, the concrete is being used for wide varieties of purposes to make it suitable in different conditions. In these conditions, ordinary concrete may fail to exhibit the required quality performance or durability. High strength concrete has proved its superior performance in engineering applications. M100 concrete has been produced by adopting ACI method of mix design. The mix proportion was derived as 1:0.664:1.661:0.25. The mechanical properties such as compressive, split tensile and flexural strengths for M100 concrete are studied at 1,3,7,28,56 and 91 days of curing in this work. The effect of size on compressive strength is also studied.

In this project Sea sand was collected from kalpakkam beach and it was added to the concrete as a partial replacement of Fine Aggregate in the proportion 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% to find out the behaviour of sea sand in concrete under compressive strength test and split tensile test after 28 days of curing. Mix design (M40) was done as per IS 10262:2009 and then the proportion of concrete from the mix design was arrived and in this project coarse aggregate proportion of mix design consist of 75% of 20mm Coarse aggregate and 25% of 12mm Coarse aggregate. Steel fibres (1% by total volume of concrete) were added to the concrete cubes and concrete cylinders (excluding control cube and control cylinders). The test result shows that, compressive strength and split tensile strength was decreased for the sea sand proportions 20%, 40% and 60% when compared with control cube and control cylinder. The control cube has highest compressive strength 51.37 N/mm 2 when compared to sea sand proportions 20%, 40% and 60%. The sea sand proportion 20% has high compressive strength 47.55 N/mm 2 when compared to sea sand proportion 40% and 60%. The sea sand proportion 40% has compressive strength 45.24 N/mm 2 and sea sand proportion 60% has lowest compressive strength 40.80 N/mm 2. The control cylinder has highest split tensile strength 3.87N/mm 2 when compared to sea sand proportions 20%, 40% and 60%. The sea sand proportion 20% has split tensile strength 3.58N/mm 2 when compared to sea sand proportion 40% and 60%. The sea sand proportion 40% has split tensile strength 3.53 N/mm 2 and sea sand proportion 60% has lowest split tensile strength 3.38N/mm 2 .

Demand for concrete in developing countries is high; it’s ingredients cement, fine and coarse aggregate are equally in need in immense quantity. High degree of consumption leads to depletion of natural resources like Natural River Sand causes deepening of river courses, bank slides, loss of vegetation, erosion and flooding; disturbance to aquatic life, thus, ecological imbalance. The shortage of resources leads to high costs, affecting the construction industries. Thus, there is a need for finding an alternative to prevent harmful impact on environment.
Sea sand is abundantly available and shall be a potential resource capable of supplying fine aggregate for domestic constructions. It is also economical form of fine aggregate at coastal regions. The present study focuses on strength and elastic behavior of concrete using sea sand (SS) as partial and complete replacement of river sand. The proportions of fine aggregate replaced ranged from 0% to 100% at an increment of 20%. The different mixes were proportioned for M25 grade concrete. The results shows, 20% partial replacement of sea sand with natural sand, gives better performance in strength as well as durability of concrete.
Keywords - River sand, sea sand, sulphate attack, Compressive strength, Split tensile strength, Flexural strength.

As the river sand is widely used in construction industry, the demand for fine aggregate is increasing rapidly. River sand has been the most widely used as fine aggregate around the world and to meet the demand has led to various harmful consequences such as increase in the depth of the river bed, lowering of the water table and salinity intrusion into the rivers. As a result, there was an immediate requirement for alternatives to river sand such as manufacturing sand which is prominently used as alternative material. An experimental study is made on the strength aspects of cement mortar by partially replacing river sand with Sea Sand and desert sand as fine aggregate. This study gives a comparison on the relevant material properties of Sea Sand (SS), Desert Sand (DS) and River Sand (RS).Different fine aggregate materials (SS, DS and RS) were used in 10%, 20%, 30%, 40% and 100% proportion to make cement mortar blocks and tested for compressive strength at 3, 7, 28 and 56 days of curing. The Sea Sand was partially replaced with the River Sand (10% SS and 90% RS) mortar blocks were cast and similarly for desert sand (10% DS and 90% RS). For each proportion of Fine Aggregates (FA) cement mortar blocks were cast and tested for compressive strength at 3, 7, 28 and 56 days of curing. The compressive strength results for both the sets of replacements (SS+RS and DS+RS) were tabulated and graphs were plot for compressive strength v/s curing period.

— In the present work, literature on the use of sea sand as replacement of fine aggregate has been studied. The chloride content in reinforced concrete according to various codes has been evaluated the chloride removal method have been studied. This paper presents the design of concrete mixes made with sea sand as partial and complete replacement of fine aggregates. Various mechanical properties such as compressive strength, flexural strength and split tensile strength are evaluated. Durability of the concrete regarding resistance to acid attack, abrasion, water absorption and sorptivity are also evaluated. Test results indicate that sea sand can produce concrete with sufficient strength and durability to replace normal concrete. Compressive strength, and split-tensile strength, was determined at 7, 14 and 28 days along with durability tests at 28 days. Comparative strength development of sea sand mixes in relation to the control mix i.e. mix without sea sand was evaluated.

This paper investigates the possibility of using sludge as alternative to sharp sand in concrete production. Sludge was obtained from the burrow pit and dewatered on the site. The obtained samples were tested in the laboratory for moisture content, particle size distribution and silt/clay content. Concrete produced was tested for water absorption, density and shrinkage. Also, compressive strength of concrete was determined using compression machine. The obtained results showed that sand and sludge have moisture contents of 22.22% and 111% respectively. The percentage of clay in the sand was 2.78% and that of sludge is 77.78%. The particle size distribution classified the sand into well graded and the poorly graded sludge kind. Results showed that sand has a pH of 7.78 and that of sludge is 5.32. Compressive strength of concrete produced from sand varied from 10.11N/mm 2 , 11.78N/mm 2 , 17.04N/mm 2 and 21.78N/mm 2 cured for 7, 14, 21 and 28 days respectively and concretes produced from sludge varied from 2.03N/mm 2 , 3.63N/mm 2 , 9.70N/mm 2 and 12.52 N/mm 2 cured for 7, 14, 21 and 28 days respectively. It was discovered that compressive strength of concrete produced from sand is higher than 21 N/mm 2 and that of sludge is lower, hence, sludge is suitable for production of bricks.

Concrete is the most widely used man made construction material in the construction field all over the world. Concrete is made up of fine aggregates, coarse aggregate, cement and water for hydration of cement. Fine aggregates and coarse aggregates acts as filler material and cement acts as binding agent in concrete. In concrete cement plays a very important role in gaining strength but the major problem by the production of cement is liberation of large amount of CO 2 (greenhouse gasses) which is very dangerous to the environment. According to many researchers, the best way to overcome this problem is to use optimum amount of cement and its maximum replacement by pozzolana or cementitious materials such as fly ash, GGBFS (Ground granulated blast furnace slag), metakaolin etc. In the present work GGBFS is used as replacement material. The optimum replacement of GGBFS with cement is characterized by high compressive strength, low heat of hydration, resistance to chemical attack, better workability, good durability and cost-effectiveness. Also, an attempt has been made in predicting the elastic properties of GGBFS concrete as per various design standards and new relationships has been proposed. Keywords: Ground granulated Blast furnace slag (GGBFS), modulus of elasticity, modulus of rupture, super-plasticizer and sustainability.