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Rousseau, Discourse on Inequality

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Rousseau's "Discourse on the Origin and Basis of Inequality Among Men" critiques social and economic disparities, arguing that inequality is a product of social constructs rather than natural law. It explores the moral and political implications of inequality, emphasizing the contrast between natural human conditions and the corrupting influence of civilization.
lightbulbAbout this topic
Rousseau's "Discourse on the Origin and Basis of Inequality Among Men" critiques social and economic disparities, arguing that inequality is a product of social constructs rather than natural law. It explores the moral and political implications of inequality, emphasizing the contrast between natural human conditions and the corrupting influence of civilization.

Key research themes

1. How does Rousseau conceptualize the origin and legitimacy of inequality in society?

This theme explores Rousseau's foundational analysis of inequality’s roots, distinguishing between natural (physical) and moral or political inequality, and assessing the legitimacy and consequences of social structures that institutionalize inequality. It matters because it underpins Rousseau’s broader critiques of society, offers a genealogy of social and political order, and informs debates on freedom, justice, and property.

Key finding: Rousseau distinguishes between natural inequality, based on physical differences, and moral/political inequality, which is conventional and arises from human consent. He argues the latter supplants natural equality through... Read more
Key finding: The paper highlights that Rousseau sees the establishment of private property as the pivotal moment creating political inequality, which leads to social oppression and moral decay. Rousseau refutes traditional views of innate... Read more
Key finding: This work explicates Rousseau’s state of nature as fundamentally different from Hobbes’s, portraying humans as naturally peaceful and motivated by self-preservation and pity rather than vice. Rousseau asserts that inequality... Read more
Key finding: This study shows Rousseau’s systematic critique of Hobbes, clarifying that Rousseau rejects Hobbes’s assumption of an inherently selfish and violent human nature. Rousseau’s portrayal of natural man emphasizes compassion and... Read more
Key finding: Rousseau posits that self-preservation and 'pity' are fundamental natural sentiments uncorrupted by social passions, in contrast to Hobbes’s view. This natural goodness is lost as reason and social interests multiply,... Read more

2. What role does private property play in Rousseau’s analysis of inequality and social legitimacy?

This research area focuses on Rousseau’s theory of private property as both a cause of social inequality and a necessary institution for political legitimacy and republican order. It examines the complex, sometimes contradictory, ways Rousseau reconciles property rights with ideals of justice and reciprocity. Understanding this theme sheds light on the institutional challenges of ensuring freedom and equality in society.

Key finding: The article offers a systematic interpretation of Rousseau’s political economy, explaining that while Rousseau criticizes the unjust institution of private property, he also recognizes property as foundational for justice... Read more
Key finding: This study underscores that the emergence of private property marks the definitive shift from natural equality to political inequality in Rousseau’s account, serving as the principal cause of social division, exploitation,... Read more
Key finding: Rousseau critiques social institutions that emerge to protect property, arguing these laws and political arrangements serve primarily to consolidate inequality and domination. This highlights the centrality of property as a... Read more
Key finding: This work highlights Rousseau's republican concern with tyranny and emphasizes how property and institutions related to popular sovereignty interact to prevent domination. Rousseau’s formulation of the general will includes... Read more

3. How do Rousseau’s views on freedom, recognition, and moral psychology intersect with his critique of inequality?

This theme investigates Rousseau’s psychological analysis of human freedom and recognition (amour-propre), exploring how social inequalities impede moral agency and egalitarian relations. It focuses on Rousseau’s account of how inequality damages social bonds and our capacity for compassion and accountability, connecting moral psychology to political philosophy.

Key finding: Drawing on Rousseauian ideas, Grouchy argues that economic inequality disrupts interpersonal accountability and mutual recognition, eroding moral equality. Her proposed remedies—increasing property ownership and redirecting... Read more
Key finding: Through Rousseau’s concept of amour-propre, the study analyzes how dependence on others' recognition is central to social interaction. Rousseau’s egalitarian prescriptions seek to limit the social harm caused by the... Read more
Key finding: By analogy with botanical observation, Rousseau’s pedagogical emphasis on attentive perception cultivates moral virtues necessary for social harmony. This work illuminates Rousseau’s subtle connections between moral... Read more
Key finding: This article extends Rousseau’s critique of inequality into environmental-political realms, showing how he connects moral agency, republican self-rule, and the environment. Rousseau argues that freedom and moral... Read more

All papers in Rousseau, Discourse on Inequality

Abhandlung über den Ursprung und die Grundlagen der Ungleichheit unter den Menschen "Der Mensch ist frei geboren, und überall liegt er in Ketten." [5] Gesellschaftsvertrag. Reclam, 2003, S. 5. "Der Erste, der ein Stück Land eingezäunt... more
Abhandlung über den Ursprung und die Grundlagen der Ungleichheit unter den Menschen "Der Mensch ist frei geboren, und überall liegt er in Ketten." [5] Gesellschaftsvertrag. Reclam, 2003, S. 5. "Der Erste, der ein Stück Land eingezäunt... more
Jean Jacques Rouseau's Philosophy like his theory of education in general is essentially based on his concept of human nature. man is by nature good. to him, men in their natural state are good (honest and altruistic) but have been... more
In this paper, I investigate under-explored moments in Rousseau’s and Adam Smith’s writings in which each presents speech, and particularly testimony, as a manifestation of the desire for others’ recognition. I begin by considering some... more
Jean-Jacques Rousseau, A Mystic? Mysticisim is usually the last thing that one associates with major representatives of the European Enlighenment. Yet Rousseau not only had strong spiritual experiences, but these were formative moments of... more
Baseada no referencial teórico de Rousseau, a referida investigação assinala que, se a sociedade injusta (iníqua, “que é”), caracterizada pelo Discurso sobre a origem e os fundamentos da desigualdade entre os homens [1754], traz como... more
6 Der erste Naturzustand als wahrer Naturzustand. Die Tragweite einer anthropologischen Untersuchung Zweiter Diskurs, erster Teil 6.1 Das Rätsel des "natürlichen Menschen" Der Diskurs über die Ungleichheit ist zweifellos eines der Werke... more
Une comparaison des différents paradoxes du Second Discours, à propos de la propriété (les différents points de vue dans Émile, Le Contrat social et l'Encyclopédie), de connaissance de soi, et des incohérences tautologiques.
Eine große Zahl der Texte Rousseaus können als ‚Ursprungserzählungen' bezeichnet werden. Dies gilt insbesondere für autobiographische Texte, die sich die Rekonstruktion von Begebenheiten zum Gegenstand machen, mit denen sich die Richtung... more
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