Portuguese Discoveries and Expansion

in Thomas Spear, ed., Oxford Research Encyclopedia of African History (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2018), 30 pp.

Summary:
The Portuguese colonial empire was the first and the last European empire overseas, from the conquest of Ceuta (1415), in Morocco, North Africa, until the formal handover of Macau to the People’s Republic of China (1999). From the coastline excursions in Africa and the gradual establishment of trade routes in Asia and in the Indian Ocean and the
related emergence of the Estado da Índia (the Portuguese empire east of the Cape of Good Hope), to the colonization projects in the Americas, namely, in Brazil, and, in the second half of the 19th century, in Africa, the Portuguese empire assumed diverse configurations. All of these entailed expansionist projects and motivations—political, missionary, military, commercial—with changing dynamics, strongly conditioned by local
circumstances and powers. In Africa, actual colonization was a belated and convoluted process, which started and ended with violent conflicts, the so-called pacification campaigns of the 1890s, and the liberation wars of the 1960s and 1970s. In Angola, Guinea-Bissau, Mozambique, Cape Verde, and São Tomé and Príncipe, the Portuguese enacted numerous modalities of formalized rule, based on political, military, and religious apparatuses. These forms of control engaged with and impacted on local societies
differently. However, until the very end, coercive labor and tax exactions, racial discrimination, authoritarian politics, and economic exploitation were the fundamental pillars of Portuguese colonialism in Africa.

"This book offers annotated translations of documents touching on Dutch admiral Cornelis Matelieff de Jonge and his voyage to Asia between 1605 and 1608. These translations are aimed at a contemporary English-speaking Asian readership interested in the early modern history of European trade, warfare and expansion in Southeast Asia with a focus on Malaysia, Singapore, and Indonesia. Researchers specialising in early European colonialism, international law, international relations, security studies, and diplomatic history will also find that the documents translated in this volume offer new and unfamiliar perspectives. Materlieff’s business acumen, military and diplomataic prowess as well as his vision of empire all have implications for examining not only European expansion into Southeast Asia, but also into other regions at large, including especially south Asia, Africa and the Americas.
Admiral Matelieff was a director of the Rotterdam Chamber of the Dutch East India Company (VOC) formed in 1602. He was appointed fleet commander on one of the company’s first voyages to Asia. Matelieff’s mission was both commercial and military: he launched a major sea-borne attack on the Portuguese colony of Melaka, arranged for the signing of treaties with the rulers of Johor, Aceh and Ternate, and founded the first Dutch fort on the island of Ternate. His endeavours, however, to open the Chinese market for the Dutch company proved unsuccessful.
Following his return to the Dutch Republic in September 1608, Matelieff penned a series of memorials and letters. In these he advanced recommendations for changing the way the company organized its fleets and conducted business. More importantly he offered  his Dutch contemporaries a vision of empire in Asia. The materials contained in this volume offer important observations of a perceptive analyst who was also determined to grasp the political and economic structures of Asia, and also of inter-state relations in across this vast region. At a time of Spanish, Portuguese, Dutch, Danish, French and English engagement in Southeast Asia, Matelieff sought to critically assess and strategize on the ways in which Europeans were increasingly engaging with Asian polities and their rulers.

This book will be released for sale in Australasia and Europe in June 2014 and available in the Americas after September 2014
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A not so well-known case of Portuguese diaspora was the community that lived in the Ethiopian highlands in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. The roots of this group go back to the early 1540s and survived as a distinct community until the second half of the next century. A large part of the Portuguese were occupied in military roles, as members of the army of the Christian negus. Historical sources reporting on this group are relatively abundant, but they have been little used to date. With this study, I will draw on Portuguese and Ethiopian sources and reconstruct the dynamics of this Portuguese diaspora. The genesis and development of this group will be addressed as well as issues concerning their identity and integration into Ethiopian societies. An important focus will be the relationship between this foreign group and the Jesuit mission, active in Ethiopia from 1556 to 1632.

The Singapore and Melaka Straits are a place where regional and long-distance maritime trading networks converge, linking Europe, the Mediterranean, eastern Africa, the Arabian Peninsula and the Indian subcontinent with key centres of trade in Thailand, Indochina, insular Southeast Asia, China, Korea and Japan. The first half of the seventeenth century brought heightened political, commercial and diplomatic activity to this region. It has long been clear to both the Portuguese and the Dutch that whoever controlled the waters off modern Singapore gained a firm grip on regional as well as long-distance intra-Asian trade. By the early 1600s Portuguese power and prestige were waning and the arrival of the Dutch East India Company constituted a major threat. Moreover, the rapid expansion and growing power of the Acehnese Empire, and rivalry between Johor and Aceh, was creating a new context for European trade in Asia.

Drawing on maps, rare printed works, and unpublished manuscripts written in Portuguese, Spanish, Dutch and Latin, Peter Borschberg provides new information on the diplomatic activities of Asian powers, and shows how the Portuguese and Spanish attempted to restore their political fortunes by containing the rapid rise of Dutch Power in the region. Key documents, transcribed and translated into English for the first time, make up a series of appendices.

The product of more than two decades of research in European libraries, archives, The Singapore and Melaka Straits will be of great interest to readers in Singapore, Malaysia and Indonesia, where little is known about this pivotal pre-colonial period. It is also an invaluable resource for historians and other students of early modern Europe and of the European presence in Asia.
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Foto da capa: as armas dos Sousas Chichorros (pormenor do pelourinho da vila do Prado). 4 5 À memória dos meus avós, que forjaram as bases do meu sentido de identidade. Aos meus pais, que desde sempre me vêm oferecendo o melhor presente. Ao meu orientador, que me tem animado na constante perseguição do futuro 6 7 SIGLAS E ABREVIATURAS AGC -Agência Geral das Colónias.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.7301/Z0028PRX
Date Issued: Spring 2016

[Da introdução] O presente número monográfico da revista «Pessoa Plural – A Journal of Fernando Pessoa Studies» foi concebido e projetado desde o ano de 2013, entre Portugal e Brasil, países de atuação profissional dos organizadores [Fabrizio Boscaglia & Duarte Drumond Braga]. A nossa intenção foi a de oferecer aos estudiosos e leitores a oportunidade de considerar uma vasta e dispersa área da obra de Fernando Pessoa. Esta área corresponde ao âmbito temático que no título do presente número veio a ser denominado como “Oriente/Orient”. Com efeito, várias das geografias que o leitor encontrará neste número especial foram, em dados momentos da história cultural do chamado “Ocidente”, associadas à ideia de “Oriente”: Índia, China, Japão, Pérsia, “Mundo Árabe”. Pertencem, por essa razão, a uma “geografia imaginária” (SAID, 1978) que não deve ser acolhida acriticamente.

Pessoa Plural—A Journal of Fernando Pessoa Studies, n.º 9 (Orient and Orientalism). Brown University, Warwick University, Universidad de los Andes, Spring 2016. Pessoa Plural – Revista de Estudos Pessoanos, n.º 9 (Oriente e Orientalismo). Brown University, Warwick University, Universidad de los Andes, Primavera de 2016.

Orient and Orientalism | Special Issue: Introduction
Oriente e Orientalismo | Número especial: Introdução
Boscaglia, Fabrizio; Braga, Duarte Drumond

Pessoa on India: a selection of texts Um roteiro pessoano sobre a Índia Braga, Duarte Drumond

Fernando Pessoa and Islam: an introductory overview with a critical edition of twelve documents Fernando Pessoa e o Islão: uma síntese introdutória com edição crítica de doze documentos Boscaglia, Fabrizio

Are Things Really Things? Alberto Caeiro and Zen
As coisas são coisas? Alberto Caeiro e o Zen
Borges, Paulo

The Orients of Fernando Pessoa: an addendum
Os Orientes de Fernando Pessoa: adenda
Cardiello, Antonio

Fernando Pessoa's 'Chronicas Decorativas': critical edition of eight documents
As Chronicas Decorativas de Fernando Pessoa: edição crítica de oito documentos
Boscaglia, Fabrizio

Twenty-one Haikus by Fernando Pessoa
Vinte e um Haikus de Fernando Pessoa
Ferrari, Patricio; Pittella, Carlos

En Route to the Orient: Pessoa’s notes on Theosophy and the spiritualities of India
A Caminho do Oriente: apontamentos de Pessoa sobre Teosofia e espiritualidades da Índia
Mota, Pedro Teixeira da

Fernando Pessoa in India: Three Anthologies in Hindi
Fernando Pessoa na Índia: três antologias em Hindi
Ray, Rita

Waiting for Pessoa: The Works of Fernando Pessoa in Turkish
À espera de Pessoa: as obras de Fernando Pessoa em Turco
Atay, Hakan

Translation and the Introduction of the Works of Fernando Pessoa to China
A Tradução e a Introdução da Obra de Fernando Pessoa na China
Zhou Miao, Cristina

The Translation and Reception of Fernando Pessoa in Japan
Tradução e recepção de Fernando Pessoa no Japão
Watanabe, Kazufumi

The (im)possible unity in Fernando Pessoa
A (im)possível unidade em Fernando Pessoa
Fernandes, Annie Gisele

Imaginary poets in a real world (an unpublished lecture, 1996)
Poetas imaginários num mundo real (uma conferência inédita, 1996)
Monteiro, George

Bernardo Soares’ distant love for his neighbors
O distante amor ao próximo de Bernardo Soares
Albuquerque, João

Ângelo de Lima, poetry and madness: Orpheu, Poesia Experimental, and Edoi Lelia Doura
Ângelo de Lima, poesia e loucura: Orpheu, Poesia Experimental e Edoi Lelia Doura
Joaquim, Ana Cristina

Some ideas about the relation between heteronimism, poem and mysticism
Algumas considerações sobre a conexão entre heteronimismo, poema e mística
Algunas apreciaciones sobre la conexión entre heteronimismo, poema y mística
De la Torre, Óscar

O Mother, Where Art Thou? The Empire, far from Pessoa, far from the Claridosos
Onde Estás, Mamã? O império, longe de Pessoa, longe dos Claridosos
Corrêa de Sá, André

Pierre Hourcade and the discovery of Fernando Pessoa: new letters and other writings
Pierre Hourcade e a descoberta de Fernando Pessoa: novas cartas e outros escritos
Carmino Marques, Fernando

Orpheu 1915‑1965: a re-edition
Orpheu 1915‑1965: uma reedição Orpheu 1915‑1965: una reedición
Giraldo, Alejandro

Author in fabula: Fernando Pessoa as a story writer
Autor in fabula: Fernando Pessoa contista
Uribe, Jorge

During the seventeenth century and the first decades of the eighteenth, the Portuguese travels to the African inner exploration were organized and realized under a strong commercial influence. This dimension interferes on its objectives (opening the inner trade, then exclusively African), methods (a constant exchange of goods and tributes along the way), elements (essentially leads by individuals with a mercantile experience) and routes (coinciding with African commercial ways).

"The excavation of Santo Antonio de Tanná, a 17th century Portuguese frigate, is the perfect example of how collaboration between land archaeology, history and nautical archaeology can answer several questions regarding the history of Portuguese Seafaring. The story of Santo Antonio de Tanná wreck
began in Mombassa, modern day Kenya, where the frigate was lost on 20 October 1697. It has continued through the reconstruction of lines, general structure, and framing patterns using computer reconstruction techniques. This innovative
use of reconstruction techniques was done as part of a thesis presented to Texas A&M University Nautical Archaeology Program and supported by a co-grant of the Gulbenkian Foundation and the Luso-American Foundation for the
development."

The handgunners were a portuguese military squad whose emergence is noted during the second quarter of the fifteenth century. They obtained a considerable representation in the king’s army becoming one of the military corps that composed it. This evolution was coinciding with the widespread use of firearms in Europe. The handgunners used portable firearms (like the colobreta or the matchlock) that were, unlike the artillery, loaded and fired by only one person.
The internal organization of the squad was very similar to the one that is observed in the besteiros do conto (crossbowmen), specially in aspects concerning the geographical origin, social group of recruitment and the chain of command. Nonetheless, there were substancial diferences in the recruitment, provided, that the king reinforced the local militias of handgunners with professionalized members that received a considerable anual payment (tença). As for the privileges to which these members were entitled, it is reinforced that they have the exemption of the jugada (an important tax over the agricultural production), except in the cereal production, a concession lost by the besteiros do conto, still in the reign of D. John I.
The reign of King John II (1482-1495) was an important moment for the  definition of the legal components of the squad and for the increase of the number of hangunnners. We registered 416 letters of privilege, distributed by 64 centers of recruitment, in Portuguese territory. Nevertheless, more than the immediate substitution of the besteiros do conto for the handgunners, the royal administration sought throughout the fifteenth century to converge the contributions of the two squads. The military action of handgunners is reported for a considerable part of the Portuguese campaigns in this century (Tangier (1437), Alfarrobeira (1449), Alcácer-Ceguer (1458), Arzila (1471), Toro (1476) and Graciosa (1489)), being, however, only in the Battle of Toro that their participation proved decisive for the outcome of the conflict.

The conquests of Afonso de Albuquerque from 1507 to 1513 were the starting point of a century-long period of theoretical hegemony of the Portuguese monarchy on the Indian Ocean and the Arabian Sea. The Red Sea, however, remained a failed conquest of the Lusitanians. Neither the construction of a fort on Socotra island in 1507 nor the regular patrolling of the strait of Bab-el-Mandeb up to about 1550 could grant them sound control of the area. This paper will survey the main stages of Portuguese involvement in the Red Sea. Drawing on secondary literature and on original, mostly Portuguese, sources, it will propose a periodization of the geopolitical history of these contested waters in the early stage of the European expansion. Besides military leaders, mercenaries, and spies that served Portuguese interests, the involvement of religious agents, mostly Jesuit missionaries, will also be taken into consideration. The paper will also assess the impact of the Portuguese involvement in the area.

Recognizing the importance of their shared heritage - from which stood out the many fortifications built by the Portuguese in the region - Portugal and Oman have celebrated, in 1982, a Memorandum of Understanding regarding the establishment of mutual cultural ties and the protection and study of their shared heritage.

Lately, researchers have moved from architectural remains to historical documents. These documents - related to the period when the coast of Oman was to a varying, but considerable extent, degree under Portuguese control - are, for Oman´s history, of exceptional importance.

Some of these documents narrate the loss of historical vessels upon the Omani coast. Geography, geopolitics, history, monsoons, piracy and shallow waters, all have conspired to create in those waters another graveyard of wrecks.

Paradoxically, of the many thousands of voyages undertaken by the Portuguese over the centuries, our attention will necessarily have to focus on those which ended in disaster, with the loss of the ship and often of its cargo and of those travelling on it.

Battles, lost cargoes, deaths, flotsam and jetsam - all created paperwork, be it epical narratives or dull judicial proceedings. Research methodology consisted in compiling all classical chronicles written in the 16th century, as well as perusing over published and unpublished academic works related to the
region. Also, the few published archival indexes that are available were consulted, was were some of the specialized sections in some archives. Cartography and iconography were also consulted, as one of the main objectives of this project is to have a firm grasp on Oman’s maritime landscape.

This work analyzes the second siege of the Portuguese fortress of Diu, laid by the forces of the Sultanate of Gujarat, commanded by Khwaja Safar, merchant and lord of Surat, between April and November of 1546. This siege, of undeniable importance to the Portuguese "State of India", has defined part of the government of D. João de Castro (1545-1548) and represented the last Gujarati attempt to retake the fortress of Diu, delivered to the Portuguese in 1535. The first goal is to understand the political context of this military operation, presenting the most important moments of the relations between Portugal and the Gujarat Sultanate since the arrival of Vasco da Gama in the Indian Ocean, in 1498, until 1546. In a second moment, we examine the Gujarati forces and the Portuguese defense. Our purpose is to observe the strategies, the recruitments, the organization of men-at-arms, the weapons, techniques and tactics used, as well as the motivations and some life experiences that have defined this siege. This study aims to understand this event in the European and Eastern types of warfare of the sixteenth century, and to contribute to the knowledge of the Portuguese warfare in Asia.

The history of the early modern Catholic missions to Asia provides an excellent vantage point to asses the relation between evangelization and colonialism. If the European expansion was an essential pre-condition for the creation of substantial Catholic communities in
that continent, nonetheless the neophytes did not coincide for most of the time with colonial subjects and conversions usually did not take place in a context of coercion or moral pressure. However, native agency played a major role even in regions were Christianity was
indeed enforced by a European imperial presence. The most conspicuous case is the one of the Portuguese Estado da Índia. Contrary to common assumptions, this contribution claims
that the Portuguese established in Goa and in similar areas a “dominance without hegemony” and that Christianity endowed the Goan local elites with tools to play strategically and
cunningly with the colonial power. Furthermore, the case of the Brahman cleric Mateus de Castro Mahalo is presented here as a striking example of a native Christian able to move through transcontinental spaces and live in a polycentric world thanks to his location in a “preter-colonial” space. On the basis of similar instances, further researches on the history of Christianity in Asia, stressing the role of native agency even in the early modern age, are particularly necessary.

Portuguese colonial exploration and settlement in Brazil during the sixteenth, seventeenth and eighteenth centuries included a significant, though to date largely underappreciated, dimension of medical inquiry, the impact of which resonated throughout the Atlantic scientific world and beyond. This paper examines the role and influence within Portugal's maritime dominions of medical techniques, remedies and specific drugs originating in colonial Brazil. It focuses attention on the earliest collaborative interaction between indigenous healers and Portuguese missionaries-mainly Jesuits-on the Brazilian colonial frontier, who then passed that knowledge on to European physicians, surgeons and pharmacists working in colonial South American medical facilities. In such institutions, indigenous techniques were most often employed to the edification of Portuguese colonial agents (missionaries, colonial administrative officials, maritime commanders and state-licensed medical practitioners), who would then become the conduits disseminating those techniques to Europe or other colonial locations.

This article aims to analyze the first Portuguese expedition to the Red Sea, led by the governor Afonso de Albuquerque in 1513. Five hundred years after this journey, we reassessed the policy of king D. Manuel I for the Red Sea, observing the attack on the city of Aden and the entry in that sea. Through correspondence from Albuquerque and subsequent chronicles, we try to understand the reasons for the defeat in the assault at that port city and the importance of this expedition in this governor’s action and in the imperial strategy of D. Manuel I.

Este artigo pretende analisar a primeira expedição portuguesa ao Mar Vermelho, capitaneada pelo governador Afonso de Albuquerque, em 1513. Quinhentos anos depois desta viagem, reavaliamos a política manuelina para o Mar Roxo, observando o ataque à cidade de Adém e a consecutiva entrada naquele mar. Através da correspondência de Albuquerque e da cronística da época, tentamos compreender os motivos da derrota no assalto àquela cidade portuária e a importância desta expedição na acção daquele governador e na estratégia imperial de D. Manuel I.

When Johan Maurits of Nassau, Governor-General of Dutch Brazil (1630-54), sent out expeditions against the maroons of Palmares, he was informed by his intelligence officers that the inhabitants followed the “Portuguese religion,” that they had erected a church in the capital, that there were chapels with images of saints and the Virgin Mary and that Zumbi, the king of Palmares, did not allow the presence of “fetishists.” Portuguese sources confirm that Palmares had a priest who baptized children and married couples and that its inhabitants followed Catholic rite, although according to Governor Francisco de Brito, they did so “in a stupid fashion.” Many more examples of the existence of Afro-Catholic elements in maroon communities in Latin America can be found. They question the widespread assumption that Catholicism had been forced upon all African slaves and that, even among those who seemingly embraced the colonizer’s faith, it functioned merely as a veneer underneath which their truly African, indigenous beliefs remained hidden. As the case of Palmares indicates, slaves did not necessarily wish to liberate themselves from all “Catholic ballast” once they ran away but sometimes remained strongly attached to it. 
This conclusion corresponds to the assumption by the Brazilian historian Marina de Mello e Souza that upon arrival in the Americas, many slaves did not perceive Catholic elements as something foreign since “Catholicism represented a link to their native Africa.” Souza is but one of several scholars who in recent years contributed to a shift in the study of black performance culture in the New World. The new paradigm essentially consists in the acknowledgment that our understanding of black performance culture can be bettered if we take into consideration that many Africans had already adopted certain European—predominantly Portuguese—cultural and religious elements before they were shipped as slaves to the Americas.
In the context of this shift, there has been an increased interest in Afro-Iberian brotherhoods (irmandades/hermandades) and confraternities (confrarias/cofradías). While it was long assumed that these so-called “black brotherhoods” were associated with slave culture on the Iberian Peninsula and in Latin America only, it can now be confirmed that Afro-Catholic fraternities also flourished in parts of Africa during the Atlantic slave trade era. As Linda Heywood has argued, “many Kongos and not a few Angolans had been Christians before their enslavement in Brazil. Thus they would have been familiar with the brotherhoods in Luanda, Soyo, and Kongo, and the central role they played in the creole society of Kongo, Angola and São Tomé.” Nicole von Germeten’s research on black brotherhoods in Mexico also concluded that “some Central Africans probably took part in social and religious brotherhoods and sisterhoods before crossing the Atlantic.” 
Ira Berlin also observed that black brotherhoods played a crucial role in the intercontinental networks that developed in the context of the transatlantic slavery. However, like most scholars, Berlin perceives brotherhoods as an essentially Iberian phenomenon that was crucial to the development of black identity the Iberian World, differing from North America, where “numerous informal connections between black people” developed, but not brotherhoods. Although Berlin confirms that slaves “created an intercontinental web of cofradias … so that, by the seventeenth century, the network of black religious brotherhoods stretched from Lisbon to São Tomé, Angola, and Brazil,” he believes that those slaves who ended up in Dutch, French or English colonies refrained from developing brotherhoods since there were no “comparable institutional linkages” that allowed them to do so. Berlin’s assumption thus presupposes that brotherhoods could only be established with institutional support and excludes the possibility that slaves themselves may have taken the initiative to create such organizations.
This article questions this conclusion and explores the possibility that slave organizations modeled upon Iberian brotherhoods have existed in North America. In doing so, it follows a reasoning by Jorge Cañizares-Esguerra, Matt Childs and James Sidbury, editors of The Black Urban Atlantic in the Age of the Slave Trade (2013), according to whom “approved institutional structures authorized by the Catholic Church were not always necessary for Africans and their descendants to build fraternal structures.”  A first section provides an overview of the characteristics of Afro-Iberian slave brotherhoods. The following section presents a comparative analysis between king celebrations in Afro-Iberian brotherhoods and those at African-American Election Day and Pinkster festivals in New England and New York. The article ends with a reflection on the origins of Afro-Iberian cultural and religious elements among slave communities outside of the Iberian realm in the American diaspora.

The movement of strategic reorientation for the sea in Portugal has been given fruits since it was launched almost one generation ago. The proposal for the extension of continental shelf before the United Nations is surely its most significant aspect, and it can been seen that a completely empty space was filled in terms of political discourse and civil society growing consciousness regarding the dimension and potential of the Portuguese sea and the wealth that can be obtained from its biological and geological resources. So, for the moment, although there are more words than actions, Portugal is in a path of responding to the new challenge that the Atlantic poses once again after nine centuries of history.

It is common to say that the era of the voyages of discovery – unleashed in the mid-15th century by two, until then, peripheral nations – began the first era of globalisation. In fact, by bringing the most varied of cultures and peoples into direct contact – either through conflict or trade – and by creating new routes able to disseminate plants, animals, natural resources, manufactured goods, beliefs and ideologies at a planetary scale, Spain and Portugal effectively gave the World new worlds.
During the course of this globalisation, Portugal not only sent some of its finest sons to the Orient – Gama, Camões, Fernão Mendes Pinto, Garcia de Orta, Albuquerque, amongst many others – but also many of its disinherited and forgotten: second sons of the lower aristocracy, impoverished agents of the Crown, criminals banished from the realm and women of low morals; essentially all those who saw the wondrous riches and Asian destinations as an opportunity to rise up the social ladder or a chance to earn honour, fame and future mercies and stipends for services rendered to the king in defence of his maritime empire.
Since this empire was maritime in nature, the instruments of its domination and expansion were fundamental. Naus, caravels and galleons were the tools used by the Crown and Realm to control territories and dominate routes, with the Iberian ships of the 15th and 16th centuries braving the world’s great trans-oceanic highways, linking Europe to the Atlantic, Indian and Pacific oceans and these to the Arctic and Antarctic.

O período da expansão portuguesa que estas notas cobrem inicia-se com a tomada de Ceuta e termina em 1580 com a batalha de Alcácer-Quibir.
O que se encontrará abaixo é o resultado da pesquiza que efetuámos sobre quem, naquele período, foi ao norte de África e participou na carreia da India, pois não tivemos sucesso quando procuramos a indicação de leirienses que foram a outros pontos que a expansão portuguesa tocou, como por exemplo o Brasil. Devemos referir que muitos dos nomes que encontramos apontavam para “pessoas de condição” e neste caso fácil foi determinar a sua naturalidade. No entanto, os documentos mal referem os “homens de menor estado” e quando o fazem não indicam a naturalidade. Igualmente os padres e os membros das Ordens que acompanharam a expansão raramente tem a indicação da naturalidade, pelo que só com o cruzamento com informação constante das crónicas das respetivas Ordens premir-nos-á saber de onde são naturais: mas não o fizemos porque a existência de inúmeros nomes semelhantes levou-nos a concluir que não seria credível a informação assim obtida.  Mesmo com estas limitações, publicamos estas notas pois poderão motivar a que se venham melhorar, pois a escrita da história deve conservar o gosto do inacabado.
As imagens que “decoram” este trabalho foram retiradas do chamado “Livro das Armadas” da Academia das Ciências de Lisboa, que com o “Livro das Armadas” de Lizuarte de Abreu, tem por caraterística a figuração cuidadosa das naus de cada armada que foram à Índia até 1566, e até 1563, respetivamente.

A Carreira das Índias constituiu o ponto culminante e, simultaneamente, de viragem na expansão portuguesa. Efectivamente, os Descobrimentos portugueses foram iniciados com o objectivo último de chegar às míticas Índias, terras que desde sempre povoaram o imaginário colectivo europeu como fonte de infinitas riquezas, ainda que não se fizesse a mínima ideia da sua localização.
Quando finalmente a viagem de Vasco da Gama estabeleceu o caminho marítimo para a Índia, um novo ciclo se iniciou para o Ocidente, em que este deixou de estar fechado sobre si próprio à volta do Mediterrâneo e percebeu que havia outros mundos para além do seu. Portugal suplantou os seus limites geográficos e tornou-se uma potência mundial, tendo até a ousadia de dividir o mundo com os rivais espanhóis.
O facto de, logo na segunda viagem, se ter dado o “achamento” do Brasil, acrescenta mais um elemento de importância à Carreira das Índias, a juntar às inovações técnicas, culturais e das mentalidades (a serem tratadas noutro trabalho) que proporcionou.
Pretende-se com este trabalho analisar, em primeiro lugar, porque houve uma expansão portuguesa quando nada o faria prever, justificar a importância desta rota para o nascimento da primeira super potência da História e com o auxílio de um tema do músico Rui Veloso, inscrito no álbum “Auto da Pimenta” editado por ocasião da comemoração dos 500 anos dos Descobrimentos, o qual servirá como fio condutor, caracterizar essa Carreira nos seus múltiplos aspectos, desde a navegação até à forma como era encarada na sociedade.
Uma síntese das causas que levaram ao seu declínio, entre factores internos e externos, completará esta exposição, com que se pretende contribuir para retratar de forma tão fiel quanto possível a realidade do que foi a Carreira das Índias.

A chegada de Heitor Furtado de Mendonça em 1591 à Capitania da Bahia inaugurou um contexto em que a presença do Tribunal do Santo Ofício português se tornaria mais incisiva no Novo Mundo. Presença motivada, principalmente, pela presença maciça de cristãos-novos nesse espaço e as constantes preocupações de que esses indivíduos, recém-convertidos ao catolicismo, pudessem estar retornando à sua antiga religião, o judaísmo. A Visitação assumiu, contudo, outros contornos durante os cinco anos em que vigorou na América. Blasfêmias, bigamia, sodomia, bestialismo, luteranismo, islamismo, desvios do próprio corpo clerical além de todo e qualquer erro de doutrina foram alvos das autoridades. Os desvios em torno da feitiçaria, por sua vez, também integraram as investigações do Visitador, tendo na participação considerável da mulher como elemento relacionado a esse delito. Nesse sentido, essa dissertação tem por interesse investigar – com base na noção de “gênero” – essa relação entre a figura feminina e o interesse por práticas mágico-religiosas voltadas para a intervenção no sobrenatural no contexto em questão, partindo da hipótese de que houve uma influência de uma “pedagogia do medo” bem como a apropriação do contexto misógino vigente tanto na participação ativa nessa relação – em busca de reconhecimento social –, no interesse em intervir nos destinos por meio, sobretudo, de mediadoras e no ato de denunciar por feitiçaria as mesmas mulheres que dantes eram seus alvos nesse interesse pelo sobrenatural, contribuindo, inclusive, na construção de dois processo inquisitoriais voltados para esse crime: contra Felícia Tourinho e Maria Gonçalves.

Available on Amazon worldwide: https://www.amazon.com/dp/B0FR1PK6XG

INDEX:
1.0 - The History of Trincomalee during Portuguese and Dutch rule: Introduction
2.0 - Trincomalee: The first contacts with the Portuguese
3.0 - Trincomalee: The arrival of the Danes, the Dutch and the construction of the Portuguese Fort
4.0 - Trincomalee: The Dutch conquest and the abandonment of the Fort
5.0 - Trincomalee: The new Dutch occupation and the reconstruction of the Fort
6.0 - Trincomalee: The French attempt
7.0 - Trincomalee: The consolidation of the Dutch presence
8.0 - Trincomalee: The first British occupation and the definitive Dutch surrender
9.0 - Trincomalee: Bibliography. The History of Trincomalee (Sri Lanka) during Portuguese and Dutch rule

https://www.colonialvoyage.com/history-trincomalee-portuguese-dutch-rule-introduction/

When in 1500 the Portuguese commander Pedro Álvares Cabral, headed for India, landed at an uncharted coast in the South-western Atlantic, he and his crew claimed the land for the Portuguese king, Manuel I, and named it after the Holy Cross consecrating all with a mass. Bid by Cabral, the ship’s scribe Pero Vaz de Caminha wrote a letter to the king announcing and describing their find and all their actions. The letter narrated the temperate weather, the abundance of trees and water, and also the possible existence of gold and silver. The soil was so rich that anything one tried to plant would most certainly flourish, he said. Caminha depicted the reddish-brown-skinned natives as innocent in their nudity, and wrote of their women showing their beautiful bodies as if they were unaware of the original sin. The resemblance to Edenic motifs and locus amoenus topoi is evident, as is the overlapping between Christian faith and the royal maritime enterprise. Decades later, the Land of Holy Cross, to the dismay of some men of letters and of the cloth, had its name changed to Brazil, partially after the brazilwood tree (‘Pau-Brasil’) which produced red dye and was the first significant Portuguese American commodity. Authors like João de Barros, in 1554, saw in the naming a refusal to pursue an evident divine election and denounced it as the victory of mercantile and sinful actions over Christian mission. As such, the alteration to the new name denied the important role that the Portuguese kingdom and its new possession ought to take in God's plan. A few years before the arrival of the Portuguese ship on the shores of future Brazil, Christopher Columbus found a land that he initially thought to be the Far East. The first and final destination of his endeavour supported by the Catholic kings of Spain, Columbus was trying to find a route to the East, as an alternative to that cut off by the fall of Constantinople, captured by the Ottomans. But when he realised that he was in an unheard of country of unknown peoples, he started to draw a prophetical plan based on pseudo-Joachimite writings in which the navigation and conquest of a New World would play a decisive part.

Starting from the premise that all empire building involves ideological constructs justifying the violence that accompanies such efforts, this article concentrates on elucidating the case of the Portuguese in Asia, specifically in Japan. Although well beyond the formal Portuguese thalassocracy in Asia, the Japanese islands were exposed for about a century, between 1543 and 1640, to the informal presence of Portuguese traders and missionaries. The symbiotic relationship between these two groups was based on the experience that, in Japan, the trade was difficult to conduct, for violence was always lurking beneath the surface of the trading relationship. We know of several instances when such violence actually exploded into major armed clashes, and many other times violence was narrowly averted through the mediation of the missionaries.

Feito que marcou a história de Portugal e do próprio Ocidente, a conquista de Ceuta no ano de 1415 tornou-se um ato legitimador, consolidando a Dinastia de Avis. Ao longo dos séculos diversos historiadores observaram o acontecimento e destacaram diferentes aspectos: a questão militar, econômica, cultural, e social do ataque a praça marroquina; a conquista como estopim da expansão portuguesa e/ou europeia; entre outros. Ciente desse acúmulo, nosso foco será as relações diplomáticas envolvidas no processo de construção dessa campanha militar. Cronologicamente circunscrevemos a análise entre 1411 e 1415, período de intensa movimentação em prol da organização do ataque, dentre as quais delimitamos as ações diplomáticas. Desta forma, a partir da Crônica da Tomada de Ceuta e dos documentos presentes na Monumenta Henricina, acreditamos poder recuperar a riqueza das práticas diplomáticas medievais.

The aim of this article is to reassess the nature of the Luso-Dutch relationship in Siam during the seventeenth century. Analysing Dutch sources exclusively allows one to be aware of important key-features of Dutch perception, and to obtain an image of the Portuguese presence in the region. With those methodological tools, the official version of bitter rivalry expressed in Portuguese sources can be questioned. Was the Dutch-Portuguese relationship defined by rivalry or was there space for partnership?
Siam (modern Thailand) was an independent kingdom which had never been occupied by the Portuguese or by the Dutch, being for that same reason an ideal field of study. In addition, the interaction between Siamese local powers and Europeans in solving conflicts that resulted from Dutch-Portuguese rivalry is another aspect to be taken into account.
The Dutch-Portuguese rivalry will be disassembled here, and each part analysed separately. The cooperative moments between the two people disclosed by Dutch sources will have special coverage, as they present us with a renewed perspective of the Luso-Dutch relationship. Finally, through the case study of the bandel de Sião (the Portuguese settlement in Ayutthaya) it will be shown how essential Dutch archival material can be for a study of the Portuguese presence in mainland Southeast Asia.

Key-words
Siam; Ayutthaya; VOC; bandel de Sião; Dutch-Portuguese rivalry; partnership; perception;

Identificados documentos que referem Cristóvão de Mendonça como comendador da vila de Arenilha, procurámos estabelecer a relação entre este donatário e o célebre capitão das armadas da Índia incumbido de descobrir a Ilha do Ouro e que mais tarde se veio a tornar capitão de Ormuz. Com o objectivo de perceber se estaríamos perante o mesmo indivíduo, o que constituiria uma importante novidade em relação ao nosso conhecimento acerca deste navegador, procurámos seguir uma metodologia de trabalho que passasse por reconstituir o percurso deste capitão até ao momento em que Cristóvão de Mendonça aparece referido como comendador da antiga comenda quinhentista localiza-da na foz do Guadiana...

Desde sempre que a temática em torno da pirataria tem suscitado interesse por parte de investigadores, académicos e público em geral. Para tal, em muito têm contribuído a literatura e o cinema, com a criação de argumentos românticos ou com a recriação de episódios resgatados aos baús da memória. No que respeita ao Algarve, ficaram célebres inúmeros ataques do corso e da pirataria, nomeadamente, o ataque de Sir Francis Drake a Sagres, em 1587, ou o ataque do Conde de Essex a Faro, em 1596. Porém, muitos mais tiveram lugar num Algarve que, com o advento da Expansão e dos Descobrimentos, assistiu a um crescente incremento do tráfego marítimo desde os inícios do séc. XV. Com efeito, a conquista e ocupação portuguesa dos Algarves de Além-mar provocou uma contra-reacção magrebina, materializada não só em ataques às praças portuguesas do Norte de África, como também em frequentes assaltos às costas de todo o sudoeste peninsular, principalmente, a partir de inícios do séc. XVI, altura em que se começou a fazer sentir de forma mais consistente nas costas do Algarve e da Andaluzia. É exactamente nos inícios da centúria quinhentista, mais precisamente em 1513, que a vila de Arenilha foi fundada...

The present paper explores the shifting roles and understandings of the Singapore Straits from the latter Middle Ages until the opening decades of the eighteenth century. In pursuing this task, I will develop a set of basic questions that historicize and problematize the roles, functions and understandings of the Straits across the centuries, and also tease out historical and historiographical paradigms shaping and underpinning the understanding of the region’s past. In pursuing this programme I will make use of a broad range of sources including chronicles and histories, letters and treaties, navigational instructions and travel literature, as well as (European) cartography of the 16th to 18th centuries. In order to gain deeper appreciation of the multi-faceted roles and understandings of the Singapore Straits across the longue durée, I  not only adduce and evaluate materials of European colonial origin, but importantly also heed special attention to sources of Asian origin in general, and specifically to materials that have originally been written in Arabic, Malay, Chinese and have been made accessible to the wider reading public in various contemporary translations. The modes of enquiry and the insights brought to paper here differ both in terms of scope and objectives from my earlier findings expounded in The Singapore and Melaka Straits published in 2010.

Ao fim de dois anos de trabalho, que tiveram como resultado a elaboração desta tese de mestrado, muitos são os agradecimentos a fazer. Desde logo, não poderia deixar de mencionar o Departamento de História da Faculdade de Ciências Sociais e Humanas, instituição que enquadrou o meu percurso académico. Muito do que fica escrito nesta dissertação se deveu à possibilidade de aprender com professores e colegas, quer na licenciatura em História, quer no mestrado em História Moderna e dos Descobrimentos. A minha gratidão estende-se igualmente ao Centro de História de Além-Mar, que me recebeu como investigador e me deu a oportunidade de conhecer colegas que trabalham diferentes espaços e temáticas. Aos Professores Doutores Edval de Souza Barros, Ângela Barreto Xavier, Diogo Ramada Curto e Susana Münch Miranda quero agradecer a sua disponibilidade e as preciosas pistas que me ofereceram em diferentes momentos desta investigação. Agradeço ainda ao Professor Doutor António Camões Gouveia, em cujas aulas comecei a trabalhar as questões que viriam a estar na origem desta dissertação. À Professora Doutora Eugénia Rodrigues, não posso deixar de agradecer o interesse que demonstrou pelo meu trabalho e as referências que me facultou. O mesmo se aplica à Professora Doutora Elsa Penalva, a quem devo ainda um agradecimento especial. A generosidade com que partilhou comigo os documentos que encontrou ao longo da sua investigação, a leitura crítica a que submeteu parte desta tese e a paciência com que respondeu às minhas questões sobre a história de Macau na primeira metade do século XVII estão na origem de uma dívida de gratidão que espero um dia poder recompensar. Por fim, last but not least, à minha orientadora, a Professora Doutora Alexandra Pelúcia. É ao seu incentivo que devo os meus primeiros passos no mundo académico e a oportunidade de trabalhar no âmbito da história da expansão portuguesa. Pelo seu apoio, motivação e disponibilidade ao longo dos últimos anos, a minha mais profunda gratidão. iv A Restauração de 1640 no Estado da Índia -Agentes, espaços e dinâmicas A Restauração de 1640, que ditou o fim de sessenta anos de agregação do reino de Portugal à Monarquia Hispânica, tem sido alvo de múltiplas interpretações historiográficas ao longo dos últimos dois séculos. Menos conhecidas são, no entanto, as dinâmicas que presidiram ao reconhecimento do novo regime nas conquistas ultramarinas da Coroa portuguesa. Todavia, poucos meses depois do sucesso da revolta, foram enviados ao Estado da Índia os primeiros avisos da subida ao trono de D. João IV. O primeiro objectivo desta dissertação será acompanhar a forma como estes avisos chegaram às diferentes praças portuguesas na Ásia. Em todo este processo, a cidade de Goa desempenhou um papel central enquanto capital do Estado da Índia e centro de difusão da notícia às restantes cidades e fortalezas. O segundo objectivo passará então por recuperar as cerimónias e os discursos que, na cidade de Goa, legitimaram a aclamação de D. João IV, explorando o posicionamento dos diferentes grupos e instituições capital do Estado da Índia perante a nova situação política.

A génese dos primeiros modelos de templos surgidos logo antes ou na sequência imediata das resoluções do Concílio de Trento (1545-1563), de concepção já adequada a uma liturgia e culto reformados, constituem uma das questões mais importantes da história da arquitectura do período moderno. A situação portuguesa não é excepção e constitui, aliás, um caso de estudo de particular interesse e relevância mesmo a nível europeu, pelo impacto produzido no seu espaço continental e ultramarino. Em discussão estará o papel da Companhia de Jesus no surgimento precoce de um modelo de raiz nacional, periférico em relação à realidade artística itálica, e a importação de formas e linguagens deste contexto e o seu reflexo na formação de um italianismo português igualmente de grande fortuna na nossa arquitectura religiosa.

Aiming at an approach to royal policies on naval logistics in a key period for the Portuguese maritime expansion (1481 - 1640), corresponding to the reigns of King John II to Philip III of Portugal, the work seeks at presenting a statistical approach to the type and number of measures taken by the central government on key areas of the naval logistics, namely, shipbuilding; organization of navigation; naval defense and seafarers – all crucial elements to the levels of (un) success of the Portuguese overseas expansion. This dissertation intends to provide an approach to the following research questions: did it exist (or not) royal concerted policies on the various sectors involved on the naval logistics; which lines of evolution of these policies are identified, in correlation with contextual challenges; which levels of coordination and control of naval activities are performed by the crown, in order to assess the space left to individual initiative.
As a working methodology, and in the absence of a systematic survey on these issues, it was decided to carry out a survey of orientations taken by the Portuguese crown through a comprehensive analysis of archival holdings identified in a huge range of inventories and published collections of laws; a rating of the legal typology, areas and focus of such crown intervention, based on a taxonomy developed for this purpose; a statistical analysis to determine cyclical trends within the periods under analysis; a content analysis of some structural documentation.
Results seem to stress a crown interventionism through privileges and rules, which increase in contexts of challenges to the Portuguese sea power.
This work is assumed as a first step, essential to the pursuit of future research, more limited, both chronological and thematically, able to analyze and check in more detail the trends identified.

Mondo e nuovi mondi: ritorno alla questione dell'impatto culturale 1. LA GEOGRAFIA GLOBALE DEGLI UMANISTI Nel suo resoconto sulla traumatica serie di eventi che condussero un'Italia prospera e colta a essere dominata da potentati stranieri, Francesco Guicciardini (1483-1540), scrivendo alla fine degli anni '30 del Cinquecento, si concesse un breve excursus sull'impatto delle scoperte geografiche dei Portoghesi e degli Spagnoli. Non solo notava il loro influsso negativo sui rapporti commerciali di Venezia con l'Oriente (aspetto che, in fondo, era una questione italiana attinente al suo lavoro), ma sottolineava anche che si trattava di uno dei più importanti sviluppi nella storia del mondo in molti secoli. Dopo avere esaminato come i cosmografi avevano descritto il globo terrestre, nonché le sue divisioni in zone e gradi latitudinali, Guicciardini passava in rassegna molte opinioni degli antichi cosmografi circa la sua scarsa abitabilità, ricordando che queste opinioni erano state messe in dubbio dalle 'meravigliose' navigazioni dei Portoghesi in India e degli Spagnoli in isole e continenti sino ad allora sconosciuti, compresa la circumnavigazione dell'intero orbe. Lodando Colombo e altri navigatori per le loro competenze, tenacia, coraggio e impegno, così concludeva:

The book tries to trace back the origins of a joint East and West cultural identity. It describes the development of a Eurasian decor by analyzing the cultural interactions, the trading routes, the merchants, customers and the economics of the trade. Porcelain is the carrier of culture; the trading routes and ships were the means; and the trade itself was the mechanism for the intercultural contacts.

Mestre em Hist6ria Moderna. Bolseiro da Comissio Nacional para as Comemoragdes dos Descobrimentos Portugueses TNTRODUgAO a) o PRoBLEMA E AS soI,ug6Es UANDO nos colocamos o problema de reconstituir as representagdes do Africano, em particular do Africano Negro, pelos Portugueses e outros europeus seus cornpanheiros de viagemque o contactaram pela primeita yez no seu continente, ou por aqueles que escreveram a parlir dos seus relatos, devemos, antes de mais;ihterrogarmo-nos sobre o horizonte cultural desses homens. O viajante dos s6culos xv e xvll_ bem como aquele que, a seu modo, passou a escrito esse descobrir d,o encobertondo era uma <t6bua rasa)) em que se inscreveriam paulatinamente os tragos caracteristicos dos povos exteriores ao seu espago cultural. O que nos chegou ndo foi vr.ir retrato do Africano <<tal e quab, de que os textos seriam o reflexo cristalino, mas retratos <<construidos> do real, no interior dos limites e possibilidades culturais de qr:em observou e fez as suas escolhas no registo do que viu e ouviu dizer (l); por outras palavras, estamos no campo das representagdes. A representagdo, enquanto tradugdo mental de uma realidade exterior percepcionada, implica um processo de abstracgdo (2) que passa pelo gerirmais ou menos inconscientedas clas-sificag6es disponiveis no stock cultural(3) para tornar inteligivel e avaliar essa realidade.

O Colégio jesuíta de S.to Antão-o-Novo foi um dos maiores empreendimentos arquitectónicos da centúria de Seiscentos, tendo o seu risco conhecido várias alterações no período filipino, no sentido de um classicismo monumental italianizante, próximo do modelo de S. Vicente de Fora. Com o patrocínio de D. Filipa de Sá, a igreja foi erguida entre 1612 e 1658, embora partes do exterior ficassem por terminar até ao séc. XVIII. Este artigo procura atestar a autoria projectual de Baltazar Álvares e esclarecer a direcção da obra que ficou a cargo de um dos seus discípulos, Diogo Marques Lucas. As questões associadas ao estatuto profissional dos arquitectos, a par do domínio das regras clássicas da arquitectura do tempo, são aspectos que transparecem da documentação inédita encontrada sobre a fase final da construção da igreja no séc. XVII, quando os contactos informados com centros artísticos externos eram já menos frequentes.

The jesuit college of Santo Antão-o-Novo was one of the largest architectural projects of the 17th century in Portugal. Its design was the object of several amendments during the Philippine period (1580-1640), bringing it closer to the kind of Italian monumental classicism exemplified by the monastery of São Vicente de Fora. Under the patronage of D. Filipa de Sá, the church was built between 1612 and 1658, though parts of the exterior were only concluded in the 18th century. This paper aims to assert Baltazar Álvares’ authorship of the project, while shedding some light on the building works supervision entrusted to one of his disciples, Diogo Marques Lucas. The paper will also consider the professional status of architects and their knowledge of the standards of classical architecture at the time. This analysis will be based on recently uncovered documentation about the final phase of the church’s building works, in the 17th century, at a time when informed contacts with foreign artistic centres had become less frequent.

Although it is little recognized and studied, the presence of women on board the Carreira da India was a reality. We aim to carry on the research on the topic, analysing aspects of the everyday life and the difficulties faced by women who travelled to and back from India during the 16th century. We will emphasize the first women who sailed East, the thought men had about women at the time, the searches done on ships, as well as aspects related to sexual life and weddings on board.

Left tattered after centuries of ware, hidden in the walls of Topkapı Sarayı, the 1513 map of the Ottoman cartographer Hacı Ahmed Muhiddin Piri has not been properly contextualized in light of Portuguese cartography of the time. In the map's colophon, Piri Reis indicated that he utilized Portuguese charts as his sources for cartographic depictions of India and China. Scholars have not inspected the full range of contemporaneous Portuguese charts that depict the Indian Ocean Basin in light of the Piri Reis map. My contribution is to examine several late 14th and early 15th century Portuguese cartographical sources and references to sources to suggest possible connections between the Piri Reis map and contemporary Portuguese mappa mundi.