Philosophy Of Climate Change

This study focuses on values and corporate social performance (CSP) in the context of large Finnish family firms. My starting point for the study is the notion that values play a key role in CSP, especially in the family business context. The main research question is: How are the values of active family business owners reflected in their family firms' corporate social performance? To be able to answer this question, firstly we have to find answers to the following questions: Which values do the active family business owners have and what kind of CSP is there in their family business firms? The theoretical framework is built on agency and stewardship theory (institutional level), stakeholder theory (organisational level) and value theories of Rokeach and Schwartz (individual level). Also previous values and CSP studies in the family business context are reviewed. When we are discussing CSP, we are actually discussing the role of business in society. Society consists of social, economic, political and technological environments, which partly define the CSP of firms. A qualitative multiple case study approach was chosen as the research strategy, since this seemed a suitable method for addressing the research aims. The empirical cases are eight large Finnish family firms. The case data consist of interviews with an active family business owner of each company. The owners represent four different value typologies. The analysis of values and CSP revealed three typologies of value-based CSP in the family firms. Although, there were signs of more than one typology in almost every case, in each case one typology was emphasised.

This study focuses on values and corporate social performance (CSP) in the context of large Finnish family firms. My starting point for the study is the notion that values play a key role in CSP, especially in the family business context. The main research question is: How are the values of active family business owners reflected in their family firms' corporate social performance? To be able to answer this question, firstly we have to find answers to the following questions: Which values do the active family business owners have and what kind of CSP is there in their family business firms? The theoretical framework is built on agency and stewardship theory (institutional level), stakeholder theory (organisational level) and value theories of Rokeach and Schwartz (individual level). Also previous values and CSP studies in the family business context are reviewed. When we are discussing CSP, we are actually discussing the role of business in society. Society consists of social, economic, political and technological environments, which partly define the CSP of firms. A qualitative multiple case study approach was chosen as the research strategy, since this seemed a suitable method for addressing the research aims. The empirical cases are eight large Finnish family firms. The case data consist of interviews with an active family business owner of each company. The owners represent four different value typologies. The analysis of values and CSP revealed three typologies of value-based CSP in the family firms. Although, there were signs of more than one typology in almost every case, in each case one typology was emphasised.

This multidisciplinary essay combines the (hi)story of the Nemesis warship and its role in the Opium Wars with insights from the Anthropocene debate and the author's own life in a region historically ravaged by opium to propose the term "Opiocene" as a label for the current age of compulsive delusions impacting lives and life on a scale both global and planetary. As the full extent of the toxic relationship between the human species, world-altering technologies, and noxious substances and concepts comes into view, this new term helps to illuminate human power and powerlessness. Merging environmental humanities scholarship with the author's own lived experience of a rapidly changing environment, this essay scrutinises the causes and consequences of the ongoing ecocrisis to make sense of our place and role on the Earth.

This Bachelor's thesis explores sermons in Early Modern Sweden from 1611 to 1648 as an educational tool, a channel for news, and a propaganda instrument for the state. It studies how sermons legitimised sovereign action and modified political and social realities during Gustav II Adolf's rule to the end of the Thirty Years' War. The method followed is a socio-cultural historical analysis of the content of the sermons and how the sermon legitimises or supports Lutheran doctrines and societal structures. The main results show that the sermons constituted an influential factor in the process of national consolidation, using Lutheran doctrine as a coalescing factor, restating collective moral responsibilities to be a loyal Swedish subject and supporting the ambitions of political power. This contributes to understanding the religion politics-society interface in the Swedish Realm in this period.

Pistachio cultivation is carried out in many provinces of Turkey; however, it is mainly concentrated in the southeastern Anatolia Region due to the suitability of the climate. The pistachio is intensively grown in Gaziantep and Şanlıurfa, Adıyaman, Mardin and Siirt provinces of southeastern Anatolia, and has a significant impact on the economy of the region. Local varieties are mostly grown in Gaziantep and Şanlıurfa provinces, while Siirt variety is mainly grown in Siirt region. The continental climate of the Siirt province causes the summer to be extremely hot and the precipitation regime to be irregular. Therefore, irrigation in the region along with other cultural practices is important in pistachio cultivation. The increase in population and development of industrialization caused a significant decrease in natural resources; therefore, water resources have to be used as most economical and efficient way as possible. Sustainable use of limited water resources and continuous, high-level benefit from water can only be achieved by determining the amount of crop water consumption in accordance with the climatic conditions, and by creating appropriate irrigation programs considering the crop growing periods. This study was carried out to calculate the crop water consumption for Siirt Pistachio plant using modified Blaney Criddle and modified Penman-Monteith methods.

This work proposes a system of Climate Change Rating of countries (CCR). The parameters included in the rating are CO2 emissions per capita and per GDP, cumulative CO2 emissions in the last 30 years, and changes in CO2 intensity in the last 10 years.
The parameters are compared to the world averages.
The CCR for 2020 includes 208 countries, 99.99% of the global CO2 emissions and population, and 99.83% of the global GDP.
The A-G rating groups are according to the rating limits. The best rating (A) is for the lowest CCR.
The world average CCR value in 2020 is 100, equivalent to group E.
The publication and the linked website include the rating and the details of each country.

The conference Nature Strikes Back: Being Human on Technologized Earth explores the profound interconnections between humanity, technology, and nature in an era of unprecedented environmental change. Regardless of whether we embrace the idea of the Anthropocene, it is evident that humans are having an enormous impact on the Earth, and the natural environment is striking back. This dynamic stirs a range of emotions and raises urgent practical and theoretical questions. The contributions gathered here engage with pressing questions at the intersection of the philosophy of technology and environmental philosophy, employing both traditional approaches and innovative, hybrid methods that also integrate empirical insights from the social sciences.

Tarkastelen tässä tutkielmassa Suomen työmarkkinakeskusjärjestöjen asiantuntijoiden näkemyksiä työn ja ilmastonmuutoksen suhteesta ja tämän suhteen hallitsemisesta. Sekä ilmastonmuutokseen vastaaminen että työyhteiskunnan ylläpito ovat keskeisiä hyvinvoinnin tuottamisen imperatiiveja, mutta yhdessä ne muodostavat kestämättömän yhdistelmän. Asetun tutkielmassa selvittämään sitä, millainen työn ja ilmastonmuutoksen suhteen kokonaiskuva populaarien vastakkainasetteluiden takana on ja millaisia näkemyksiä työmarkkinakeskusjärjestöillä on tämän suhteen hallitsemisesta kestävän siirtymän aikaansaamiseksi. Yhtäältä tarkastelen työmarkkinakeskusjärjestöjä työn eri sektoreiden edustajina ja siten näitä koskevan tiedon kristallisoitumispisteinä. Toisaalta ne nähdään intressitahoina, joiden toiminnan ytimessä on perinteisesti ollut talouskasvusta saatavan aineellisen vaurauden maksimointi ja jäsentensä materiaalisten etujen ajaminen, ja joiden tukea tarvitaan työn kestävän siirtymän rakentamis...

Tämän opinnäytetyön tarkoituksena oli selvittää Etelä-Karjalan sosiaali-ja terveyspiirissä (Eksote) työskentelevien työntekijöiden kokemuksia siitä, miten arvot toteutuvat heidän työssään. Lisäksi selvitimme Eksoten arvojen merkitystä henkilöstölle. Opinnäytetyössä hyödynsimme sekä alkuvuodesta 2014 Etelä-Karjalan sosiaali-ja terveyspiirissä toteutetun työhyvinvointikyselyn tuloksia että toukokuussa 2014 henkilöstölle suunnatun arvokyselyn tuloksia arvoihin liittyvien vastausten osalta. Tutkimusmenetelmäksi valittiin laadullinen tutkimus. Aineistoa analysoitiin aineistolähtöistä sisällönanalyysia käyttäen. Tuloksina työhyvinvointikyselystä syntyi yksi pääluokka; Kuinka arvot toteutuvat päivittäisessä työssä ja sen alle neljä alaluokkaa: 1) kehityskeskustelu, 2) henkilöstön kyky vastaanottaa muutoksia, 3) Eksoten yhteisten arvojen tuntemus ja 4) erilaisuuden hyväksyminen. Arvokyselystä puolestaan muodostui kolme pääluokkaa kyselyn teemojen mukaisesti: 1) Eksoten tärkeimmät arvot, 2) Eksoten vähiten tärkeimmät arvot sekä 3) paras tapa ilmaista arvot. Tulokset osoittavat, että arvot koetaan tärkeiksi ja niiden mukaan haluttaisiin toimia, mutta kiire ja puutteet arvojen jalkauttamisessa koetaan ongelmalliseksi. Muutoksen ja arvojen välillä on ristiriita. Tutkimuksellisesta näkökulmasta muutos nousee keskeiseksi arjen määrittäjäksi ja vastaukset antavat ymmärtää arvojen tietyllä tapaa hukkuvan kiireen ja jatkuvien muutosten sekaan. Tuloksien perusteella voidaan todeta Eksoten henkilöstön pitävän asiakaslähtöistä tapaa tehdä työtä erittäin tärkeänä. Tuloksellisuus arvona miellettiin vähiten tärkeäksi. Se nähtiin negatiivisena ja se miellettiin täysin rahaan liittyväksi. Vastauksista käy ilmi, että alkuperäisiä arvoja ei ole avattu ja yksilöity. Ihmiset käsittävät arvot eri tavoin ja peilaavat niitä omaan arvomaailmaansa. Työntekijöiden vastauksissa nousi aito huoli asiakkaiden palveluiden ja avun saamisesta suhteessa rahaan. Tämä korostui jopa niin paljon, että on ehkä perusteltua epäillä tämän vaikuttavan työntekijöiden työssä jaksamiseen ja työn mielekkyyden löytämiseen. Vertailtuamme aikaisempia tutkimuksia ja kirjallisuutta arvoihin ja arvojohtamiseen sekä niistä tehdyn kirjallisuuskatsauksen vertailun ja peilailun kautta rakentamalla tämän avulla menetelmän, jolla arvoja voidaan organisaatiossa menestyksekkäästi ja hallitusti jalkauttaa. Laadimme rungon muutosagentti toiminnan toteutukseen arvojen jalkauttamisen työkaluna. Sitä voidaan tulevaisuudessa hyödyntää jo nyt käytössä olevien menetelmien tukena ja jatkotyöskentelynä Eksotessa.

Ihmisen kehittämät tekniset laitteet ja järjestelmät ovat paljon esillä, kun puhutaan ilmastonmuutoksen syistä ja torjumisesta. Osa toivoo uusista ja puhtaammista teknologioista ilmastoongelman ratkaisua. Toisille suurisuuntaiset mutta ennen kokemattomat teknologiset ratkaisut energian-ja ruoantuotannossa, tai jopa ilmaston muokkaamisessa, tuovat mukanaan vain riskejä uusista ongelmista. Vastakkaiset näkökulmat ovat tuttuja aiemmista tekno logisista murroksista, mutta ilmastonmuutoksen kohdalla kysymys laajenee yksittäisistä tekniikoista koskemaan koko tekniikkariippuvaista ja kulutuskeskeistä elämänmuotoamme. Tekniikan filosofiassa tarkastellaan artefakteja, jotka välineinä antavat ihmiselle uusia mahdollisuuksia ja kykyjä, positiivista toiminnallista vapautta ja valtaa. Tekniset välineet eivät ole neutraaleja kulttuuriesineitä, vaan tekniikka on läpikotaisin arvosidonnaista, sillä jokaisella välineellä on aina jokin aiottu käyttötarkoitus, mutta haittoina on lisäksi otettava huomioon välineen tuottamisen kustannukset ja käytön ei-aiotut sivu-ja etäisvaikutukset. Tekniikan arviointi (Technology Assessment, TA) voidaan perustaa seurauseettiseen käsitekehikkoon TA = 6E + S, jossa ovat mukana efektiivisyys, ekonomisuus, ergonomisuus, esteettisyys, •

This paper is a chapter of my PhD research proposal. It examines the primary controversies surrounding climate modeling methodologies, with particular focus on the critiques raised by scientists who question the reliability of computer-simulated projections of climate change. Through analysis of peer-reviewed literature, this paper addresses three main areas of contention: algorithmic bias in climate reconstructions, uncertainties in proxy data interpretation, and fundamental limitations of general circulation models. The paper contributes to the ongoing scientific dialogue by highlighting areas where model refinement may be necessary and exploring the implications of these critiques for policy decisions based on climate projections. 1. Introduction Climate models represent the primary tools through which scientists predict future climate scenarios and reconstruct past climate conditions. These models underpin major policy initiatives regarding climate change mitigation and adaptation strategies worldwide. However, a body of scientific literature has emerged questioning various aspects of these models' reliability, methodology, and interpretation. This critique is particularly salient as global governance structures increasingly rely on model projections to guide far-reaching economic and social policies. This paper examines three primary areas of criticism regarding climate modeling: (1) algorithmic bias in climate reconstructions, (2) uncertainties in proxy data interpretation, and (3) inherent limitations of general circulation models. By analyzing these critiques, we can better understand both the strengths and limitations of current climate science methodologies. 2. Algorithmic Bias in Climate Reconstructions 2.1 Statistical Methods and Their Implications McIntyre and McKitrick's (2003) critique of the Mann et al. (1999) "hockey stick" temperature reconstruction represents one of the most significant challenges to paleoclimate reconstructions in recent decades. Their analysis identified several methodological concerns that potentially undermine the reliability of this influential reconstruction: McIntyre and McKitrick (2005) argued that the principal component analysis (PCA) methodology employed by Mann contained a mathematical bias that would produce a hockey stick pattern even from random data. They demonstrated this by feeding red noise (random data with certain statistical properties) into Mann's algorithm and consistently producing hockey-stick patterns. According to McIntyre and McKitrick (2005):

This study investigates the roles of local institutions in shaping flood adaptation strategies among rural communities in Saboba District, Northern Ghana. Using interviews and focus groups, the research identifies four key adaptation practices: Off-season farming, Burning Charcoal, processing of shea nuts, and Cattle rearing. Both formal institutions, such as the Ministry of Food and Agriculture, and informal ones, including chieftaincy and family units, were found to be integral in providing resources, governance, and conflict mediation related to these practices. The findings reveal that while institutions facilitate access to adaptation resources, they also introduce barriers. Factors such as favoritism, limited resource distribution, and exclusion of vulnerable groups, particularly women and widows, hinder equitable adaptation outcomes. Local institutions enable community-led responses to climate hazards by coordinating external support and guiding decision-making; however, they also perpetuate social hierarchies that can limit adaptive capacity. The study suggests that fostering collaboration between formal and informal institutions, improving resource allocation transparency, and ensuring gender inclusion in decision-making could enhance community resilience. This research contributes to understanding how institutional dynamics influence adaptation practices, highlighting the need for adaptable, inclusive frameworks that support effective flood resilience in vulnerable rural communities.

Egypt faces acute water scarcity, posing a critical challenge to its agricultural sector, which consumes approximately 85% of the nation's water resources. This challenge is compounded by the government's horizontal agricultural expansion strategy to meet the demands of rapid population growth. To support sustainable water resource management, this study integrates GIS with the FAO Penman-Monteith equation to calculate reference evapotranspiration (ETo) across Egypt using high-resolution climate data (1970-2000) from over 10,000 spatial points. By leveraging remote sensing and advanced spatial interpolation techniques, the study generates monthly ETo maps, providing precise insights into the spatial and temporal variability of ETo. The results reveal significant seasonal trends: the highest mean ETo value (9.5 mm/day) occurs in June, while the lowest (3.28 mm/day) is observed in December. A clear north-to-south gradient in ETo values is identified, influenced by temperature and solar radiation, with the Red Sea Coast exhibiting lower ETo due to higher humidity levels. These findings hold practical implications for sustainable agricultural planning and water conservation. Policymakers can use high-resolution ETo maps to optimize irrigation schedules, reduce water wastage, and identify low-evapotranspiration zones suitable for agricultural expansion. This scalable methodology, incorporating remote sensing for enhanced data collection, offers a robust framework for addressing water management challenges in Egypt and other arid regions globally.

Their emotional starvation, their inability to love, to act, to assert their manliness--in short, their shrinking from life--is a personal 53 problem paralleled by a public problem. 17 These protagonists experience loneliness, isolation, and find themselves drawn to an external reality about which they do not have sound knowledge. Having been content with their own vision of the world, the males are confronted by events which that vision does not easily, 54 if at all, penetrate. The consequences of their emergence into the world are sometimes fatal because they lack the flexibility to learn--"When reality comes breaking in", Reynolds tells us, "it kills, literally in Eustace's [Leadbitter's and Fergus's] case, figuratively in Leo and Richard's" 55 even though Richard, in The Brickfield, does manage to become a novelist after his childhood experiences. The male protagonists in Hartley's world are often artist-figures, who are usually involved in writing novels or articles--Alec Goodrich in A Perfect Woman, and Timothy Casson, are struggling novelists, Leo turns, later in life, from writer to (non-artistic) bibliographer, Eustace reluctantly becomes a novelist, and Leadbitter creates a fictional "series" for Lady Franklin. When Hartley's males are not artists, like Basil Hancock and Fergus Macready, they betray a sensitivity that is traditionally associated with the "hero-as-artist" in fiction. When Hartley portrays these characters, he does so in the belief that an artist "must be an individual in the

This article explores and evaluates recent conceptual and theoretical developments in the literature on climate justice. Initially shaped by the first generation of IPCC reports and rooted in applied ethics, early climate justice debates framed the climate crisis mainly as a mitigation issue, exacerbated by global and intergenerational collective action dilemmas, requiring ethical principles for resolution. However, with increasingly dire climate forecasts and the policy inertia of the past three decades, climate justice theories have shifted toward a political economy-centered approach. This shift reframes the issue from simply setting just emissions standards to addressing questions of productive justice within a historically situated global energy regime. The article concludes by addressing two critical challenges for productionfocused climate justice theories: how to implement radical political action and how to reconceptualize our normative relationship with future generations.

Aus Anlass der 250. Wiederkehr von F.W.J. Schellings Geburtstag am 27.01.1775 habe ich ein Porträt über den Philosophen für ND.Die Woche verfasst. Auf einer Doppelseite skzziert der Essay biographische Eckdaten, philosophische Grundgedanken und Schellings wechselnde Stellung in den dynamischen intellektuellen Konstellationen des Deutschen Idealismus. Anschließend folgen Schlaglichtern auf die uneinheitliche marxistische Rezeptionsgeschichte und Thesen zu Schellings Bedeutung für eine eine Analyse gestörter gesellschaftlicher Naturverhältnisse.

Climate extremes over the years have been a major concern for the globalized world. The hardest hit from these climate extremes are women farmers with low adaptive capacity. This study explored women farmers' perceived indices of occurrence and severity of observed climate extremes in rural Ghana. Employing the qualitative method approach, eight focus group discussions and 15 interviews were conducted with women farmers under Centre for Alleviation of Poverty, Environment and Child Support GROW Project. The study adopted the thematic analytical approach for the data analysis. The results of the study revealed that the occurrence of drought, flood and bush fires has been an annual phenomenon over the past decade. In terms of severity, women farmers also reported that climate extremes, when they occurred, were very intense, especially drought and bush fires. The results further indicated that rainfall and temperature variations were markedly observed with the prediction of rainfall in particular becoming extremely difficult. Evidently, women farmers observed that climate extremes were caused by deforestation, bush fires and neglect of veneration of ancestral spirits. Importantly, the study found that women have devised their own means of responding to climate extremes to include support networks, savings and spiritual assistance from ancestors for rain when there was prolonged drought. The study recommends the need for the Ministry of Food and Agriculture and the Ministry of Environment Science and Technology to forecast and display information on the yearly occurrence and severity of drought, flood and bush fires to complement women's local knowledge in decision making.

When do probability distribution functions (PDFs) about future climate misrepresent uncertainty? How can we recognise when such misrepresentation occurs and thus avoid it in reasoning about or communicating our uncertainty? And when we should not use a PDF, what should we do instead? In this paper we address these three questions. We start by providing a classification of types of uncertainty and using this classification to illustrate when PDFs misrepresent our uncertainty in a way that may adversely affect decisions. We then discuss when it is reasonable and appropriate to use a PDF to reason about or communicate uncertainty about climate. We consider two perspectives on this issue. On one, which we argue is preferable, available theory and evidence in climate science basically excludes using PDFs to represent our uncertainty. On the other, PDFs can legitimately be provided when resting on appropriate expert judgement and recognition of associated risks. Once we have specified the border between appropriate and inappropriate uses of PDFs, we explore alternatives to their use. We briefly describe two formal alternatives, namely imprecise probabilities and possibilistic distribution functions, as well as informal possibilistic alternatives. We suggest that the possibilistic alternatives are preferable.

This chapter takes gravity as a fundamental element. Gravity is one of the physical forces without which there would not be life nor matter as we know it. Gravity can keep us grounded, but it can also be terrifying and discomforting. As a person suffering from acrophobia, I give a phenomenological account of how this condition is not merely a “fear of heights” but a debilitating somatic condition that affects the sensory apparatus and my being in the world. Acrophobia is one of many environment and place related phobias, which disrupt the harmonious relation between environment and body. I then relate this experience to the environmental and social challenge of climate change—a problem that is so immense it can give a similar feeling of debilitating dizziness. “Eco-paralysis” is different from “climate anxiety” just as acrophobia is different from a mere “fear of heights.” It is an embodied inability to act when faced with the complexity and gravity of our situation: One has to look away from the problem in order to regain sensory control. The challenge of our time is to find the balance, which involves focusing our attention on the ground while still being aware of the environmental abyss.

Using a course on climate change at the University of Iceland as a case study, this chapter illustrates the benefits of employing the methodologies of embodied critical thinking (ECT) in environmental education and of making the emotional and felt dimension an active focus in the educational process. Drawing on cognitive researchers like Eugene Gendlin and Antonio Damasio, the chapter emphasises the integral role of emotions in rationality and reflects on student responses, showcasing shifts from anxiety to hope and from despair to proactive engagement. Finally, it discusses the dilemma of the climate educator who must navigate emotionally challenging topics without amplifying existing negative attitudes or promoting false optimism. An answer might be found in Spinoza’s concept of “joy” and Gendlin’s sense of “felt shift” both of which relate to the process of rearticulating a problem in a way that, despite not solving the problem, gives you some clarity about what to do about it. The focus is on nurturing personal growth and awareness, driving a redefined understanding of climate change as a personal, interconnected issue. This elucidates the transformative potential of integrating personal experiences into climate education, empowering students to navigate complex global challenges.

Cultural festivals continue to receive diverse scholarly documentation in Ghana. Many of such studies tend to concentrate on the historical, social, cultural, aesthetic, artistic, tourism, educational, and political aspects of Ghanaian festivals with little attention paid to their environmental sustainability dimension. Situated within qualitative ethnographic design, the current study examined the Kʋkɔrɔ festival of Nimoro Division in the Buwa Kingdom of the Upper West Region of Ghana to reveal its environmental and cultural sustainability dimensions. Thematic analysis of interview and field photographic data elicited from twenty (20) participants showed that the revival of the Kʋkɔrɔ (forest) festival on May 18, 2024, rejuvenated the environmental sustainability consciousness of the people of Nimoro Division. Additionally, the festival provided an opportunity for social cohesion, and exhibition of diverse indigenous Sisaala cultural heritage of Nimoro Division, thereby promoting cultural education and preservation. Since the festival has a bifocal significance of rejuvenating the environmental sustainability consciousness of the Nimoro Division and preserving their cultural heritage, the study concludes that its revival in this predatory era of globalisation is a step in the right direction. To further enhance environmental sustainability and cultural preservation in Nimoro Division, it is recommended that the Kʋkɔrɔ festival be held annually. This will continue to raise ecological awareness and sustain the rich Sisaala cultural heritage of the Nimoro Division, ensuring both are maintained and strengthened in the face of globalisation.

The art piece Marocchino Essiccante by Neri Dodavia (1965) is about the interconnectivity of all elements of Earth, including the long-term effects of human acts on nature and climate. Dodavia's piece is based on the fact that it presents a vision to observe and analyze elements like color, material, textures, and composition, as well as a global meaning outside the visual form. The viewer can experience the pleasure of seeing the warm, earthy colors and soft velvet texture and teleport to the origin of the objects composed in the artwork. Still, the complete aesthetic pleasure will come after understanding the story behind the piece.

Recent work by NASA and NOAA indicates that global warming has doubled over a recent 15-year period.  Greenhouse gases in the atmosphere have not come close to doubling over that period.  That suggests that we have triggered feedback loops that accelerate global warming.

of philologists like the renowned Neo-Latin scholar Hans Helander who directed this dissertation, and dedicated graduate students like Josef Eskhult to animate them sufficiently to take their rightful place in the cultural continuum to which they belong.

Accurate estimation of evapotranspiration is important for water resources management. In this study, using historical meteorological data of 21 stations, the FAO Penman-Monteith method (FAO56-PM) was applied to predict the reference evapotranspiration (ETo) in Egypt during the late of this century (2071–2100) under the effect of the representative concentration pathways scenario (RCP4.5). The highest values of ETo were recorded in the southern part of the country with an average of 7.53 mm/day in Asyut. These values gradually decreased from south to north, where the lowest ETo was recorded in the northern part of the country with an average of 3.73 mm/day in Baltim. ETo is expected to increase at the late of the century throughout the country, and the highest values will occur in the Western Desert (53% in Kharga). On the other hand, the northern part of the country will witness a slight increase in ETo to a maximum of 8% in Baltim. Moreover, the increase of ETo in the summer seaso...

Tämän pro gradu -tutkielman tavoitteena on selvittää, millä tavoin Neste Oyj:n sosiaalisessa markkinoinnissa yhdistyvät mainonnan keinot ja vastuuviestinnän vaatimukset. Tutkielman aineistona ovat kaksi hankkeen päävideota: NOLLA – The Cabin That Was Never There ja Lauri Markkanen: #DontChoke – Play Your Part. Tutkielmassa tarkastelen videoita kokonaisuudessaan mainosvideo- ja vastuuviestinnän genren kautta. Keskityn tarkastelemaan videoiden vastuullisuutta tukevia retorisia ja kielellisiä piirteitä, tunnekokemusta rakentavia audiovisuaalisia piirteitä ja vastuuviestinnän vaatimuksia. Peilaan aineistoa myös ympäristötietoiseen yhteiskuntaan vastuuviestintäteorian ja vastuullisen markkinoinnin teorian näkökulmasta. Aineistossa yhdistyvät vastuuviestinnän ja mainonnan keinot. Tutkimuksen tulokset osoittavat, että mainosgenre ohjaa vahvemmin vastuullisuuden mielikuvaa rakentavia piirteitä kuin vastuuviestinnän genre. Kansallisuus- ja menestysdiskurssit rakentavat vastuullisuutta retori...

Recent years have seen a notable increase in the production of scientific expertise by large multidisciplinary groups. The issue we address is how reports may be written by such groups in spite of their size and of formidable obstacles: complexity of subject matter, uncertainty, and scientific disagreement. Our focus is on the International Panel on Climate Change (henceforth IPCC), unquestionably the best-known case of such collective scientific expertise. What we show is that the organization of work within the IPCC aims to make it possible to produce documents that are indeed expert reports. To do so, we first put forward the epistemic norms that apply to expert reports in general, that is, the properties that reports should have in order to be useful and to help decision-making. Section 2 claims that these properties are: intelligibility, relevance and accuracy. Based on this analysis, section 3 points to the difficulties of having IPCC reports indeed satisfying these norms. We then show how the organization of work within the IPCC aims at and to a large extent secures intelligibility, relevance and accuracy, with the result that IPCC reports can be relied on for decision-making. Section 4 focuses on the fundamentals of IPCC's work organization-that is, division of labour within the IPCC-while section 5 investigates three frameworks that were introduced over the course of the functioning of the IPCC: the reviewing procedure of IPCC reports, the language that IPCC authors use to express uncertainty and the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP). Concluding remarks are offered in section 6.

Scientific assessments, such as those by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), inform policymakers and the public about the state of scientific evidence and related uncertainties. We studied how experts from different scientific disciplines who were authors of IPCC reports, interpret the uncertainty language recommended in the Guidance Note for Lead Authors of the IPCC Fifth Assessment Report on Consistent Treatment of Uncertainties. This IPCC guidance note discusses how to use confidence levels to describe the quality of evidence and scientific agreement, as well likelihood terms to describe the probability intervals associated with climate variables. We find that (1) physical science experts were more familiar with the IPCC guidance note than other experts, and they followed it more often; (2) experts' confidence levels increased more with perceptions of evidence than with agreement; (3) experts' estimated probability intervals for climate variables were wider when likelihood terms were presented with "medium confidence" rather than with "high confidence" and when seen in context of IPCC sentences rather than out of context, and were only partly in agreement with the IPCC guidance note. Our findings inform recommendations for communications about scientific evidence, assessments, and related uncertainties.

The UK needs to accelerate action to achieve its 80 per cent carbon reduction target by 2050 as it is otherwise in danger of lagging behind. A much discussed question in this context is whether voluntary behaviour change initiatives can make a significant contribution to reaching this target. While providing individuals with general information on climate change or low carbon action is increasingly seen as ineffective, some studies argue that personalised information has greater potential to encourage behaviour change. This mixed methods study examines this claim through a longitudinal field experiment which tested the effectiveness of a carbon calculator interview. It finds that the intervention significantly raised awareness of ways in which participants could reduce their carbon footprint. However, this increased awareness did not translate into measurable behaviour changes in relation to home energy and travel. Qualitative analysis shows that participants refer to infrastructural, social and psychological barriers to change. This indicates that more ambitious government and corporate action is required to speed up carbon reduction.

The aims of this chapter are to seek answer, through a document review, case studies, and thematic content analysis, to which direction Southern Africa should take in the face of climate change and to suggest a framework for adaptations by communities experiencing climatic events. Acknowledging that the fundamental set of ideas provided by indigenous knowledge (IK) works best at a small scale, the chapter argues for the need to seriously value IK-based response practices in the knowledge hybridization agenda. The worsening vulnerability potentiated by the increasing magnitude and severity of climate change impacts is a reminder that local-based indigenous response practices in Africa need to be complemented. Adaptation to climate change calls for real and surreal measures all being applied in combination. Across Africa, these measures have, at times, included the preservation of forest resources which increased carbon sinking and enhanced community resilience against climate change....

The Mediterranean basin lies between 30° to 49° N and longitude boundaries between 10° W to 45° E as shown in Figure (1). This basin is surrounded by three continents: Africa, Asia, and Europe. The climate in this area is quite changeable between dry summers (warm to hot), and wet winters (mild to cool) (Caloiero et al., 2018).

Two hundred Brussels households were challenged: during six months, they had to adapt their everyday behaviours to save energy. Objective: to cut down 'their' annual CO 2 emissions by 1 ton on average, i.e., more or less 20%. To achieve this, a whole set of tools was offered to the participants (advises to save energy, tables to collect the meter readings, calculator to evaluate the possible economy and follow the progression, website, helpdesk, experts advises and individual follow-up). This paper presents all the steps of this experiment from the recruitment to the final results, describing methodology, tools, motivations and barriers.

The effect of climate change on net irrigation water requirements and crop productivity was investigated.  Barley has the most influence on climate change.  An increase in the quantity of water required for irrigation for the common crops under climate change.  Climate change has negative effects on all crops' yield under different climate change scenarios. This study aims to predict the effect of climate change on net irrigation water requirements (NIWR) and agricultural productivity from five common crops (wheat, barley, summer maize, and sorghum) in the Al-Najaf Governorate in Iraq. GFDL-ESM2M mode was used to predict the lower and upper temp and precipitation for two time periods (2020-2080) with 30 years for two periods (P1 and P2) under representative concentrations paths (RCP 2.5, RCP6, and RCP8.5). The CROPWAT model is used to determine NIWR, and the extreme learning model was used to estimate agricultural yields using previous crop yield production and weather data, supported vectors machine (SVM) is executed as a Machines Learns algorithm. Results showed NIWR increment to consider cropping owing to climate change. Barley is the crop most affected by climate change under the (RCP2.5, RCP6, and RCP8.5) scenarios, with increasing crop water requirements (NIWR) of (22%, 23%, and 24%) for P1 and (23%, 24%, and 29%) for P2, respectively. Summer maize is the crop least affected by climate change under all climate change scenarios, with increasing crop water requirements of (1%, 2%, and 4%) for P1 and (1%, 2%, and 5% for P2. Climate change negatively affects the crop yield of all crops under the different climate change scenarios. The findings of this study could be used as a guide to developing adaptation strategies for dealing with potential changes in water availability and agricultural water productivity due to climate change.

The integrated assessment models (IAMs) that economists use to analyze the expected costs and benefits of climate policies frequently suggest that the "optimal" policy is to do relatively little in the near term to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. This conclusion seemingly conflicts with the emerging scientific consensus about the irreversibility of climate change and the risks of catastrophic impacts. We trace this disconnect to contestable assumptions and limitations of IAMs when applied to climate change. For example, they typically discount future impacts from climate change at relatively high rates that are empirically and philosophically controversial when applied to intergenerational environmental issues. IAMs also monetize the benefits of climate mitigation on the basis of incomplete and sometimes speculative information about the worth of human lives and ecosystems and fail to account for the full range of scientific uncertainty about the extent of expected damages. IAMs may also exaggerate mitigation costs by inadequately capturing the socially determined, path-dependent nature of technological change and ignoring the potential savings from reduced energy utilization and other opportunities for innovation.

The integrated assessment models (IAMs) that economists use to analyze the expected costs and benefits of climate policies frequently suggest that the "optimal" policy is to do relatively little in the near term to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. This conclusion seemingly conflicts with the emerging scientific consensus about the irreversibility of climate change and the risks of catastrophic impacts. We trace this disconnect to contestable assumptions and limitations of IAMs when applied to climate change. For example, they typically discount future impacts from climate change at relatively high rates that are empirically and philosophically controversial when applied to intergenerational environmental issues. IAMs also monetize the benefits of climate mitigation on the basis of incomplete and sometimes speculative information about the worth of human lives and ecosystems and fail to account for the full range of scientific uncertainty about the extent of expected damages. IAMs may also exaggerate mitigation costs by inadequately capturing the socially determined, path-dependent nature of technological change and ignoring the potential savings from reduced energy utilization and other opportunities for innovation.

A Philosophical Journey into the Anthropocene. Discovering Terra Incognita is the latest book by Agostino Cera, published this year by Lexington Books. As has already been argued (Sklair, 2021), the Anthropocene is usually described as a "good" Anthropocene. This might sound quite strange given that the usual reports from the media are full of negative information. Catastrophist hypotheses regarding the ecological crisis, as well as eco-modernist readings of the issue are the two most widespread ideas about the Anthropocene and are based on the same theoretical premise: the modern idea of nature. This-follows Bruno Latour's definition of modernity (Latour, 1993)-according to which the main characteristic of this epoch consists of the fundamental dualism between nature and culture. The great merit of Cera's book is proposing an alternative to these two modern readings of the Anthropocene, based on a re-evaluation of this concept, no longer grounded in modern assumptions. The underlying hypothesis is that opening to a different way of thinking about the human-nature relationship will be crucial not only to understanding our historical condition but also to preparing the ground for a new ethical paradigm. To sketch his countermovement, Cera tackles two main research questions: what is and who is the Anthropocene? In the first part of the book, Cera answers the first question. The second part, which comprises the remaining two chapters, is addressed the other. The first chapter, "Epistemic Journey", opens with a lexical and chronological genealogy of the concept of "Anthropocene", first developed in the year 2000 by the chemist Paul J. Crutzen, the biologist Eugene F. Stoermer and the climate researcher Will Steffen (Crutzen & Stoermer, 2000; Steffen & Crutzen et al., 2007). This book plays a central role in the discussion about Anthropocene

The aims of this chapter are to seek answer, through a document review, case studies, and thematic content analysis, to which direction Southern Africa should take in the face of climate change and to suggest a framework for adaptations by communities experiencing climatic events. Acknowledging that the fundamental set of ideas provided by indigenous knowledge (IK) works best at a small scale, the chapter argues for the need to seriously value IK-based response practices in the knowledge hybridization agenda. The worsening vulnerability potentiated by the increasing magnitude and severity of climate change impacts is a reminder that local-based indigenous response practices in Africa need to be complemented. Adaptation to climate change calls for real and surreal measures all being applied in combination. Across Africa, these measures have, at times, included the preservation of forest resources which increased carbon sinking and enhanced community resilience against climate change....

This article positions the inventor, visionary, poet, engineer, architect and scientist R. Buckminster Fuller as an epic storyteller about energy (although he might have preferred the tag Ôcomprehensive anticipatory design scientistÕ). It draws on energy accounts from a range of FullerÕs lectures, workshops and books; from his Operating Manual for Spaceship Earth through to his recommendations for the creation of a Ôglobal energy gridÕ. It discusses FullerÕs and related energy perspectives from the 1940Õs through to the 21 st century. FullerÕs ideas of synergetics and a scenario Universe incorporating a Ôworld-aroundÕ energy grid have continued to inspire current energy road maps. His energy storytelling was the infrastructure for a Ôworld accounting system based on energy.Õ The challenges of energy resources, energy security and energy transition persist today, albeit in revised forms. Current talk of circular economies, planetary boundaries and system transformations is usually presented without acknowledgement, or perhaps awareness, of the rich and imaginative visual and textual storytelling that have served as their foundations. The article revisits FullerÕs energy narratives, and asks what kinds of storytelling are possible and productive when thinking about energy in the Anthropocene.

Cities of the global North are increasingly trying to green their spaces, notably by encouraging urban agriculture (UA) development in vacant spaces such as rooftops. Different strategies can be used by cities to achieve this goal. We studied Paris's international call for projects (CFP), "Les Parisculteurs", which aims to provide public and private rooftops to urban farmers. This study seeks to examine the relevance of urban rooftop farming (URF) in the city of Paris in view of its specificities and to understand the management of the CFP which is currently an innovative way to develop urban rooftop farming. We will show how this CFP tends to respond to the city of Paris's challenges regarding UA. The comprehensive analysis of this CFP is based on the results of an 11-month participatory research work: we participated in the study and the setting up of the CFP by being part of the "Assistant to the Contracting Authority" (ACA), commissioned by the City of Paris. It appears, inter alia, that this CFP lifted several barriers blocking projects installations, is a way to green the city quickly and in a cost-effective way, promotes the diversity of the projects of UA and allows the City of Paris to test technical and regulatory limits of UA on existing buildings. It was also pointed out that developing UA by providing lands on rooftops without financing the winning projects had strongly encouraged the professionalization of urban agriculture in Paris. To conclude, CFP can be a relevant way for a collectivity to encourage urban farming but it cannot be a systematic solution as it is adapted to a specific context and it carries the risk to develop projects which are disconnected from their local environment.

In this chapter, I share my personal reflections on changing seasonality through observations in and around the house and home. I relate these thoughts to the subject of domestication, which loosely involves bringing the exterior (outside) world to the more interior (inside) human realm, and along the way transforming the stories we tell about the seasons. I arrive to my views through years of walking, gardening, photography, and travel as well as teaching and writing about philosophy and environmental studies, including the recent publication of a book entitled The Seasons: Philosophical, Literary, and Environmental Perspectives.

Review of Darrel Moellendorf's book: Mobilizing Hope. Climate Change and Global Poverty (OUP, 2022)

Even though scientific data give us grounds for pessimism, philosopher Darrel Moellendorf shows that hoping for climate justice is not vain. To mobilize hope, he puts mass mobilization, technological progress and realistic utopia forward.