SEA SAND AS FINE AGGREGATE FOR CONCRETE PRODUCTION

International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology, 2019

In the construction work sand is mainly obtain from river bed. Presently river sand cannot meet as per demand in construction. Sea sand can be use as alternative source and it will meet demand of fine aggregate. After research it is found that compressive strength increases by 10% with the use of sea sand as compare to normal sand. But sea sand contains of chlorine salt and it will affect on strength and durability of concrete. To reduce effect of sea sand desalinisation method is used in this research. Also effect of salt content can be reduce with the use of mineral admixture (i.e. Metakaolin and GGBS) by replacing cement in 10%,20%,30%. Strength and durability parameters is checked by performing different laboratory test like compressive strength, flexural strength, tensile strength, RCPT, acid attack, sulphate attack.

International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology IJRASET, 2020

Concrete is one of the major construction material used in the construction now a day. It is a composite material containing cement, coarse aggregate, fine aggregate and water. In the future, fresh water will be very difficult to get and obtain. It is said that in 2024 half of the mankind will live in the areas where fresh water is not enough. Also, UN and WMO are predicting 5 billion people will be in short of even drinking water. The depletion of natural sand deposits and illegal sand mining is a common issue on these days. Extraction of river sand as fine aggregate affect negatively on river ecosystems, navigation and flood control. This paper presents an experimental critical review of existing studies based on the effects of using sea-sand and/or seawater as raw materials of concrete on the properties of the resulting concrete, short and long term strength as well as durability. It has been shown by some researchers that concrete made with sea water and sea sand develops its early strength faster than that of ordinary concrete, but the former achieves a long term strength similar. Attempts were made to over come the problems of using sea water and sea sand in concrete by adding some suitable material. The samples are from cochin, by the means of laboratory tests to assess the compatibility of modifying the samples. Compressive strength, flexural strength and tensile strength test was conducted on the various concrete specimens with various proportion for the comparison analysis. The effort of improving this technology saves fresh water and river, reduces water scarcity. I. INTRODUCTION In the year of 2016, the amount of cement produced in the world reached 4.20 billion tonnes and the estimated concrete production was around 25 billion tonnes. The production of aggregates (including both coarse and fine aggregate) reached about 40 billion tonnes in the year 2015. The consumption of huge amounts of raw materials, mainly river sand and freshwater, in concrete production has raised very serious environmental issues. The depletion of natural sand deposits and illegal sand mining is a common issue these days. Extraction of river sand as fine aggregate impacts negatively on river ecosystems, navigation and flood control. Similarly, the consumption of a great amount of freshwater poses a great challenge due to water shortage in many parts of the world. Besides sand and water, consumption of the other main constituents of concrete, has also caused major environmental concerns, but the present discussion is mainly concerned with alternative solutions for sand and water. The need of desalted sea sand and sea water cause to extra huge production cost. The direct use of both sea-sand and seawater without desalting in concrete production is particularly implemented for marine and coastal projects, for which the supplies of freshwater and river sand are limited where. Several studies agree that in comparison with concrete mixed with fresh water, concrete mixed with sea water increases early age strength and reduces setting time. The concrete produced with seawater using blast furnace slag cement and a low water cement ratio increases the resistance towards chloride penetration. Sea water can be used instead of fresh water where it is not available such as isolated islands and coastal areas. As a result, the topic of seawater sea sand concrete or sea sand seawater concrete has attracted the attention of us. The purpose of this project is to study about the use of sea-sand and seawater as raw materials for concrete to replace river sand and freshwater. In general, concrete cast with seawater but ordinary fine aggregate is referred to as seawater concrete, while concrete cast with sea-sand but freshwater is referred to as sea sand concrete. The demand for manufactured fine aggregates is increasing highly as river sand cannot meet the rising demand of construction sector. The limited supply capacity of natural sea sand cannot meet the supply guarantee needs. Under this circumstances the manufactured sand is impossible. In many countries sea sand has been used for making cement concrete since long time ago, naturally, its technology depends on the research achievement and specific conditions of each country. Therefore, studying the differences in properties of both river and sea sand will give an idea whether sea sand can be altered in such a way that it can be used as a substitute for the depleting river sand. Removing process of river sand from river bed has environmental impacts. The discussions presented in this report have clearly indicated that sea-sand and seawater structures are most attractive in marine/coastal construction, where steel corrosion is a major concern and access to river sand and freshwater is limited but sea-sand and huge amount of sea water are easily available, mainly in island and costal area where fresh water availability is low.

The process of depleting sources of natural aggregates challenges the production of technically and environmentally adequate concrete. Alternative material from marine sources is good enough for the replacement of fine aggregate in the concrete. The material was stockpiled in the open air and no washing, drying or decontamination process was carried out. Physical and chemical properties of DMS material were determined. All the materials used in the concrete were selected and tested as per the standard procedures of the Indian standards. A unique design mix will be done based on the entire material test results. Different mixtures were produced using DMS in different proportions from 15% to 100% as per the finalized trial of the design mix. The concrete were submitted to compressive strength testsafter 7, 28 and 90 days of moist curing, as well as flexure and splitting tensile strength tests for M-25 grade.

International journal of engineering research and technology, 2019

This paper highlights the study of using sea-sand and seawater in concrete construction in replacement of fresh water and river sand. Presence of chloride and sulphate in sea sand and sea water was compromised by using a combination of fly ash, blast furnace slag cement and chemical admixture, which in turn helps to increase the strength, workability and durability of concrete. In the recent years, due to the increasing scale of engineering construction and the increasing shortage of river sand resources, people have turned their attention to abundant sea sand resources. However, sea sand are not allowed to be used directly without any treatment because of the excessive chloride ions they contain. This project includes studies on the effects of using sea-sand and seawater as raw materials of concrete on the properties of the resulting concrete, including its workability, short and long-term strength as well as durability. From the existing research, the concrete made with sea-sand and seawater develops its early strength faster than ordinary concrete, but the former achieves a similar long-term strength to the latter. The combination of mineral admixtures for the concrete and reinforcement with anticorrosive measures can effectively solve the durability problem associated with the abundance of chloride ions in sea-sand seawater concrete (SSC).

The crisis of naturally produced aggregates is one of the major problems faced by nations in recent years. This crisis has led to the production of concretes with aggregates from alternate sources. Aggregates from the marine origin can be an alternate source for concrete especially for structures along the coastline and maritime concrete structures. In this research, the mechanical and durability properties of concrete with coral sand as a fine aggregate in partial replacement of river sand (30%, 40% and 50% by sand mass) is studied. The physical, chemical and mineralogical properties of the collected samples were studied. The hardened concrete specimens were subjected to compression and tensile tests after 7, 14 and 28 days of curing. The durability of the concrete specimens to sulphate attack and acid attack were tested. The concrete specimens with conventional fine aggregates replaced with coral sand showed higher values of compressive and tensile strength when compared to that of conventional concrete. The durability of the concrete specimens to acid and sulphate attacks was found to be similar to that of conventional concrete.

Materials Today: Proceedings, 2020

Globally, concrete industry is using desalted sea sand as fine aggregate. The desalting process consumes huge quantities of fresh water and electricity, increasing the material cost. Quarry dust is a waste byproduct from aggregate manufacturing units. Disposal of quarry dust creates huge havoc on environment and ecosystems. The present research is aimed to assess the feasibility of utilizing quarry dust and untreated sea sand as complete replacement for river sand. Prior to application, pH and chloride content in sea sand were determined. Mortar cube studies were performed to assess the feasibility of utilizing sea sand and quarry dust as replacement materials. Experimental investigations were performed by designing M30 grade concrete. Six concrete mixes (M1 to M6) were casted using river sand (M1-control mix) and blending untreated sea sand and quarry dust in varying percentages from 0 to 100% at a step interval of 25%. Workability parameters, slump height and vee-bee time were determined to assess the consistency of mixes. Uniaxial compression, split-tensile and flexural strength were determined on hardened concrete specimens. The microstructure morphology was investigated using scanning electron microscopic image analysis. The concrete mix M4 (50% sea sand + 50% quarry dust) is determined as optimum mix for complete replacement of river sand. The compressive strength of M4 mix is 38.7 ± 0.19 MPa. Increase in compressive strength with increase in amount quarry dust is observed. The split tensile of mix M4 is 3.8 ± 0.14 MPa and flexural strength is 3.5 ± 0.09 MPa. The outcomes of this study will enhance the potential application of untreated sea sand and quarry dust as an alternative construction material.

Medwell Publications, 2021

The main objective of this study is to deepen the characterization studies already led on concretes in previous works. Indeed, it depends in examining the effect of the sand type on the main properties of concrete. The particularly insist on the determination of the strength characteristics of this material. To carry out this study, two different types of sand have been used: Dune Sand (DS), Sea Sand (SS). These sands differ in mineralogical nature, grain shape, angularity, particle size, proportion of fine elements, etc. The obtained results show that the particle size distribution of sand has marked its influence in all the studied properties of concrete, since, the sea sand having the highest diameter and the best particle size distribution has given the best properties. The grain shape, the angularity and the nature of sand have also marked their influence: thanks to its angularity, sea sand yielded better results compared to dune sands which. Finally, it should further be noted that the dune sand concrete presents values of compressive strength slightly lower than those of sea sand concrete but almost comparable.

International Journal of Engineering and Technology, 2016

Paper presents the viability of manufactured sand as fine aggregates in high strength concrete (M60 Grade) construction. Due to rapid growth in industrial and infrastructural developments, necessitates huge demand of concrete for infrastructure development worldwide and extreme scarcity of natural sand availability. Investigation carried out by varying 0% to 100% replacement of natural sand using manufactured sand in high strength concrete mix with and without super plasticizer as an admixture. Current investigation revealed that M 60 Grade concrete using complete manufactured sand with super plasticizer yielded an excesses strength of 11.56%, 11.66% and14.85% compared to conventional concrete for 7 days, 14 days and 28 days respectively with increase in slump. And an increase in compressive strength of 16.19%, 10.97% and 12.46% compared to conventional concrete without using admixture and a reduction of slump is noticed. Investigation reveals that, 100% replacement of manufactured sand exceeds the target strength, but 70% replacement performs better in workability and strength aspects. Keyword-High strength concrete, Manufactured sand, Workability, Mechanical properties I. INTRODUCTION The rapid improvement in urbanization and industrialization all over the world made a huge demand on natural sand and it become as a scarce material, which is one of the prime constituent in cement concrete. Mining of sand posses the environmental problem and hence the government restricts the sand mining results scarcity of sand and increases the cost of sand. Hence availability of natural sand for concrete preparation also limited. Many authors done investigation on concrete by replacing sand by alternative materials such as, local materials, used sand, ceramic fines, bottom ash etc.([1],[3],[4],[6], [15]). Availability of above materials in large quantity is restricted to few areas and not in all places. But, manufactured sand/artificial sand can be made available everywhere due to availability of plenty of crushed stones. Due to depletion of natural sand, the easiest and cheapest way of getting the substitute for natural sand is by crushing the natural granite stones with vertical shaft impact crushers to get the artificial sand of desired size, shape and grades which would be free from all impurities such as clay and other soil particles. Manufactured sand used in the current investigation is made of crushing rock boulders in vertical shaft impact crushers. Few authors carried out studies on the compressive strength studies of concrete made of manufactured sand(M-sand)/artificial sand in varying proportions were higher than those of conventional concrete by using natural sand as fine aggregate ([2], [5], [7]-[14],[16]). However, it was found that workability of the concrete mixes decreased with an increase in percentage of M-sand as fine aggregate. It reveals that higher water requirement for concrete when M-sand replaced against natural sand. To maintain desired workability admixture is to be used. For the purpose of experimentation concrete mix is designed for M60 grade concrete with natural sand and replaced with artificial sand by 0% to 100% with increment of 10%. The super plasticizer (SP) is used in this present study is cera plast 300 RS(G) as an admixture. A comparison of control mix concrete M-sand concrete to compressive strength, split tensile strength, and flexural strength of M60 concrete with concrete of various replacements of natural sand to manufactured sand is studied in this paper along with the workability of concrete. An attempt has been made to find optimal percentage replacement of fine aggregate with M-sand to get maximum strength.

The Concrete bricks are usually used extensively in the construction industry as a wall panel, part of the construction of drains and so on. Usually, concrete bricks are using cement and normal sand such as Ordinary Portland Cement and river sand. In addition, the concrete brick also must have its own mix ratio for enabling the content to be a piece of brick. Usually, the use of river sand in our country is very widespread in the construction industry. Therefore, an alternative to use of river sand can be replaced with other materials to protect the environment of the river as well as prevent erosion and flooding. By using the abundant sea sand is one of the alternatives in the investigation of this concrete brick. River sand will be replaced with abundant sea sand in accordance with a specified percentage. The percentage of the abundant sea sand to replace with the river sand is 5%, 10%, 15% and 20%. In addition, a size of concrete brick was determined in this study, the size using is 225mm x 115mm x 75mm. The quantities of concrete bricks was made was 100 pieces and it will be tested in destruction test. The concrete bricks are placed in a water tank for the curing for 7 days and 28 days. Concrete brick was then tested with water absorption tests and compression strength test. These tests were conducted to ensure the quality of material, to reduce the cost and the important thing is to reduce the parties involved from having the problem at the next stages. This investigation shows that by using the abundant treated sea sand as replacing material with sand/cement ratio 1:3 is suitable and also can be used in construction industries.

Presently large amount of industrial sand are generated from metal industries. The Disposal of Industrial Sand is an important issue as it has direct impact on environment. In the present study the feasibility of using Industrial sand (I.S.) as a partial replacement of fine aggregates for the production of concrete has been explored. The present study is conducted to investigate the effects of replacement of fine aggregates with the percentage of industrial sand from 0% to 50% in steps of 10% on the compressive strength, splitting tensile strength and flexural strength of concrete M20. In the present study 72 cube specimens (150mm x 150mm x 150mm), 72 cube specimens (150mm x 150mm x 150mm), 72 cylindrical specimens (150mm x 300mm) and 72 beams specimens (100mm x 100mm x 500mm) have been cast to determine compressive strength, splitting tensile strength (cylindrical and cubical specimens) and flexural strength of concrete mixes at curing age of 7 days, 14 days, 28 days and 56 days. A total of 288 specimens have been cast to determine compressive Index Terms-Industrial sand, Compressive strength, splitting tensile strength and flexural strength.